CE Test-6 Sol

:2: ESE – Offline Test-2018
01(a)
Sol: The water requirement of the town in 2020
Year Population Increase in population Incremental increase

1970 470000
80,000
1980 550000 5000
85,000
1990 635000 (–) 20,000
65000
2000 700000
230000  15000
x y
3 2
= 76667 = –7500
n n  1
Pn  Po  nx  y
2
22  1
P2020  700000  2(76.667)   7500
2
= 8,30,834
Percapita water demand = 200 lpcd
 Total water requirement = 200  8, 30, 384
= 166.1668 MLD
01(b).
Sol: Flow required per day = 20,000 m3
Volume
Over flow rate =
Depth of tank / day
20,000
 / day
2
10000 2
 m /min
24  60
Over flow rate = 6.944 m2/min
Total over flow in 30 min contact period = 6.944  30
= 208.33 m2
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:3: Civil–Conventional Test–5 (Solutions)
  D2
 208.33
4
 Diameter of tank required = 16.286 m
Chlorine dosage = 1 mg/l
Total chlorine usage in day = 20,000  103  10–3 gm
= 20,000 gm = 20 kg
Bleaching powder contains 35% of available chlorine
 100 kg of bleaching powder contains 35 kg of available chlorine
100
1 kg of available chlorine required kg of bleaching powder
35
100
20 kg of chlorine required = 20  = 57.142 kg of bleaching powder/day
35
Total bleaching powder required in month = 57.142  30
= 1714.285 kg
= 1.715 tonnes
01(c).
Sol: BOD problems
Dilution percentage = 10%
DO of distilled water = 6 mg/l
DO of sewage sample = 1.2 mg/l
Dilution of sample after 5 days incubation @ 20oC = 0.5 mg/l
Assume KD @ 20oC = 0.1
Initial Dilution of diluted sample = 0.9  6 + 0.1  1.2
= 5.52 mg/l
D.O consumed by sewage sample = 5.52 – 0.5
= 5.02 mg/l
B.O.D @ 5 days = Dilution of consumed  Dilution factor
100
= 5.02 
10
= 50.2 mg/l

y t  L 1  10
 k D .t


y 5  L 1  10 0.15 
50.2
(i) Ultimate BOD of sewage L =
1  10 0.5
= 73.416 mg/l
o
(ii) 3 Days BOD @ 27
KD
27 o C
 KD
20 o C
1.047 27 20
= 0.1  (1.047)7
= 0.138

y3  L 1  10 ko 27
o
C3


= 73.416 1  10 0.1383 
= 45.1 mg/l
01(d).
Sol: Normal rainfall Average
NA = 826 PA = 75
NB = 618 PB = 58
NC = 720 PC =?
ND = 432 PD = 47
NE = 580 PE = 62
792
N   10% N c 
648
NA = NB = ND = NE ≠ NC ± 10% NC
Normal ratio method is used
NC  PA P P P 
Pc    B  D  E 
m  NA NB ND NE 
720  75 58 47 62 
     
4  826 618 432 580 
= 72.06 mm
Optimum number of stations can be calculated as
2
 C 
N v 
 Error 
100
Cv 
P
 = standard deviation
P  mean precipitation

75  58  72.06  47  62
P  62.812
5
 = 11.26
100  11.26
 Cv   17.94
62.812
2
C 
Number of raingauges, n   v 
  
2
 17.94 
 
 10 
= 3.2  4
No need to provide additional raingauge
01. (e)
Sol: CCA = 1000 ha
A = 70% CCA = 700 ha
 = CIR = Cu – Pe = 500 – 120
= 380 mm = 0.38 m
A = 700 ha
B 8.6415
D  8.64 
 0.38
= 341 ha/cumec
This is duty at the head of the field, assuming field losses are zero.
2. Loss in the water course = 20%
 c = 0.8
Qf
QC 
c
 Dc =  c Df = 0.8 (341)
= 272.8 ha/cumec
3. From the relation
A
D
Q
A 700
Q   2.6 cumec
D 272.8

02. (a)
Sol: Dimension of flocculation chamber
Length = 30 m
Width = 12 m
Depth = 4.5 m
Discharge = 75 MLD
 = 1.31 ×106 m2/sec
 = 
= 1000 × 1.31 × 106
Ns
 1.31  10 3
m2
Shaft 4 Shaft 3
Paddles
of size Partition wall in tank of
12m ×0.3 m size 30 m 12 m × 4.5
(to paper)
Central rotating shafts
running at mid depth
30 m
6m 6m
along the tank length
X X
Paddles of size
12 m× 0.3 m (to paper)
1.8 1.8
3.6
12 m
3.6 m Width
1.8 m 1.8 m 0.3 m
Rotating shaft running

parallel to tank length at thickness
mid depth Section X-X
Dimension of paddles
N = 2.5 rpm
To find the power consumption.
P  FD  v
CD A P w v 2 r  v r

2

C A v
3
P D P w r
2
CD = coefficient of drag
AP = Total projected area of paddle
w = Density of fluid
 = Relative velocity of water
AP = No. of paddle × Area of each paddle
DN
Absolute velocity, v 
60
  3 .6  2 .5
v
60
v = 0.47 m/sec
Vr = Vp – Vf
V
 Vp  p
4
= 0.75 Vp
= 0.75 × 0.47
= 0.353 m/s
L CD
L
CD value depend on ratio B
B
L is Length of paddle <5 1.2
B is Width of paddle 520 1.6
>20 1.9
L 12
  40  20
B 0 .3
∴ CD = 1.9
(i) to find power P
CD A Pw v3
P
2
1.9  4  2  12  0.3  1000  0.353
3

2
= 1203.48 Watt
P = 1.203 kW

(ii) To find time of flocculation:

