ABSTRACT

This Project is concerned with design of automatic unit to which is highly helpful for
taking attendance in school colleges. There are control unit for marking absent and
present. The data is stored in the device and can be later on logged into the PC using the
USB interface. Our Project “Digital Attendance System” does the same work very
effectively.
It takes the attendance of students which is entered manually and later on it can be
connected to a computer system in which it can be stored. It is very easy to operate and
takes no time.
In this project we take the attendance from various students in ascending order and the
data is stored corresponding to each roll no. It can be either present, absent or none. The
data is stored in the EEPROM of the microcontroller and it is transmitted serially via
the USB to the microcontroller. The data storing software is developed using Visual
Basic. It uses the Comm. Control of the VB.

1
 Table of Contents

 Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION
 Chapter-2 TECHNOLOGY USED

 Chapter-3 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Circuit Components
3.2 PCB Design Techniques
3.3 Block Diagram of Circuit
3.4 Circuit Diagram
3.5 Circuit Operation

 Chapter-4 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Tools used

 Chapter-5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Advantages and Application of project
5.2 Limitations of Project

 Chapter-6 Program

 Chapter-7 List of Figure

2
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

3
1.1 INTRODUCTION:

“Attendance Management System” is software developed for maintaining the attendance of

the student on the daily basis in the collage. Here the staffs, who are handling the subjects,
will be responsible to mark the attendance of the students. Each staff will be given with a
separate username and password based on the subject they handle. An accurate report based
on the student attendance is generated here. This system will also help in evaluating
attendance eligibility criteria of a student. Report of the student’s attendance on weekly and
monthly basis is generated.

4
 Chapter-2
TECHNOLOGY USED

5
2.1 Printed Circuit Board:

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components – capacitors, resistors or
active devices – are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain
components embedded in the substrate.
PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-
layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are connected with via Multi-
layer PCBs allow for much higher component density.
FR-4 glass epoxy is the primary insulating substrate. A basic building block of the PCB is an
FR-4 panel with a thin layer of copper foil laminated to one or both sides. In multi-layer
boards multiple layers of material are laminated together.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to
PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design
effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated.
Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as
components are mounted and wired with one single part.
A minimal PCB with a single component used for easier modeling is called breakout board.
When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring
board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into
disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA).

6
 Chapter- 3

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

7
3.1 Circuit Components:

1. Power Jack
2. Adapter
3. Rectifier
4. Capacitor
5. IC 7805
6. IC Base
7. Microcontroller AT89S8253
8. Crystal Oscillator
9. Resistance
10. LED
11. Switch
12. USB to UART Module
13. Berge Strip
14. LCD

8
3.1.1.Power Jack:

Power Jack is basically a connector to connect the adapter output to the board directly. It has
the proper connection designed to connect with the adapter as well as out connection to
connect to the board. It has three terminals output 1 VCC, 2 GND and 3 NO connection.

Fig 1. Power Jack

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3.1.2. Adapter:

The adapters are the device that has inbuilt circuitry for converting the 230V AC in to desired
DC like +5V adapter, +12V adapter, +9V adapter and many more. This consists of inbuilt
circuit for HIGH AC to low voltage DC conversion.

Fig 2. Adapter

10
3.1.3. Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification.
The simple process of rectification produces a type of DC characterized by pulsating voltages
and currents (although still unidirectional)
HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION: In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply,
either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked.
Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-
wave rectification requires a single diode in a single-phase supply, or three in a three-phase
supply. Rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current; half-wave rectifiers
produce far more ripple than full-wave rectifiers, and much more filtering is needed to
eliminate harmonics of the AC frequency from the output.

Fig 3. Half Wave Rectifier

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform
to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts
both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and yields a higher mean output
voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge
configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed.
Single semiconductor diodes, double diodes with common cathode or common anode, and
four-diode bridges, are manufactured as single components.

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 Fig 4. Full Wave Rectifier
BRIDGE RECTIFIER: A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement
to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual
diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired
internally.

