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Six secrets to success

Welcome to
1. Correlating and Mnemonics technique- learning
NEBOSH International General 2. Quality, genuineness & prioritizing points
Certificate in Occupational Safety 3. Time management
and Health
4. Close to questions & understanding intent
5. Formatting, presentation & handwriting

NEBOSH, UK 6. Action verb & keywords

How to answer the action verbs:

Ø Define – Provide generally recognised or accepted Define - provide a generally recognized or accepted definition

definition
Eg. Define the term "permit-to-work system” (2)
Ø Describe – Give a word picture
Permit-to-work system is a formal documented control system
Ø Explain – Give clear account of or reasons for
applied to a high risk activity to ensure that all safety precautions are
Ø Give – Provide without explanation
carried out .
Ø Identify – Select and name

Ø Outline – Give the most important features of

Ø List – Provide a list without explanation

Ø Sketch – Provide with simple line drawing using labels to

identify specific features

Describe – give a word picture Explain - give a clear account of, or reasons for

Eg. Describe the practical measures that must be taken to ensure
maintenance work is undertaken safely in an underground
vessel. (4)
The practical measures that must be taken to ensure maintenance
work is undertaken safety on an underground storage vessel are
permit-to-work procedures including pre-cleaning & purging,
atmospheric testing to detect any noxious fumes, gases, etc., use of
suitable tools" to be suitable for the job", adequate lighting in
maintenance area, the use of competent personnel, the use of
appropriate PPE, good communication systems, and emergency.
Eg. Explain the meaning of the following terms: Common Law (4)
Common law. is a judge-made law, where decisions are recorded in
law reports to form accumulated case law that develops over time.
Common law is the original basis of all law. Although many civil
actions are taken under Common law, some crimes as murder are
common law offences. Courts are bound by the doctrine of
precedent so that lower courts must abide by earlier reasoning of
higher courts

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Eg: List the possible costs to an organisation when

employees are absent due to work-related ill- health.(8)
Give -provide without explanation (used normally with the
instruction to 'give an example [or examples] of...' There are a range of costs that have to be considered has
having an impact on the organisation, including, but not limited
Eg. Give two examples of how a manual handling task might be to:
avoided.(2)
• Use mechanical aids like Wheel burrow, tongs. 1. Replacement of staff
• Use conveyors for shifting the materials. 2. Retraining those who will be replacing those absent
3. Project delays
4. Medical costs
5. Payments while the person is off work
6. Compensation costs (civil)
7. Defence costs of a criminal and/or civil action
8. Adverse publicity
9. Loss of staff motivation which will impact productivity
10.Revision of work processes
11.Investigation costs

Eg:
Identify possible costs to an organization from an accident
(8)
When a serious accident has occurred at work. Possible costs
include:
· Those associated with lost production;
· Staff absence and sick pay;
· Repair of damaged plant and equipment;
· Damage to products;
· Investigation and remedial action;
· Additional administration incurred;
· An increase in insurance premiums;
· Fines and damages awarded;
· Court and other legal representation.
· A loss of business image and
· The detrimental effect on employee morale resulting in
reduced productivity.
Eg: Outline reasons why a verbal instruction may not be clearly understood
by a site operative (8)
The verbal instruction may not be clearly understood by a site operatives are:
• Noise and distractions may mean that persons are unable to clearly hear what is
being said
• Use of technical jargon may mean that people misunderstand the information being
communicated
• Complexity of information sometimes meets with the information receivers turning
their minds off and not listening as they do not understand what is trying to be
communicated
• Language / dialect barriers is a big problem in some regions, both from the
communicator or the receiver, sometimes the same words have different meanings
or implications
• Sensory impairment for example a receiver having a hearing deficiency or the
communicator having a serious stammer
• Mental difficulty may mean the receiver is not capable of absorbing information to
any extent
• Lack of attention by persons clearly not clearly in the topic
• Inexperience of persons not used to having to receive information at work i.e.
young workers
• Lengthy communication chains may be a problem if translations are required
covering several languages

Eg: List out the reasons why a verbal instruction may not be
clearly understood by a site operative (8)
Sketch - provide a simple line drawing using labels to identify
The verbal instruction may not be clearly understood by a site specific features
operatives are:
Eg. Provide Sketches to the show clearly the nature of the
• Language barrier following (8)
• Jargon Mechanical Hazards from the moving parts of Machinery;
Entanglement, Crushing, Drawing in & Shear.
• Strong accent/dialect
• Background noise
• Poor hearing
• Ambiguity
• Miss information
• Forget information
• No record
• Poor quality (telephone or PA)

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Learning Outcomes

Management of International • Outline the scope and nature of occupational health

and safety.
Health and Safety • Explain the moral, social and economic reasons for
maintaining and promoting good standards of health
and safety in the workplace.
Element 1: Foundations in Health and • Explain the role of national governments and
Safety international bodies in formulating a framework for
the regulation of health and safety.

Scope and Nature of Multi-Disciplinary

Health and Safety
Health and safety practitioners need to be familiar
Multi-Disciplinary with:
Barriers to Good Standards • Chemistry/physics/ biology.
Definitions • Engineering.
• Psychology.
• Sociology.
• Legislation:
– Standards that apply.
– Strengths and weaknesses of options.

Barriers to Good Standards Definitions

Complexity of the workplace. (PEMET) • Health – absence of disease

Conflicting demands: or ill health.
– Standards.
– Budgets. • Safety – absence of risk of
– Timescales. serious personal injury.
Behavioural issues:
– People failing to act as • Welfare – access to basic
desired, or making mistakes.
facilities.

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Group Syndicate Exercise Group Syndicate Exercise – Answers

Why might the management Key points include:

of an organization not • Competes with other business aims:
consider health and safety – Requires time and resources.
to be a priority? • Seen as a “cost” to business:
– Ignorance of true costs of injury/illness.
• Ignorance of legal duties.
• Ignorance of hazards.

End-of-Section Quiz

1. What barriers might there be to good

health and safety practice?
2. Define the terms: Unit IGC1: Element 1.2
• Health.
• Safety. REASONS FOR MAINTAINING AND
• Welfare.
PROMOTING GOOD STANDARDS OF
HEALTH AND SAFETY

Reasons for health and safety

Why Manage Health and Safety?
Moral (or human)reasons.
Moral: Employer owes a duty of reasonable care to their employees as human
life is precious and because of the humanitarian consideration. Society expects
employers to ensure the health and safety of their workforce. It is morally
unacceptable to place employees in situations where their health and safety is at
risk.

Legal (or social) reasons.
Legal: Employer has a social responsibility to the employee of giving safe place
& environment, safe tools, safe system of work, training & supervision. Failure of
these can lead to injury or death ,thereby resulting in legal implications like
enforcement actions and prosecution.
Enforcement actions can be by improvement notices or prohibition notices.
Prosecution can be fines/compensations or imprisonment by criminal case
To avoid these ,we require to keep good health & safety standards

Financial (or Economic) reasons.
Financial: To avoid the below said costs from accidents, we need safety
Direct – measurable costs arising directly from accidents. Eg: First-aid treatment,
sick pay, lost production time. Fines and compensation to court
Indirect – arise as a consequence of the event but may not directly involve money.
Often difficult to quantify. E.g.: Lost time for investigation. Lost morale and
damaged worker relationships. Cost of recruitment of replacement
staff & their training .Lost reputation & future works

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The Size of the Problem Group Syndicate Exercise

Global statistics from the International Labour An employee at your workplace has been
Organisation (ILO) SafeWork Programme: seriously injured in a workplace accident.
• 270 million accidents and 160 million diseases a In groups, as indicated by the tutor, list the
year due to work. possible effects and implications of this
accident on the:
• 2 million fatalities a year.
• Injured employee.
• 4% of global GDP is lost.
• Company.
• 355,000 on-the-job
fatalities each year. • Line manager.

Group Syndicate Exercise – Answers The Legal and Social Expectation

Key points include:
International standards from the International
• Injured employee:
Labour Organisation (ILO).
– Pain and suffering, lost time/wages, impact on
family, on-going impact on work. A country’s own health and safety standards.
• The company:
– Payment of sick pay, overtime cover for employee,
recruitment costs for replacement, insurance claims,
fines/prosecutions, increased insurance premiums.
• The line manager:
– Loss of skills from team, time and cost of retraining
replacement, effect of overtime cover on shifts.

Who’s Responsible for The Business Case

Health and Safety?
Accidents and ill health cost money.
Everybody – but most of the responsibility Costs may be:
lies with the employer to provide: – Direct – measurable costs arising directly from
• Safe place of work. accidents.
• Safe plant and – Indirect – arise as a consequence of the event
equipment. but may not directly involve money.
Often difficult to quantify.
• Safe systems of work.
• H&S failure can affect the broader
• Training, supervision and economy, as well as individual
competency of staff. companies.

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Group Discussion Group Discussion – Answers

An employee has been injured at work. Direct costs include:

Identify potential: – First-aid treatment, sick pay,
– Direct costs of the accident. lost production time.
– Indirect costs of the accident. – Fines and compensation.
Indirect costs include:
– Lost time for investigation.
– Lost morale and damaged worker
relationships.
– Cost of recruitment of replacement staff.
– Lost reputation.

The Cost of Accidents at Work Benefits of good standards of H&S

1. Increased levels of compliance
Insured Costs £1 2. Improved production
• Fire. 3. Improved staff morale
• Worker injury/death. 4. Improved company reputation
• Medical costs. 5. Reduced accidents
£8 - £36
Uninsured Costs 6. Reduced ill health
• Loss of raw materials due to accidents. 7. Reduced damage to equipment
• Sick pay. 8. Reduced staff complaints
• Overtime. 9. Reduced staff turnover
• Equipment repairs. 10.Reduced insurance premiums
• Lost materials. 11.Reduced fines and compensation claims

End-of-Section Quiz

1. What are the 3 main reasons for managing

health and safety?
2. What should an employer provide to Unit IGC1: Element 1.3
ensure health and safety:
• Safe place of _______________
ROLE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
• Safe plant and ______________
AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES
• Safe _______ of work
• Training, _____ and competency of ______

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Roles of National Governments and The International Framework

International Bodies
Conventions
International Labour Organisation (ILO) • Create binding obligations or policies to
• Agency of United Nations. implement their provisions.
• Most countries are members. • No legal authority, unless ratified by the
member state into its own legal structure.
• Sets international standards for
H&S by publishing:
Recommendations
– Conventions.
• Provide guidance on policy, legislation and
– Recommendations. practice.

Examples of Regulatory International What Employers Must Provide

Frameworks
Regulations adopted by the International Labour • Safe place of work – and safe access and
Organisation (ILO): egress.
• Safe plant and equipment – the need to
Occupational Safety and Health Convention (C155)
– a goal-setting policy for companies and nations. inspect, service and replace machinery will
depend on the level of risk.
Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation • Safe system of work – should be safe in all
1981 (R164) – supplements C155 and gives more circumstances – appropriate review, planning
guidance on how to comply with its policies. and control ensure continued safety of
methods.
We'll talk about these a lot during the course!
• Training and supervision to ensure
competency.

Employers’ Responsibilities Employers’ Responsibilities

Article 10 of R164:
Article 16 of C155 identifies obligations placed on employers • Provide and maintain workplaces, machinery and equipment
to: and use working methods that are safe.
• Ensure that workplaces, machinery, equipment and work • Give necessary instruction, training and supervision in
processes are safe and without risks to health. application and use of health and safety measures.
• Ensure that chemical, physical and biological substances • Introduce organisational arrangements relevant to activities and
and agents are without risk to health when protective size of undertaking.
measures have been taken. • Provide PPE and clothing without charge to workers.
• Provide adequate protective clothing and equipment to • Ensure that work organisation, particularly working hours and
prevent risks of accidents or adverse health effects. rest breaks, does not adversely affect occupational safety and
health.
• Take reasonably practical measures with a view to eliminating
excessive physical and mental fatigue.
• Keep up to date with scientific and technical
knowledge to comply with the above.

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Regulatory Frameworks What is “Competence”?

ILO has also published Conventions associated with K – NOWLEDGE

specific hazards:
A – BILITY
• C115 – Radiation Protection (1960)
T – RAINING
• C162 – Asbestos (1986)
E – XPERIENCE
• C167 – H&S in Construction (1988)

Group Exercise Group Exercise – Answers

Anyone affected by their activities- Interested parties
• Visitors:
Apart from employees, who else must the
– Invited/uninvited.
employer protect?
– Lawful/unlawful (law differs from country to
country).
• Contractors.
• Members of the public.

Special care for vulnerable group

• Young persons
• Elderly people
• Nursing and expectant mothers
• Disabled people
• Lone worker

Workers’ Responsibilities Workers’ Rights

Article 19 of C155 also places obligations on Article 19 of C155 states that every worker must be:
workers, expanded in R164 as follows: • Given adequate information on actions the
• Take reasonable care of their own safety and employer has taken to ensure safety and health.
that of other people. • Given the right to the necessary training in safety
• Comply with safety instructions and procedures. and health.
• Use all safety equipment properly. • Consulted by the employer on all matters of safety
• Report any situation that they believe could be a and health relating to their work.
hazard and which they cannot themselves • Given the right to leave a workplace that he has
correct. reason to think presents an imminent and serious
• Report any work-related accident/ill health. danger to his life or health, and not be compelled
to return until it is safe.

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Enforcement Agencies Consequences of Non-Compliance

• No harmonised global standard. Breach of H&S legislation is usually a criminal

• Country-specific agencies may include: offence, leading to:
– H&S Enforcement Agency. Enforcement action:
– Fire Authority.
– Improvement.
– Insurance companies.
– Prohibition.
• Police may be involved in enforcing H&S
law in some countries. Prosecution:
– Organisation may be fined.
– Individuals may be fined or imprisoned.

Claims for Compensation Claims for Compensation

Fault-Based Compensation Systems No-Fault Systems

• Worker brings claim against • National or regional
employer. schemes.
• No need to prove negligence.
• Civil legal system.
• Decided by a panel of
• Must prove employer was negligent and experts.
therefore to blame for injury/ill health. • No lawyers or courts.
• New Zealand and Sweden.
• UK and USA.

Syndicate Group Exercise Other International Standards

Discuss the criminal and civil-law implications of the following: International Organisation for Standardisation
• A technician escapes injury by diving under a bench when a
vessel blows up as a result of a design defect. World’s largest developer of management
• A 12-year-old boy breaks his arm falling into a pit while standards, for example:
playing on an unfenced building site.
– ISO 9001 – Quality Management
• A machine operator is blinded in one eye by a colleague
– ISO 14001 – Environmental Management
trying to help him remove a jammed machine part using a
hammer. There is a safe way to remove the jammed part, – ISO 12100 – Safety of Machinery
which does not involve the use of a hammer, and the area
they are in is a mandatory eye-protection zone. These standards are not “law”, they’re good
• A scaffolder is electrocuted when the pole he is carrying management practice.
touches a live overhead cable. The scaffolder works for a
company contracted to a roofing company, in turn
They lead to a worldwide common approach to good
contracted to a factory owner. management.

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Other International Standards Sources of Information

Internationally-recognised standard for Sources can be

Occupational Health and Safety is • Internal
OHSAS 18001
• External
Compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 ... to the organisation

List all the internal and external

sources you can think of and discuss
them

Sources of Information Source Organisations

International Labour Organisation (UN)
Internal External http://www.ilo.org

• National legislation Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA)

• Accident records
• International standards.eg: http://www.osha.gov
• Medical records ILO,OHSAS 18001 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU)

• Material Safety data http://agency.osha.eu.int

• Risk assessments
sheets Health and Safety Executive (UK)
• Maintenance reports • Codes of practice http://www.hse.gov.uk

• Guidance notes Worksafe (Western Australia)

• Safety inspections
http://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au
• Operating instructions
• Audit reports Canadian centre of OHS (CA)
• Trade associations
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers
• Safety committee • Safety publications National institute of occupational safety and health
minutes
www.cdc.gov/niosh/

End-of-Section Quiz

1. What are the two main standards that the

ILO has produced for health and safety?
What do countries do with these
standards?
2. What are employers’ responsibilities under
R164?
3. What are employees’ responsibilities
under R164?
4. What action could be taken against
organisations breaking health and safety
law?

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