Volume of flocculation chamber

Disch arg e of flow
30 12  4.5

75 10 3
24  60
= 31.104 minutes
(iii) To find velocity gradient, G

P
G
V
1203

30  12  4.5  1.31  10  3
G = 23.81 sec1
02. (b)
Sol: Dimension of high rate trickling filter:
sewage flow = 3MLD
R
 1 .5
I
R
1
I 1  1.5
Recirculation factor F    1.89
 R
2
1  0.1  1.52
1  0.1 I 
 
yi = 250 – 0.25 (250)
= 187.5 mg / 
ye = 30 mg / 
Efficiency of trickling filter, T .F
yi  ye 100
 T.F   100 
yi Qy i
1  0.0044
VF
187 .5  30 100
 100 
187 .5 Q  yi
1  0.0044
VF

100
84 
3 187.5
1  0.0044
V 1.89
3  187 .5
84  0.3696  100
V  1.89
Volume of trickling filter, V = 0.1588 ha–m
V = 1588 m3
Assume depth = 2m
volume 1588
Area    794 m 2
depth 2
Diameter of filter, d
 2
d  794
4
d = 31.79 m
Design of standard rate trickling filter
R
 0, F  1
I
yi  ye 100
 100 
yi Qy i
1  0.0044
VF
100
84 
3 187.5
1  0.0044
V 1
3  187.5
84  0.3696  100
V
V = 0.3 ha–m
V = 0.3  104 m3
volume 0.3  10 4
Area    1500 m 2
depth 2
Diameter of filter, d
 2
d '  1500
4
d = 43.70 m

: 10 : ESE – Offline Test-2018
43.70  31.79
% of increase in diameter =
31.79
= 37.46%
02(c). Given,
0 6 12
P1 = 3.2 cm P2 = 5.2 cm
 = 0.2 cm/hr; 6 hr UGH ordinate is given
Let R1 be the runoff from 1st storm
R2 be the runoff from 2nd storm
P R
 e
te
3 .2  R 1
0 .2 
6
5 .2  R 2
0 .2 
6
R1 = 2 cm, R2 = 4 cm
31st storm 2nd storm

Time (hrs) 6 hr UHG (m /s) 12 hr DRH (1) + (2)
= 6hr UGH × R1 (1) = 6hr UGH × R2(2)
0 0 0 - 0
6 10 20 0 20
12 25 50 40 90
18 40 80 100 180
24 100 200 160 360
30 150 300 400 700
36 100 200 600 800
42 75 150 400 550
48 25 50 300 350
54 15 30 100 130
60 0 0 60 60
66 - - 0 0

: 11 : Civil–Conventional Test–5 (Solutions)
800 = peak
700 550
360
Q m3/s
350
180 130
90
60
20
(Time)
o 0 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 (hr)
03(a).
Sol: When a solid particles settles in water, its downwards settlement is opposed by the drag force
offered by the water. The effective weight of the particle first accelerate in motion then attains
constant velocity which makes drag force is equal to affective weight of particle.
V2
The Drag force offered by the fluid is given by Drag force = CD. A. w.
2
Where CD = Coefficient of drag
A = Area of particle
w = Density of water
V = Velocity of fall
Effective weight of particle = Total weight – Buoyancy of particle
4 4
 r 3rs  r 3rw
3 3
 r 3 rs  rw 
4
3
VS2 4 3
C D .A. w  r rs  rw 
2 3
rs = s .g rw = w .g
= r 2
Vs2 4 2
C D . w  r s g w g 
2 3
Vs2 4  
C D . w .  r w g s  1
2 3  w 
Vs2 4 d
CD  gG  1
2 32
 4 g.dG  1
1/ 2
Vs   
3 CD 

The relationship between coefficient of drag and Reynolds no laminar flow given as
24
CD 
Re
V.d
Where Re = Reynolds number (Dimensionless No) =

V - Velocity of sphere particle (m/s)
d - dimeter of sphere particle (m)
 - kinematic velocity of water (m2/s)
 4 g.dG  1
1/ 2
 Vs   
 3 24 / R e 
 4 g.dG  1v.d 
Vs2   
3 24
gG  1d 2
Vs 
18
03(b).
Sol: Design of combined sewer
Population of town = 100000
Area of town contributing runoff = 100 ha
Mean flow of sewage = 200 lit / capita / day
Average dry weather flow (Qdwf) = 200  0.8  100000
= 16 MLD
= 0.1851 m3/sec
Maximum dry weather flow = 2  Qavg
= 2  0.1851
= 0.3703 m3/sec
25.4a
Rainfall intensity (empirical formula) R 
tc  b
tc = Time of concentration = t e + tf
= 20 + 10 = 30 min
if tc > 20, a = 40 , b = 20
25.4  40
R  20.32 mm/hr
30  20
Coefficient of runoff = 0.5

AIR
Wet weather flow by rational method QWWF =
360
100  0.5  20.32

360
= 2.82 m3/sec
Assume permissible velocity of sewer as 2 m/s  V = 2 m/sec
Discharge Q = A  V
Q 3.19
A  = 1.595 m2
V 2
D 2
 1.595
8
D = 2.015 m
We know velocity = 2 m/sec
By manng's formula
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
R S 2
n
2/3
1 D
  S1/ 2  2
n 4
2/3
1  2.015 
  S2
0.012  4 
1
S
695.87
03. (c) (i)

Sol: 1. Limiting Height H = 90 m
f
H
 w Sc  1
f
90 
9.812.4  1
f = 3001.86 kN/m2
2. When uplift is considered
f
H
 w Sc  C  1FOS