Fig 5. Bridge Rectifier

Fig 6. Current flow in Bridge Rectifier

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3.1.4. Capacitor:
The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The capacitor also
functions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct current (DC). This
symbol ( )is used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit diagram. The capacitor is constructed
with two electrode plates facing each other but separated by an insulator.
When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each electrode.
While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will stop flowing when the
capacitor has fully charged.
This is a measure of a capacitor’s ability to store charge. A large capacitance means that more
charge can be stored. It is measured in farad, F. 1F is very large, so prefixes are used to show
the smaller values.Three prefixes are used, u (micron), n (Nano), and p (Pico).
1uf=10-6 f, 1nf=10-9 f, 1pf=10-12 f

Fig 7. Capacitor

Types of Capacitors:
There are various types of capacitors available in the market. Some of them are as follows:

 Mica Capacitor

 Paper Capacitor

 Ceramic Capacitor

 Variable Capacitor

 Electrolytic Capacitor

 Tantalum Capacitor

 Film Capacitor
Here we used only two types of capacitor i.e. ceramic capacitor & electrolytic capacitor.

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3.1.5. IC 7805:
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage
regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control
loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on
the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators
are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic
protection from excessive current (over load protection) and over-heating (thermal
protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads. They include a hole for
attaching a heat sink if necessary.
PIN Architecture:
7805, It is a voltage regulator the 78 indicates a positive regulator the 05 indicates the voltage
output. At 1 amp if adequate heats sink is provided. Never fear it has thermal protection to
shut it down only if the internal heating exceeds the safety zone. It will not destroy itself by
removing or reducing the load it will come- back alive after cooling.
NOTE: Every voltage regulator has minimum voltage threshold and Maximum voltage
threshold. The minimum threshold input voltage is the should be greater than the output
voltage of the regulator like for 7805 it should be greater than +5V. Similarly, the maximum
threshold input is also defined for the regulator till which the voltages can be regulated to
give the desired output else due to excessive heat the regulator can destroy since beside the
regulated voltage the remaining voltage goes as heat loss. So the regulators have heat sink
also.

Features in Detail:

 Output current in Excess of 1.0 A

 No external component required
 Internal thermal overload protection
 Internal short circuit current limiting
 Output transistor safe-area compensation
 Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance
 Available In surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages

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 3.1.6. IC Base:
The case outlines of the plastic and ceramic Dual In-line Packages (DIPs) are nearly
identical. The lead configuration consists of two rows of leads, both with 100 mil pitch. The
plastic DIP is shown in Figure. If the DIP base is of 18 pin then 9 lines will be in one side and 9
on other side. The IC bases of have round cut from the left of which the pin 1 of base is
considered similar is the case with integrated chips.
Basically IC is sensitive to short circuit or voltage so in place of that we first install the bases of
the IC with same number of pins and before placing the IC’s we check all voltage points of the
IC then mount the IC once proper configuration is assured. The DIP base depends on number of
pins of the IC and ranges from 4pin configuration to 40 pin configuration. They are available in
different pin configuration and size depending on IC need.

Fig 8. IC Base

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3.1.7. Microcontroller AT89S8253:
The microcontroller development effort resulted in the 8051 architecture, which was first
introduced in 1980 and has gone on to be arguably the most popular micro controller
architecture available. The 8051 is a very complete microcontroller with a large amount of
built in control store (ROM &EPROM) and RAM, enhanced I/O ports, and the ability to
access external memory. The maximum clock frequency with an 8051 micro controller can
execute instructions is 20MHZ.Microcontroller is a true computer on chip. The design
incorporates all of the features found in a microprocessor: CPU, ALU, PC, SP and registers.
It also has the other features needed to, make complete computer: ROM, RAM, parallel I/O,
serial I/O, counters and a clock circuit. The 89C51/89C52/89C54/89C58 contains a non-
volatile FLASH program memory that is parallel programmable. For devices that are serial
programmable(In-System Programmable (ISP) and In-Application Programmable (IAP) with
a boot loader)All three families are Single-Chip 8-bit Microcontrollers manufactured in
advanced CMOS process and are Derivatives of the 80C51 microcontroller family. All the
devices have the same instruction set as the 80C51.
Features :

