General Distance Formula

𝑃1 𝑃2 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Area of a Triangle
1
𝐴∆𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 = [𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
2

Angle between Two Lines

The angle from l1 to l2 is the angle formed by rotating l1 counterclockwise until it coincides with l2.
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑, 𝑚1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚2 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝑚1 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Standard Equations for Slanting Lines
Slope-Intercept Form
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Point-Slope Form
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Intercept Form
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏
Directed Distance Formula
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
𝑑=
±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
Distance between Parallel Lines
𝐶
𝑑=
±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
𝑑 = |𝑑1 | ± |𝑑2 | (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛−, 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛+)
Family of Lines
Equation of Family of Lines passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Equation of Family of Lines Passing through Intersection of Two Lines
𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 + 𝑘(𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 ) = 0
Equation of Family of Lines Passing through Intersection of Two Lines and Point(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝐴1 𝑥1 + 𝐵1 𝑦1 + 𝐶1 + 𝑘(𝐴2 𝑥1 + 𝐵2 𝑦1 + 𝐶2 ) = 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒.
Equation of Family of Lines Passing through Intersection of Two Lines with slope m.
𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 + 𝑘(𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 ) = 0
𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 + 𝐴2 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑘𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑘 = 0
𝐴 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑘
𝑚=− =−
𝐵 𝐵1 𝐵2 𝑘
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒.
The Circle
Standard Equation
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

General Equation

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
𝐴=𝐵
Center
𝐷 𝐸
𝐶 (− ,− )
2 2
Radius
1
𝑟 = √𝐷 2 + 𝐸 2 − 4𝐹
2

𝑟 = √ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝐹
Circles Determined by Geometric Conditions
Case 1. Given three points on the circle.
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ): 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 + 𝑥1 𝐷 + 𝑦1 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 1

(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ): 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 + 𝑥2 𝐷 + 𝑦2 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 2

(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ): 𝑥3 2 + 𝑦3 2 + 𝑥3 𝐷 + 𝑦3 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 3

Case 2. Given a point on the circle and a line where the circle is tangent at a given point.
i. Find slope perpendicular (𝑚⊥ ) to chord formed.
 ii. Find midpoint (𝑥𝑚 , 𝑦𝑚 ) of chord.

𝑦 − 𝑦𝑚 = 𝑚⊥ (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑚 ) → 𝑒𝑞. 1
iii. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to tangent line 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑡 𝑦 = 𝐶1 at
point(𝑥𝑡 , 𝑦𝑡 ) → 𝑒𝑞. 2
iv. Intersection of two equations is the center.
Case 3. Given two points on the circle and radius (length or equation).
i. Substitute points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )to standard equation to get h to k relation.
(𝑥1 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

(𝑥2 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

ii. Substitute the h-k equation to either of the two equations.

Case 4. Given three vertices or the equations of sides of a triangle.