3001.86
 = 56 m
9.81  22.4  0.67  1
H 56
B   42.57 m
S  0.6 2.4  0.67
03. (c) (ii)

Sol: Failures of earth dams
(i) Hydraulic failures (40%)
gullying Overtopping Wave erosion Toe erosion
(ii) Seepage failures (30%)
Piping Sloughing
(iii) Structural failures: (30%)

(a) U/S an d/s slope failures due to construction pore pressure
(b) u/s slope failures due to sudden drawdown
(c) d/s slope failure due to full reservoir condition
(d) Foundation slide: spontaneous liquiefaction
(e) Failure by spreading
(f) Slope protection failures
04. (a) (i)

The Important Primary air Pollutants are:
1. Oxides of sulphur, particularly the sulphur dioxide (SO2);
2. Oxides of carbon like carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2), particularly the carbon
monoxide (CO);
3. Oxides of nitrogen, like NO, NO2, NO3 (expressed as NOx);
4. Volatile organic compounds, mostly hydrocarbons; and
5. Suspended particulate matter (SPM).
The important secondary pollutants are:
(i) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4):
(ii) Ozone (O3)
(iii) Formaldehydes; and
(iv) Peroxy-acyl-nitrate (PAN); etc
` Oxides of Sulphur: Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is the basic air pollutant amongst all the oxides of
sulphur. SO2 is an irritant gas, and when inhaled, affects our mucous membranes. It increases the
breathing rate and causes oxygen deficits in the body, leading to bronchial-spasms in some of te
affected persons. Patients of asthma are very badly affected by this pollutant.
Carbon Monoxide (CO): Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and toxic gas, produced when
organic materials like natural gas, coal or wood are incompletely burnt. Vehicular exhausts are the
single largest source of carbon monoxide, as the number of vehicles have increase and is increasing
by leaps and bound over the world. Poorly maintained vehicles and those having inefficient engines,
without being fitted with adequate pollution control devices, release greater amounts of carbon
monoxide. Carbon monoxide possesses about 200 times affinity for blood haemoglobin (H b) than
oxygen, Eventually, when inhaled, CO replaces O 2 from the haemoglobin, and forms what is known
as carboxy-haemoglobin (COHb). This carboxy-haeomoglobin is of no use for respiratory purposes;
and hence, CO inhalation impairs normal oxygen transport carried out by the blood. Low levels of
CO inhalations produce symptoms like headache, dizzincess, reduction in reaction time, etc. Higher
levels of CO inhalations may cause nausea, heart palpitations, difficulty in breathing, etc. In extreme
cases, when about half of the haemoglobin of the blood is used up in forming carboxy hemoglobin,
death becomes a certainly.
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx): Atmospheric nitrogen may combine with oxygen at high temperatures,
as generated during fuel combustion, to form nitric oxide (NO). The nitric oxide (NO) at low levels
is relatively harmless, but at high concentrations may cause asphyxiation and respiratory discomfort,
because it combines about 3 lakh times faster with hemoglobin than oxygen. Larger concentrations
may cause quick deaths.
Hydrocarbons (HC): Hydrocarbons are the group of compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen
atoms. They are either evaporated into the atmosphere from the petroleum fuel supplies (such as
petrol, diesel, etc.) or are emitted out in the automobile exhausts as the remnants of petroleum fuel
that did not burn completely. The hydrocarbons may, therefore, also be contained in the smokes of
incinerators using petroleum fuel for burning. They may also be contained in the fumes of oil
refineries.
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM): The particulate matter in air may occur in air largely in
solid form as particles of dust, smoke, fume, etc; and also in liquid form as mist and fog. The
particles larger then a molecule but small enough to remain suspended in air are called aerosols.


04. (a) (ii)

Sol: The various natural properties, which continuously clean the environment, automatically, are:
Dispersion: Dispersion of pollutants by winds reduces the concentration of air pollutants at one
place, although in the strict sense, it does not remove them from the environment as a whole. this
mechanism is therefore, a diluting mechanism only.
Only a means of spreading our own pollutants around our neighbors. The dispersion through long
chimneys, therefore, helps us in diluting the air pollutants near their sources only, and does not
reduce their long term undesirable effects on the community as a whole for example, it has been
estimated that SO2 emitted in other countries.
Gravitational Settling: Gravitational settling is the most important natural mechanism, under which
large heavy particles from the ambient air settle down on buildings, trees and other objects. This
generally happens for the particles which are larger than 20 in size.
Absorption: In the natural absorption process the gaseous as well as particulate pollutants from the
air get collected in the rain or mist, and may settle out with that moisture. this phenomenon takes
place below the cloud level, when falling raindrops absorb pollutants, and is also known as washout
or scavenging. The process, however, does not help in removing particles smaller than 1 m in size.
Rainout: Rainout is the process involving precipitation above the cloud level, where submicron
particle present in the atmosphere in the clouds, serve as condensation nuclei, around which drop of
water amy form, and fall out as raindrops. This phenomenon helps in increase rainfall and for
formation in urban areas, containing huge quantities of such particles, rising high above the cloud
level.
Adsorption: Adsorption is the phenomenon in which the gaseous, liquid, or solid pollutants present
in the ambient air are kept attracted, generally electro statically, by a surface, where they are
concentrated and retained. Natural surface, such as soils, rocks, leaves, blades of grass, buildings,
and other objected can adsorb and retain pollutants. the particles may come in contact with such
surfaces either by gravitational settling (as stated earlier) or by inertial impaction, under which are
pollutants are carried to such surfaces by winds. Impaction is particularly effective for particles of
size 10 to 15 m.

