Hudson A. Bode, Prof. Dr.

hudson.bode@fatec.sp.gov.br

Introdução ao
Método dos
Elementos Finitos
 •Um homem poderá ser temido e respeitado no
planeta em razão dos títulos que venha a adquirir
pela convenção humana, mas se não progrediu nas
suas ideias, aperfeiçoando-se no trabalho
comunitário, guarda consigo a mente restrita e
enfermiça das mentes extraviadas, que na morte
lutam com ideias fixas, que se situam entre a
ignorância e o primitivismo, entre a amnésia e o
desespero do bem perdido, gastando muito tempo
para se reajustar, e rebaixado pelas próprias ações,
perdendo a noção da beleza que santifica, entrega-se
a lastimáveis rebaixamento, em que os gritos da
inconsciência são frequentes.
 Método
dos
Elementos
Finitos
Introdução ao Método dos Elementos Finitos

http://www.leapsecond.com/notes/cartoons.htm
 Método dos Elementos Finitos

Ementa

• Objetivos: Apresentar as técnicas de cálculos por elementos finitos em estruturas

complexas.

• Ementa: Modelagem estrutural de componentes aeronáuticos utilizando o método de

elementos finitos.
• Análise linear elástica de problemas planos, de sólidos de revolução, tridimensionais
e de placas à flexão.
• Análise de instabilidade e de vibrações livres.
• Análise de estruturas com comportamento não linear do material.
 Objetivo do curso
➢ Entender os conceitos físicos do Método de Elementos Finitos, bem como as
técnicas de modelagem e análise estrutural de componentes, utilizando-se
softwares comerciais.

➢ Em sua primeira parte, o curso pretende abordar os conceitos básicos para o

cálculo de estruturas treliçadas simples, de forma a exemplificar o
funcionamento do método e demonstrar o significado físico dos parâmetros
calculados.

➢ Na segunda parte, pretende-se mostrar as técnicas de modelamento e os

parâmetros utilizados para garantir a qualidade da malha gerada.

➢ Finalmente pretende-se mostrar alguns exemplos de análises lineares estáticas,

análises de instabilidade, análises de vibrações livres e análises considerando
comportamento não linear de material. Para cada tipo de análise, pretende-se
apresentar um resumo teórico dos conceitos físicos envolvidos, seguido da
execução de problemas utilizando-se algumas ferramentas comerciais de
análise.

➢ Não está no escopo do curso, um aprofundamento teórico dos diversos assuntos

abordados, dada a complexidade dos mesmos.
 Literature
➢ Bathe K.-J. and Wilson E. L. Numerical Methods in Finite Element Analysis. – Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1976.
➢ Sigerlind L. J. Applied Finite Element Analysis. – John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1976. .
➢ Rao S. S. The Finite Element Method in Engineering. – Pergamon Press, 1989.
➢ Ritz W. Über eine Neue Metode zur Lösung gewisser Variationsprobleme der Matematischen Physik // J.
Reine Angew. Math., 1909, Vol. 135, P. 1-61.
➢ Courant R. Variational methods for the solution of problems of equilibrium and vibrations // Bulletin of the
American Mathematical Society, 1943, Vol. 49, P. 1-23.
➢ Clough R. W. The finite element method in plane stress analysis. // Proc. American Society of Civil
Engineers (2nd Conference on Electronic Computation, Pitsburg, Pennsylvania), 1960, Vol. 23, P. 345-378.
➢ Argyris J. H. Energy theorems and structural analysis // Aircraft Engineering, 1954, Vol. 26, Part 1 (Oct. –
Nov.), 1955, Vol. 27, Part 2 (Feb. – May).
➢ Turner M. J., Clough R. W., Martin H. C. and Topp L. J. Stiffness and deflection analysis of complex
structures // Journal of Aeronautical Science, 1956, Vol. 23, No. 9, P. 805-824.
➢ Hrennikov A. Solution of problems in elasticity by the frame work method // Journal of Applied Mechanics,
1941, Vol. 8, P. 169-175.
➢ Zienkiewicz O. C. and Cheung Y. K. The Finite Element Method in Structural and Continuum Mechanics. –
McGraw-Hill: London, 1967.
➢ Método dos Elementos Finitos: Primeiros Passos, 1999, Assan, A. E., Editora da Unicamp, 1ª Edição,
Campinas.
Principais Referências
Conteúdo do Curso
➢ Fundamentos da Mecânica dos Sólidos – Tensão e Deformação
➢ Calculo Variacional
Equação de Euler-Lagrange
Método de Rayleigh-Ritz
➢ Método dos Residuos Ponderados
Método de Galerkin
➢ Método dos Elementos Finitos
Principio de Hamilton
Dinâmica de Sistemas Discretos -Equação de Lagrange
Elemento de Viga
Euler-Bernoulli
Timoshenko
Análise Modal e Dinâmica e Análise não-linear
➢ Método dos Elementos de Contorno
Solução Numérica da Equação de Laplace
➢ Métodos Numéricos
Método de Newmark
 How do I differentiate between FEM, FEA, Simulation, CAE, Structural, Thermal, and CFD and so on?

➢ FEM - Finite Element Method. This is a numerical technique applied to solve complex problems. In Mechanical stream,
mainly it is used to find the stress, strain and deformation values on complex 3D objects. This is considered to be the
easiest method for stress-strain evaluation and so implemented in much software like ANSYS, NASTRAN, etc.

➢ FEA - Finite Element Analysis. This is same as before. An analysis performed using FEM is called as FEA.

➢ Simulation - Simulation is an imitation of a situation. For example: First person view simulation in driving games,
Cockpit simulation for finding what went wrong during an airplane technical faults, Flow simulation for finding drag
force in race cars, etc.

➢ CFD - Computational Fluid Dynamics. CFD is a branch of fluid dynamics. It is considered to be an advanced course in
Universities. Solving Fluid flow problems using numerical analysis and data structures is called as CFD. Carrying out a
flow simulation requires knowledge of basic CFD like Navier Strokes, Euler’s, etc…
➢ CAD - Computer Aided Designing. Employing Computer software’s to design and object. Such object can be a part of a
mechanical system. Two or more part combined is said to be an assembly and a finished assembly which has a
mechanical function is said to be a product. You can design and develop a product through CAD software. One of the best
easy UI CAD software is Solid works. Many industries in India use Catia or AutoCad.
➢ CAE - Computer Aided Engineering. Employing computer software’s to aid in the engineering analysis is called as CAE.
After designing a product, it undergoes an analysis in the CAE software like ANSYS/NASTRAN. Here during the
analysis, the FEM method is used. Either Structural or thermal based on the requirement. In structural analysis, you give
your input conditions like Force applied, or fixed support and in turn as the output, the software gives you the maximum
stress, strain and deformation that the product could experience in that given input conditions. You compare the
maximum stress calculated by the software with the Ultimate Stress of that material to know whether the product fails at
given conditions.
➢ CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing. Employing computer software to perform engineering operations like lathe
machine works is called as CAM. Usually you run this software with the help of G-Codes or M-codes. After going
through the first two phase’s i.e. CAD & CAE, your machine your product from raw materials using machines like Lathe
machine, Milling machine, Grinding machine, etc. Modern day machines like CNC (Computer Numerical Control) lathe
machine, through G&M code commands; you operate the machine and shape your product according to the concerned
dimensions.

➢ Reverse Engineering - Now, this is interesting. A complex component which consumes a lot of time and requires lot of
accuracy to design in CAD software can be reverse engineering. That is through sensors, Computer generates the shape
of real world 3D product in your software with good accuracy. Google this topic to know more.

➢ Apologize for my grammatical mistakes if any. Would welcome anyone to correct my grammatical mistakes
 Historical background

In 1909 Ritz developed an effective method [5] for the approximate solution of problems in the mechanics of
deformable solids. It includes an approximation of energy functional by the known functions with unknown
coefficients. Minimization of functional in relation to each unknown leads to the system of equations from
which the unknown coefficients may be determined. One from the main restrictions in the Ritz method is that
functions used should satisfy to the boundary conditions of the problem.
In 1943 Courant considerably increased possibilities of the Ritz method by introduction of the special linear
functions defined over triangular regions and applied the method for the solution of torsion problems [6]. As
unknowns, the values of functions in the node points of triangular regions were chosen. Thus, the main
restriction of the Ritz functions – a satisfaction to the boundary conditions was eliminated. The Ritz method
together with the Courant modification is similar with FEM proposed independently by Clough many years
later introducing for the first time in 1960 the term “finite element” in the paper “The finite element method in
plane stress analysis” [7]. The main reason of wide spreading of FEM in 1960 is the possibility to use
computers for the big volume of computations required by FEM. However, Courant did not have such
possibility in 1943.
 Historical background

An important contribution was brought into FEM development by the papers of Argyris [8], Turner [9], Martin
[9], Hrennikov [10] and many others. The first book on FEM, which can be examined as textbook, was
published in 1967 by Zienkiewicz and Cheung [11] and called “The finite element method in structural and
continuum mechanics”. This book presents the broad interpretation of the method and its applicability to any
general field problems. Although the method has been extensively used previously in the field of structural
mechanics, it has been successfully applied now for the solution of several other types of engineering problems
like heat conduction, fluid dynamics, electric and magnetic fields, and others.

Ref.: Evgeny Barkanov, INTRODUCTION TO THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Institute of Materials and
Structures Faculty of Civil Engineering Riga Technical University, Riga (Latvia), 2001.
 Avaliação

http://www.leapsecond.com/notes/cartoons.htm
 Avaliação
PROVA P1: 00/00/201x (XXXXX-feira)

PROVA P2: 00/00/201x (XXXXX-feira)

PROVA P3 : 00/00/201x (XXXXX-feira)

P1 x 0,3 + P2 x 0,3 + P3 x 0,4 = NF

Não há prova substitutiva

 Avaliação
Provas? SIM;
Trabalhos? NÃO;
Listas? Sim e/ou Não.