 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

 Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 Three-level Program Memory Lock
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable digital I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Programmable Serial Channel

Description:

The AT89s8253 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit micro computer with 8K
bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory(PEROM).The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible
with the industry standard 80c51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out.
The on-chip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
16
 flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89s8253 is a powerful microcomputer which
provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The main advantages of 89s8253 over 8051 are:

 Software Compatibility
 Program Compatibility
 Maximum erase cycle
The AT89S8253 provides the following standard features: 12K bytes of In-System
Programmable Flash, 2K bytes of EEPROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, programmable
watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector, four-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In
addition, the AT89S8253 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency
and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU
while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset. The on-
board Flash/EEPROM is accessible through the SPI serial interface. Holding RESET active
forces the SPI bus into a serial programming interface and allows the program memory to be
written to or read from, unless one or more lock bits have been activated.

PIN Diagram and Description:

PIN DESCRIPTION:
VCC: Pin no.40 is used for the supply to the micro-controller.
GND: Pin no 20
RST: This is pin no.9, used to reset the device by keeping it high for 2 machine cycles. The
microcontroller should be reset at the time of starting.
Oscillator: Pins XTAL1 and XTAL2 are used for connecting a quartz crystal for the internal
oscillator. Crystal Frequency-10 MHz
External Access (EA): The 8051 family members, all come with on-chip ROM to store the
program. In such case, EA pin is connected to Vcc. To indicate that the code is stored in
external ROM, EA pin must be connected to ground.
PSEN: PSEN stands for Program Store Enable. This is an output pin and is connected to OE
pin of ROM

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Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high
impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed lower order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has
internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs
the code bytes during program verification.
External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1 and Port2:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and
P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the
timer/counter 2.

Port 3:
It has internal pull-ups and can sink/source 4 TTL inputs. Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins,
pins 10 through 17. It can be used as input or output. Port 3 has additional function of
providing some extremely signal as interrupts.

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ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address (on its
falling edge) during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during
Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or locking purposes. Note, however,
that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.
PSEN:
Program Store Enable. PSEN is the read strobe to external program memory (active low).
When the AT89S8253 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access
to external data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable- EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch
code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,
however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should
be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is
selected.

Fig9. Pin Diagram

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3.1.8. Crystal Oscillator:
A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating
crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency.
This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to
provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for
radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the
quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".
Crystal Oscillators used in Microcontrollers:
A microcontroller is disclosed that includes a crystal oscillator circuit that is programmable to
provide multiple different levels of start-up current. In the present embodiment, the crystal
oscillator circuit includes logic devices for receiving programming indicating one of a
plurality of different start-up current levels and a resistor chain. The logic devices are coupled
to the resistor chain for controlling the resistance of the oscillator circuit such that, upon
receiving programming indicating a particular start-up current level, the crystal oscillator
circuit generates a corresponding start-up current. In addition, the crystal oscillator circuit
includes provision for selecting one of a plurality of different levels of capacitance.
Furthermore, the crystal oscillator circuit includes a gate pass that includes circuitry for
assuring predetermined start-up conditions are met. A feedback loop that includes an
amplifier provides for steady-state operations that have low power consumption.

Fig 10. Crystal Oscillator

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3.1.9. Resistance:
Resistor is a component that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric circuit. Resistors
can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or provide large
amounts of heat or light. An electric current is the movement of charged particles called
electrons from one region to another. Resistors are usually placed in electric circuits.
Physicists explain the flow of current through a material, such as a resistor, by comparing it
to water flowing through a pipe. Resistors are designed to have a specific value of resistance.
Resistors used in electric circuits are cylindrical. They are often color coded by three or four
color bands that indicate the specific value of resistance. Resistors obey ohm’s law, which
states that the current density is directly proportional to the electric field when the
temperature is constant.