04(b). 50 m
10 m
0.25 m
5m
10 m
150 m
(i) By Dupit's theory for steady radial flow to unconfined aquifer is
Q

k h 22  h 12 
n r2 / r1 
h2 = 150 – 5 = 145
h1 = 150 – 10 = 140
r2 = 50 m
r1 = 10 m

  k 145 2  140 2
0.1 

 50 
n  
 10 
k = 3.59 × 10–5 m/sec
= 3.10 m/day
(ii) The draw down in pumping well
r1 = 0.25 m
h1 = ?
r2 = 10 m
h2 = 140 m
 0.1 

3.59  10 5 140 2  h12 
 10 
n 
 0.25 
h1 = 96.56
draw down S = 150 – 96.56
= 53.436 m

04. (c)
Sol: (i) Unwin's formula:
It is used to calculate head loss in case of canal siphons and siphon aqueducts. Head loss
   V 2 Va2
h  1  f1  f 2  
 R  2g 2g
Where, L = length of barrel (m)
V = velocity of flow through siphon barrel
Va = approach velocity (m/s)
f1 = coefficient of loss of head at entry
= 0.505 for unshaped mouth
 b
f 2  a 1  
 R
a, b = constants for different watersheds
R = hydraulic mean depth of the barrel
(ii) Hunter Rouse Equation:

it is used to estimate the Concentration of sediment transported in a canal
C= ?
y Ca
a
Vs
C  a D  y   kV *
 
Ca  y D  a  
C = sediment concentration (ppm) at a distance y from the bed
Ca = sediment concentration (ppm) at a distance a from the bed, (known)
Vs = fall velocity of a grain in still water (m/s)
k = Von-Karman universal constant (0.4)
o
V* = shear friction velocity   gRS
w
o = shear stress at bed
This equation has been derived based on the assumption of
(i) 2-D steady flow
(ii) constant fall velocity (V s)
(iii) constant value of k

(iii) One of the methods used for designing channel transition is, Mitra's hyperbolic transition
keeping water depth constant. It is designed on the criterion that the rate of change of velocity
per unit length of the transition is constant throughout the length of the transition.
4
2:1 3:1
2 3
Contraction expansion Normal
Normal Flumed
X
Bx
L
From figure,
Vf  Vx Vf  Vo
 _______ (1)
x Lf
Where,
Bo = Normal width of canal section
Bf = flumed width
Bx = width at 'x' from flumed section
VfBfD = VxBxD
Vo,Vf,Vx = velocities at the respective sections.
Lf = total length of transition
Q = discharge (constant),
D = water depth (constant)
Q Q Q
Q = VoBoD  Vf  , Vx  , Vo 
Bf Q Bx D Bo D
Q
Let K
D
k k k
Vf  , Vx  , Vo  _____ (2)
Bf Bx Bo
from equations (1) and (2)
Bo Bf Lf
Bx 
Lf Bo  Bo  Bf x
This is AC Mitra's hyperbolic expression for bed width at any distance x from the section

05(a).
Sol: Balancing storage capacity
Percapita demand = 150 lpcd
Total water required in a day = 500  150
= 75000 l/day
75000
=  / hr = 3125 l/hr
24
Pumping hours = 5 AM to 8 AM and 4 PM to 7 PM
= 6 hours
Demand 75000
Pumping rate = = = 12500 lit/hr
Pumping hours 6
Excess of Excess of
Demand Demand Cummulative Supply Cummulative
Time demand supply
% (l) demand (l) (l) supply (l)
(l) (l)
0-3 AM 5 3750 3750 - - 3750 -
3-6 AM 12 9000 12750 12500 12500 250 -
6-9 AM 30 22500 35250 25000 37500 - 2250
9-12 AM 10 7500 42750 - 37500 5250 -
12-3 PM 10 7500 50250 - 37500 12750 -
3-6 PM 8 6000 56250 25000 62500 6250
6-9 PM 20 15000 71250 12500 75000 3750
9-12 PM 5 3750 75000 - 75000
Balancing storage capacity of reservoir = 12750 + 6250

= 19000 litres

05(c).
Sol: Traffic noise data
Time (Sec) 10 20 30 40 50 60
Noise dB 71 75 70 78 80 84
(i) Total noise pollution :

Difference in noise levels Increased noise pollution in dB
0-1 3
2-5 2
6-8 1
70
74
71 78
75 81
78 84
80 87
84
ii. Equivalent noise
i n
L eq  10 log  1010  t i
Li
i 0
 71 10 75
20
70
30
78
40
80
50
84
60 
 10 log 1010   10 10   10 10   10 10   1010   1010  
 210 210 210 210 210 210 
L eq  80.516 dB
05 (d).
Sol: Given data:
Inflow I = 8 m3/sec
Inflow over a month
= 8 × 30 × 3600 × 24
= 20.736 mm3
Outflow (O) = 12 m3/sec
Outflow over a month

= 12 × 30 × 3600 × 24
= 31.104 mm3
Rain fall = 8cm
Rain fall over the entire area
8
  10  10 6  0.8 mm 3
100
Pan co-efficient = river evaporation pan evaporation
river evaporatio n
0.7 
12
River evaporation = 0.7 × 12 = 8.4 cm
River evaporation over entire area
= 0.84 mm3
From, water budget equation
∑Inflow – ∑outflow = change in storage
I + Rainfall – (0 + evaporation + seepage loss) = Drop in reservoir level
[20.736 + 0.8 – (31.104 + 0.84 + seepage loss)] × 106 = – 8
Seepage loss = 2.408 × 106 m3 per month
2.408  10 6
Seepage loss  = 0.929 m3/sec
3600  30  24
Thus the average seepage discharge is 0.929 m3/sec from the reservoir.
05.(e)
Sol: (i) Creep length (L) = b + 2d1 + 2d2
L = 35 + 2  5 + 2  8 = 61 m
H 4
Hydraulic gradient i  
L 61
1 1
i  (Safe)
15.25 15
(ii) Uplift pressure head:
At point A,
1
 4 (2  5  15) = 2.36 m
15.25
At point B,
1
 4 (2  5  25)
15.25
= 1.70 m
At point C,
1
 4 (2  5  35)
15.25
= 1.05 m
(iii) Thickness of Floor:
4 h 
t  
3  G 1
4  2.36 
At point A, t     2.53 m
3  2.24  1 
4  1.70 
At point B, t      1.827 m
3  2.24  1 
4  1.05 
At point C, t      1.129 m
3  2.24  1 
06(a).
Sol: Let assume the flow of pipe in network diagram (by obeying law of continuity in each junction)
60 30
A 40 B
20 10
C
D 60 70
40
Head loss in each pipe (HL) = K.Qx

