Lecture 7

CVEN3002- Hydraulics and

Hydrology

Open Channel Flow

Faisal Anwar

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Hydraulic Jump (Standing Wave):
Rapidly Varied Flow
 Hydraulic jump phenomena is complicated
and most of the analysis so far have been
developed for horizontal or slightly sloping
channels Most of the natural situations are
channels.
falling into this category. However, in some
cases where the bed slope is relatively
high, the component of the weight of the
j
jump may affect
ff t the
th hydraulic
h d li b balance
l off
the system.
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Condition for formation of hydraulic
jumps
 A hydraulic jump is formed only if the depth
of flow is forced to change from a
supercritical (Fr>1) to sub-critical (Fr<1)
flow regime.
regime
 A flow will change only if the width, slope,
d th are fforced
depth d tto change.
h
 In this p
process a considerable amount of
energy is lost due to the rotational
characteristics of flow in the dead zone.
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Hydraulic Jump

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5
Practical applications of hydraulic jumps
 Energy need not be lost unless otherwise needed. Energy loss is
necessary if better mixing conditions are to be created.
 Dissipation of energy of water flowing over a dam and weirs and
below gates or through any other hydraulic structure to prevent
possible destruction due to high velocities and hence eliminate
scouring problems.
 Raising water level to enhance irrigation practices and reduce
pumping heads.
 Reducing g uplift
p p pressure under the foundations of hydraulic
y
structures. This also involves reducing the thickness of concrete
aprons by increasing the weight of the water above aprons.
 Creating g special
p flow conditions to meet certain needs at control
sections; for example, gaging stations, flow measurement, and flow
regulations.
 Increasing discharges under gates by creating a bigger differences
between water levels just upstream and downstream of the gates.
 Mixing of chemicals used for water purification and removing of air
pockets in water supply systems to prevent air locking
locking. Hydraulic
jumps are extensively used in industries that require mixing of
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different liquids, such as the dye and chemical industries.
Example 5.2
 A trapezoidal channel with 3.0 m bottom
width and 1:1 side slope carries a
discharge of 10 m3/s at a slope of 12
cm/km A hydraulic jump is formed in the
cm/km.
channel with an initial depth of 0.6 m.
Calculate the momentum function
function, the
critical depth, and conjugate depth.

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Solution 5.2:

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Solution 5.2:

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 Classification of Hydraulic Jump
1.0<Fr1<1.7 Undular jumps: the water surface
shows undulations and the change from initial to
sequent depth is small and gradual

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Classification of Hydraulic Jump
 1.7<Fr1<2.5 Weak jumps: a number of small
eddies
edd es aand
d rollers
o e s aaree formed
o ed on
o thee water
wa e surface,
su ace,
but the downstream water surface remains smooth.

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Classification of Hydraulic Jump
 2.5<Fr1<4.5 Oscillating jumps: the incoming
jet osc
je oscillates
es be
between
wee thee bed and
d thee bottom
bo o oof
the surface roller.

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Classification of Hydraulic Jump
 4.5<Fr1<9  Stable Jump: a steady jump
with appreciable energy dissipation and fairly
smooth water surface downstream is formed

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Classification of Hydraulic Jump
 Fr1>9.0 Strong or rough jump: the jump
surface and the water surface downstream
become very rough and the high-velocity jet
generates waves downstream.
downstream

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Conjugate
j g Vs Alternate depths
p
(supercritical to subcritical)

M-hh and E
M E-hh curves are plotted for same Q
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 Conjugate
j g Vs Alternate depths
p
(subcritical to supercritical)
h

h1
The dynamic force
acting on the gate is
h1 hc gM1-gM2
hc
h2 =FF1-F
F2=ΔF
ΔF
h2

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 Conjugate or Sequent depths in Rectangular or
Wide Channels
Q2 Q2
 z1 A1   z 2 A2
gA1 gA2
Since for a rectangular channel, A= bh, Z= h/2, and
Q = AU
AU= bhU
bhU, it can bbe ffound:
d
 h 
3   3 
h1 1  h2 1  hc  
   1  1  8 c      1  1  8  
h2 2  h2  h1 2  h1  
   
h1 1 h2 1
 (1  1  8Fr1 )
2
 (1  1  8Fr2 )
2
or or h1 2
h2 2

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Conjugate and sequent depths and downstream normal depths
or tailwater depths
p

(a) d/s normal depth = conjugate depth h2=hn

Hydraulic jump will occur at a hc
particular location (in ideal case) h1

(b) d/s
d/ normall depth
d h <conjugate
j depth
d h
h2
A running jump will be formed d/s h1 hc hn
f
from the
h id
ideall case

(c) d/s normal depth>conjugate depth

Jump will be formed u/s from the h2 h hn
h1 c
ideal case and formed a submerged 18
jump.
Example 5.3
 Water is stored behind a sluice gate to a depth of 3 m. The
downstream channel is a 3 m wide rectangular section
running on a slope of 0.001
0 001 with a Manning n of 0 0.03.
03 The
depth in the vena contracted section after the gate is 0.3 m.
(Gate opening can be considered as an orifice)
 A) Under these conditions is the gate clear or submerged? In
other words will a hydraulic jump occur or be drowned?
 B) Sketch the situation in the M-h diagram.
 C) What
Wh t is
i the
th minimum
i i slope
l th
the channel
h l can h
have ffor a
jump to occur?
 D) What is the maximum slope the channel can have for a
jump to occur?

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Solution 5.3

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Solution 5.3

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Solution 5.3

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Solution 5.3

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Solution 5.3
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