Binomial Expansion

a. Binomial Expansion Formula

𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 𝑛! 𝑎𝑏 𝑛−1

(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + + + ⋯+ + 𝑏𝑛
1! 2! (𝑛 − 1)!

b. Rth term of the Binomial Expansion

𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 2) 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑟−1

𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑏
(𝑟 − 1)!

c. Sum of Coefficients

𝑠𝑢𝑚 = (𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦)𝑛

d. Sum of Exponents

𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)

Classifications of Linear Equations in Two Variables

Case Graphical Representation/Description of Graph No. of Solutions Kind of Equation

1 The graphs intersect at exactly one point. One and Unique Consistent and
𝑎1 𝑏1 Independent
≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
2 The graphs are distinct parallel lines. There is no point of None Inconsistent
intersection.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
3 The graphs are coinciding or the same line. They coincide Infinite Dependent
at all points of the line.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Quadratic Equations

a. General Equation

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

b. Quadratic Formula

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
c. Sum of Roots

−𝐵
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 =
𝐴
d. Product of Roots

𝐶
𝑟1 𝑟2 =
𝐴
Partial Fractions

Case 1. When the factors of D(x) are all linear and distinct.

𝑁(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
= + + ⋯+
𝐷(𝑥) 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛

Case 2. When the factors of D(x) are all linear and some are repeated.

𝑁(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
= + + ⋯+
𝐷(𝑥) 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 )2 (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 )𝑛

Case 3. When the factors of D(x) are quadratic and none are repeated.

𝑁(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴2
=
𝐷(𝑥) 𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1

Case 4. When the factors of D(x) are quadratic and some are repeated.

𝑁(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴2 𝐴3 𝑥 + 𝐴4 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐴𝑛+1
= + + ⋯+
𝐷(𝑥) 𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1 (𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1 )2 (𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1 )𝑛

Inequalities Involving Absolute Values

 If 𝑏 > 0, |𝑥| < 𝑏 is equivalent to −𝑏 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 (continued inequality)

 If 𝑏 > 0, |𝑥| > 𝑏 is equivalent to 𝑥 > 𝑏 or 𝑥 < −𝑏

Sequence and Series

Arithmetic Sequence

𝑎𝑁 = 𝑎1 + (𝑁 − 1)𝑑

Arithmetic Series

𝑁
𝑆𝑁 = (𝑎 + 𝑎𝑁 )
2 1
𝑁
𝑆𝑁 = [2𝑎1 + (𝑁 − 1)𝑑]
2
Calculator input:
𝑁

∑ 𝑎1 + (𝑥 − 1)𝑑
𝑥=1

Geometric Sequence

𝑎𝑁 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑁−1

Geometric Series

𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑁 )
𝑆𝑁 =
1−𝑟
 𝑎1 − 𝑟𝑎𝑁
𝑆𝑁 =
1−𝑟
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 ≠ 1

Calculator input:
𝑁

∑ 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑥−1
𝑥=1

Infinite Geometric Series

𝑎1
𝑆=
1−𝑟