x = 2 (given)
Ist correction

2 HL Corrected Q after first correction

Pipe Assumed flow (l/s) [Qa] K HL = k Q a
Qa Qa1 = Qa + 1
AB 40 1 1600 40 48.125
BC 10 2 200 20 18.125
CD –60 1 –3600 60 –51.875
DA –20 2 –800 40 –11.875
HL
HL = –2600 Q  160
a
H L  2600 

1  
HL 2  160
x
Qa
60 30
= 8.125 A 48.125 B
11.875 18.125
C
D 51.875
70
40
2 nd correction
Assumed flow HL Corrected
Pipe K HL = KQ a2
(Qa) (l/s) Qa flow
AB 48.125 1 2316 48.124 48.125
BC 18.125 2 657 36.248 18.125
CD –51.875 1 –2691 51.874 –51.875
DA –11.875 2 –282 23.747 –11.875
HL
HL = –0.03125   160
Qa
H L   0.03125
A2  
H  2 160
x L 
 Qa 
= 9.765  10–5 (almost nill)
final flow rates in each pipes

06. (b)
Sol: Total solids produced = 1000 kg
Volatile solids = 70% total solids
70
=  1000
100
= 700 kg
Non volatile solids = 30% of total solids

30
  1000
100
= 300 kg
Volatile solids removed in digestion = 70% volatile solids

70
=  700
100
= 490 kg
Volatile solids left in digested sludge = 210 kg
Non volatile solids in digested sludge = 300 kg
Mass of water in wet digested sludge = 90%
10% of mass of solid = 300 + 210 = 510 kg
10 kg of solids contain = 90 kg of water
90
510 kg of solid contain =  510
10
= 4590 kg of water
Density of volatile solid = 1000 specific gravity of volatile solid
= 1000 1.05 = 1050 kg /m3
Density of non-voiatile solids = 1000 Specific gravity of non volatile solid
= 10002.5 = 2.500 kg/m3
Volume of volatie solids in wet digested sludge
mass 210
   0.2 m 3
density 1050
Volume of non-volatile solids in wet digested sludge.
300
  0.12 m 3
2500
4590
Volume of water in wet digested sludge =  4.59 m 3
1000

Total volume of wet digested sludge = 0.2 + 0.12 + 4.59 = 4.91 m3

Now, let us find the volume of fresh sludge.
700
Volume of volatile solids in fresh sludge  0.67 m 3
1050
300
Volume of non-volatiles in fresh sludge   0.12 m 3
2500
Mass of water in fresh sludge = 95%
5% of mass of solids = 1000 kg
5 kg of solids contain = 95 kg of water
95
1000 kg of solid contain =  1000
5
= 19000 kg of water
19000
 Volume of water in fresh sludge   19 m 3
1000
 Total volume of fresh sludge = 0.67 + 0.12 + 19 = 19.79 m3
 V  Vd 
Capacity of digester (Volume of digester) =  f t
 2 
 4.91  19.79 
 30
 2
= 370.5 m3
Volume 370.5
Cross sectional area =  = 37.05 m2
det ph 10
d 2
 37.05
4
d = 6.86 m
 So provide sludge digester of diameter 6.86 m and depth 10 m


06. (c)
Sol: Q = 1000 m3/s
weir length L = 255 m
Q
q  = discharge intensity
L
1000
  3.92 m2/s
255
Lacey's scour depth
1/ 3 1/ 3
 q2   3.922 
R L  1.35   1.35 
 f   1.1 
= 3.25 m
U/s water level = HFL at U/S = 103.00 m
H = Max static head = 2.4 m
D/S water level = HFL on U/S – H
= 103.00 – 2.4 = 100.6 m
RL of bottom of D/S cutoff
= 100.6 – 2(3.25) = 94.1
RL of D/S concrete floor = 100.00 m
Depth of d/s cutoff = 100.00 – 94.1
= 5.9 m say 6 m
Length of inverted filter = d2 = 6 m
Length of d/s launching apron = (1 – 1.5) d2 = 6 – 9m
on U/S:
HFL to bottom of u/s cutoff
= 1.5RL = 1.5 (3.25) = 4.875 m
Depth of U/S vertical cutoff
= 1.5 RL – H
= 4.875 – 2.4 = 2.475 m say
d1 = 2.5 m
Length of block protection d1 = 2.5 m
Length of U/S lavelling apron = (1 – 1.5) d1
= 2.5 – 3.75 m
Check for exit gradient:
H 1
GE 
d  

b 40
   6.66
d 6
1  1  2
  3.75
2
2.4 1 1
GE   0.067 
6 3.75 15
Safe exit gradient = 1/6
1 1

