2 08P17 PDF

8
828
Part 17
Prestressed Concrete1
— 2014 —
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section/Article Description Page
17.1 General Requirements and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-4

17.1.1 Scope (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-4
17.1.2 Design Loads (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-4
17.2 Notations (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-5 1
17.3 Terms (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-7
17.4 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-9

17.4.1 Concrete (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-9
17.4.2 Prestressing Tendons (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-10 3
17.4.3 Non-Prestressed Reinforcement (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-10
17.4.4 Grout for Post-Tensioning Tendons (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-10
17.4.5 Rigid Ducts (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-10
17.5 Details of Prestressing Tendons and Ducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-11

17.5.1 Spacing of Tendons and Ducts (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-11
17.5.2 Minimum Concrete Cover (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-11
17.5.3 Protection for Prestressing Tendons (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-12
17.5.4 Protection for Debonded Prestressing Tendon (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-12
17.5.5 Post-Tensioning Ducts (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-12
17.5.6 Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-12
17.5.7 Tendon Anchorage Zones (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-12
17.5.8 Development of Prestressing Strand (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-13
17.6 General Analysis (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-13
17.7 Expansion and Contraction (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-13
17.8 Span Length (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-13
17.9 Frames and Continuous Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-14
1
References, Vol. 84, 1983, p. 93; Vol. 90, 1989, p. 53; Vol. 94, 1994, p. 102.
© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-17-1
Concrete Structures and Foundations
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)
17.9.1 Cast-In-Place Post-Tensioned Bridges (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-14

17.9.2 Bridge Composed of Simple-Span Precast Prestressed Girders Made Continuous (2014) . . . . . . . . 8-17-14
17.9.3 Segmental Box Girders (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-14
17.10 Effective Flange Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-15

17.10.1 Precast/Prestressed Concrete Beams with Wide Top Flanges (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-15
17.11 Flange and Web Thickness-Box Girders (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-15
17.12 Diaphragms (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-16
17.13 Deflections (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-16
17.14 General Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-17

17.14.1 Design Theory and General Considerations (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-17
17.14.2 Basic Assumptions (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-17
17.14.3 Composite Flexural Members (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-17
17.15 Load Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-18

17.15.1 Required Strength (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-18
17.16 Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-18

17.16.1 Prestressing Tendons (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-18
17.16.2 Concrete (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-19
17.17 Loss of Prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-20

17.17.1 Prestress Losses (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-20
17.18 Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-26

17.18.1 Introduction (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-26
17.18.2 Rectangular Sections (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-26
17.18.3 Flanged Sections (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-26
17.18.4 Steel Stress (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-27
17.19 Ductility Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-28

17.19.1 Maximum Prestressing Steel (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-28
17.19.2 Minimum Reinforcement (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-29
17.20 Non-Prestressed Reinforcement (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-29
17.21 Shear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-30

17.21.1 General (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-30
17.21.2 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-30
17.21.3 Shear Strength Provided by Web Reinforcement (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-32
17.21.4 Horizontal Shear Design-Composite Flexural Members (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-33
17.22 Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-34

17.22.1 Geometry of Anchorage Zone (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-34
17.22.2 General Zone and Local Zone (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-34
8-17-2 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

Prestressed Concrete
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)
17.22.3 Design of the General Zone (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-35

17.22.4 Application of Strut-and-Tie Models to the Design of Anchorage Zones (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-39
17.22.5 Elastic Stress Analysis (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-40
17.22.6 Approximate Methods (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-40
17.22.7 Design of the Local Zone (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-42
17.23 Pretensioned Anchorage Zones (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-44
17.24 Concrete Strength at Stress Transfer (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-45
17.25 General Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-45

17.25.1 Flange Reinforcement (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-45
17.25.2 Cover and Spacing of Reinforcement (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-45
17.25.3 Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-45
17.25.4 Embedment of Seven-Wire Pretensioned Strand (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-48
17.26 General Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-48

17.26.1 General (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-48
17.26.2 Contractor’s Drawings (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-48
17.26.3 Materials and Fabrication (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-48 1
17.26.4 Curing (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-49
17.26.5 Storage and Handling (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-49
17.26.6 Erection (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-49
17.26.7 Placement of Ducts, Steel, and Anchorage Hardware (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-49
17.26.8 Application and Measurement of Prestressing Force (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-51
17.27 Mortar and Grout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-52 3

17.27.1 General (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-52
17.27.2 Materials and Mixing (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-52
17.27.3 Placing and Curing (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-52
17.28 Application of Loads (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-52
17.29 Materials - Reinforcing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-53 4

17.29.1 General (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-53
17.29.2 Bar Lists and Bending Diagrams (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-53
17.29.3 Fabrication (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-53
17.29.4 Handling, Storing and Surface Condition of Reinforcement (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-53
17.29.5 Placing and Fastening (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-53
17.29.6 Splicing of Bars (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-54
17.30 Prestressed Concrete Cap and/or Sill for Timber Pile Trestle (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-54
Commentary (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-57
AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-17-3

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Description Page
8-17-1 Annual Average Ambient Relative Humidity, (R), % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-23

8-17-2 Prestressed Concrete Cap and/or Sill for Timber Pile Trestle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-55
8-17-2M Prestressed Concrete Cap and/or Sill for Timber Pile Trestle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-56
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page
8-17-1 Values for K and μ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-25

8-17-2 Estimated Loss of Prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-26
SECTION 17.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS
17.1.1 SCOPE1 (2014)
a. This recommended practice shall govern the design of prestressed concrete members of railway structures supporting
or protecting tracks.
b. Provisions of Part 17 supplement Part 2 of Chapter 8. All provisions of Part 2 not in conflict with provisions of Part 17
shall apply to prestressed concrete. The following provisions of Part 2 shall not apply to prestressed concrete:
Article 2.2.3d, Section 2.7, Section 2.8, Article 2.11.1, Article 2.23.9, Article 2.32.1, Section 2.38, Section 2.39 and
Section 2.40.
c. Long spans greater than 150 ft (45 m) or unusual structures require detailed consideration of effects which have not
been included under Part 17.
d. Bearing devices for prestressed concrete structures shall be designed in accordance with Chapter 15, Part 5.
e. Segmental concrete bridges shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of Part 26.
f. Structures with direct fixation track shall be designed in accordance with Part 27.
17.1.2 DESIGN LOADS (2014)
Design loads and loading combinations shall be in accordance with Part 2, Article 2.2.3 and Article 2.2.4, including that
percentage of live-load for impact.
Equation 17-1 deleted. EQ 17-1
1
See C - 17.4.4 Grout for Post-Tensioning Tendons (2014)

SECTION 17.2 NOTATIONS (2014)
As = area of non-prestressed tension reinforcement (Sections 17.18, 17.20 and 17.22), in2 (mm2)
As = area of compression reinforcement (Section 17.20), in2 (mm2)
As* = area of prestressing steel (Section 17.18), in2 (mm2)

Asf = steel area required to develop the compressive strength of the overhanging portions of the flange
(Section 17.18), in2 (mm2)
Asr = steel area required to develop the compressive strength of the web of a flanged section (Sections
17.18-17.20), in2 (mm2)
Av = area of web reinforcement (Section 17.21), in2 (mm2)
b = width of flange of flanged member or width of rectangular member, in. (mm)
bw = web width (Section 17.21), in. (mm)
bv = width of cross section at the contact surface being investigated for horizontal shear (Section 17.21), in.
(mm)
b’ = width of a web of a flanged member, in. (mm)
CRc = loss of prestress due to creep of concrete (Section 17.17), ksi (MPa)
CRs = loss of prestress due to relaxation of prestressing steel (Section 17.17), ksi (MPa)
D = nominal diameter of prestressing steel (Sections 17.18 and 17.24), in. (mm)
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of the prestressing force, or to centroid of 1
negative moment reinforcing for pre-cast girder bridges made continuous, in. (mm)
db = nominal diameter of prestressing wire, bar or strand, in. (mm)
dburst = the distance from the loaded surface where the bursting force is computed (Section 17.22), in. (mm)
dd = outside diameter of post-tensioning duct, in. (mm)
dp = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressing steel, in. (mm) 3
dt = distance from the extreme compressive fiber to the centroid of the non-prestressed tension
reinforcement (Sections 17.18-17.20), in. (mm)
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete (Section 17.13), ksi (MPa)
Eci = modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer, ksi (MPa)
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement, ksi (MPa) 4
ES = loss of prestress due to elastic shortening (Section 17.17), ksi (MPa)
e = base of Naperian logarithms (Section 17.17)
Fpu = ultimate load of the post-tensioned tendon (Article 17.25.3), lbs (N)
fcds = average concrete compressive stress at the c.g. of the prestressing steel under full dead load (Section
17.17), psi (MPa)
fcir = average concrete stress at the c.g. of the prestressing steel at time of release (Section 17.17), psi (MPa)
f c = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days, psi (MPa)
f  ci = compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestress (Section 17.16), psi (MPa)
fct = average splitting tensile strength of light-weight aggregate concrete, psi (MPa)
fd = stress due to unfactored dead load, at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by
externally applied loads (Section 17.21), psi (MPa)

fpc = compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all prestress losses) at centroid of cross section
resisting externally applied loads or at junction of web and flange when the centroid lies within the
flange (In a composite member, fpc is resultant compressive stress at centroid of composite section, or
at junction of web and flange when the centroid lies within the flange, due to both prestress and
moments resisted by precast member acting alone) (Section 17.21), psi (MPa)
fpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after allowance for all prestress
losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads (Section
17.21), ksi (MPa)
fps = guaranteed ultimate strength of the prestressing tendon, As*f’s, lbs (N)
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete, as defined in Article 17.16.2.3 (Section 17.19), ksi (MPa)
f s = total prestress loss, excluding friction (Section 17.17), ksi (MPa)

fse = effective stress prestress after losses (Section 17.17), ksi (MPa)
f*su = average stress in prestressing steel at ultimate load (Section 17.18), ksi (MPa)
f’s = ultimate strength of prestressing steel (Sections 17.16 and 17.18), ksi (MPa)
fsy = yield strength of non-prestressed conventional reinforcement in tension (Sections 17.20 and 17.21),
ksi (MPa)
f’y = yield strength of non-prestressed conventional reinforcement in compression (Section 17.20), ksi
(MPa)
f*y = yield point stress of prestressing steel (Section 17.16), psi (MPa)
h = overall depth of member (Section 17.21), in. (mm)
I = moment of inertia about the centroid of the cross section (Section 17.21), in4 (mm4)
K = friction wobble coefficient per foot (meter) of prestressing steel (Section 17.17)
l = length of prestressing steel element from jack end to point x (Section 17.17), in. (mm)
Mcr = moment causing flexural cracking at section due to externally applied loads (Section 17.21), ft-lbs (N-
m)
M*cr = minimum steel cracking moment (Section 17.19), ft-lbs (N-m)
Md/c = composite dead load moment at the section (Section 17.19), ft-lbs (N-m)
Md/nc = non-composite dead load moment at the section (Section 17.19), ft-lbs (N-m)
Mmax = maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads (Section 17.21), ft-lbs (N-m)
Mn = nominal moment strength of a section, ft-lbs (N-m)
p = As/bdt ratio of non-prestressed tension reinforcements (Sections 17.18-17.20)
p* = As*/bd, ratio of prestressing steel (Sections 17.18 and 17.20)
p’ = A’s/bd, ratio of compression reinforcement (Section 17.20)
Pu = factored tendon force, lbs (N)
Q = statical moment of cross sectional area, above or below the level being investigated for shear, about
the centroid (Section 17.21), in3 (mm3)
SH = loss of prestress due to concrete shrinkage (Section 17.17), ksi (MPa)
s = longitudinal spacing of the web reinforcement (Section 17.21), in. (mm)

Sb = noncomposite section modulus for the extreme fiber of section where the tensile stress is caused by
externally applied loads (Section 17.19), in3 (mm3)
Sc = composite section modulus for the extreme fiber of section where the tensile stress is caused by
externally applied loads (Section 17.19), in3 (mm3)
t = average thickness of the flange of a flanged member (Sections 17.18 and 17.19), in. (mm)
Tburst = the bursting force computed from the post-tensioning tendon loads at a given point (Section 17.22),
Kips (N)
To = steel stress at jacking ends (Section 17.17), ksi (MPa)
Tx = steel stress at any point x (Section 17.17), ksi (MPa)
T1 = edge tension force (Section 17.22), Kips (N)
T2 = bursting force (Section 17.22), Kips (N)
v = permissible horizontal shear stress (Section 17.21), psi (MPa)
Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete (Section 17.21), Kips (N)
Vci = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from combined shear and
moment (Section 17.21), Kips (N)
Vcw = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from excessive principal
tensile stress in web (Section 17.21), Kips (N)
Vd = shear force at section due to unfactored dead load (Section 17.21), Kips (N)
Vi = factored shear force at section due to externally applied loads occurring simultaneously with Mmax
1
(Section 17.21), Kips (N)
Vnh = nominal horizontal shear strength (Section 17.21), Kips (N)
Vp = vertical component of effective prestress force at section (Section 17.21), Kips (N)
Vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement (Section 17.21), Kips (N)
3
Vu = factored shear force (Section 17.21), Kips (N)
wc = unit density (weight) of concrete, lbs/ft.3 (kg/m3)
yt = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to extreme fiber in tension
(Section 17.21), in. (mm)
= friction curvature coefficient (Section 17.17)
 = total angular change of prestressing steel profile in radians from jacking end to point x (Section 17.17)
4
ß1 = factor for concrete strength, as defined in Part 2 of this Chapter (Sections 17.18-17.20)
* = factor for type of prestressing steel (Section 17.18)
 = strength reduction factor (Section 17.15)
SECTION 17.3 TERMS (2014)
The following terms are defined for general use. Specialized definitions appear in individual articles.
Anchorage Device - Mechanical device to transmit post-tensioning force to concrete in a post-tensioned member. Also referred
to as an End Anchorage.

Anchorage Seating - Deformation of anchorage or seating of tendons in anchorage device when prestressing force is
transferred from jack to anchorage device.
Anchorage Spacing - Center-to-center spacing of anchorage devices.
Anchorage Zone - The portion of the structure in which the concentrated prestressing force is transferred from the anchorage
device into the concrete (Local Zone), and then distributed more widely into the structure (General Zone) (Section 17.22).
Basic Anchorage Device - Anchorage device meeting the restricted bearing stress and minimum plate stiffness requirements of
Articles 17.22.7.2b through 17.22.7.2d; no acceptance test is required for Basic Anchorage Devices.
Bonded Tendon - Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting.
Coating - Material used to protect prestressing tendons against corrosion, to reduce friction between tendon and duct, or to
debond prestressing tendons.
Coupler or Coupling - Means by which prestressing force is transmitted from one partial length prestressing tendon to another.
Creep - Time-dependent deformation of concrete under sustained load.
Curvature Friction - Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile.
Debonding or Blanketing - Wrapping, sheathing or coating prestressing tendon to prevent bond between strand and
surrounding concrete.
Diaphragm - Transverse stiffener in girders to prevent buckling or rotation.
Duct - Hole or void formed in prestressed member to accommodate tendon for post-tensioning.
Edge Distance - Distance from the center of the anchorage device to the edge of the concrete member.
Effective Prestress - Stress remaining in concrete due to prestressing after all calculated losses have been deducted, excluding
effects of superimposed loads and weight of member; stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred
excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.
Elastic Shortening of Concrete - Shortening of member caused by application of forces induced by prestressing.
End Anchorage - Length of reinforcement, or mechanical anchor or a hook, or combination thereof, beyond point of zero
stress in reinforcement. See Anchorage Device.
End Block - Enlarged end section of member designed to reduce anchorage stresses.
Friction (Post-Tensioning) - Surface resistance between tendon and duct in contact during stressing.
General Zone - Region within which the concentrated prestressing force spreads out to a more linear stress distribution over
the cross section of the member (Saint Venant Region).
Grout Opening or Vent - Inlet, outlet, vent, or drain in post-tensioning duct for grout, water or air.
Intermediate Anchorage - Anchorage not located at the end surface of a member or segment; usually in the form of embedded
anchors, blisters, ribs, or recess pockets.
Jacking Force - Temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons.

Local Zone - The volume of concrete surrounding and immediately ahead of the anchorage device, subjected to high local
stresses.
Loss of Prestress - Reduction in prestressing force resulting from combined effects of strains in concrete and steel, including
effects of elastic shortening, creep and shrinkage of concrete, relaxation of steel stress, friction, and anchorage seating.
Post-Tensioning - Method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened.
Precompressed Zone - Portion of flexural member cross-section compressed by prestressing force.
Prestressed Concrete - Reinforced concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses
in concrete resulting from loads.
Pretensioning - Method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed.
Relaxation of Tendon Stress - Time-dependent reduction of stress in prestressing tendon at constant strain.
Shear Lag - Nonuniform distribution of transverse bending stress over the cross section.
Shrinkage of Concrete - Time-dependent deformation of concrete caused by drying and chemical changes (hydration process).
Special Anchorage Device - Anchorage device whose adequacy must be proven experimentally as specified by construction
contract documents.
Tendon - Wire, strand, or bar, or bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress to concrete.
1
Transfer -
(1) Act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning bed to concrete member.
(2) Transfer of stress in a pretensioned tendon to surrounding concrete. 3

Transfer Length - Length over which prestressing force is transferred to concrete by bond in pretensioned members.
Wobble Friction - Friction caused by unintended deviation of prestressing sheath or duct from its specified profile or
alignment.
Wrapping or Sheathing - Enclosure around a prestressing tendon to prevent bond between prestressing tendon and surrounding 4
concrete.
SECTION 17.4 MATERIALS
17.4.1 CONCRETE (2014)
Concrete shall conform to the provisions of Part 1. The required compressive strength, fc', of the concrete for the various
members shall be as shown on the plans. The minimum fc' for prestressed concrete should be 4500 psi (31 MPa).
©2016© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

17.4.2 PRESTRESSING TENDONS (2014)
Provisions of Part 17 shall apply to members prestressed with wire, strands, or bars conforming to one of the following
specifications:
– "Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete" (ASTM
A416)(A416M).
– "Standard Specification for Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire for Prestressed Concrete" (ASTM
A421)(A421M) including supplementary requirements SI “Low-Relaxation Wire and Relaxation Testing”.
– "Standard Specification for Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar for Prestressing Concrete" (ASTM
A722)(A722M).
17.4.3 NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT (2014)
Non-prestressed reinforcement shall conform to the provisions of Part 1 and Section 17.28.
17.4.4 GROUT FOR POST-TENSIONING TENDONS (2014)1
All grout for post-tensioning tendons shall comply with the provisions of the current PTI GUIDE SPECIFICATION
“SPECIFICATION FOR GROUTING OF POST-TENSIONED STRUCTURES” prepared by the Post-Tensioning Institute
Committee on Grouting Specifications and published by the Post-Tensioning Institute.
The applicable provisions of the PTI guide specification include the following:
a. Materials
b. Design
c. Testing, Quality Assurance and Quality Control
d. Requirements for Technician and Inspector Certification
17.4.5 RIGID DUCTS (2014)
Rigid ducts shall have sufficient strength to maintain their correct alignment without visible wobble during placement of
concrete. Rigid ducts may be fabricated with either welded or interlocked seams. Galvanizing of the welded seam will not be
required.
1
See C - 17.4.4 Grout for Post-Tensioning Tendons (2014)

SECTION 17.5 DETAILS OF PRESTRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS
17.5.1 SPACING OF TENDONS AND DUCTS (2014)1
a. The minimum clear distance between prestressing tendons at each end of a member shall not be less than 1-1/3 times
the maximum size of the coarse aggregate. The minimum spacing center-to-center of tendon shall be as follows:
Tendon Size Spacing

1/2 inch special, 9/16 inch, 9/16 inch special, and 0.6 inch 2 inches (50 mm)
7/16 inch and 1/2 inch 1-3/4 inches (45 mm)
3/8 inch 1-1/2 inches (40 mm)
b. Clear distance between post-tensioning ducts or trumpets at each end of a member shall not be less than 1-1/2 in. (40
mm) nor 1-1/2 times the maximum size of the coarse aggregate.
c. Post-tensioning ducts may be bundled in groups of 3 maximum, provided the spacing limitations specified in
Paragraph b are maintained in the end 3 feet (900 mm) of the member.
d. Where pretensioning tendons are bundled, all bundling shall be done in the middle third of the beam length and the
deflection points shall be investigated for secondary stresses.
17.5.2 MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER (2014) 1

a. For Precast Concrete the following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for prestressing tendons and non-
prestressed conventional reinforcement, and ducts:
Minimum Concrete Cover
Pretensioning tendons ......................................................................................1½ in. (40 mm) 3

Post-tensioning ducts ...................................................1½ in. (40 mm), but not less than dd/2
Non-prestressed conventional reinforcement ..................................................1½ in. (40 mm)
Stirrups, ties and spirals ......................................................................................1 in. (25 mm)

4
b. For Cast-in-Place Concrete, the following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for prestressing tendons and non-
prestressed conventional reinforcement, and ducts:
Post-tensioning ducts .....................................................3 in. (75 mm), but not less than dd/2
Non-prestressed conventional reinforcement ....................................................2 in. (50 mm)
Stirrups, ties and spirals .....................................................................................2 in. (50 mm)
Concrete cast against earth ................................................................................3 in. (75 mm)
1
See C - 17.5.1 Spacing of Tendons and Ducts (2014)

c. In corrosive or marine environments or other severe exposure conditions, the amount of tendon and reinforcement
protection shall be increased by use of more dense and impervious concrete, by increasing the minimum cover or other
suitable means.
17.5.3 PROTECTION FOR PRESTRESSING TENDONS (2014)
a. Anchorages, end fittings, couplers, and exposed tendons shall be protected from corrosion.
b. Burning or welding operations in vicinity of prestressing tendons shall be carefully performed, so that tendons are not
subjected to excessive temperatures, welding sparks, or ground currents and the shock to the concrete is minimized.
17.5.4 PROTECTION FOR DEBONDED PRESTRESSING TENDON (2014)
Tendon wrapping, sheathing, or coating shall be continuous over entire debonded length, and shall prevent intrusion of cement
paste during concrete placement.
17.5.5 POST-TENSIONING DUCTS (2014)
a. Ducts shall be mortar-tight and nonreactive with concrete, tendons, or grout.
b. Ducts for single wire, strand, or bar tendons shall have an inside diameter not less than ¼ in. (10 mm) larger than
tendon diameter.
c. Ducts for multiple wire, strand, or bar tendons shall have an inside cross sectional area not less than 2 times the net area
of tendons.
d. Ducts shall be maintained free of water.
e. Ducts shall be grouted within twenty-four hours of post-tensioning, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.
17.5.6 POST-TENSIONING ANCHORAGES AND COUPLERS (2014)
a. Anchorages and couplers for post-tensioning tendons shall develop not less than 95 percent of the specified ultimate
strength of the tendons, when tested in an unbonded condition, without exceeding anticipated set.
b. Couplers shall be located in areas approved by the Engineer and enclosed in housing long enough to permit necessary
movements. Couplers shall not be located at points of sharp tendon curvature. Couplers located in areas of high stress
range shall be investigated for fatigue.
17.5.7 TENDON ANCHORAGE ZONES (2014)
a. Reinforcement shall be provided where required in tendon anchorage zones to resist bursting, splitting, and spalling
forces induced by tendon anchorages. Regions of abrupt change in section shall be adequately reinforced.
b. End blocks shall be provided where required for support bearing or for distribution of concentrated prestressing forces.
c. Post-tensioning anchorages and supporting concrete shall be designed to resist maximum jacking force for strength of
concrete at time of prestressing.
d. For design criteria of post-tensioning anchorage zones refer to Section 17.22.

17.5.8 DEVELOPMENT OF PRESTRESSING STRAND1 (2014)
a. Seven-wire prestressing strand shall be bonded beyond the critical section for a development length, in inches (mm),
not less than
(f*su - 2/3 fse) D EQ 17-2
(f*su - 2/3 fse) D/7 EQ 17-2 (Metric)
where D is strand diameter in inches (mm), and f*su and fse are expressed in ksi (MPa).
b. Investigation may be limited to cross sections nearest each end of the member that are required to develop full design
strength under specified factored loads.
SECTION 17.6 GENERAL ANALYSIS2 (2014)
All members shall be designed for adequate strength and satisfactory behavior using these recommended practices as
minimum guidelines. Behavior shall be determined by elastic analysis, taking into account the reactions, moments, shears,
and axial forces produced by prestressing, the effects of temperature, creep, shrinkage, axial deformation, restraint of attached 1
structural elements, and foundation settlement.
SECTION 17.7 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION (2014)

3
In all bridges, provisions shall be made in the design to resist thermal stresses induced, or means shall be provided for
movement caused by temperature changes.
Movements not otherwise provided for, including shortening during stressing, shall be provided for by means of hinged
columns, rockers, sliding plates, elastomeric pads, or other devices.
4
SECTION 17.8 SPAN LENGTH (2014)
The effective span lengths of simply supported beams shall be the distance center to center of bearings.
The span length of continuous or restrained floor slabs and beams shall be the distance center to center of supports.
Where fillets making an angle of 45 degrees or more with the axis of a continuous or restrained slab are built monolithic with
the slab and support, the span shall be measured from the section where the combined depth of the slab and the fillet is at least
one and one-half times the thickness of the slab. Maximum negative moments are to be considered as existing at the ends of
the span, as above defined. No portion of the fillet shall be considered as adding to the effective depth.
1
See C - 17.5.8 Development of Prestressing Strand (2014)
2
See C - Section 17.6 General Analysis (2014)

SECTION 17.9 FRAMES AND CONTINUOUS CONSTRUCTION1
Frames and continuous construction of prestressed concrete, where permitted by the Engineer, shall be designed for adequate
strength and for satisfactory performance at service load conditions.
17.9.1 CAST-IN-PLACE POST-TENSIONED BRIDGES (2014)
The effect of moments due to prestressing shall be included in stress calculations at service load. In calculating ultimate
strength, moment and shear induced by prestressing (with a load factor of 1.0) shall be added algebraically to the moments and
shears due to factored dead and live loads.
17.9.2 BRIDGE COMPOSED OF SIMPLE-SPAN PRECAST PRESTRESSED GIRDERS

MADE CONTINUOUS (2014)
17.9.2.1 General
When structural continuity is assumed in calculating live loads plus impact and composite load moments, the effects of creep
and shrinkage shall be considered in the design of bridges incorporating simple span precast, prestressed girders and deck
slabs continuous over two or more spans.
17.9.2.2 Positive Moment Connection at Piers
a. Provision shall be made in the design for positive moment regions due to the combined effects of creep and shrinkage
in the girders and deck slab, and due to effects of live load plus impact in remote spans. Shrinkage and elastic
shortening of the pier should be considered.
b. Non-prestressed positive moment connection reinforcement at piers may be designed at an allowable stress of 0.6
times the yield strength but not to exceed 36 ksi (250 MPa).
17.9.2.3 Negative Moments
a. Negative moment reinforcement shall be proportioned by the strength design with load factors in accordance with
Section 17.15.
b. The negative design moment strength shall be calculated using the compressive strength of the girder concrete
regardless of the strength of the diaphragm concrete.
c. Non-prestressed negative moment reinforcement shall be proportioned by the strength design method of Part 2 of this
Chapter.
d. Effect of initial precompression due to prestress in the precast girders may be neglected in calculation of negative
moment strength if maximum precompression stress is limited to 0.45f 'c and continuity reinforcement ratio is less than
0.015.
e. Extreme fiber stress in compression at ends of girders at piers due to prestress and negative continuity moment shall
not exceed 0.60f 'c.
17.9.3 SEGMENTAL BOX GIRDERS (2014)
Segmental Box Girders shall conform to the requirements of Part 26 of these recommended practices.
1
See C - Section 17.9 Frames and Continuous Construction (2014)

SECTION 17.10 EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH
For composite prestressed construction where slabs or flanges are assumed to act integrally with the beam, the effective flange
width shall conform to the provisions for T-girder flanges in Article 2.23.10.
For monolithic prestressed construction, with normal slab span and girder spacing, the effective flange width shall be the
distance center-to-center of beams. For very short spans, or where girder spacing is excessive, analytical investigations shall
be made to determine the effective width of flange acting with the beam.
For monolithic prestressed design of isolated beams, the flange width shall not exceed 15 times the web width and shall be
adequate for all design loads.
For cast-in-place box girders with normal slab span and girder spacing, where the slabs are considered an integral part of the
girder, the entire slab width shall be assumed to be effective in compression.
For box girders of unusual proportions, methods of analysis which consider shear lag shall be used to determine stresses in the
cross section due to longitudinal bending.
Adequate fillets shall be provided at the intersections of all surfaces within the cell of a box girder, except at the junction of
web and bottom flange where none are required.
17.10.1 PRECAST/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH WIDE TOP FLANGES

(2014)
1
a. For composite prestressed concrete where slabs or flanges are assumed to act integrally with the precast beam, the
effective web width of the precast beam shall be the lesser of:
(1) six (6) times the maximum thickness of the flange (excluding fillets) on either side of the web plus the web and
fillets; and,
(2) the total width of the top flange.

3
b. The effective flange width of the composite section shall be the lesser of:
(1) one-fourth of the span length of the girder;
(2) six (6) times the thickness of the slab on each side of the effective web width as determined by Article 17.10.1a 4
plus the effective web width; and,
(3) one-half the clear distance on each side of the effective web width plus the effective web width.
SECTION 17.11 FLANGE AND WEB THICKNESS-BOX GIRDERS1 (2014)
The minimum top flange thickness shall be 1/30th of the clear distance between fillets or webs but not less than 6 inches (150
mm), except the minimum thickness may be reduced for factory-produced precast, pretensioned members to 5 ½ inches (140
mm).
1
See C - Section 17.11 Flange and Web Thickness-Box Girders (2014)

The minimum bottom flange thickness shall be 1/30th of the clear distance between fillets or webs but not less than 5 ½ inches
(140 mm), except the minimum thickness may be reduced for factory-produced precast, pretensioned members to 5 inches
(130 mm).
Changes in girder stem thickness shall be tapered for a minimum distance of 12 times the difference in web thickness.
SECTION 17.12 DIAPHRAGMS1 (2014)
a. Diaphragms shall be provided in accordance with Articles 17.12b through 17.12e, except that diaphragms may be
omitted where tests or structural analysis show adequate strength and stability.
b. For all beams other than box beams, diaphragms or other means shall be used at span ends to strengthen the free edge
of the slab and to transmit forces to the substructure. For all beams other than box beams, intermediate diaphragms
shall be placed between the beams at points of maximum moment for spans over 40 feet (12 m).
c. For spread box beams, diaphragms shall be placed within the box and between boxes at span ends and at the points of
maximum moment for spans over 80 feet (24 m).
d. For precast box multi-beam bridges, diaphragms are required only if necessary for slab end support or to contain or
resist transverse tension ties.
e. For cast-in-place box girders, diaphragms or other means shall be used at span ends to resist lateral forces and maintain
section geometry. Intermediate diaphragms are not required for bridges with inside radius of curvature of 800 feet (245
m) or greater.
f. For all types of prestressed boxes in bridges with inside radius of curvature less than 800 feet (245 m), intermediate
diaphragms may be required and the spacing and strength of diaphragms shall be given special consideration in the
design of the structure.
SECTION 17.13 DEFLECTIONS (2014)
Deflection calculations shall consider dead load, live load, prestressing, erection loads, concrete creep and shrinkage and
tendon relaxation and elastic shortening.
Flexural members of bridge structures shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deflections or any deformations that
may adversely affect strength and serviceability of the structure at service load. Members having simple or continuous spans
shall be designed so that the deflection due to service live load plus impact does not exceed l/640 of the span.
The deflection of cantilever arms due to service live load plus impact shall be limited to l/320 of the cantilever arm.
Deflections that occur immediately on application of load shall be computed by recognized methods or formulas for elastic
deflections, and moment of inertia of gross concrete section may be used for uncracked sections.
Additional long-time deflection shall be computed taking into account stresses in concrete and steel under sustained load and
including effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel.
1
See C - Section 17.12 Diaphragms (2014)

Modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete and Es for nonprestressed steel reinforcement shall be as specified in Article 2.23.4.
Modulus of elasticity Es for prestressing tendons shall be determined by tests or supplied by manufacturer.
SECTION 17.14 GENERAL DESIGN
17.14.1 DESIGN THEORY AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS (2014)
17.14.1.1 Members shall meet the strength requirements specified herein.
17.14.1.2 Design of prestressed members shall be based on strength (Load Factor Design) and on
behavior at service load conditions (Allowable Stress Design) (Article 17.6) at all load stages that may be
critical during the life of the structure from the time prestressing is first applied.
17.14.1.3 Stress concentrations due to prestressing shall be considered in design.
17.14.1.4 Effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage shall be considered in design.
17.14.2 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS (2014)
17.14.2.1 Strength design of prestressed members for flexure and axial loads shall be based on the
following assumptions for design of monolithic members: 1
a. Strains vary linearly over the depth of the member throughout the entire load range.
b. Before cracking, stress is linearly proportional to strain.
c. After cracking, tension in the concrete is neglected.

3
17.14.3 COMPOSITE FLEXURAL MEMBERS (2014)1
Composite flexural members consisting of precast and/or cast-in-place concrete elements constructed in separate placements
but so interconnected that all elements respond to superimposed loads as a unit shall conform to the provisions of Articles
17.21.4 and the following:
4
17.14.3.1 When an entire member is assumed to resist the vertical shear, the design shall be in accordance
with the requirements of Articles 17.21.1 through 17.21.3.
17.14.3.2 The design shall provide for full transfer of horizontal shear forces at contact surfaces of
interconnected elements. Design for horizontal shear shall be in accordance with the requirements of
Article 17.21.4.
1
See C - 17.14.3 Composite Flexural Members (2014)

SECTION 17.15 LOAD FACTORS
17.15.1 REQUIRED STRENGTH (2014)
a. Prestressed members shall have design strengths at all sections at least equal to the required strengths calculated for the
factored loads and forces in such combinations as stipulated in Article 2.2.4c for the load groups that are applicable.
For the design of post-tensioned anchorage zones, a load factor of 1.2 shall be applied to the maximum tendon jacking
force.
b. The following strength reduction factors shall be used:
(1) For flexure:  = 0.95
(2) For shear  = 0.90
(3) For anchorage zones  = 0.85 for normal weight concrete and  = 0.70 for lightweight concrete.
SECTION 17.16 ALLOWABLE STRESSES
The design of precast prestressed members and cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete spans ordinarily shall be based on f 'c =
5000 psi (35 MPa). An increase to 6000 psi (40 MPa) is permissible where, in the Engineer’s judgement, it is reasonable to
expect that this strength will be obtained consistently. Higher concrete strengths may be considered on an individual basis. In
such cases, the Engineer shall have satisfied them self completely that the controls over materials and fabrication procedures
will provide the required strengths. The provisions of this Article are equally applicable to prestressed concrete structures and
components designed with lower concrete strengths.
17.16.1 PRESTRESSING TENDONS (2014)
17.16.1.1 Tensile stress in prestressing tendons shall not exceed the following:
a. Pretensioned members:
Stress immediately prior to transfer-
Low-relaxation tendons ............................................................................................................................ 0.75f 's
Stress-relieved tendons.............................................................................................................................. 0.70f 's
b. Post-tensioned members:
Stress immediately after seating-
At anchorage......................................................................................................................................... 0.70f 's
At the end of the seating loss zone....................................................................................................... 0.83f*y
Tensioning to 0.90f 's for short periods of time prior to seating may be permitted to offset seating and
friction losses, provided the stress at the anchorage does not exceed the above values.
Stresses at service load after losses.................................................................................................................. 0.80f*y

17.16.2 CONCRETE (2014)1
17.16.2.1 Stresses in concrete immediately after prestress transfer (before time-dependent prestress
losses-Creep and Shrinkage) shall not exceed the following:
a. Extreme fiber stress in compression
Pretensioned members..................................................................0.60f 'ci
Post-tensioned members...............................................................0.55f 'ci
b. Extreme fiber stress in tension
(1) Members without bonded auxiliary reinforcement .............................. 200 psi (1.38 MPa) or
3 f  ci
0.25 f  ci (metric)
Where the calculated tensile stress exceeds this value, bonded reinforcement shall be provided to resist the total
tension force in the concrete computed on the assumption of an uncracked section. 1
(2) Members with bonded auxiliary reinforcement provided in the tensile zone to resist the total tensile force in
concrete computed with the assumption of an uncracked section ..........................
7.5 f  ci
3
0.623 f  ci (metric)
17.16.2.2 Stresses in concrete at service loads (after allowance for all prestress losses) shall not exceed 4
the following:
Compression...........................................................................................................................0.40f 'c
Tension in the precompressed tensile zone...................................................................................0
Tension in other areas is limited by allowable temporary stresses specified in Article 17.16.2.1.
17.16.2.3 Cracking Stress2
Modulus of rupture from tests or if not available:
1
See C - 17.16.2 Concrete (2014)
2
Refer to Article 17.19

For normal weight concrete................................................................................
7.5 f  c
0.623 f  c (metric)
For sand lightweight concrete...............................................................................
6.3 f  c
0.523 f  c (metric)
17.16.2.4 Anchorage Bearing Stress
Post-tensioned anchorage at service load.......................................................................................3000 psi (21 MPa)
(but not to exceed 0.9f 'ci)
SECTION 17.17 LOSS OF PRESTRESS1
17.17.1 PRESTRESS LOSSES (2014)
a. To determine effective prestress fse, allowance for the following sources of loss of prestress shall be considered:
f s = ES + CR c + SH + CR s
where:
Δfs =total loss excluding friction
ES =loss due to elastic shortening of concrete
CRc =loss due to creep of concrete
SH =loss due to concrete shrinkage
CRs =loss due to relaxation of tendon stress
Anchorage seating and friction due to intended or unintended curvature in post-tensioning tendons shall be considered.
1
See C - Section 17.17 Loss of Prestress (2014)

b. Total loss of prestress shall be determined in accordance with a method of calculating prestress losses supported by
appropriate research data, representing properties of the materials to be used, methods of curing, ambient service
conditions, and any pertinent structural details.1
c. In lieu of the more exact procedure prescribed in Paragraph b, loss of prestress may be determined in accordance with
either Paragraph d or Paragraph e for the conditions stated.
d. Loss of prestress may be determined by the following procedure for normal weight concrete and the following types of
prestressing tendons:
250 ksi (MPa) or 270 ksi (1860 MPa) uncoated seven-wire stress-relieved or low-relaxation strand; 240 ksi (1650
MPa) stress-relieved or low-relaxation wires; 145 to 160 ksi (1000 to 1100 MPa) uncoated high-strength steel bar
(plain or deformed).
Data representing properties and effects of lightweight concrete shall be determined from documented tests.
(1) Elastic shortening of concrete
(a) For pretensioned members:
E
ES =  ------s- f cir EQ 17-3
E 
ci
1
(b) For post-tensioned2 members:
E
ES = 0.5  ------s- f cir EQ 17-4
E 
ci
3
Es = modulus of elasticity for prestressing tendons to be determined from documented test data or assumed
to be 28 x 106 psi (194,000 MPa).
Eci = modulus of elasticity for concrete at time of transfer; may be taken as
1.5 
4
wc  33  f ci in psi
1.5 
wc  0.0428  f ci in MPa
fcir = stress in concrete at centroid of prestressing reinforcement immediately after transfer, due to total
prestress force and dead load acting at transfer. fcir shall be computed at the section or sections of
maximum moment. For pretensioned members, fcir shall be calculated using a prestress force reduced
below stress at transfer by elastic shortening of concrete and tendon relaxation during placing and
1
“Estimating Prestress Losses” by Paul Zia, H. Kent Preston, Norman L. Scott, and Edwin B. Workman, ACI Concrete International, June 1979, pp. 32-38.
2
Certain post-tensioning procedures may alter the elastic shortening loss.

curing of concrete. For post-tensioned members, fcir shall be calculated using a prestress force
reduced below stress at transfer by elastic shortening of concrete and tendon friction. Amount of
reduction below prestress stress at transfer can be estimated, or for pretensioned members the reduced
tendon stress may be taken as 0.63fs', for stress relieved strand or 0.69fs' for low relaxation strand.
(2) Creep of concrete
(a) For pretensioned and post-tensioned members:
CRc = 12fcir - 7fcds EQ 17-5
where:
fcds = stress in concrete at centroid of prestressing reinforcement, due to all dead load not included in
calculation of fcir.
(3) Shrinkage of concrete
(a) For pretensioned members:
SH = 17 - 0.150 R EQ 17-6
SH = 117 - 1.03 R EQ 17-6

(Metric)
(b) For post-tensioned members:
SH = 0.8 (17 - 0.150 R) EQ 17-7
SH = 0.8 (117 - 1.03 R) EQ 17-7

(Metric)
where:
R = annual average ambient relative humidity in percent. The following map may be used to determine R.

Figure 8-17-1. Annual Average Ambient Relative Humidity, (R), %
(4) Relaxation of tendon stress
(a) For pretensioning tendons:
1 250 to 270 ksi stress-relieved strand tensioned to 0.70f's 1

CRs = 20 - 0.4 ES - 0.2 (SH + CRc) EQ 17-8a
2 1720 to 1860 MPa stress-relieved strand tensioned to 0.70f's
CRs = 138 - 0.4 ES - 0.2 (SH + CRc) EQ 17-8a (Metric) 3

3 250 to 270 ksi low-relaxation strand tensioned to 0.75f's
CRs = 5 - 0.10 ES - 0.05 (SH + CRc) EQ 17-8b
4 1720 to 1860 MPa low-relaxation strand tensioned to 0.75f's

4
25% of CRs in previous above EQ 17-8b (Metric)

(b) For post-tensioning tendons:
1 250 to 270 ksi stress-relieved strand anchored at 0.70f's
CRs = 20 - 0.3 FR - 0.4 ES - 0.2 (SH + CRc) EQ 17-9a
2 1720 to 1860 MPa stress-relieved strand anchored at 0.70f's
CRs = 138 - 0.3 FR - 0.4 ES - 0.2 (SH + CRc) EQ 17-9a (Metric)
3 250 to 270 ksi low-relaxation strand anchored at 0.75 f's
CRs = 5 - 0.07 FR - 0.1 ES - 0.05 (SH + CRc) EQ 17-9b
4 1720 to 1860 MPa low-relaxation strand anchored at 0.75f's
CRs = 25% of CRs in EQ 17-9a above EQ 17-9b (Metric)
5 145 to 160 ksi high-strength steel bar
CRs = Loss due to relaxation should be based on approved test data. If test EQ 17-9c
data are not available the loss may be assumed to be 3.0 ksi
6 1000 to 1100 MPa high-strength steel bar
CRs = Loss due to relaxation should be based on approved test data. If test EQ 17-9c (Metric)
data are not available the loss may be assumed to be 21 MPa
where:
FR = friction loss below 0.70f's at point being considered, computed according to Paragraph d(6) below.
ES, SH, CRc = appropriate values as determined for either pretensioned or post-tensioned member.
(5) Anchorage Seating
Allowance shall be made for loss of prestress in post-tensioning tendons due to anchorage seating. Calculations
shall be made in accordance with a method consistent with the friction coefficients for the materials used.
(6) Friction
Effect of friction loss due to intended or unintended curvature in post-tensioning tendons shall be computed by:
f lfx = f po  l – e –  Kl x +   
T o = T x e  KL +   EQ 17-10

When (Klx + μ) is not greater than 0.3, effect of friction loss may be computed by:
f lfx = f po  Kl x +  
T o = T x  1 + KL +   EQ 17-11
Friction coefficients K and μ shall be determined experimentally, and shall be verified during tendon stressing
operations. When experimental data for the materials used are not available, the following values for K and μ may
be used.
Table 8-17-1. Values for K and μ
Type of Steel Type of Duct K 

Wire or strand Rigid and Semi-Rigid 0.0020 0.15-0.25a
galvanized metal sheathing (0.0027)
Polyethylene 0.0002 0.23
(0.0027)
Rigid Steel Pipe 0.0002
1
0.25b
(0.00027)
High-Strength bars Galvanized metal sheathing 0.0002 0.15
(0.00027)
aA friction coefficient of 0.25 is appropriate for 12 strand tendons. A lower coefficient may be used for larger
tendon and duct sizes. 3
bLubrication will probably be required.
Friction losses occur prior to anchoring but should be estimated for design and verified during stressing
operations.
Rigid ducts shall have sufficient strength to maintain proper alignment without visible wobble during placement of
concrete. 4
Rigid ducts may be fabricated with either welded or interlocked seams. Galvanizing of the welded seam will not
be required.
e. Loss of prestress due to all causes, excluding friction loss, may be determined for preliminary design in accordance
with the following values for prestressed members or structures of usual design. Tabulated estimates are based on
normal weight concrete, normal prestressing levels, and average exposure conditions. Friction loss in post-tensioning
tendons shall be determined in accordance with Paragraph d(6), above.
© 2017,©American RailwayRailway
2014, American Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way
Engineering Association
and Maintenance-of-Way Association

Table 8-17-2. Estimated Loss of Prestress
Total Loss of Prestress (Note 1)

Type of Prestressing Tendon
fc = 4,000 psi (28 MPa) fc = 5,000 psi (35 MPa)
Pretensioning tendon:
Stress-relieved 45,000 psi (310 MPa)
Low-relaxation 35,000 psi (240 MPa)
Post-tensioning wire or strand:
Stress-relieved 32,000 psi (220 MPa) 33,000 psi (228 MPa)
Low-relaxation 24,000 psi (165 MPa) 25,000 psi (172 MPa)
Post-tensioning bar 22,000 psi (152 MPa) 23,000 psi (158 MPa)
Note 1: Excluding friction losses in post-tensioning tendons.
SECTION 17.18 FLEXURAL STRENGTH1
17.18.1 INTRODUCTION (2014)
Prestressed concrete members may be assumed to act as uncracked members subjected to combined axial and bending stresses
within specified service loads. In calculations of section properties, the transformed area of bonded reinforcement may be
included in pretensioned members and in post-tensioned members after grouting; prior to bonding of tendons, areas of the
open ducts shall be deducted.
17.18.2 RECTANGULAR SECTIONS (2014)
For rectangular or flanged sections having prestressing steel only, in which the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block,
defined as (A*s f*su)/(0.85 f 'cb), is not greater than the compression flange thickness “t”, and which satisfy EQ 17-23, the
design flexural strength shall be assumed as:
Mn = [A*s f*su d{1-0.6(p*f*su/f'c)}] EQ 17-12
For rectangular or flanged sections with non-prestressed tension reinforcement included, in which the depth of the equivalent
rectangular stress block, defined as (A*s f*su + As fsy)/(0.85 f'c b), is not greater than the compression flange thickness “t” and
which satisfy EQ 17-24, the design flexural strength shall be assumed as:
Mn = {A*sf*sud[1-0.6((p*f*su/f 'c)+(dt/d)(pfsy/f 'c))] + Asfsydt[1-0.6((d/dt)(p*f*su/f 'c)+(pfsy/f 'c))]} EQ 17-13
17.18.3 FLANGED SECTIONS (2014)
For sections having prestressing steel only, in which the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block, defined as (Asr
f*su)/(0.85 f'cb') is greater than the compression flange thickness “t”, and which satisfy EQ 17-24 the design flexural strength
shall be assumed as:
Mn = {Asrf*sud[1-0.6(Asrf*su/b'df 'c)] + 0.85 f'c(b-b')(t)(d-0.5t)} EQ 17-14
1
See C - Section 17.18 Flexural Strength (2014)

For sections with non-prestressed tension reinforcement included, in which the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress
block, defined as (Asr f*su)/(0.85 f'cb') is greater than the compression flange thickness “t”, and which satisfy EQ 17-24, the
design flexural strength shall be assumed as:
Mn = {Asrf*sud[1-0.6(Asrf*su/b' df'c)] + Asfsy(dt-d) + 0.85 f'c(b-b')(t)(d-0.5t)} EQ 17-15
where:
Asr = A*s - Asf, in EQ 17-14 EQ 17-16
Asr = A*s + (Asfsy/f*su) - Asf, in EQ 17-15 EQ 17-17
Asf = 0.85f'c(b-b')t/f*su EQ 17-18
Asf = The steel area required to develop the ultimate compressive strength of the overhanging portions of the
flange.
17.18.4 STEEL STRESS (2014)
17.18.4.1 As an alternative to a more accurate determination of f*su based on strain compatibility, the
following approximate values of f*su shall be permitted to be used:
Bonded Members: 1
with prestressing steel only (as defined):
f*su = f's[1-(*/ß1)(p*f's/f'c)] EQ 17-19
with non-prestressed tension reinforcement included: 3

f*su = f's{1-(*/ß1)[(p*f's/f'c)+dt/d(pfsy/f'c)]} EQ 17-20
where * :
= 0.28 for low-relaxation steel

4
= 0.40 for stress-relieved steel
= 0.55 for bars
Unbonded members:
f*su = fse + 900((d-yu)/le) EQ 17-21

f* su = fse + 6((d-yu)/le) EQ 17-21 (Metric)
but shall not exceed f*y
where:

yu = distance from extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis assuming the tendon prestressing steel has
yielded;
le = li/(1 + 0.5N5); effective tendon length;
li = tendon length between anchorages;
N5 = number of support hinges crossed by the tendon between anchorages or discretely bonded points.
provided that:
a. The stress strain properties of the prestressing steel conform to the requirements of ASTM A416 (Low-Relaxation).
b. The effective prestress after losses is not less than 0.5 f 's.
17.18.4.2 At ultimate load, the stress in the prestressing steel of precast deck panels shall be limited to:
f*su = lx/D + 2/3 fse EQ 17-22
f*su = 7 lx/D + 2/3 fse EQ 17-22 (Metric)
but shall not be greater the f*su as given by the equations in Article 17.18.4.1. In the above equation:
D = nominal diameter of strand in inches (mm);
fse = effective stress in prestressing strand after losses in psi (MPa);
lx = distance from end of prestressing strand to center of panel in inches (mm).
SECTION 17.19 DUCTILITY LIMITS
17.19.1 MAXIMUM PRESTRESSING STEEL (2014)
Prestressed concrete members shall be designed so that the steel is yielding as ultimate capacity is approached. In general, the
reinforcement index shall be such that:
p*f*su/f 'c, for rectangular sections EQ 17-23
and
Asrf*su/b'df 'c, for flanged sections EQ 17-24
does not exceed 0.36ß1. (See Article 17.20 for reinforcement indices of sections with non-prestressed reinforcement).
For members with reinforcement indices greater than 0.36ß1, the design flexural strength shall be assumed not greater than:
For rectangular sections: Mn = [(0.36ß1 - 0.08ß12)f'cbd2] EQ 17-25
For flanged sections: Mn = [(0.36ß1 - 0.08ß12)f'cbd2 +0.85f'c(b-b')t(d-0.5t)] EQ 17-26

17.19.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT (2014)
17.19.2.1 The total amount of prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcement shall be adequate to develop
a design moment strength at the critical section at least 1.2 times the cracking moment M*cr.
M n  1.2M* cr
where:
M*cr = (fr + fpe)Sc - Md/nc(Sc/Sb - 1) EQ 17-27
Appropriate values for Md/nc and Sb shall be used for any intermediate composite sections. Where beams are designed to be
noncomposite, substitute Sb for Sc in the above equation for the calculation of M*cr.
17.19.2.2 The requirements of Article 17.9.2.1 may be waived if the area of prestressed and non-prestressed
reinforcement provided at the section is at least one-third greater than that required by analysis on the
load combinations specified in Part 2.
17.19.2.3 The minimum amount of non-prestressed longitudinal reinforcement provided in the cast-in-
place portion of slabs utilizing precast prestressed deck panels shall be 0.25 in2/ft (530 mm2 per meter) of
slab width. 1
SECTION 17.20 NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT (2014)

3
Non-prestressed reinforcement may be considered as contributing to the tensile strength of the beam at design flexural strength
in an amount equal to its area times yield strength, provided that:
For rectangular sections:
 pf sy  f c d t  d +  p*f * su  f c  –  pf y  f c   0.36 1 EQ 17-28 4
For flanged sections:
 A s f sy    bdf c  +  A sr f * su    bdf c  –  A s f  y    bdf c   0.36 1 EQ 17-29
Design flexural strength shall be calculated based on EQ 17-13 or EQ 17-15 if these values are met, and on EQ 17-25 or EQ
17-26 if these values are exceeded.

SECTION 17.21 SHEAR
17.21.1 GENERAL (2014)
17.21.1.1 Prestressed concrete flexural members, except solid slabs and footings, shall be reinforced for
shear and diagonal tension stresses. Voided slabs shall be investigated for shear, but shear reinforcement
may be omitted if the factored shear force, Vu, is less than half the shear strength provided by the concrete
Vc.
17.21.1.2 Web reinforcement shall consist of stirrups perpendicular to the axis of the member or welded
wire reinforcement with wires located perpendicular to the axis of the member. Web reinforcement shall
extend to a distance d from the extreme compression fiber and shall be carried as close to the
compression and tension surfaces of the member as cover requirements and the proximity of other
reinforcement permit. Web reinforcement shall be anchored at both ends for its design yield strength in
accordance with the provisions of Section 2.21.
17.21.1.3 Members subject to shear shall be designed so that
Vu    Vc + Vs  EQ 17-30
where Vu is the factored shear force at the section considered, Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by concrete and Vs is
the nominal shear strength provided by web reinforcement.
17.21.1.4 When the reaction to the applied loads introduces compression into the end regions of the
member, sections located at a distance less than h/2 from the face of the support may be designed for the
same shear Vu as that computed at a distance h/2. An exception occurs when major concentrated loads
are imposed between that point and the face of support. In that case, sections closer than d to the support
shall be designed for Vu at distance d plus the major concentrated loads.
17.21.2 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY CONCRETE (2014)
Equation 17-31 deleted. EQ 17-31
17.21.2.1 The shear strength provided by concrete, Vc, shall be taken as the lesser of the values Vci or Vcw.
The shear strength, Vci, shall be computed by:
V i M cr
V ci = 0.6 f c bd + V d + --------------- EQ 17-32
M max
4 V i M cr EQ 17-32
V ci = 5  10 f  c bd + V d + --------------- (Metric)
M max

but Vci need not be less than
1.7 f c bd
220 f c bd Metric
and d need not be taken less than 0.8h.
The moment causing flexural cracking at the section due to externally applied loads, Mcr, shall be computed by:
M cr =  I  y t   6 f c + f pe – f d  EQ 17-33
EQ 17-33
M cr =  I  y t   0.5 f e + f pe – f d  (Metric)
The maximum factored moment and factored shear at the section due to externally applied loads, Mmax and Vi, shall be
computed from the load combination causing maximum moment at the section.
17.21.2.2 The shear strength, Vcw, shall be computed by: 1

EQ 17-34
V cw =  3.5 f c + 0.3f pc bd + V p
EQ 17-34
5
V cw = 10  10   0.29 f c + 0.3f pe bd  + V p (Metric) 3
but d need not be taken less than 0.8h.
17.21.2.3 For a pretensioned member in which the section at a distance h/2 from face of support is closer
to the end of member than the transfer length of the prestressing steel, the reduced prestress shall be
considered when computing Vcw. The prestress force shall be assumed to vary linearly from zero at the
4
end of prestressing steel, to a maximum at a distance from the end of prestressing steel equal to the
transfer length, assumed to be 50 diameters for strand and 100 diameters for single wire.
17.21.2.4 For a pretensioned member where bonding of some tendons does not extend to the end of
member, a reduced prestress shall be considered when computing Vc in accordance with 17.21.2.1. The
prestress force due to tendons, for which bonding does not extend to the end of member, shall be
assumed to vary linearly from zero at the point at which bonding commences to a maximum at a distance
from this point equal to the transfer length, assumed to be 50 diameters for strand and 100 diameters for
single wire.
17.21.2.5 The provisions for computing the shear strength provided by concrete, Vci and Vcw , apply to
normal weight concrete. When lightweight aggregate concretes are used, (see definition, concrete,
structural lightweight, Article 2.2.2), one of the following modifications shall apply:

a. When fct is specified, the shear strength, Vci and Vcw, shall be modified by substituting fct/6.7 (1.8 fct) for
f c
but the value of fct/6.7 (1.8 fct) used shall not exceed
f c
b. When fct is not specified, Vci and Vcw shall be modified by multiplying each term containing
f c
by 0.75 for “all lightweight” concrete, and 0.85 for “sand-lightweight” concrete. Linear interpolation may be used
when partial sand replacement is used.
17.21.3 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY WEB REINFORCEMENT (2014)
Shear reinforcement shall consist of stirrups perpendicular to axis of member or welded wire reinforcement with wires located
perpendicular to axis of member. Shear reinforcement shall be anchored at both ends in accordance with Article 2.21.
17.21.3.1 The shear strength provided by web reinforcement shall be taken as
Vs = (Avfsyd)/s EQ 17-35
where Av is the area of web reinforcement within a distance s. Vs shall not be taken greater than
8 f c bd
0.66 f c bd Metric
and d need not be taken less than 0.8h.
17.21.3.2 The spacing of web reinforcing shall not exceed 0.75h or 24 inches (600 mm). When Vs exceeds
4 f c bd
0.332 f c bd Metric
this maximum spacing shall be reduced by one-half.
17.21.3.3 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
A minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be provided in all flexural members, except: slabs, footings, and shallow beams,
where factored shear force Vu exceeds ½ the shear strength provided by concrete Vc, (Beams with total depth not greater
than either 10 in. (250 mm), 2-1/2 times the thickness of the flange, or one-half the width of web shall be considered shallow
beams).

The minimum area of web reinforcement shall be:

Av = (50 b's)/fsy EQ 17-36
Av = (0.345 b's)/fsy EQ 17-36 (Metric)
where b' and s are in inches (mm) and fsy is in psi (MPa).
17.21.3.4 The design yield strength of web reinforcement, fsy, shall not exceed 60,000 psi (420 MPa).
17.21.4 HORIZONTAL SHEAR DESIGN-COMPOSITE FLEXURAL MEMBERS (2014)
17.21.4.1 In a composite member, full transfer of horizontal shear forces shall be assured at contact
surfaces of interconnected elements.
17.21.4.2 Design of cross sections subject to horizontal shear may be in accordance with provisions of
Article 17.21.4.3 or 17.21.4.4, or any other shear transfer design method that results in prediction of
strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests.
17.21.4.3 Design of cross sections subject to horizontal shear may be based on:
V u  V nh EQ 17-37
1
where Vu is factored shear force at section considered, Vnh is nominal horizontal shear strength in accordance with the
following, and where d is for the entire composite section.
a. When contact surface is clean, free of laitance, and intentionally roughened, shear strength Vnh shall not be taken
greater than 80bvd in pounds (0.552bvd in newtons).
3
b. When minimum ties are provided in accordance with Article 17.21.4.5, and contact surface is clean and free of
laitance, but not intentionally roughened, shear strength Vnh shall not be taken greater than 80bvd, in pounds (0.552bvd
in newtons).
c. When minimum ties are provided in accordance with Article 17.21.4.5, and contact surface is clean, free of laitance,
and intentionally roughened to a full amplitude of approximately 1/4 in. (7 mm), shear strength Vnh shall not be taken
greater than 350bvd, in pounds (2.413bvd in newtons). 4
d. For each percent of tie reinforcement crossing the contact surface in excess of the minimum required by Article
17.21.4.5, shear strength Vnh may be increased by (160fy/40,000)bvd, in pounds [(90fy/100,000) bvd in newtons].
17.21.4.4 Horizontal shear may be investigated by computing, in any segment not exceeding one-tenth of
the span, the change in compressive or tensile force to be transferred, and provisions made to transfer
that force as horizontal shear between interconnected elements. The factored horizontal shear force shall
not exceed horizontal shear strength Vnh in accordance with Article 17.21.4.3, except that length of
segment considered shall be substituted for d.

17.21.4.5 Ties for Horizontal Shear
a. When required, a minimum area of tie reinforcement shall be provided between interconnected elements. Tie area
shall not be less than 50 bvs/fy, and tie spacing “s” shall not exceed four times the least web width of support element,
nor 24 in. (600 mm).
b. Ties for horizontal shear may consist of single bars or wire, multiple leg stirrups, or vertical legs of welded wire
reinforcement. All ties shall be adequately anchored into interconnected elements by embedment or hooks.
SECTION 17.22 POST-TENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONES
17.22.1 GEOMETRY OF ANCHORAGE ZONE (2014)
a. The anchorage zone is geometrically defined as the volume of concrete through which the concentrated prestressing
force at the anchorage device spreads transversely to a linear stress distribution across the entire cross section.
b. For anchorage zones at the end of a member or segment, the transverse dimensions may be taken as the depth and
width of the section but not larger than the longitudinal dimension of the member or segment. The longitudinal extent
of the anchorage zone in the direction of the tendon (ahead of anchorage) shall be taken as not less than the larger
transverse dimension but not more than one and one-half times that dimension.
c. For intermediate anchorages in addition to the length of Article 17.22.1b the anchorage zone shall be considered to also
extend in the opposite direction for a distance not less than the larger transverse dimensions of the anchorage zone.
d. For multiple slab anchorages, both width and length of the anchorage zone shall be taken as equal to the center-to-
center spacing between stressed tendons, but not more than the length of the slab in the direction of the tendon axis.
The thickness of the anchorage zone shall be taken equal to the thickness of the slab.
e. For design purposes, the anchorage zone shall consist of two regions; the general zone as defined in Article 17.22.2.1
and the local zone as defined in Article 17.22.2.2.
17.22.2 GENERAL ZONE AND LOCAL ZONE (2014)
17.22.2.1 General Zone
The geometric extent of the general zone is identical to that of the overall anchorage zone as defined in Article 17.22.1 and
includes the local zone.
Design of general zones shall meet the requirements of Section 17.15 and Article 17.22.3.
17.22.2.2 Local Zone
The local zone is defined as the rectangular prism (or equivalent rectangular prism for circular or oval anchorages) of concrete
surrounding and immediately ahead of the anchorage device and any integral confining reinforcement. The dimensions of the
local zone are defined in Article 17.22.7.
Design of local zones shall meet the requirements of Section 17.15 and Article 17.22.7 or shall be based on the results of
experimental tests required in Article 17.22.7.3 and described in Article 17.25.3.5. Anchorage devices based on these
acceptance tests of Article 17.25.3.5, are referred to as special anchorage devices.

17.22.2.3 Responsibilities1
The Engineer is responsible for the overall design and approval of working drawings for the general zone, including the
specific location of the tendons and anchorage devices, general zone reinforcement, and the specific stressing sequence. The
Engineer is also responsible for the design of local zones based on Article 17.22.7.2 and for the approval of special anchorage
devices used under the provisions of Article 17.22.7.3. All working drawings for the local zone must be approved by the
Engineer.
Anchorage device suppliers are responsible for furnishing anchorage devices which satisfy the anchor efficiency requirements
of Article 17.25.3.1. In addition, if special anchorage devices are used, the anchorage device supplier is responsible for
furnishing anchorage devices that satisfy the acceptance test requirements of the Engineer. This acceptance test and the anchor
efficiency test shall be conducted by an independent testing agency acceptable to the Engineer. The anchorage device supplier
shall provide records of the acceptance test to the Engineer and to the constructor and shall specify auxiliary and confining
reinforcement, minimum edge distance, minimum anchor spacing, and minimum concrete strength at time of stressing
required for proper performance of the local zone.
The responsibilities of the constructor shall be as specified by the Engineer.
17.22.3 DESIGN OF THE GENERAL ZONE (2014)
17.22.3.1 Design Methods
The following methods may be used for the design of general zones:
1
a. Equilibrium based plasticity models (strut-and-tie models) (see Article 17.22.4)
b. Elastic stress analysis (finite element analysis or equivalent) (see Article 17.22.5)
c. Approximate methods for determining the compression and tension forces, where applicable (see Article 17.22.6).
Regardless of the design method used, all designs shall conform to the requirements of Article 17.22.3.4. 3
The effects of stressing sequence and three-dimensional effects shall be considered in the design. When these three
dimensional effects appear significant, they may be analyzed using three-dimensional analysis procedures or may be
approximated by considering two or more planes. However, in these approximations the interaction of the planes’ models
must be considered, and the model loadings and results must be consistent.
17.22.3.2 Nominal Material Strengths 4

The nominal tensile strength of bonded reinforcement is limited to fsy for nonprestressed reinforcement and to fy for
prestressed reinforcement. The nominal tensile strength of unbonded prestressed reinforcement is limited to fse + 15,000 psi
(fse + 105 MPa).
The effective nominal compressive strength of the concrete of the general zone, exclusive of confined concrete, is limited to
0.7 f 'c. The tensile strength of the concrete shall be neglected.
The compressive strength of concrete at transfer of prestressing shall be specified on the construction drawings. Stress shall
not be transferred to concrete until the compressive strength of the concrete as indicated by test cylinders, cured by methods
identical with the curing of the member, meets the requirements of the drawings.
1
See C - 17.22.2 General Zone and Local Zone (2014)

17.22.3.3 Use of Special Anchorage Devices
Whenever special anchorage devices which do not meet the requirements of Article 17.22.7.2 are to be used, reinforcement
similar in configuration and at least equivalent in volumetric ratio to the supplementary skin reinforcement permitted under the
provisions of Article 17.25.3.5 shall be furnished in the corresponding regions of the anchorage zone.
17.22.3.4 General Design Principles and Detailing Requirements
Good detailing and quality workmanship are essential for the satisfactory performance of anchorage zones. Sizes and details
for anchorage zones should respect the need: for tolerances on the bending, fabrication and placement of reinforcement; the
size of aggregate; and, the placement and sound consolidation of the concrete.
a. Compressive stresses in the concrete ahead of basic anchorage devices shall meet the requirements of Article
17.22.7.2.
b. Compressive stresses in the concrete ahead of special anchorage devices shall be checked at a distance measured from
the concrete bearing surface equal to the smaller of:
(1) The depth to the end of the local confinement reinforcement.
(2) The smaller lateral dimension of the anchorage device.
These compressive stresses may be determined according to the strut-and-tie model procedures of Article 17.22.4,
from an elastic stress analysis according to Article 17.22.5b, or by the approximate method outlined in Article
17.22.6.2. These compressive stresses shall not exceed 0.7 f 'ci.
c. Compressive stresses shall also be checked where geometry or loading discontinuities within or ahead of the anchorage
zone may cause stress concentrations.
d. The bursting force is the tensile force in the anchorage zone acting ahead of the anchorage device and transverse to the
tendon axis. The magnitude of the bursting force, Tburst , and its corresponding distance from the loaded surface,
dburst, can be determined using the strut-and-tie model procedures of Article 17.22.4, from an elastic stress analysis
according to Article 17.22.5c, or by the approximate method outlined in Article 17.22.6.3. Three-dimensional effects
shall be considered for the determination of the bursting reinforcement requirements.
e. Resistance to bursting forces,  Asfsy and/or  A*s f*y, shall be provided by non-prestressed or prestressed
reinforcement, in the form of spirals, closed hoops, or well anchored transverse ties. This reinforcement is to be
proportioned to resist the total factored bursting force. Arrangement and anchorage of bursting reinforcement shall
satisfy the following:
(1) Bursting reinforcement shall extend over the full width of the member and must be anchored as close to the outer
faces of the member as cover permits.
(2) Bursting reinforcement shall be distributed ahead of the loaded surface along both sides of the tendon throughout a
distance of 2.5 dburst for the plane considered, but not to exceed 1.5 times the corresponding lateral dimension of
the section. The centroid of the bursting reinforcement shall coincide with the distance dburst used for the design.
(3) Spacing of bursting reinforcement shall exceed neither 24 bar diameters nor 12 inches (300 mm).
f. Edge tension forces are tensile forces in the anchorage zone acting parallel and close to the transverse edge and
longitudinal edges of the member. The transverse edge is the surface loaded by the anchors. The tensile force along
the transverse edge is referred to as spalling force. The tensile force along the longitudinal edge is referred to as
longitudinal edge tension force.

g. Spalling forces are induced in concentrically loaded anchorage zones, eccentrically loaded anchorage zones, and
anchorage zones for multiple anchors. Longitudinal edge tension forces are induced when the resultant of the
anchorage forces considered causes eccentric loading of the anchorage zone. The edge tension forces can be
determined from an elastic stress analysis, strut-and-tie models, or in accordance with the approximate methods of
Article 17.22.6.4.
h. In no case shall the spalling force be taken as less than two percent of the total factored tendon force.
i. Resistance to edge tension forces, Asfsy and/or A*sf*y, shall be provided in the form of non-prestressed or
prestressed reinforcement located close to the longitudinal and transverse edge of the concrete. Arrangement and
anchorage of the edge tension reinforcement shall satisfy the following:
• Minimum spalling reinforcement satisfying Article 17.22.3.4h shall extend over the full width of the member.
• Spalling reinforcement between multiple anchorage devices shall effectively tie these anchorage devices together.
• Longitudinal edge tension reinforcement and spalling reinforcement for eccentric anchorage devices shall be
continuous. The reinforcement shall extend along the tension face over the full length of the anchorage zone and
shall extend along the loaded face from the longitudinal edge to the other side of the eccentric anchorage device or
group of anchorage devices.
17.22.3.5 Intermediate Anchorages
a. Intermediate anchorages shall not be used in regions where significant tension is generated behind the anchor from
other loads. Whenever practical, blisters shall be located in the corner between flange and webs, or shall be extended
1
over the full flange width or web height to form a continuous rib. If isolated blisters must be used on a flange or web,
local shear, bending and direct force effects shall be considered in the design.
b. Bonded reinforcement shall be provided to tie back at least 25 percent of the intermediate anchorage unfactored
stressing force into the concrete section behind the anchor. Stresses in this bonded reinforcement are limited to a
maximum of 0.6fsy or 36 ksi (250 MPa). The amount of tie back reinforcement may be reduced using EQ 17-38, if 3
permanent compressive stresses are generated behind the anchor from other loads.
Tia = 0.25Ps - fcbAcb EQ 17-38
where:
Tia = the tie back tension force at the intermediate anchorage; 4

Ps = the maximum unfactored anchorage stressing force;
fcb = the compressive stress in the region behind the anchor;
Acb = the area of the continuing cross section within the extensions of the sides of the anchor plate or
blister. The area of the blister or rib shall not be taken as part of the cross section.
c. Tie back reinforcement satisfying Article 17.22.3.5b shall be placed no further than one plate width from the tendon
axis. It shall be fully anchored so that the yield strength can be developed at a distance of one plate width or half the
length of the blister or rib ahead of the anchor as well as at the same distance behind the anchor. The centroid of this
reinforcement shall coincide with the tendon axis, where possible. For blisters and ribs, the reinforcement shall be
placed in the continuing section near that face of the flange or web from which the blister or rib is projecting.
d. Reinforcement shall be provided throughout blisters or ribs are required for shear friction, corbel action, bursting
forces, and deviation forces due to tendon curvature. This reinforcement shall be in the form of ties or U-stirrups

which encase the anchorage and tie it effectively into the adjacent web and flange. This reinforcement shall extend as
far as possible into the flange or web and be developed by standard hooks bent around transverse bars or equivalent.
Spacing shall not exceed the smallest of blister or rib height at anchor, blister width, or 6 inches (150 mm).
e. Reinforcement shall be provided to resist local bending in blisters and ribs due to eccentricity of the tendon force and
to resist lateral bending in ribs due to tendon deviation forces.
f. Reinforcement required by Articles 17.22.3.4d through 17.22.3.4i shall be provided to resist tensile forces due to
transfer of the anchorage force from the blister or rib into the overall structure.
17.22.3.6 Diaphragms
For tendons anchored in diaphragms, concrete compressive stresses shall be limited within the diaphragm in accordance with
Articles 17.22.3.4a through 17.22.3.4c. Compressive stresses shall also be checked at the transition from the diaphragm to
webs and flanges of the member.
Reinforcement shall be provided to ensure full transfer of diaphragm anchor loads into the flanges and webs of the girder. The
more general methods of Article 17.22.4 or 17.22.5 shall be used to determine this reinforcement. Reinforcement shall also be
provided to tie back deviation forces due to tendon curvature.
17.22.3.7 Multiple Slab Anchorages
a. Minimum reinforcement meeting the requirements of Articles 17.22.3.7b through 17.22.3.7d shall be provided unless a
more detailed analysis is made.
b. Reinforcement shall be provided for the bursting force in the direction of the thickness of the slab and normal to the
tendon axis in accordance with Articles 17.22.3.4d and 17.22.3.4e This reinforcement shall be anchored close to the
faces of the slab with standard hooks bent around horizontal bars, or equivalent. Minimum reinforcement is two No. 3
(#10) bars per anchor located at a distance equal to one-half the slab thickness ahead of the anchor.
c. Reinforcement in the plane of the slab and normal to the tendon axis shall be provided to resist edge tension forces, T1,
between anchorages (EQ 17-39) and bursting forces, T2, ahead of the anchorages (EQ 17-40). Edge tension
reinforcement shall be placed immediately ahead of the anchors and shall effectively tie adjacent anchors together.
Bursting reinforcement shall be distributed over the length of the anchorage zones (see Article 17.22.1d).
(
T1 = 0.10Pu 1- a/s ) EQ 17-39
(
T2 = 0.20Pu 1 - a/s ) EQ 17-40
where:
T1 = the edge tension force;
T2 = the bursting force.
Pu = the factored tendon load on an individual anchor;
a = the anchor plate width;
s = the anchorage spacing.
d. For slab anchors with an edge distance of less than two plate widths or one slab thickness, the edge tension
reinforcement shall be proportioned to resist 25 percent of the factored tendon load. This reinforcement shall

preferably be in the form of hairpins and shall be distributed within one plate width ahead of the anchor. The legs of
the hairpin bars shall extend from the edge of the slab past the adjacent anchor but not less than a distance equal to five
plate widths plus development length.
17.22.3.8 Deviation Saddles
Deviation saddles should be designed using the strut-and-tie model or using methods based on test results.
17.22.4 APPLICATION OF STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS TO THE DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE

ZONES (2014)
17.22.4.1 General
The flow of forces in the anchorage zone may be approximated by a series of straight compression members (struts) and
straight tension members (ties) that are connected at discrete points (nodes). Compression forces are carried by concrete
compression struts and tension forces are carried by non-prestressed or prestressed reinforcement.
The selected strut-and-tie model shall follow a load path from the anchorages to the end of the anchorage zone. Other forces
acting on the anchorage zone, such as reaction forces, tendon deviation forces, and applied loads, shall be considered in the
selection of the strut-and-tie model. The forces at the end of the anchorage zone can be obtained from an axial-flexural beam
analysis.
17.22.4.2 Nodes
1
Local zones which meet the provisions of Article 17.22.7 or Article 17.25.3.5 are considered as properly detailed, adequate
nodes. The other nodes in the anchorage zone are adequate if the effective concrete stresses in the struts meet the requirements
of Article 17.22.4.3 and the tension ties are properly detailed to develop the full yield strength of the reinforcement.
17.22.4.3 Struts
The effective concrete compressive strength for the general zone shall usually be limited to 0.7f 'ci. In areas where the 3
concrete may be extensively cracked at ultimate due to other load effects, or if large plastic rotations are required, the effective
compressive strength shall be limited to 0.6f 'ci.
In anchorage zones the critical section for compression struts is ordinarily located at the interface with the local zone node. If
special anchorage devices are used, the critical section of the strut can be taken as that section whose extension intersects the
axis of the tendon at a depth equal to the smaller of the depth of the local confinement reinforcement or the lateral dimension
of the anchorage device. 4
For thin members with a ratio of member thickness to anchorage width of no more than three, the dimension of the strut in the
direction of the thickness of the member can be approximated by assuming that the thickness of the compression strut varies
linearly from the transverse lateral dimension of the anchor at the surface of the concrete to the total thickness of the section at
a depth equal to the thickness of the section.
The compression stresses can be assumed as acting parallel to the axis of the strut and as uniformly distributed over its cross
section.
17.22.4.4 Ties
Tension forces in the strut-and-tie model shall be assumed to be carried completely by non-prestressed or prestressed
reinforcement. Tensile strength of the concrete shall be neglected.

Tension ties shall be properly detailed and shall extend beyond the nodes to develop the full tension tie force at the node. The
reinforcement layout must closely follow the directions of the ties in the strut-and-tie model.
17.22.5 ELASTIC STRESS ANALYSIS (2014)
a. Analyses based on assumed elastic material properties, equilibrium, and compatibility of strains are acceptable for
analysis and design of anchorage zones.
b. If the compressive stresses in the concrete ahead of the anchorage device are determined from a linear-elastic stress
analysis, local stress maxima may be averaged over an area equal to the bearing area of the anchorage device.
c. Location and magnitude of the bursting force may be obtained by integration of the corresponding tensile bursting
stresses along the tendon path.
17.22.6 APPROXIMATE METHODS (2014)
17.22.6.1 Limitations
In the absence of a more accurate analysis, concrete compressive stresses ahead of the anchorage device, location and
magnitude of the bursting force, and edge tension forces may be estimated by EQ 17-41 through EQ 17-42, provided that:
a. The member has a rectangular cross section and its longitudinal extent is at least equal to the largest transverse
dimension of the cross section.
b. The member has no discontinuities within or ahead of the anchorage zone.
c. The minimum edge distance of the anchorage in the main plane of the member is at least one and one-half times the
corresponding lateral dimension, a, of the anchorage device.
d. Only one anchorage device or one group of closely spaced anchorage devices is located in the anchorage zone.
Anchorage devices can be treated as closely spaced if their center-to-center spacing does not exceed one and one-half
times the width of the anchorage devices in the direction considered.
e. The angle of inclination of the tendon with respect to the center line of the member is not larger than 20 degrees if the
anchor force points toward the centroid of the section and for concentric anchors, and is not larger than 5 degrees if the
anchor force points away from the centroid of the section.
17.22.6.2 Compressive Stresses
a. No additional check of concrete compressive stresses is necessary for basic anchorage devices satisfying Article
17.22.7.2.
b. The concrete compressive stresses ahead of special anchorage devices at the interface between local zone and general
zone shall be approximated by EQ 17-41 and EQ 17-42.
 
0.6P  k 
f ca =  -------------  --------------------------------------
u
EQ 17-41
 A  1 1
b 1 + l c  --------- – --- 
 b t
eff

k = 1 + (2 - s/aeff) (0.3 + n/15) for s < 2aeff EQ 17-42
k=1 for s  2a eff
where:
fca = the concrete compressive stress ahead of the anchorage device;
k = a correction factor for closely spaced anchorages;
Ab = an effective bearing area as defined in Article 17.22.6.2c;
aeff = the lateral dimension of the effective bearing area measured parallel to the larger dimension of the cross
section or in the direction of closely spaced anchors;
beff = the lateral dimension of the effective bearing area measured parallel to the smaller dimension of the cross
section;
lc = the longitudinal extent of confining reinforcement for the local zone, but not more than the larger of 1.15 aeff 1
or 1.15 beff;
Pu = the factored tendon load;
t = the thickness of the section;
s = the center-to-center spacing of multiple anchorages; 3

n = the number of anchorages in a row.
If a group of anchorages is closely spaced in two directions, the product of the correction factors, k, for each direction is used
in EQ 17-42.
c. Effective bearing area, Ab, in EQ 17-41 shall be taken as the larger of the anchor bearing plate area, Aplate, or the 4
bearing area of the confined concrete in the local zone, Aconf, with the following limitations:
(1) If Aplate controls, Aplate shall not be taken larger than
 4   A conf
(2) If Aconf controls, the maximum dimension of Aconf shall not be more than twice the maximum dimension of Aplate
or three times the minimum dimension of Aplate. If any of these limits is violated the effective bearing area, Ab,
shall be based on Aplate.
(3) Deductions shall be made for the area of the duct in the determination of Ab.

17.22.6.3 Bursting Forces
Values for the magnitude of the bursting force, Tburst, and for its distance from the loaded surface, dburst, shall be estimated by
EQ 17-43 and EQ 17-44. In the application of EQ 17-43 and EQ 17-44, the specified stressing sequence shall be considered if
more than one tendon is present.
T burst = 0.25P u  1 – a  h  + 0.5 P u sin  + d burst EQ 17-43
dburst = 0.5 (h - 2e) + 5e sin  EQ 17-44
where:
P u = the sum of the total factored tendon loads for the stressing arrangement considered;
a = the lateral dimension of the anchorage device or group of devices in the direction considered.
e = the eccentricity (always taken as positive) of the anchorage device or group of devices with respect to the
centroid of the cross section;
h = the lateral dimension of the cross section in the direction considered;
 = the angle of inclination of the resultant of the tendon forces with respect to the centerline of the member;
positive for concentric tendons or if the anchorage force points toward the centroid of the section; negative if the
anchorage force points away from the centroid of the section.
17.22.6.4 Edge Tension Forces
For multiple anchorages with a center-to-center spacing of less than 0.4 times the depth of the section, the spalling forces shall
be given by Article 17.22.3.4h. For larger spacings, the spalling forces shall be determined from a more detailed analysis, such
as strut-and-tie models or other analytical procedures.
If the centroid of all tendons considered is located outside of the kern of the section both spalling forces and longitudinal edge
tension forces are induced. The longitudinal edge tension force shall be determined from an axial-flexural beam analysis at a
section located at one half the depth of the section away from the loaded surface. The spalling force shall be taken as equal to
the longitudinal edge tension force but not less than specified in Article 17.22.3.4h.
17.22.7 DESIGN OF THE LOCAL ZONE (2014)
17.22.7.1 Dimensions of the Local Zone
a. When no independently verified manufacturer’s edge distance recommendations for a particular anchorage device are
available, the transverse dimensions of the local zone in each direction shall be taken as the larger of:
(1) The corresponding bearing plate size plus twice the minimum concrete cover required for the particular
application and environment.
(2) The outer dimension of any required confining reinforcement plus the required concrete cover over the confining
reinforcing steel for the particular application and environment.
b. When independently verified manufacturer’s recommendations for minimum cover, spacing and edge distance for a
particular anchorage device are available, the transverse dimensions of the local zone in each direction shall be taken as
the smaller of:

(1) The bearing plate size plus twice the edge distance specified by the anchorage device supplier,
(2) The center-to-center spacing specified by the anchorage device supplier.
The manufacturer’s recommendations for spacing and edge distance of anchorages shall be considered minimum
values.
c. The length of the local zone along the tendon axis shall be taken as the greater of:
• The maximum width of the local zone.
• The length of the anchorage device confining reinforcement.
• For anchorage devices with multiple bearing surfaces, the distance from the loaded concrete surface to the bottom of
each bearing surface plus the maximum dimension of that bearing surface.
In no case shall the length of the local zone be taken as greater than one and one-half times the width of the local zone.
d. For closely spaced anchorages an enlarged local zone enclosing all individual anchorages shall also be considered.
17.22.7.2 Bearing Strength
a. Anchorage devices may be either basic anchorage devices meeting the bearing compressive strength limits of Articles
17.22.7.2b through 17.22.7.2d or special anchorage devices meeting the requirements of Article 17.22.7.3.
1
b. The effective concrete bearing compressive strength fb used for design shall not exceed that of EQ 17-45 or EQ 17-46 .
Pr = fb Ab
f b  0.7f  ci A  A g EQ 17-45 3
but:
f b  2.25f  ci EQ 17-46
where:
4
fb = the maximum factored tendon load, Pu, divided by the effective bearing area Ab;
f 'ci = the concrete compressive strength at stressing;
A = the maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically similar to the loaded area and
concentric with it and doesn’t overlap similar areas for adjacent anchorage devices;
Ag = the gross area of the bearing plate if the requirements of Article 17.22.7.2c are met, or is the area calculated
in accordance with Article 17.22.7.2d;
Ab = the effective net area of the bearing plate calculated as the area Ag minus the area of openings in the bearing
plate.

EQ 17-45 and EQ 17-46 are only valid if general zone reinforcement satisfying Article 17.22.7.3 is provided and if the
extent of the concrete along the tendon axis ahead of the anchorage device is at least twice the length of the local zone
as defined in Article 17.22.7.1c.
c. The full bearing plate area may be used for Ag and the calculation of Ab if the anchorage device is sufficiently rigid.
To be considered sufficiently rigid, the slenderness of the bearing plate (n/t) must not exceed the value given in EQ 17-
47. The plate must also be checked to ensure that the plate material does not yield.
n  t  0.08 3 E b  f b EQ 17-47
where:
fb = stress in anchorage plate at section taken at the edge of the wedge hole or holes.
n = the largest distance from the outer edge of the wedge plate to the other edge of the bearing plate. For
rectangular bearing plates this distance is measured parallel to the edges of the bearing plate. If the
anchorage has no separate wedge plate, the size of the wedge plate shall be taken as the distance between the
extreme wedge holes in the corresponding direction.
t = the average thickness of the bearing plate.
Eb = the modulus of elasticity of the bearing plate material.
d. For bearing plates that do not meet the stiffness requirements of Article 17.22.7.2c, the effective gross bearing area, Ag,
shall be taken as the area geometrically similar to the wedge plate (or to the outer perimeter of the wedge hole pattern
for plates without separate wedge plate) with dimensions increased by assuming load spreading at a 45 degree angle.
A larger effective bearing area may be calculated by assuming an effective area and checking the new fb and n/t values
for conformance with Articles 17.22.7.2b and 17.22.7.2c.
17.22.7.3 Special Anchorage Devices
Special anchorage devices that do not meet the requirements of Article 17.22.7.2 as well as other devices that do not meet the
requirements of Article 17.22.7.2 but which the Engineer requires to have tested may be used provided that they have been
tested by an independent testing agency acceptable to the Engineer according to the procedures described in Article 17.24 (or
equivalent) and meet the acceptance criteria specified in Article 17.25.3.5.3c. For a series of similar special anchorage
devices, tests are only required for representative samples unless tests for each capacity of the anchorages in the series are
required by the Engineer.
SECTION 17.23 PRETENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONES (2014)
In pretensioned beams, vertical stirrups acting at a unit stress of 20,000 psi (140 MPa) to resist at least 4 percent of the total
prestressing force shall be placed within the distance of d/4 of the end of the beam.
For at least the distance 1.5d from the end of the beam, nominal reinforcement shall be placed to enclose the prestressing steel
in the bottom flange.
For box girders, transverse reinforcement shall be provided and anchored by extending the leg into the web of the girder.
Unless otherwise specified, stress shall not be transferred to concrete until the compressive strength of the concrete as
indicated by test cylinders, cured by methods identical with the curing of the member, is at least 4,000 psi (28 MPa).

SECTION 17.24 CONCRETE STRENGTH AT STRESS TRANSFER (2014)
Unless otherwise specified, stress shall not be transferred to concrete until the compressive strength of the concrete as
indicated by test cylinders, cured by methods identical with the curing of the members, is at least 4,000 psi (28 MPa) for
pretensioned members (other than piles) and 3,500 psi (24 MPa) for post-tensioned members and pretensioned piles.
SECTION 17.25 GENERAL DETAILING
17.25.1 FLANGE REINFORCEMENT (2014)
Bar reinforcement for cast-in-place T-beam and box girder flanges shall conform to the provisions in Articles 2.23.10 and
2.23.11 except that the minimum reinforcement in bottom flanges shall be 0.3 percent of the flange section.
17.25.2 COVER AND SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT (2014)
The minimum concrete cover to be provided for prestressing tendons and non-prestressing reinforcement shall conform to the
requirements of Article 17.5.2.
Drainage details shall dispose of chemical spill solutions without constant contact with the prestressed girders. Where such
contact cannot be avoided, or in locations where members are exposed to salt water, salt spray, or chemical vapor, additional 1
cover shall be provided.
The minimum clear spacing of prestressing tendons and post-tensioning ducts shall conform to the requirements of Article
17.5.1.
Prestressing tendons in precast deck panels shall be spaced symmetrically and uniformly across the width of the panel. They
shall not be spaced farther apart than 1 ½ times the total composite slab thickness or more than 18 inches (460 mm). 3
17.25.3 POST-TENSIONING ANCHORAGES AND COUPLERS (2014)
17.25.3.1 Anchorages, Couplers, and Splices
Anchorages, couplers, and splices for bonded post-tensioned reinforcement shall develop at least 95 percent of the minimum
specified ultimate tensile strength of the prestressing steel, tested in an unbonded state without exceeding anticipated set. 4
Bond transfer lengths between anchorages and the zone where full prestressing force is required under service and factored
loads shall normally be sufficient to develop the minimum specified ultimate tensile strength of the prestressing steel.
Couplers and splices shall be placed in areas approved by the Engineer and enclosed in a housing long enough to permit the
necessary movements. When anchorages or couplers are located at critical sections, the ultimate tensile strength required of
the bonded tendons shall not exceed the design of the tendon assembly, including the anchorage or coupler, tested in an
unbonded state.
17.25.3.2 Anchorages, End Fittings, Couplers, and Exposed Tendons
Anchorages, end fittings, couplers, and exposed tendons shall be permanently protected against corrosion.
17.25.3.3 Bonded Systems
Bond transfer lengths between anchorages and the zone where full prestressing force is required under service and factored
loads shall normally be sufficient to develop the minimum specified tensile strength of the prestressing steel. When

anchorages or couplers are located at critical sections under factored load, the tensile strength required of the bonded tendons
shall not exceed the design strength of the tendon assembly, including the anchorage or coupler, tested in an unbonded state.
Housings shall be designed so that complete grouting of all the coupler components will be accomplished during grouting of
tendons.
17.25.3.4 Unbonded Systems
For unbonded tendons, a dynamic test shall be performed on a representative anchorage and coupler specimen and the tendon
shall withstand, without failure, 500,000 cycles from 60 percent to 66 percent of its minimum specified tensile strength, and
also 50 cycles from 40 percent to 80 percent of its minimum specified tensile strength. The period of each cycle involves the
change from the lower stress level to the upper stress level and back to the lower. The specimen used for the second dynamic
test need not be the same used for the first dynamic test. Systems utilizing multiple strands, wires, or bars may be tested
utilizing a test tendon of smaller capacity than the full-sized tendon. The test tendon shall duplicate the behavior of the full-
sized tendon and generally shall not have less than 10 percent of the strength of the full-sized tendon. Dynamic tests are not
required on bonded tendons, unless the anchorage is located or used in such a manner that repeated load applications can be
expected on the anchorage.
Anchorages for unbonded tendons shall not cause a reduction in the total elongation under specified tensile strength of the
tendon to less than 2 percent measured in a minimum gauge length of 10 feet (3 meters).
All the coupling components shall be completely protected with a coating material prior to final encasement in concrete.
17.25.3.5 Special Anchorage Device Acceptance Test
The test block shall be a rectangular prism. It shall contain those anchorage components which will also be embedded in the
structure's concrete. Their arrangement has to comply with the practical application and the supplier’s recommendations. The
test block shall contain an empty duct of size appropriate for the maximum tendon size which can be accommodated by the
anchorage device.
The dimensions of the test block perpendicular to the tendon in each direction shall be the smaller of the minimum edge
distance or the minimum spacing specified by the anchorage device supplier, with the stipulation that the cover over any
confining reinforcing steel or supplementary skin reinforcement be appropriate for the particular application and environment.
The length of the block along the axis of the tendon shall be at least two times the larger of the cross-section dimensions.
The confining reinforcing steel in the local zone shall be the same as that specified by the anchorage device supplier for the
particular system.
In addition to the anchorage device and its specified confining reinforcement steel, supplementary skin reinforcement may be
provided throughout the specimen. This supplementary skin reinforcement shall be specified by the anchorage device supplier
but shall not exceed a volumetric ratio of 0.01.
The concrete strength at the time of stressing shall be greater than the concrete strength of the test specimen at time of testing.
Either of three test procedures is acceptable: cyclic loading described in Article 17.25.3.5.1, sustained loading described in
Article 17.25.3.5.2, or monotonic loading described in Article 17.25.3.5.3. The loads specified for the tests are given in
fractions of the ultimate force Fpu of the largest tendon that the anchorage device is designed to accommodate. The specimen
shall be loaded in accordance with normal usage of the device in post-tensioning applications except that load can be applied
directly to the wedge plate or equivalent area.
17.25.3.5.1 Cyclic Loading Test
In a cyclic loading test, the load shall be increased to 0.8 Fpu . The load shall then be cycled between 0.1 Fpu and 0.8 Fpu until
crack widths stabilize, but for not less than 10 cycles. Crack widths are considered stabilized if they do not change by more

than 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) over the last three readings. Upon completion of the cyclic loading the specimen shall be preferably
loaded to failure or, if limited by the capacity of the loading equipment, to at least 1.1 Fpu.
Crack widths and crack patterns shall be recorded at the initial load of 0.8 Fpu at least at the last three consecutive peak
loadings before termination of the cyclic loading, and at 0.9 Fpu. The maximum load shall also be reported.
17.25.3.5.2 Sustained Loading Test
In a sustained loading test, the load shall be increased to 0.8 Fpu and held constant until crack widths stabilize but for not less
than 48 hours. Crack widths are considered stabilized if they do not change by more than 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) over the last
three readings. After sustained loading is completed, the specimen shall be preferably loaded to failure or, if limited by the
capacity of the loading equipment, to at least 1.1 Fpu.
Crack widths and crack patterns shall be recorded at the initial load of 0.8 Fpu, at least three times at intervals of not less than
4 hours during the last 12 hours before termination of the sustained loading, and during loading to failure at 0.9 Fpu. The
maximum load shall also be reported.
17.25.3.5.3 Monotonic Loading Test
a. In a monotonic loading test, the load shall be increased to 0.9 Fpu and held constant for 1 hour. The specimen shall then
be preferably loaded to failure or, if limited by the capacity of the loading equipment, to at least 1.2 Fpu.
b. Crack widths and crack patterns shall be recorded at 0.9 Fpu after the 1-hour period, and at 1.0 Fpu. The maximum load
shall also be reported.
1
c. The strength of the anchorage zone shall exceed:
Specimens tested under cyclic or sustained loading............................................................1.0 Fpu
Specimens tested under monotonic loading.........................................................................1.2 Fpu
d. The maximum crack width criteria specified below shall be met for moderately aggressive environments.
3
For higher aggressive environments the crack width criteria shall be reduced by at least 50 percent.
(1) No cracks greater than 0.010 in. (0.254 mm) at 0.8 Fpu after completion of the cyclic or sustained loading, or at 0.9
Fpu after the 1-hour period for monotonic loading.
4
(2) No cracks greater than 0.016 in. (0.406 mm) at 0.9 Fpu for cyclic or sustained loading, or at 1.0 Fpu for monotonic
loading.
e. A test series shall consist of three test specimens. Each one of the tested specimens shall meet the acceptance criteria.
If one of the three specimens fails to pass the test, a supplementary test of three additional specimens is allowed. The
three additional test specimen results shall meet all acceptance criteria of Article 17.25.3.5.
For a series of similar special anchorage devices, tests are only required for representative samples unless tests for each
capacity of the anchorages in the series are required by the Engineer.
f. Records of the anchorage device acceptance test shall include:
(1) Dimensions of the test specimen.
(2) Drawings and dimensions of the anchorage device, including all confining reinforcing steel.

(3) Amount and arrangement of supplementary skin reinforcement.
(4) Type and yield strength of reinforcing steel.
(5) Type and compressive strength at time of testing of concrete.
(6) Type of testing procedure and all measurements required in Articles 17.25.3.5.1 through 17.25.3.5.3d for each
specimen.
17.25.4 EMBEDMENT OF SEVEN-WIRE PRETENSIONED STRAND (2014)
Seven-wire pretensioning strand shall be bonded beyond the critical section for a development length in inches (mm) not less
than
(f*su - 2/3 f se)D EQ 17-48
(f*su - 2/3 fse) D/7 EQ 17-48 (Metric)
where D is the nominal diameter in inches (mm), f*su and fse are in psi (MPa), and the parenthetical expression is considered
to be without units.
Investigations may be limited to those cross sections nearest each end of the member which are required to develop their
nominal strength.
Where strand is debonded at the end of a member and tension at service load is allowed in the precompressed tensile zone, the
development length required above shall be doubled.
SECTION 17.26 GENERAL FABRICATION
17.26.1 GENERAL (2014)
Precast concrete members shall be fabricated and erected in accordance with the contract documents, except as may be
modified by Contractor's drawings that have been reviewed and accepted by the Engineer.
17.26.2 CONTRACTOR’S DRAWINGS (2014)
Such drawings shall be submitted to the Engineer for review and acceptance.
17.26.3 MATERIALS AND FABRICATION (2014)
a. Materials and manufacture shall conform to the requirements of Part 1 of this Chapter, except as modified by this Part.
b. The fabricator shall perform all tests required by the contract documents and ASTM Standards, and the Engineer or his
representative shall be allowed access to observe all of this sampling and testing. The results of all tests shall be
submitted to the Engineer for review and acceptance.
c. Precast members shall be cast on unyielding beds. Bearing surfaces shall be cast in accordance with the contract
documents, so that they will join properly with other elements of the structure.

d. Precast members that are to be abutted together in the finished work shall be match-cast with adjacent segments.
e. Forms may not be removed until such time as the removal will not damage the member. A member shall not be
handled until its strength is sufficient to prevent damage.
f. When cast-in-place concrete will later be cast against a precast member, mating surfaces shall be finished to a coarse
texture as approved by the Engineer.
17.26.4 CURING (2014)1
Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents, precast members shall be cured by the water method or the steam or
radiant heat method. Curing shall not be interrupted or compromised by the removal of forms.
17.26.5 STORAGE AND HANDLING (2014)
a. Care shall be taken during storage and handling to prevent damage to precast members. Members damaged during
storage or handling shall be replaced at the Contractor's expense.
b. Precast girders shall be transported in an upright position with points of support as shown on the Contractor's drawings.
c. Prestressed concrete members shall not be shipped until tests demonstrate that the concrete has attained a compressive
strength equal to the specified design compressive strength.
17.26.6 ERECTION (2014) 1
a. The Contractor shall be responsible not to damage precast members during construction. Lifting devices shall be used
in accordance with Contractor’s drawings that have been reviewed and accepted by the Engineer. Temporary supports
shall be used as necessary to prevent damage.2
b. Where cast-in-place concrete is to be cast against precast members, forms shall be erected and sealed so that excessive 3
leakage will not occur.
17.26.7 PLACEMENT OF DUCTS, STEEL, AND ANCHORAGE HARDWARE (2014)
17.26.7.1 Placement of Ducts
Ducts shall be rigidly supported at the proper locations in the forms by ties to reinforcing steel which are adequate to prevent 4
displacement during concrete placement. Supplementary support bars shall be used where needed to maintain proper
alignment of the duct. Hold-down ties to the forms shall be used when the buoyancy of the ducts in the fluid concrete would
lift the reinforcing steel.
Joints between sections of duct shall be coupled with positive connections which do not result in angle changes at the joints
and will prevent the intrusion of cement paste.
After placing of ducts, reinforcement and forming is complete, an inspection shall be made to locate possible duct damage.
All unintentional holes or openings in the duct must be repaired prior to concrete placing.
1
See C - 17.26.4 Curing (2014)
2
See C - 17.26.6 Erection (2014)

Grout openings and vents must be securely anchored to the duct and to either the forms or to reinforcing steel to prevent
displacement during concrete placing operations.
After installation in the forms, the ends of ducts shall at all times be covered as necessary to prevent the entry of water or
debris.
17.26.7.1.1 Vents and Drains
All ducts for continuous structures shall be vented at the high points of the duct profile, except where the curvature is small, as
in continuous slabs, and at additional locations as shown on the plans. Where freezing conditions can be anticipated prior to
grouting, drains shall be installed at low point in ducts where needed to prevent the accumulation of water. Low-point drains
shall remain open until grouting is started.
The ends of vents and drains shall be removed 1 inch (25 mm) below the surface of the concrete after grouting has been
completed, and the void filled with mortar.
17.26.7.2 Placement of Prestressing Steel
17.26.7.2.1 Placement for Pretensioning
Prestressing steel shall be accurately installed in the forms and held in place by the stressing jack or temporary anchors and,
when tendons are to be harped or draped, by hold-down devices. The hold-down devices used at all points of change in slope
of tendon trajectory shall be of an approved low-friction type.
Prestressing steel shall not be removed from its protective packaging until immediately prior to installation in the forms and
placement of concrete. Openings in the packaging shall be resealed as necessary to protect the unused steel. While exposed,
the steel shall be protected as needed to prevent corrosion.
17.26.7.2.2 Placement for Post-Tensioning
All prestressing steel preassembled in ducts and installed prior to the placement of concrete shall be accurately placed and held
in position during concrete placement.
When the prestressing steel is installed after the concrete has been placed, the Contractor shall demonstrate to the satisfaction
of the Engineer that the ducts are free of water and debris immediately prior to installation of the steel. The total number of
strands in an individual tendon may be pulled into the duct as a unit, or the individual strand may be pulled or pushed through
the duct.
Anchorage devices or block-out templates for anchorages shall be set and held so that their axis coincides with the axis of the
tendon and anchor plates are normal in all directions to the tendon.
The prestressing steel shall be distributed so that the force in each girder stem is equal or as required by the plans, except as
provided herein. For box girders with more than two girder stems, at the Contractor's option, the prestressing force may vary
up to 5 percent from the theoretical required force per girder stem provided the required total force in the superstructure is
obtained and the force is distributed symmetrically about the center line of the typical section.
17.26.7.2.2.1 Protection of Steel after Installation
Prestressing steel installed in members prior to placing and curing of the concrete, or installed in the duct but not grouted
within the time limit specified below, shall be continuously protected against rust or other corrosion by means of a corrosion
inhibitor placed in the ducts or directly applied to the steel. The prestressing steel shall be so protected until grouted or
encased in concrete. Prestressing steel installed and tensioned in members after placing and curing of the concrete and grouted
within the time limit specified below will not require the use of a corrosion inhibitor described herein and rust which may form
during the interval between tendon installation and grouting will not be cause for rejection of the steel.

The permissible interval between tendon installation and grouting without use of a corrosion inhibitor for various exposure
conditions shall be as follows unless approved by the Engineer:
Very Damp Atmosphere (Humidity > 70%) or Over Saltwater ..........................................7 days
Moderate Atmosphere (Humidity from 40% to 70%)..........................................................15 days
Very Dry Atmosphere (Humidity < 40%)............................................................................20 days
After tendons are placed in ducts, the openings at the ends of the ducts shall be sealed to prevent entry of moisture.
When steam curing is used, steel for post-tensioning shall not be installed until the steam curing is completed.
Whenever electric welding is performed on or near members containing prestressing steel, the welding ground shall be
attached directly to the steel being welded. All prestressing steel and hardware shall be protected from weld spatter or other
damage.
17.26.7.3 Placement of Anchorage Hardware
The contractor is responsible for the proper placement of all materials according to the design documents of the Engineer and
the requirements stipulated by the anchorage device supplier. The Contractor shall exercise all due care and attention in the
placement of anchorage hardware, reinforcement, concrete, and consolidation of concrete in anchorage zones. Modifications
to the local zone details verified under provisions of Section 17.22.7.3 and Section 17.26.3 shall be approved by both the
Engineer and the anchorage device supplier.
1
17.26.8 APPLICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF PRESTRESSING FORCE (2014)1
Prestressing force shall be determined by both of the following methods:
(1) Observation of jacking force on a calibrated gage or load cell or by use of a calibrated dynamometer.
(2) Measurement of tendon elongation. Required elongation shall be determined from average load-elongation curves
for prestressing tendons used.
Cause of any difference in force determination between Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2 that exceeds 5% for pretensioned
elements or 7% for post-tensioned construction shall be ascertained and corrected.
Where transfer of force from bulkheads of pretensioning bed to concrete is accomplished by cutting prestressing tendons, 4
cutting points and cutting sequence shall be predetermined to avoid undesired temporary stresses. Unless otherwise required
by the Contract Documents long lengths of exposed pretensioned strand shall be cut near the member to minimize shock to
concrete.
Wire failure in prestressing tendons is acceptable provided total area of broken wires does not exceed 2% of total area of
tendons in member, and wire failure is not symptomatic of a more extensive distress condition.
1
See C - 17.26.8 Application and Measurement of Prestressing Force (2014)

SECTION 17.27 MORTAR AND GROUT
17.27.1 GENERAL (2014)
This article governs mortars and grouts except as required for prestressing ducts.
17.27.2 MATERIALS AND MIXING (2014)
a. Grout shall consist of portland cement and water; or portland cement, water and approved admixtures.
b. Materials for mortar and grout shall conform to the requirements of Part 1 of this Chapter except as modified by this
Part.
c. The grading of sand for use in grout or mortar shall be adjusted in accordance with Part 1 the use to which the mortar
or grout is being put.
d. Air entraining Portland cement shall be used for grout whenever air entrainment is required for the concrete.
e. When non-shrink mortar or grout is specified in the contract documents or on the Contractor's drawings, a non-shrink
admixture or an expansive hydraulic cement approved by the Engineer, shall be used.
f. Six proportions for mortars and grouts shall be submitted to the Engineer for review and acceptance.
g. Mortar or grout shall not be retempered by the addition of water and shall be placed within one hour of mixing.
17.27.3 PLACING AND CURING (2014)
a. Concrete areas to be patched shall be free of all loose material and shall be sprayed with water and allowed to surface
dry immediately prior to placing the mortar or grout.
b. After placing all surfaces of mortar or grout shall be cured by the water method.
c. Locations to be grouted shall be mortar-tight before placing mortar.
SECTION 17.28 APPLICATION OF LOADS (2014)
a. Loads shall not be applied to prestressed members until the concrete has attained sufficient strength to prevent damage
or until as specified on the accepted Contractor's drawings.
b. Application of loads to members that are to be post-tensioned shall only be done in accordance with construction
sequences shown on the accepted Contractor's drawings.
c. Materials and equipment shall not be supported on the work except as shown on the accepted Contractor's drawings.
d. Earth loads shall be applied in such a way as not to cause movements or deformations during construction.
e. Railway loading shall not be permitted on the completed work until the concrete strengths and other requirements
specified on the contract documents have been achieved.

SECTION 17.29 MATERIALS - REINFORCING STEEL1
17.29.1 GENERAL (2014)
a. Uncoated reinforcing steel shall conform to the requirements of Part 1.
b. Epoxy-coated reinforcing steel shall conform to the requirements of Part 1 of this Chapter.
c. Contractor's Reports:
(1) Whenever steel bars, other than bars conforming to ASTM A706 are to be welded, or when otherwise required by
the contract documents a certified copy of the mill test report showing physical and chemical analysis for each
heat or lot of reinforcing bars shall be provided to the Engineer for review and acceptance.
(2) Shipments of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel shall include a certificate of compliance that the coated bars or coated
wire conform to the applicable ASTM Specification.
17.29.2 BAR LISTS AND BENDING DIAGRAMS (2014)
The Contractor shall provide bar lists and bending diagrams in accordance with the requirements of Part 1 of this Chapter to
the Engineer for review and acceptance.
17.29.3 FABRICATION (2014)
Steel reinforcement shall be cut and bent as shown on the bar lists and bending diagrams.
17.29.4 HANDLING, STORING AND SURFACE CONDITION OF REINFORCEMENT (2014)
a. Uncoated steel reinforcement shall be handled and stored in accordance with the requirements of Part 1 of this Chapter.
3
b. Epoxy-coated reinforcing steel and zinc and epoxy dual-coated reinforcing bars shall be handled and stored in
accordance with the requirements of Part 1 of this Chapter.
17.29.5 PLACING AND FASTENING (2014)
17.29.5.1 General 4
a. Steel reinforcement shall be placed as shown on the accepted Contractor's drawings and held firmly in position as
required by Part 1 of this Chapter.
b. Tie wires and metal clips for epoxy-coated reinforcement and zinc and epoxy dual-coated reinforcing bars shall be
plastic or epoxy-coated.
17.29.5.1.1 Support Systems
a. Reinforcing steel shall be supported in position by mortar blocks, wire bar supports, supplementary bars or other
devices subject to the acceptance of the Engineer. Supports shall prevent shifting of the reinforcement within the
forms.
b. Mortar blocks shall have a compressive strength not less than that of the concrete in which they are to be embedded.
1
See C - Section 17.29 Materials - Reinforcing Steel (2014)

c. Wire bar supports shall meet the requirements of Part 1 of this Chapter.
d. Any damage to the epoxy coating of reinforcing steel and zinc and expoxy dual-coated reinforcing bars shall be
repaired in accordance with Part 1 of this Chapter.
17.29.6 SPLICING OF BARS (2014)
All reinforcement shall be furnished in the lengths indicated in the contract documents unless otherwise permitted by the
accepted Contractor's drawings. Splices for reinforcing bars not indicated in the contract documents shall not be used unless
accepted by the Engineer.
SECTION 17.30 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CAP AND/OR SILL FOR TIMBER PILE
TRESTLE (2014)1
For guidelines for prestressed concrete cap and/or sill for timber pile structures, refer to Figure 8-17-2.
1
References, Vol. 78, 1977, p. 109.

Figure 8-17-2. Prestressed Concrete Cap and/or Sill for Timber Pile Trestle

Figure 8-17-2M. Prestressed Concrete Cap and/or Sill for Timber Pile Trestle

COMMENTARY (2014)
C - SECTION 17.4 MATERIALS
C - 17.4.4 GROUT FOR POST-TENSIONING TENDONS (2014)
Several bridges have experienced corrosion of post-tensioning tendons because grout did not completely fill the tendon ducts
allowing water to be entrapped. The primary cause of these grout voids in the tendon ducts has been attributed by
investigators to construction methodology and to bleeding of the grout after it was installed.
Substantial effort was expended by the Post-Tensioning Institute and the American Segmental Bridge Institute in cooperation
with several State Departments of Transportation to develop an acceptable set of grout requirements and specifications to
assist the correcting the deficiencies of the existing grout specifications. The result was the creation of the “Specification For
Grouting Of Post-Tensioned Tendons” published by the Post-Tensioning Institute.
All of the State Departments of Transportation have accepted and are using the new guide specifications. The specifications
will remain guide specifications until such time as AASHTO accepts them for inclusion into the AASHTO bridge code
publications. The guide specifications makes substantial revisions for materials, testing and prequalification of materials,
certification of personnel, equipment requirements and installation procedures. The industry and the design community
believe all post-tensioning tendons should be grouted in compliance with these guide specifications.
1
C - SECTION 17.5 DETAILS OF PRESTRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS
C - 17.5.1 SPACING OF TENDONS AND DUCTS (2014) 3

With the increased use of High Performance Concrete and the desire to use 0.6 inch tendon to take advantage of the higher
strength concrete being used, the U. S. D. O. T. - Federal Highway Administration had extensive tests performed relative to the
bond and spacing of these new prestressing tendons. The test results indicated that the 0.6 inch tendon was “behaving fine: 2
inch (50 mm) spacing for 0.6 inch diameter tendons was acceptable”, and that designers could use 1/2 inch diameter tendons at
1-3/4 inch (45 mm) spacing. Subsequently, AASHTO adopted these criteria in the Standard Specifications for Highway
Bridges. 4
Since the prestressing industry has been using this strand at the 2 inch (50 mm) spacing with success, it is believed, in the
interest of uniformity of facilities and economy, Part 17 should follow this criteria adopted by the industry.
C - 17.5.8 DEVELOPMENT OF PRESTRESSING STRAND (2014)
EQ 17-2 gives the development length beyond which a three or seven wire prestressing strand is considered bonded. The
equation can be divided into two components, the transfer length and the flexural bond length. In October 1988, the Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA) issued a memorandum to all State Highway Departments expressing concern that the
AASHTO Equation 9-32 was not conservative in determining the flexural bond length and thus the total development length.
The memorandum has resulted in a great deal of research by a number of Universities, State Department’s of Transportation,
and the FHWA. Two documents are available from the FHWA giving more information on this issue. Publication No. FHWA-
RD-93-076, “The History of the Prestressing Strand Development Length Equation”, and Publication No. FHWA-RD-94-049,
“An Analysis of Transfer and Development Lengths for Pretensioned Concrete Structures”. Until research proves otherwise,
the 1988 memorandum from the FHWA increased the required development length for fully bonded uncoated strand by 1.6

times the development length specified by AASHTO in Equation 9-32. For debonded strands, the factor was specified as 2.0
times the AASHTO Equation. There is belief by industry representatives that this is not necessary and that further testing will
indicate that to do so is extremely conservative.
C - SECTION 17.6 GENERAL ANALYSIS (2014)
Where load or external forces, or geometry of the structure produces a torsion in the member the provisions of ACI 318 may
be appropriate for use.
C - SECTION 17.9 FRAMES AND CONTINUOUS CONSTRUCTION (2014)
When designing grade separations, solid cast-in-place conventionally reinforced or post-tensioned concrete spans may be used
for continuous construction. Prior approval from the Engineer must be obtained. Most railroads normally do not utilize
continuity in precast superstructures so that repairs can be made after derailments without the potential for overstressing
members to remain.
For post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete continuous bridges, any benefits from the restraint moment should not be considered
when checking the ultimate moment. At ultimate state, the slab may be cracked and there would be a redistribution of the
restraint moment.
C - SECTION 17.11 FLANGE AND WEB THICKNESS-BOX GIRDERS (2014)
Consideration should be given to the potential damage that may be caused to the top flange by track tampers being used on the
bridge with insufficient ballast depth during the track installation. Increasing the flange thickness may mitigate this problem.
C - SECTION 17.12 DIAPHRAGMS (2014)
It is suggested that intermediate diaphragms are not required for typical “I” beam structures. Temporary diaphragms are
suggested during deck casting to provide stability.
C - SECTION 17.14 GENERAL DESIGN
C - 17.14.3 COMPOSITE FLEXURAL MEMBERS (2014)
In structures with a cast-in-place slab on precast beams, the differential shrinkage tends to cause tensile stresses in the slab and
in the bottom of the beams. Because the tensile shrinkage develops over an extended time period, the effect on the beams is

reduced by creep. Differential shrinkage may influence the cracking load and the beam deflection profile. When these factors
are particularly significant, the effect of differential shrinkage should be added to the effect of loads.
C - SECTION 17.16 ALLOWABLE STRESSES
C - 17.16.2 CONCRETE (2014)
The “auxiliary reinforcement” cited is additional mild steel reinforcement added to the member to resist part of the tension.
C - SECTION 17.17 LOSS OF PRESTRESS (2014)
High performance high strength concrete and proprietary concrete products may have significant shrinkage values and
therefore confirmation shall be obtained from the supplier of values.
C - SECTION 17.18 FLEXURAL STRENGTH (2014) 1
Strand A*s may be considered as non-prestressed reinforcement.
3
C - SECTION 17.22 POST-TENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONES
C - 17.22.2 GENERAL ZONE AND LOCAL ZONE (2014)
C - 17.22.2.3 Responsibilities
As noted in 17.22.2.3 the responsibilities of the Contractor shall be specified by the Engineer. Here are some general
4
responsibilities that could be required for the Contractor:
Upon completion of concrete placement, prove the post-tensioning ducts are free and clear of any obstructions or damage and
are able to accept the intended post-tensioning tendons by passing a torpedo through the ducts.
When the prestressing steel is installed, after the concrete has been placed, demonstrate that the ducts are free of water and
debris immediately prior to installation of the steel.
Accept responsibility for the proper placement of all materials according to the design documents and the requirements
stipulated by the anchorage device supplier.
Exercise all due care and attention in the placement of anchorage hardware, reinforcement, concrete, and consolidation of
concrete in anchorage zones.
Furnish the Engineer the verification testing samples from each lot (free of cost) described below:

Each size of prestressing tendons
Each size of post-tensioning tendons
Couplings
Anchorage assemblies
When dynamic testing is required, perform the testing and furnish certified copies of the results which indicate conformance
with the specified requirements. Costs of such testing will be borne by the Contractor and completed prior to installation of the
anchorages or couples.
C - SECTION 17.26 GENERAL FABRICATION
C - 17.26.4 CURING (2014)
Curing of prestressed members shall be in accordance with the provisions of Section 17.1 of this chapter.
C - 17.26.6 ERECTION (2014)
a. It is recommended that lifting devices shall be designed with a safety factor to account for temporary stresses due to
shipping and erection.
C - 17.26.8 APPLICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF PRESTRESSING FORCE (2014)
Elongation measurements for prestressed elements should be in accordance with the procedures outlined in the “Manual for
QUALITY CONTROL for Plants and Production of STRUCTURAL PRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS” published by the
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute.
Elongation measurements for post-tensioned construction are affected by several factors that are less significant, or that do not
exist, for pretensioned elements. The friction along prestressing steel in post-tensioning applications may be affected to
varying degrees by placing tolerances and small irregularities in tendon profile due to concrete placement. The friction
coefficients between the prestressing steel and the duct are also subject to variation. The 5 percent tolerance for pretensioned
elements was proposed by ACI-ASCE Committee 423 in 1958, and primarily reflected experience with production of
pretensioned concrete elements. