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ONAL

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susunOl
eh:

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iandi
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03021181924002
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TEKNIKPERTAMBANGAN
FAKULTASTEKNIK
UNIVERSITASSRI
WIJAYA
2019/
2020
 Ef
fect
iveUti
li
zati
onofBy-pr
oductOxygen
ofEl
ectr
olysi
sHydrogenProduct
ion

To av oidf ossil-f
uelconsumpt ion and gr eenhouse- gas emi ssions,
hydrogenshoul dbepr oducedbyr enewabl eener gyr esources.Wat er
electrolysi
susi ngpr otonex changemembr ane( PEM)i sconsider eda
promi sing hy dr ogen- product i
on met hod,al though t he costof t he
hydrogenf rom PEM woul dbev er yhi ghcompar edwi ththatf r
om ot her
mat uret echnol ogies,suchasst eam met haner eformi ng(SMR) .Int his
study ,wef ocusont heef fecti
veut ili
zat ionofby -productoxy genf rom
electrolysi
shy drogenpr oduct i
onanddi scusst hepot ent i
aldemandf ori t
,
aswel lasev aluat i
ngi t
scont ri
but iont oi mpr ov i
ngpr ocessef ficiency .
Takingasanexampl et heut il
izat ionofby -productoxy genf ormedi cal
use,wecompar et her el
ativecost sofhy drogenpr oduct i
onbymeansof
PEM el ectrolysis and SMR. Hy dr ogen i s one oft he mostpr omi sing
energycar ri
ersf orfut ureener gysy stems; i
tcanbeused( ingasorl iqui d
form)t ost oreandt ransmi tener gy ,andcanbesuppl i
edt of uel-cell
vehicles ( FCVs)as wel las t of uel -
cel lpower -
generation sy stems.
Hy drogen,usedast hemai nener gycar rier,couldof ferananswert ot he
threatofgl obalcl i
mat echangeandhel pav oidt heundesi r
ableef fect sof
theuseoff ossilfuel s.Al t
houghi ti sest imatedt hathy drogeni smor e
expensi vet hanf ossilfuels,hy drogenf rom r enewabl eener gyresour ces
i
sav ir
tuallyinexhaust i
ble,env i
r onment all
ybeni gn,f i
nalener gycar rier
thatcoul dmeetmostofourf ut ureener gyneedswhi l
eav oidingt he
env i
ronment alcost sandheal t
hpr obl emsassoci atedwi thfossilfuel s.
Hydrogenisal ong-
term opti
on.It
sproduct
ion,stor
age,anddistr
ibution
f
acil
iti
esmustbei mprovedanddev el
oped.Intheshor tt
erm,hydrogen
wi
llbe pr oduced from fossilfuel
s,such as naturalgas,by steam
methanereforming(SMR) ,whichi
sav er
ymat ur
eexist
ingtechnol
ogy .In
t
helongr un,however,hydrogenmustbeproducedbyr enewableener gy
resour ces t o av oi d fossi l
-f
uel consumpt ion and gr eenhouse- gas
emi ssions.I not herwor ds,hy drogenhasaconsi der abl epot ent ialfor
ov ercomi ngt hel imi tati
onsofi ntermi ttent lyrenewabl eener gyr esour ces
andcant her ef orebenef i
tt hei
rdev elopment .Forexampl e, int hel ongr un,
wat erel ect rolysisbypr otonexchangemembr ane(PEM)i sconsi deredt o
be a pr omi sing met hod ofpr oduci ng hy drogen t hr ough r enewabl e
ener gyr esour cessuchaswi ndandphot ovol t
aicpower ,becauseofi t
s
highef fi
ci ency .Cur rentl
y ,eveni nt hecaseofwel l-
est abl ishedal kal i
ne
wat erel ect rolysi s,t hehy drogenpr oduct i
oncosti shi ghi ncompar ison
wit hf ossi l
-fuel ed hy drogen- product ion t echnol ogies such as SMR
because oft he hi gh inv estmentcostoft he formerand t he hi gh
electricity cost i nv olved. Technol ogi cal i mprovement s, bot h i n
electrol y
si st echnol ogiesandel ect ricity-
pr oduct i
ont echnol ogi esf rom
renewabl e- ener gyr esour ces,howev er ,coul d maket hepr oduct i
onof
hydr ogenbyel ect rolysisv eryattract ivef ort hefuture.Thus,asal ong-
term opt ion,hy dr ogenpr oduct i
onbyPEM wat erelectr oly siswoul dal so
cont ri
but e t o t he i ntroduction of f utur e renewabl e el ectri
city.