15 6
 weir is safe against piping
07(a).
Sol: Re-oxygenation constant, R = 0.8 day–1
De-oxygenation constant, K = 0.4 day–1
7.36
Saturation, DO   9.2 mg/lit
0 .8
Assume B.O.D in river water = 0 mg/lit
D.O in waste water = 1 mg/lit
Discharge in river = 0.7 m3/sec
= 0.7 × 3600 × 24
= 60,480 m3/day
Discharge in sewer = 20,000 m3/day
20,000  30  60,480  0
BOD of mix 
80,480
= 7.455 mg/lit
20,000  1  60,480  7.36
DO of mix 
80,480
= 5.78 mg/lit
Ultimate B.O.D, Lt = Lo (1 – e–kt)
7.455 = Lo (1 – e–0.4 × 5)
Lo= 8.62 mg/lit
Initial 20 deficit Do = Saturated DO - DO at river
= 9.2 – 7.36
= 1.84 mg/lit
Do deficit at 25 ≮ m can be calculated by streeter-phelps equation
Dt 
kL o
RK
 
e kt  e Rt  D o e Rt
Where, K = 0.4, R = 0.8, Lo = 8.62 mg/lit

Do = 1.84 mg/lit
Time required for mix to reach at 25 km distance
25,000
t 25 km   1.157 days
0.25
Time required for mix to reach at 50 km distance
50,000
t 50 km   2.314 dyas
0.25
(i) Oxygen deficiency at 25 km
0.4  8.62 0.41.157
D t 25 km 
0. 8  0. 4
e  e 0.81.157   1.84e 0.81.157
= 2.011 + 0.73
= 2.741 mg/lit
(ii) Oxygen deficiency at 50 km
0.4  8.62 0.42.314
D t 50 km 
0.8  0.4
e  e 0.82.314   1.84  e 0.82.314
= 2.062 + 0.288
= 2.35 mg/lit
07(b). (i)
Sol: The following scientifically managed methods can be used for disposal of municipal sold waste
(refuse):
Disposal of MSW (Refuse) by Sanitary Land Filling or Controlled Tipping Method: In this
method of refuse disposal, refuse is carried and dumped into the low lying area (car-marked as the
land fill site) under an engineered operation, de-signed and operated in an environmentally sound
manner, as not to cause any public nuisance or hazards to public health or safety.
Disposal of MSW (refuse) by Shredding and Pulverisation: The size and volume reduction of
municipal solid waste (MSW) is accomplished by the physical processes of shredding and
pulverisation. Shredding refers to the actions of cutting and tearing; whereas, pulverisation refers to
the actions of crushing and grinding. Shredding and pulverising may help in reducing the overall
volume of the original MSW, by as much as 40%. The shredding and pulverising not only helps in
reducing the volume of MSW, but also helps in changing the physical character of the waste, which
becomes practically odourless and unattractive to the insects.

Disposal of MSW (Refuse) by Composting: Composting of refuse is a biological method of

decomposing solid wastes. this decomposition can be affected either under aerobic conditions, or
under anaerobic conditions, or both. The final end product, ins a manure, called the compost or
humus, which is in great demand in European countries as fertilizer for farms.
Disposal of MSW (refuse) by Incineration and Thermal Pyrolysis: Burning of refuse at high
temperatures in furnaces, called incinerators, is quite a sanitary method of refuse disposal, and is
widely adopted in developed countries like USA, where the collected refuse is of high calorific
value, and is, hence quite suitable to burning.
Pyrolysis: Upon heating in closed contrainers in oxygen free atmosphere, most of the organic
substances or solid waste can be split through a combination of thermal cracking and condensation
reactions into gaseous, liquid and solid fractions. This process is known as pyralysis or thermal
pyrolysis.
07(b). (ii)
Ans: Noise Pollution:
Definition and introduction:
Sound in the environment is caused by vibrations in the air (or some other medium) that reach human
ears and stimulate a sensation of hearing. When the sound becomes loud, or disagreeable, or unwanted,
it becomes noise.
The effects of Noise:
The various effects of noise can be divided into the following categories:
1. Noise induced annoyance
2. Noise induced diseases
3. Sleeplessness
4. Communication interference
5. Noise induced hearing loss
6. Effect of noise of wild life.
These effect are discusses below:

1. Noise Induced Annoyance:
One of the most important effect of noise on humans is annoyance and irritation due to disturbance.
A noise can be said to be annoying when a person does not like the same, and hence wants the sound
to be put off, or wish to leave the noisy area at the earliest.
2. Noise Induced Disease:
Noise may produce several undesirable physiological and psychological diseases in human beings.
These effects may vary depending upon the physical and mental condition of an individual. The

diseases caused may include: anxiety, tenseness, nervousness, headaches, fatigue, nausea, insomnia,
high blood pressure, high pulse rate, greater perspiration, gastric secretions, etc.
3. Sleeplessness:
The nose may induce sleep disturbances including shorter sleep durations, more frequent awakening,
etc. sleep disturbances due to noise may depend upon the characteristics of the noise, such as its
frequency, loudness (intensity), and continuity/intermittency.
4. Communication Interference:
Noise can badly disturb communication when a person is speaking on telephone; or when individuals
are talking face to face. This may require grater speaking effort on the part of the speaker, and much
more attentive care on the part of the listener, than what would have been needed, otherwise.
5. Noise Induced Hearing Loss:

Exposure of human ears to intense noise for a long enough duration may cause damage to the
inner ear, thereby decreasing ones ability to hear. On lower scale, the damage may cause the
individuals to complain of tinnitus in the ears, while longer exposure may lead to deafness/
permanent loss of hearing. It may be caused due to complete destruction of the organ of corti that
transmits sound from ear to brain. WHP data suggests that around 5% of the school children
suffer from varying degree of deafness. According to US Public Health Service, more than 7
million people in USA are working where noise levels are high enough to damage hearing. No
such data is, however, available for India, although noise is a major health hazard in industry, at
airports, at railway stations, and at highways.
6. Effect of Noise on Wild Life:
Wildlife, like humans, is also badly affected by noise. Health of several zoo-animals such as
deers, rhinos and lions are adversely affected by noise. They become inactive and dull under
noisy conditions. Several migratory birds have stopped resting in habitats close to noisy cities.
Musk-oxen, kargaroos, rats, grizzly bears have been noticed to have left their noisy habitats to
move to calmer places. Such as change of habitat of wild life may sometimes alter their food
habits, health, and mating behaviour, bringing about environmental imbalances.
Remedies for Noise pollution:
Exposure of mankind to the day by day increasing noise nuisance must be reduced and abated, if
its adverse effects on human health are to be controlled. The society must therefore be protected
from the harmful effects of noise by devising and implementing ways and means for the
abatement of noises.
There are certain noises which can be kept under control by legal laws and ordinances, and there
are others which have to be dampened and attenuated by the use of good technology and town
planning. For example, the noises produced by motor vehicles can be controlled to some extent
by proper maintenance of vehicles, which can be ensured only by prescribing maximum

permissible noise levels for different types of automobiles, through Motor Vehicles Act.
Similarly, industrial noises, can be brought under the control of Factories Act by specifying
maximum permissible noise levels and other checks. Similarly, public blaring of loudspeakers
and plying of radio sets at loud levels can be prevented by general legal laws of public nuisance
or laws specifically made for noise pollution. Yet however, there exist several other noises which
have become part and parcel of our modern life. All such noises are to be reduced by better
design technology to be used in the modern day gadgets like fans, air-conditioners, washing
machines, refrigerators, mixers and grinders, etc.
Another very important method for abating noise effects on mankind is to used proper town
planning techniques, and thus, to ensure construction of houses and offices away from the major
sources of noise. Proper segregation, zoning and separation of residential complexes from the
commercial and industrial ones, by means of physical barriers, roads, railway lines, parks or
green belts, do constitute an important aspect of such good town-planning.
The noises produced by automobiles and trains, being the biggest noise nuisance in a modern
city life, can be abated by construction of walls on both sides of roads and railway lines. Raising
of such obstructions and barriers in between the noise sources (auto-mobiles) and residences,
may considerably reduce the noise levels reaching the residences. Attenuation of upto 15
decibels is possible in this manner. The extent of attenuation achieved by raising of such a
barrier wall, is shown in fig. below.
16
Sound level reduction in dB
14
12 7.2
10 5.4
3.6
8 1.8
6 Residences
Source H Barrier
4 (receiving end)
R D
dB
0 60 120 180 240 300

Distance of barrier wall from source, R in m
When D  R and R >> H, the noise reduction may also be calculated by the equation:
 20H 2 
Noise reduction (dB) = 10 log10 

 R 
Where H = Height of the barrier wall
 = wavelength of sound

D = Distance between barrier and the receiving point

Raising of thick and high vegetation and tree growing along sides of roads and railway lines,
offer cheaper barriers to cause such noise reductions.
Locating the noisy sources on the downwind side of the residences, may be another important
consideration in good town planning, because noise will then travel farther in the downwind
direction away from the residences.
Noise levels in residential buildings can be reduced to some extent by offsetting the building
from the main or street roads by a suitable distance. The farther is this distance, the better will be
the attenuation, because the intensity of noise gets reduced with increase in distance.
07(c). 5 cm
4cm
3 cm
2 cm
The infiltration rate (ft) at any time 't' is given by horton's equation
ft = fc + (fo – fc) e–kt
fc = 1.2 + 4.2 e–2.5 t
where,
fc = constant infiltration rate Initial
infiltration
= 1.2 cm
fo – fc = 9.2 Rainfall 5 cm
fo = 4.2 + fc = 4.2 + 1.2 (cm) 4cm 3 cm
x 2 cm
= 5.4 cm
1.2 cm
time
(hr)
After 1 hr infiltration is
fct = 1.2 × 4.2 e–2.5×1
= 1.544
 The distance, x = ?
fct = 4 = 1.2 + 4.2 e–2.5 × t
2.8 = 4.2 e–0.25 × t
t = 0.162 hr
4
 Total infiltration = 0.162
f ct


4
0.162
1.2  4.2e dt
2.5 t
4
4.2e 2.5 t 
= 1.2t 
 2.5  0.162
4.2 2.54  4.2 2.50.162 
f  1.2  4  e  1.2  0.162  e 
 2.5   2.5 
= 4.8 + 0 – 0.1944 – 1.120
f = 3.485 cm
 Strome runoff = Rainfall – Infiltration
= (1 – 0.162) 4 + 5 + 3 + 2 – 3.485
= 9.867 cm
08.(a)
Sol: Given data:
Water demand = 200 lit / capita / day
Rate of Filtration (ROF) = 5 m3 / m2 / hour
Q = Population × Percapita water demand

= 300000 × 200 lit/day
RSF are designed for 2 times the average flow
Assuming Qmax = 2Q = 2× 300000 × 200 lit/day
Design of RSF:
Q
Total surface area required = max
ROF
3
2  300000  200  10 m 3 / hr
 24
5 m 3 / hr / m 2
2
= 1000 m
(Given) Area of each filter = 10 × 4 = 40 m2
 No. of filter’s required
Total area
=
area of each filter
1000
= 25
40
No of filters provided = 25 + 1 = 26
(1 act as stand by)

Calculation of up flow velocity
0.06 m
0.6 m
Assume Z = 0.6 m
Ze = 0.66 mm
Ze 1 n 0.66 1  0.5
  
