Greece, Italy, Egypt The future is an abstraction, the ◆ 443 BC: settled in Thurii in “present” but a fleeting moment. Southern Italy ● The future is uncertain; thus, ➔ “Historia” cannot be predicted. ◆ “Inquiry” ● An idea is possible because of the ➔ Completed his great work “History” present. ➔ “Inquire” - to ask
It is impossible to escape history, it Definitions -- HISTORY would be catastrophic to try. ● Country who doesn’t remember ● Man’s recorded past the past - bound to repeat the ● Record of important events same mistake. ○ most of time chronological ● Those who don’t learn from and time-based history is doomed to repeat it. ● Study of human beings ○ Beliefs and desires A country without memory is a country of ○ Practices madmen. ○ Institutions ● Who we are and what we are are - ○ “The story of us” offshores of the past. ● Forgetting the past is like losing ★ History is like a puzzle our identity. ○ We solve it to see the bigger picture Understanding Content, Context, & ○ We reconstruct the past to Perspective see the whole picture ● Context ○ Based on real events ○ the situation ○ ○ Unravel the environment ★ History is a process. ○ Historical background ○ It follows a series of steps. ○ Presentation ○ It involves collection, ● Perspective analysis and synthesis of ○ Point of view sources. ○ Personal insights ○ It interprets and recreates ● Content facts in an orderly manner. ○ “Nilalaman” ○ It follows trends or patterns. ➔ Historical context ○ It can be a systematic ◆ Time and place it study of written and (something) was written unwritten records (of the ◆ Historical events past).
➔ History Scrutinized ◆ A dissection ❏ Sources of History ◆ “Opening” ❏ Written records ◆ “Examining” ❏ Oral traditions ➔ Etymology ❏ Relics ◆ “Origin” ❏ Objects preserved ➔ Herodotus from the past ◆ Greek historian ◆ Father of History ★ Oral History ◆ Born in Halicarnas ○ Passing knowledge and ◆ Went directly to Samos culture through words of (Greece) mouth Readings in PH notes for 1st shifting CC071699
○ In form of stones, legends, ❏ Relativist
songs and folktales, etc. ❏ No absolute truth ○ Provide clear description ❏ Seeing things of the past differently ❏ Involves different ★ Significance of History perspectives ○ This helps us understand the present. ★ Difficulty in Studying and Writing ○ It helps answer existing History problems. ○ Scarcity of written records ■ Knowing the truth ■ Especially in local ○ It helps us appreciate context culture. ○ Problems in translation ○ Solutions in the past can ■ From spanish to be used to solved (similar) local language present problems. ○ Biases and prejudices ○ Knowing the truth by going ■ When foreign writers back and learning about wrote them the past. ○ Lack of representative ○ It increases one’s ○ Lack of historians knowledge about culture. ★ SIMPLIFICATION ❏ Major Views of History ○ Problems in writing History ❏ Cyclical is associated wit: ❏ History is a cycle. ■ THE WRITTEN ❏ History repeats ■ THE WRITER itself. ❏ Providential ★ Historical Writing ❏ Associated with ○ Started in chronicles or religion and God. accounts ❏ It is like a straight ■ In the 16th century line. ○ Records of observations ❏ There is a beginning and travels in the and an end. Philippines ❏ The beginning is ○ Early Spanish when God created. ■ They wrote about ❏ God is in control of what they observe our journey. about the ❏ Progressive and linear Philippines and the ❏ History is like a Filipinos straight line. ○ 19th Century ❏ Similar to ■ Reform movement providential but happened God is not the one ■ Heroes wrote responsible. something against it ❏ The people living ○ American period are the ones ■ Based on factual responsible. information ❏ Marxist and Leftist - ■ Chronological Socialist events ❏ Uprising ○ Post war period ❏ Clashes ■ Wrote ❏ The poor and the interpretations rich Readings in PH notes for 1st shifting CC071699
■ Mostly in Filipino interviews, original
perspective research, data ● Historical ★ History is ART. newspapers ○ Style of writing depicts art ◆ USES: in history. ● Focal point of ○ History is an art and discussion SCIENCE. ● Used to back up claims or criticisms ★ Historical Methodology ● Evidence for 1. Topic theories and 2. Sources research 3. Examine sources ● Historical perspectives ➔ Secondary ● Extraction of data ◆ Written by scholars, ○ From reliable and observers, after the fact, credible sources and interpret or analyze ● Writing process of history primary sources or events ○ Must be ◆ Are at least one step well-organized removed from what they ○ Must be elegantly are describing written ◆ Examples: ● Interpretation of events ● Textbooks, ○ Must be encyclopedias, well-organized essays and reviews ○ Shows coherence ● Magazine or journal ○ Elegant articles which analyze events or PRIMARY VS SECONDARY SOURCES ideas ● Books which provide ➔ Primary a summary of events ◆ first -hand accounts of an or synthesize event and are created information from during the time that event primary sources took place ◆ USES: ◆ Can also be created ● Get background retrospectively at a later info and understand date by a participant in the scope of a topic those events ● See what others ◆ Original documents and have discussed or usually don’t describe or get opinions analyze other documents ● Learn how recent ◆ Can also be creative works events affect or fit ◆ Examples: into the larger ● Speeches, laws, picture court documents ● Understand the ● Diaries, memoirs, significance of autobiographies, events, data or letters works of literature ● Works of art, novels, and art play ● Documented observations,