Pangasinan National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2. Systematic – follows orderly and sequential
PRACTICAL RESEARCH I
2ND SEMESTER 2017-2018
What is RESEARCH?
Research is the systematic investigation and
study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach
new conclusion. It is a process of executing various
mental acts for discovering and examining facts and
information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your
claims or conclusions about the topic of your research. It
is an act of studying something carefully and extensively
in order to attain deep knowledge.
What is Inquiry? Is defined as seeking for truth,
information or technology through questioning.
Research Across Other Fields/Areas
Economic Research—matters concerning the
environment and which may lead to the improvement of
techniques to ensure sustainable food productivity.
Social Research—leads to an increased knowledge of
people.
Environmental Research---focuses on improved
techniques ensure sustainable food production.
Cultural Research---increased understanding of cultural
values or social approaches.
Health Research—causes of medical conditions.
Characteristics of Research
1. Accuracy – must give correct or accurate data, which
the footnotes and bibliographical entries should honestly
and appropriately documented or acknowledged.
2. Objectiveness – must deal with facts, not with mere
opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations,
predictions or conclusions.
3. Timeliness – must work on a topic that is fresh, new
and interesting to the present society.
4. Relevance – must be instrumental in improving society
or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in the
community.
5. Clarity – must succeed in expressing its central point
or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and
correct language.
6. Systematic – must take place in an organized or
orderly manner.
Major Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical – based on observations and
experimentation of theories
procedures based on valid procedures and principles
3. Controlled – all variables are kept constant except
those that are tested and experimented
4. Analytical – critical analysis of all data used so that
there is no error in the researcher’s interpretations
5. Employs hypothesis – guides the investigation
process, search for facts, answers to questions and
solutions to problems
6. Original work – requires effort to get at the
researcher’s own investigation and produce data needed
to complete the study
7. Objective – the research as unbiased and logical, all
findings are based on real life situations
Types of Research according to the conducted
location:
1. Library Research—done primarily in library
where answers to specific questions or problem
are available.
2. Field Research—the research is done in the
natural setting.
3. Laboratory Research—conducted in artificial or
controlled conditions.
Purposes of Research
1. To learn how to work independently
2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically
3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something
4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in
higher-order thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring,
evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying and
creating.
5. To improve your reading and writing skills
6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the
various techniques of gathering data and of presenting
research findings
7. To free yourself to a certain extent from the
domination or strong influence of a single textbook or of
the professor’s lone viewpoint or spoon feeding.
Significance of Research
1. To gather necessary information
2. To make changes
3. To improve standard of living
4. To have a safer life
5. To know the truth
6. To explore our history
7. To understand arts
Role of Research
1. It is an inquiry process
2. It is a formal process of problem solving
3. It is a set of procedures and stages
4. It originates with a question or a problem
5. It is iterative or repetitive process
Types of Research
1. Library Research – this type is done primarily in the
library where answers to specific questions or problems
are available.
2. Field Research – the research is done in the natural
setting such as barangay, school or community
3. Laboratory Research – this type is conducted in an
artificial or controlled conditions by doing the study in a
thoroughly specified and equipped area
Research Ethics – involves the application of
fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics
involving research
Functions of Ethics
1. Norms promote the aims of research such as
knowledge, truth and evidence of error
2. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential
to collaborative work such as trust, accountability, mutual
respect and fairness
3. Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be held
accountable to the public
4. Ethical norms in research is research that helps build
public support quality and integrity of research
Ethical Principles
1. Honesty—avoiding fabrication, falsification and
misinterpretation of the data
2. Responsible publication
3. Objectivity—avoiding bias in experimental design
4.Respect for colleagues—Respect your colleagues and
treat them fairly
5. Integrity—keep your promises and agreements
6.. Social responsibility—promote social good
7. Carefulness—avoiding careless errors and negligence
8. Non-discrimination
9. Openness
10. Competence—maintaining and improve own
professional competence and expertise
11.Respect for Intellectual Property
14. Legality
15. Confidentiality
Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative
Research
Qualitative Research – based on an approach which sees
the individual and the world around him as
interconnected. It is primarily an exploratory research
that is used to give an understanding of underlying
reasons, opinions and motivations. It deals with designs,
techniques and measures that do not produce discrete
numerical data. It involves extensive narrative data in
order to gain insights into phenomena. It uses inductive
reasoning, more subjective, and the data is based in
individual interpretation.
Quantitative Research – more often associated with
hard data. It is used to quantify-that is to put numerical
equivalents to findings. It is used to quantify the problem
by way of generating mathematical data or data that can
be transformed into usable statistics. It includes designs,
techniques and measures that produce numerical or
quantitative data the analysis of which is mainly
statistical. It discusses the quantitative relation between
the participant/s and the researcher. It is more objective,
uses deductive reasoning, and the data is interpreted
through statistical analysis.
Types and Examples of Research
1. Applied Research – designed to solve practical
problems of the modern world rather than to acquire
knowledge for knowledge’s sake; its goal is to improve
human condition and to find solutions to everyday
problems.
2. Basic Research – referred to as fundamental or pure
research, the main motivation is to extend man’s
knowledge, not to create or invent things.
3. Correlational Research – refers to the systematic
investigation or statistical study of relationships among
two or more variables without necessarily determining
cause and effect.
4. Descriptive Research – refers to research that
provides an accurate portrayal of a class or a particular
individual situation or group.
5. Experimental Research – an objective, systematic,
controlled investigation for the purpose of predicting and
controlling phenomena and examining probability and
causality among selected variables.
6. Ethnographic Research – refers to the investigation
of a culture through an in-depth study of the members of
the culture; it involves the systematic collection,
description, and analysis of data for development of
theories of cultural behaviour.
7. Exploratory Research – a type conducted for a
problem that has not been clearly defined.
8. Historical Research – one involving analysis of
events that occurred in the remote or recent past.
1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter
2. It promotes a full understanding of human behaviour or
personality traits in their natural setting
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes
4. It is a way of understanding and interpreting social
interactions
5. It offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining
knowledge about something