Fig 11. Resister

Fig 12. Color Code

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3.1.10. LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Appearing as practical
electronic components early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive
lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video
displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in
advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control
units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players and other domestic
appliances.
Applications:
In general, all the LED products can be divided into two major parts, the public lighting and
indoor lighting. LED uses fall into four major categories:
 Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the human
eye, to convey a message or meaning.
 Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response of these
objects.
 Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision.
 Narrow band light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and respond to
incident light, instead of emitting light

Fig 13. LED

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3.1.11. Switch:
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical
circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one
or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. The mechanism
actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip
switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push-for "off") type.
There are varying types of switches:
Micro-switch: This is small switch for interconnection. It has 4 terminals with 2 in pair
already connected .when you press the switch all four get connected.
Power switch: This is 6 terminal switches for bidirectional connectivity on press
Toggle switch: A toggle switch is a class of electrical switches that are manually actuated by
a mechanical lever, handle, or rocking mechanism. This is a two state switch that is not
connected, and connected. It remains in the state till not forced again to change the state.
DPDT switch: A DPDT switch is a class of electrical switches that are manually actuated by
a mechanical rocking mechanism. This is a three state switch that is not connected, connected
to one and connected to second. It remains in the state till forced in that particular state els4e
goes to normal state.
DIP SWITCHES: A DIP switch is a manual electric switch that is packaged with others in a
group in a standard dual in-line package (DIP). DIP switches are an alternative to jumper
blocks. Their main advantages are that they are quicker to change and there are no parts to
lose. These are available in different configuration for example 8 pin configurations, 16 pin
configuration and many more.

Fig 14. Switches

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3.1.12. USB to UART Module:
USB to RS232 TTL Module contains a CP2102 single-chip USB to UART bridge which
converts data traffic between USB and UART formats. The chip includes a complete USB
2.0 full-speed function controller; bridge control logic and a UART interface with
transmit/receive buffers and modem handshake signals. The Module interfaces to
microcontrollers through a 6 Pin 2.54mm single row pin header interface can easily be
connected to any microcontroller or FPGA and DSPs.
Features:
 Stable and reliable chipset CP2102.
* USB specification 2.0 compliant with full-speed 12Mbps.
* Standard USB type A male and TTL 6pin connector.
* 6pins for 3.3V, RST, TXD, RXD, GND & 5V.
* All handshaking and modem interface signals.
* Baud rates: 300 bps to 1.5 Mbps.
* Byte receive buffer: 640 byte transmit buffer.
* Hardware or X-On/X-Off handshaking supported.
* Event character support Line break transmission.
* USB suspend states supported via SUSPEND pins.
* Temperature range: -40°C to +85°C.
* Supports Windows 98SE, 2000, XP, Mac OS X & Linux.
* Size: 42mm x 15mm.

Fig 15. USB to UART Module

24
3.1.13. Berge Strip:
Berge strip is also type of connector. It is of two types male or female. This is also used for
making electrical connections to mount some components. The come in different packages
and dimensions. Depending upon the need they can be purchased. These are used for
mounting certain modules, LCD etc.
Male connector: These have metallic rods for the connection

Fig 16. Male Connector

Female connector: These have holes

Fig 17. Female Connector

25
3.1.14 LCD:
LCD is an electronic display module.16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits.16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters
per line and there are 2 such lines. It has two registers namely Command and Data. The
command register stores the command instructions. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD.
Need only 6 pins to interface an LCD. D4-D7 is the data pins connection and Enable and
Register select are for LCD control pins. We are not using Read/Write (RW) Pin of the LCD,
as we are only writing on the LCD so we have made it grounded permanently. If you want to
use it, then you may connect it on your controller but that will only increase another pin and
does not make any big difference. Potentiometer RV1 is used to control the LCD contrast.
The unwanted data pins of LCD i.e. D0-D3 are connected to ground.