Z 1 ne 0.6 1  n e
ne = 0.545
Up flow velocity, Vb
Vb = Vs n e4.5
g P   w d
4
Vs 
2 3
C D w
4
3
 
g p  w d
Vs 
C D w
 9.812500  1000  0.6  10 3

4
Vs  3
25.02  1000
= 0.0217 m/sec
Vb = (0.0217) (0.545)4.5
Vb =1.413 103 m/sec
hb = z(1  n) (s 1)
= 0.6 (1 0.5) (2.5 1)
= 0.45 m
 No. of filters required = 26
Up flow velocity = 0.0217 m/sec
Head loss to expand bed width to 0.66 m = 0.45m


08(b)
Sol: Given:
Flood data for 30 years = x = 30,000 m3/s
For a bridge acceptable risk = 10%
Service life = 50 years
Reduced mean y n  0.538
Reduced duration n = 1.119
risk = 1 – (1 – P)n
n
 1  1
 1  1    P  
 T  T
50
 1
0.1  1  1  
 T
T = 475 yrs
For given ris, bridge can be designed for 475 years.
From 30 years, flood data x = 30,000 m3/s
r = 15,000 m3/s
for 475 years, xT = x + k.r
x475 = 30,000 + k475(15,000)
 T 
y 475  n n 
 T 1 
 475 
 n n 
 475  1 
= 6.1623
y  yA
 k 475  T
Sn
6.1623  0.538
 = 5.023
1.119
 x475 = 30,000 + 15,000  5.023
= 1, 05, 392.24 m3/s
(i) Max. design flood discharge = 1, 05, 392.24 m3/s
(ii) If 1,18,000 m3/s is design discharge margin of safety
1,18,000  1,05,392
 100
1,05,392
= 0.1196 = 11.96%

08(c)(i)
Sol: Since k = 36h and 2kx = 2 × 36 × 0.15 = 10.8 h. t should be such that k > t > 2kx i.e 36h > t >
10.8h. In the present case t = 12 hr is selected to suit the given inflow hydrograph ordinate
interval.
we know that,
Qn = Co In + C1In–1 + C2Qn–1
 kx  0.5t
Co 
k  kx  0.5t
 36  0.15  0.5  12
  0.0164
36  36  0.15  0.5  12
kx  0.5t
C1 
k  kx  0.5t
36  0.15  0.5  12
  0.3115
36  36  0.15  0.5  12
C2 = 1 – C1 – C2 = 0.6721
Qn = CoIn + C1In–1 + C2Qn–1
Q12 = 0.0163 × 4.5 + 0.3114 × 4.2 + 0.672 × 4.2
= 4.2036 m3/s
Q24 = 0.0163 × 8.8 + 0.3114 × 4.5 + 0.672 × 4.2145
= 4.3695 m3/s
Time (hrs) Inflow (m3/s) Out flow (m3/s)

0 4.2 4.2
12 4.5 4.20363
24 8.8 4.3695
36 27.2 6.1199
48 34.2 13.164
60 28.8 15.2318
72 24.0 19.595
84 19.8 20.9642
96 16.2 20.5177
108 13.3 19.0494

Similarly, the other out flow values can be calculated.

Q
Attenuation in peak flow discharge
Inflow
= Peak inflow – Peak outflow
= 34.2 – 20.9 Attenuation
= 13.3 m3/s Outflow

Log time (Time of peak outflow) = 84 hr Time
08. (c) (ii)

Sol: Losses from Canals: During the passage of water from the main canal to the outlet at the head of
the water course water may be lost due to evaporation as well as seepage
(i) Evaporation: These losses are generally 3 to 4% of total losses they depend on the following
factors
(a) Temperature (b) Wind velocity (c) Humidity (d) Season
(ii) Seepage Losses: are generally around 6 to 10% of total losses
Two conditions of seepage will exist
(a) Percolation (b) Absorption
In percolation, there exists a zone of continuous saturation from the canal to the water table and
direct flow is established.
In absorption, a small saturated soil 20 m exists round the canal section and is surrounded by
zone of decreasing saturation.
Seepage losses depend upon
(i) Type of seepage
i.e. whether percolation or absorption
(ii) Soil permeability
(iii) Condition of the canal
(iv) Amount of silt carried by the canal
(v) Velocity of canal water
(vi) Cross section and wetted perimeter

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:2: ESE – Offline Test-2018

Year Population Increase in population Incremental increase

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Rotating shaft running

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(ii) To find time of flocculation:

(iii) To find velocity gradient, G

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31st storm 2nd storm

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03. (c) (i)

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03. (c) (ii)

gullying Overtopping Wave erosion Toe erosion

(ii) Seepage failures (30%)

(iii) Structural failures: (30%)

04. (a) (i)

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04. (a) (ii)

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(i) By Dupit's theory for steady radial flow to unconfined aquifer is

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(ii) Hunter Rouse Equation:

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Balancing storage capacity of reservoir = 12750 + 6250

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(i) Total noise pollution :

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Head loss in each pipe (HL) = K.Qx

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2 HL Corrected Q after first correction

H L  2600 

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Non volatile solids = 30% of total solids

Volatile solids removed in digestion = 70% volatile solids

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Total volume of wet digested sludge = 0.2 + 0.12 + 4.59 = 4.91 m3

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Where, K = 0.4, R = 0.8, Lo = 8.62 mg/lit

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Disposal of MSW (Refuse) by Composting: Composting of refuse is a biological method of

These effect are discusses below:

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5. Noise Induced Hearing Loss:

by proper maintenance of vehicles, which can be ensured only by prescribing maximum

0 60 120 180 240 300

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D = Distance between barrier and the receiving point

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Q = Population × Percapita water demand

(1 act as stand by)

 9.812500  1000  0.6  10 3

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