9. Phenomenological Research – an inductive Disadvantages or Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

descriptive research developed from phenomenological
philosophy. It is concerned with the study of experience
from the perspective of the individual.
10. Action Research – involves the application of the
steps of the scientific method in the classroom problems.
This is done on a very limited scope; population to be
studied is not so big.
1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data
analysis
2. It is hard to know the validity or reliability of the data
3. It is time-consuming
4. It involves several processes which results greatly
depend on the researcher’s views or interpretations
5. Its open-ended questions that requires long-time
analysis

Advantages or Strengths of Qualitative Research

KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:

1. Participant Observation – demands immersion in the Stating Research Questions
natural setting of the research participants. This way, the Research questions formulated gives focus to the
researcher participant is able to hear, see, and experience research, as well as guides the appropriately of decisions
reality as the research participants perform activities and made by the researcher. It expresses clearly the specific
deal with one another during a period of time. question or problem of research problem or inquiry.
2. Observation – entails the systematic noting or
recording of events, behaviors and artifacts (objects) in
the social setting chosen for study. The researcher learns
about behaviors and the meanings attached to those
behaviors.
3. In-depth Interviewing – resembles conversations, but
with pre-determined response categories. A degree of
systematization in questioning may be necessary ,
especially in a multisite case study or when many
participants are interviewed.

Approaches in Qualitative Research

1. Ethnography—is the study of particular cultural
group to get a clear understanding of its
organizational-set up, informal operation, and
lifestyle.
2. Phenomenology—the study of how people find
their experiences meaningful
3. Grounded Theory—develop a theory about
phenomena of interest.
4. Historical Approach—is the examination of
primary documents to make a connection of past
events to the present time.
5. Case Study—is an extensive study of a specific
individual or a specific context.