Fig 18. LCD

26
3.2 PCB Design Techniques:
Setup involved in the Development of PCB:-

Fig 19. PCB Techniques Block Diagram

27
 PCB Designing And Fabrication:
Printed circuit board is a board of insulating material on which circuit path is printed by
conducting materials lines. PCB is made by basic materials phenolic paper and polyester.
Types of PCB
1. Single Sided Board: The single sided PCB mostly used in entertainment electronics.
However in industrial electronics cost factors cost be neglected. The circuit is printed at the
one side of the board.
2. Double Sided Board: The double sided PCB can be made with or without plated through
holes. The production of board with plated through holes is fairly expensive. The circuit is
printed on the both side of the board.
PCB designing and fabrication of electronics circuit is done in three steps:
1. Designing of printed circuit board
2. Mounting of components
3. Soldering

Designing of printed circuit board:

The main purpose of printed circuit board is in routing of electronics currents and signal
through a thin copper layer that is bounded firmly to insulating base material some time
called the substrate. This base is manufactured with an integral bounded layers of thin copper
foil which has to be partly etched of otherwise remove to arrive at a pre designed pattern to
suite the circuit connections whatever other applications is noted.

PCB layout designing:

When designing the layout one observe the minimum size (components body length and
weight). Before starting to design the layout we need all the required components in hand that
an accurate assessment of space can be made.
The PCB can also be designed with the help of computer software like Eagle layout editor,
Tina pro etc.

28
1. Screen Printing:
Making screen of special type of frame of nylon does Screen-Printing. Number 10 clothes are
used on whish a chromatin emulsion green mixed with sanitizer is coated. The circuit
diagram layout is drawn on the rise paper with the help of computer it is called a master.
Then mater exposes the screen. Now the Circuit printed on the screen. Wash the screen by
water and screen print circuit from the screen to copper cloud board with help with help of
PVC ink.

2. Etching Process:
Etching process is one of the important processes of PCB DESINGING.
In this process the unwanted copper from the PCB is removed from PCB. The solution
generally used is FeCl2l. The effect of FeCl3 on copper is shown by equation.
FeCl3 + Cu = FeCl2 + CuCl
The copper oxidized and breaks into cuprous (CuCl) and Ferrous chloride (FeCl2).

Fig 20. Chemical etching Process

3. Drilling:
After the etching process PCB is ready for drilling. Drilling is done with the help of drill
machine.
Take a hand drill or any drill you can find and simply drill holes at places where component
legs have to go in.

29
 Fig 21. Drilling

4. Mounting:-
After drilling Check the PCB carefully, If any conducting path break of not. Now Circuit
component are according to circuit diagram.
Here we varnish simply paint the copper side to prevent it from oxidation and PCB ready
which was built using commonly available material.

Fig 22. Mounting

30
5. Soldering:
Soldering is a process by which the metallic contacts are joined. Soldering iron, Flux And
soldering Wire do Soldering.
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and
flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than
the work piece. Soldering filler materials are available in many different alloys for differing
applications. In electronics assembly, the eutectic alloy of 60% tin and 40% lead which is
almost identical in melting point.

Fig 23. Soldering

Precaution during PCB designing:

1. The layout first designing on the graph paper and then transfer on PCB.
2. The conductor should not cross each other.
3. The ratio on time and lead of soldering wire must be proper.
4. The excess solder should not use because it may lead short circuit.
5. The component must be cleaned before soldering.
6. The soldering should not be dry.

31
3.3 Block Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 24. Block Diagram Of Cricuit

32
3.4 Circuit Diagram

Fig 25. Circuit Diagram

33
3.5 Circuit Operation:

Working : The input is 230V AC which is step down using the transformer (12-0-12) .The
12V ac input is fed to the bridge diode to gives 12V pulsating DC. This DC voltage
is filtered through the capacitor to remove the ripples. The filtered DC is fed to 7805
regulator to fetch +5v regulated output. This regulated voltage is given to all the components
to function properly.
In this project we take the attendance from various students in ascending order and the data is
stored corresponding to each roll no. It can be either present, absent or none. The data is
stored in the EEPROM of the microcontroller (8051) and it is transmitted serially to the
microcontroller. The data storing software is developed using visual basic. It uses the comm.
Control of the VB.
The major components of the projects are 8051 microcontroller, its interfacing components,
using UART communication.

34
 CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

35
 4.1 Tools Used:

PCB WIZARD
Circuit and PCB design using PCB Wizard:

PCB Wizard 3.50 is a highly innovative package for designing single-sided and double-sided
printed circuit boards(PCBs).It provides a comprehensive range of tools covering all the
traditional steps in PCB production ,including schematic capture, component placement,
automatic routing, Bill of materials reporting and file generation for manufacturing. In addition,
PCB Wizard 3.5 offers a wealth of clever new features that do away with the steep learning curve
associated with PCB package.

36
CHAPTER- 5

CONCLUSION

37
5.1 Advantage and Applications of the Project:
1. It can be used in the college, school for Attendance purpose.

2. It can be used in the any type of examination for Attendance

3. It can be used in factories and other workplaces for the attendance.

4. Compact in size so takes less space.

5.2 Limitations:
The size of EEPROM is limited and hence there are limitations on the storage of data in it.
The size of the EEPROM is 1KB so storing more data will require additional memory.
However, we can still use the EEPROM with current size, for which the data has to be
transferred to a database and the EEPROM has to be cleared before further use.

38
CHAPTER- 6

PROGRAM

39
void main()
{
int i=1,i,j; char c; Uart_Init(9600); start:
Lcd_Init(); // initialize the lcd Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // clear the lcd
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // remove the cursor
Lcd_Out (1,1,"R"); // print R on the first row and first coloumn of
lcd which represents roll no
while (1)
{
Lcd_Out (1,10,ar); // print the roll number on the lcd
if ~(p1_0) &&(p1_1) // if the present button is pressed store 1
at eeprom address of the roll number
{
Eeprom_Write (i,1); while ~(P1_0)&&(p1_1);
}
if (p1_0) && ~(p1_1)// if the absent button is pressed store 0
at eeprom address of the roll number
{
Eeprom_Write (i,0); while ~(P1_1);
}
if ~(p1_2)&&(i<60) // if the next roll button is pressed and
count of the roll displayed on lcd is less than 60
{
i++; // increase the counter while ~(p1_2);
}

if ~(p1_3)&&(i>1) // if the previous roll button is pressed and

count of the roll displayed on lcd is greater than 1
{
i--; // decrease the counter while ~(p1_3);
}
x=Eeprom_Read (i); // read the eeprom data of the ith cell if (x=0)
{
Lcd_Out (2,1,"A"); // display A for absent
}
if (x=1)
{
Lcd_Out (2,1,"P"); // display P for present
}
if (x!=0) && (x!=1)
{
Lcd_Out (2,1,"E"); // display E for not entered
}
if (p1_4=0) // when serial sending button is pressed
{
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);// clear the lcd Lcd_Out (1,1,"Sending Data...");
for (j=1;j<=60;j++) // read the eeprom data one by one
{
x=Eeprom_Read (j); // read the jth cell
if (x=0) // if the data of the eeprom cell is 0 then store a
on variable c
{
c='a';
}
if (x=1) // if the data of the eeprom cell is 1 then store p
on variable c
{
c='p';
}

40
 if (x!=0) && (x!=1) // if the data of the eeprom cell
is neither 1 nor 0 then store space on variable c
{
c=32;
}
Uart_Write (c); //send the value of c in the serial port delay_ms (100);
}
goto start; //return to the begining of the prog
}
}

41
 Chapter- 7

LIST OF FIGURE

42
Fig.No. Name Of Figure Page No.

1. Power Jack 9

2. Adapter 10

3. Half Wave Rectifier 11

4. Full Wave Rectifier 12

5. Bridge Rectifier 12

6. Current Flow in Bridge Rectifier 12

7. Capacitors 13

8. IC Base 15

9. PIN Diagram 19

10. Crystal Oscillator 20

11. Resistor 21

12. Color Code 21

13. LED 22

14. Switches 23

15. USB to UART Module 24

16. Male Connecters 25

17. Female Connecters 25

18. LCD 26

19. PCB Techniques Block Diagram 27

20. Chemical Etching Process 29

21. Drilling 30

22. Mounting 30

23. Soldering 31

43
24. Block Diagram of Circuit 32

25. Circuit Diagram 33

44