Fur t
her mor e,thei ntroduct i
onofdi st r
ibut edhy drogenpr oduct i
on,based
on PEM wat erel ectrolysis uti
lizing r enewabl e el
ect ricity ,woul d be
enhanced.
Whenhy drogeni spr oducedbyt hewat erelectr
olysisprocess,hal fthe
numberofmol esofoxy geni sproducedsi multaneouslyasaby -
product
ofhy drogen.I fl
argequant i
tiesofhy drogenneedt obepr oducedf rom
renewabl eresourcesv iatheel ectr
olysi sprocess,by -
productoxy genwi l
l
also bepr oducedonal argescal e.I nt hissituation,theby -
product
oxygenshoul dbef ull
yut i
li
zed,asoxy geni sanimpor t
antindustri
algas
usedi nmanypr ocessessuchascombust ion,semiconduct orproducti
on,
andwast ewat ertreatment .Theef fect i
veut i
li
zationofoxy genwoul d
i
mpr ov etheener gyeffi
ciencyofsomei ndustri
alprocesses[ 2].Whileby-
product oxy gen f r
om el ectroly
sis hy drogen pr oducti
on can be
harmlesslyv ented,itseemsmor epr udentt oexploreitspossi bl
elarge-
scaleut i
l
izati
on.
Fi
g.1showst heconceptualdi
agram ofthesimultaneousut i
li
zat
ionof
hydr
ogen and by -
product oxygen. The use of oxy gen-
enri
ched
combusti
onai rinanumberofener gy-
int
ensiv
ei ndustr
ialappli
cati
ons
hasthepotent
ialtor
educet heamountofheatlosttotheatmospher eby
abouttwo-
thir
ds.Asconcer nfortheglobalenvi
ronmentr i
ses,demand
f
oroxy
geni
sexpandi
ngi
nsuchar
easasel
ect
ri
c

Fig.1.Concept ualdiagr am ofsi mul taneousut i

li
zat i
onofhy drogenand
by -
productoxy gen.furnaces and gl ass mel ti
ng,as wel las i nt he
treatmentofmuni ci
palsol i
dwast e( MSW)andwast ewat er.Mor eov er,
theut i
li
zati
onofby -
pr oductoxy gencoul dcont ribut
et or educingt he
l
ar ge amountofel ect rici
tyconsumed i n oxygen pr oduct ion byai r-
separationtechnologies,suchascr yogeni cairsepar ationandpr essur e
swi ngabsorpti
on( PSA) .Ifby-productoxy genist obef ul
lyut i
li
zed,the
balance between by -productoxy gen and oxy gen demand i sv er y
i
mpor t
ant.I
foxy gendemandi snotv erylarger elati
vet othepot ent ial
supply of by -
product oxy gen f rom wat er el ectrolysis hy drogen
production,
thenl ar
gequant it
iesofby -productoxy genwi llbewast ed.
Inthispaper ,wedi scusst hepossi bledemandf orby -
pr oductoxy gen
andi t
spot enti
alcontri
butiontoener gysaving.First,wepr esentabr ief
i
ntroducti
ont ooxy gen-andhy drogen- pr
oductiontechnol ogies.Second,
we show cur r
entand f uture oxygen demand and t he pot entialf or
i
mpr ovingener gyeffi
ciencybyut il
izingby-productoxy geni ni ndustry.
We t hen compar e oxygen demand wi ththe pot enti
alsuppl yofby -
productoxy genf r
om hy drogenpr oductionbyel ect r
olysis.Fi nall
y,we
evaluatehow economi calitistout ili
zeby-productoxy genf ormedi cal
purposes.

.
1.
Oxy
gen-
product
iont
echnol
ogi
es
An ai r-separat i
on uni tusing a conv ent
ional,mul ti
col umn cr yogenic
disti
llati
on pr ocess pr oduces oxy gen f r
om compr essed ai rathi gh
recov eryand pur ity.Cr yogeni c ai
rsepar ation is cur r
entlyt he most
effi
cientandcost -
ef f
ect i
vet echnologyf orproduci ngl argequant iti
esof
oxygen,ni t
rogen,andar gonasgaseousorl iquidpr oduct s.Theener gy
requirementoft hel atesttechnol ogyisabout0. 5kW h/ Nm3- O2.Oxy gen
purityofcr y
ogeni cpr ocesscanbehi ghert han99v ol%.Becauseoft he
highpur it
yrequi rement ,oxygenf ormedi calusei snor mal l
yproducedby
thecr yogeni cpr ocess.Not echnol ogy,exceptel ectrolysis,isexpectedt o
challengecr yogeni cai rsepar ati
onf orthepr oductionofl argequant i
ties
ofoxy gen,especi all
yathi gh pur ity
.I n Japan,oxy gen demand was
9615! 106Nm3i n2001[ 3,
4],andoxy genwaspr oducedmai nl
ybyt he
cryogeni cpr ocess.Becausecr yogenicai rsepar ationconsi stsoff ive
maj orpr ocesses:ai rcompr ession,ai rpretreatment ,heatexchange,
cryogeni csepar ationandoxy gencompr ession,iti sut i
li
zedf orlarge-
scalepr oductioni nexcessof8000Nm3/ handi snotsui tabl
ef orsmal l
-
scale, on-sit
eoxy genpr oduction.
Theadsor pti
onpr ocessi sbasedont heabi li
tyofsomenat uraland
syntheti
cmat er
ial
s,suchaszeol ites,topr eferential
lyadsor bni tr
ogen.
The r egener
ati
on of t he adsor bent is necessar y and can be
accompl i
shedbyheat i
ngt hebedofzeol it
icmat er
ial(t
emper ature-swing
adsorpti
on (TSA))orr educing pressur eint he bed ( pressure-swing
adsorpti
on (PSA))
.Because oft he f ast
ercy clet i
me and si mplif
ied
operati
on,PSAisusual l
yused.Theoxy genpur i
tyofadsor ptionpr ocess
i
st y
picall
y93–95v ol%.Ther equi
redener gyint headsor pti
onpr ocessis
al
soabout0. 5kW h/ Nm3- O2.Incont rasttot hecr yogenicpr ocess,the
adsorpti
onprocessisusedf orsmal l
erapplications.
Some noncry
ogenic pr
ocesses,f
orexample,chemi
calair-
separ
ati
on
process,membrane pr
ocess and i
on-
tr
anspor
tmembr ane,are al
so
avail
able.
2.
Hydr
ogenpr
oduct
ionbyel
ect
rol
ysi
s
Hy drogen can be pr oduced f rom a v ari
ety off ossi land nonf ossi l
resour ces by usi ng ener gy such as heatorel ect ri
city.The maj or
processes f or hy drogen pr oduct i
on i nclude SMR, cat alytic
decomposi ti
on ofnat uralgas,par t
ialoxi dat i
on ofheav y oil
,coal
gasificat i
on,wat erel ectrol ysis,thermochemi calwat erdecomposi tion,
and phot ochemi cal, phot oelectrochemi cal and phot obiologi cal
processes.SMR,coalgasi ficati
on,andwat erel ectroly sisaret hemost
i
mpor tanti ndustr
ialpr ocessesf orhy drogenpr oduct iont oday .
SMRi sa
wel l
-est abl
ished,commer ciali
zed pr ocess,and t he most common
met hodofpr oducingl argequant i
ti
esofhy dr ogen.Cur r
ently,about99%
ofwor ldhy drogenispr oducedf rom fossilfuel s,primar il
ynat uralgas[ 5].
Hy drogenpr oductionef fi
ci enciesofSMRwi thacapaci tyofov erone
milli
onNm3- H2/dayar ei nt her angeof63–85%( basedont hehi gher
heatingv alue(HHV)ofhy dr ogen),andt heinv estmentcost srangef rom
270t o500US$/ kW [ 6–9] .Atacapaci t
yofov eronemi lli
onNm3- H2/ day ,
SMRt echnologyhast hel east -
expensi veinvest mentcosti ncompar ison
withot herfossil
-f
ueledhy drogen- productionmet hods.Thi spr ocessal so
producescar bondi oxide,oneoft hemai ngr eenhousegases,whi chi s
unwant ed. To obt ain pur e hy drogen, pur if
ication st eps i n t he
downst ream oft he SMR pl antar e necessar yt or emov e undesi red
compoundsoft hisnat ure.
Wat erel ectr
olysi si sal soawel l-
est abli
shedt echnol ogyandt hemost
widely used met hod of pr oduci ng hi gh-purit
y hy drogen. Sev eral
processesar eav ailablef orwat erel ectroly
sis,rangingf rom est ablished
alkali
nesy st
emst odev el
opi ng,adv ancedmet hods,suchasPEM.The
conv enti
onal el ect rolyt
ic met hods ar e known as al kaline wat er
electroly
sis,whi chhasbeenamat uret echnologyf ordecades,wi th
effi
ciencies ofar ound 70–80% ( HHV) .Efforts are bei ng made t o
enhancet heef f i
ci encyofal kalinewat erelectrolysi
sbyi ncreasingt he
operat i
ngt emper at ureorel ectrol y
zingunderpr essur i
zat i
on.Thecur r
ent
i
nv estmentcostofal kali
neel ectroly si
si sappr oximat el
y500US$/ kW
[6,
8,10,11].Thei nv estmentcostofhy drogenpr oductioni shigherf or
alkali
neel ectrolysi st hanf orSMR,butt heireffi
cienciesar ecompar able.
PEM, rat
hert hananal kali
neaqueoussol ut
ion,isusedast heel ectrolyte
andi sconsi der edapr omi singmet hodbecauseoft heext remev olume
reduct i
oni ti
nv olv es.Cur r
ently,thei nv estmentcostf orPEM el ectrolysis
i
sov er1000US$/ kW [11,12]
;thehighcostofthecomponentsist he
maindr awbackoft histechnology.Inaddi
ti
ontothehighinvest
ment
cost,t
hemaj orcostfactorofelect
roly
sisi
stheel
ect
ri
ci
ty,maki
ngwat er
el
ectroly
sisthemostexpensi vemet hodamongthecur
rentcommer cial
processes.Thus,el
ectr
olysisi
susedmai nl
yinsmal
lpl
ants.
Renewabl eenergyresources, f
orexampl e,wind,photovol
taic( PV),solar
thermaland hy dropower ,are alleffi
cientsour ces oft he elect r
ici
ty
requir
ed forwat erel ect
rolysi
s.Although t he hydr
ogen pr oduced by
renewable-r
esource-basedelectri
cit
yisv eryexpensiveinmostcases,i t
i
sat tr
acti
vebecausei tisav erypureandcl eanenergycarri
er .Inthelong
run,hydrogenshoul dbepr oducedbyr enewabl eenergyr esour cest o
avoidfossil
-f
uelconsumpt ionandgr eenhouse-gasemi ssi
ons.
Wat erel ectroly
sis power ed by renewable energy resources would
produceonl yhydrogenandoxy gen,avoidi
ngt heemi ssi
onofCO2.When
l
argequant iti
esofhy drogenareproducedf rom renewableresourcesby
thewat er-electr
olysi
spr ocessinthefuture,by-
productoxygenwi l
lal
so
bepr oducedonal ar
gescal e.WhenDCel ect
ri
cityispassedbet ween
two elect rodes (anode and cathode)i mmer sed in water,hy dr
ogen
coll
ectsatt henegat iv
elychargedcat hodeandoxy gencollectsatthe
positi
velychar gedanode.Themai nchemi calreacti
onsoccur r
ingatthe
twoelectr odesar e:
*Anode:
2H2O-
--
>O2+4H++4e-
*Cat
hode:
4H++4e--
--
>2H2
*Gl
obal
react
ion:
2H2O-
--
>2H2+O2
Forexampl e,whenel ectr
ol ysisefficiencyi s71%, 5000kW hofel ectri
city
woul dproduce1000Nm3ofhy drogenand500Nm3ofoxy gen.As250
kW hofel ectr
icit
yi srequi redf oroxy genpr oduct i
onof500Nm3by
cryogenic ai
rsepar ati
on,t he f ullut il
izati
on ofby -
productoxy gen
correspondst other educt i
onofel ectri
cityconsumpt i
ont o4750kW h
withelectrol
ysis,rai
singt heel ectr oly
sisef fi
ciencyto76%.El ect
rolysis
i
tselfisnotattr
activeforpr oducingoxy genandcannotcompet ewiththe
othertechnology.Theby -productoxy genmi ght,howev er,beusefulf or
maki ngthePEM el ectr
olysishy drogenpr oductionattracti
ve.
I
nthi
s case,t
he bal
ance bet
ween by
-pr
oductoxy
gen and oxy
gen
demandi sv er
yi mpor t
ant .Inhy drogenpr oduct i
onbywat erelectr
olysis,
i
ft heoxy gendemandi snott ool arger el
ati
vet ot hepossiblesupplyof
by-productoxy gen,l arge quant it
ies ofby -
pr oductoxy gen must be
wast ed. Oxy geni tselfisani mpor tantindust r
ialgasusedi nmany
i
ndust ri
essuchasbl astf urnaces,el ectri
cfur nacesandgl assmel t
ing.
Theby -
productoxy gencant husbesol dtot hesei ndustr
ies,reducing
thenomi nalcostf orpr oduci nghy drogenbyPEM el ectr
olysi
s.Ont he
otherhand,i fa lar ge oxy gen consumerpr oduces oxy gen byPEM
electrol
ysis,itcan put t hehy drogen on t hemar ket.Int hi
sst udy ,
therefor
e, wediscusst hepot entialdemandf oroxy genont hebasi sofa
surveyconduct ed bot h on cur r
entoxy gen demand and on new
technologiesutil
izi
ngoxy genf orimpr ov i
ngener gyeffici
ency.

3.
Concl
usi
on
Inthi
sst udy,wedi scussedt hepot enti
aldemandf orby -
productoxy gen
anditscontributiont oener gysaving.Ast hereisapotentialdemandf or
l
arge quantiti
es ofoxy gen,there mi ghtbe substantialpot enti
alfor
uti
l
izingtheby -productoxy genofel ectr
olysi
shy dr
ogenpr oduct i
on.I
fthe
by-
productoxy gencanbeut il
i
zedef fecti
vely,i
twouldcont r
ibutetothe
i
mpr ovementoft heener gyef fi
ciencyofv ari
ousindustrialprocesses
and electri
c powerpr oduct i
on,as wel las t he reduction ofCO2
emissions.Ev eni flar
gequant iti
esofby -productoxygenar ewast ed,i
ts
useinhospitalswoul dhav eeconomi cmer it
.
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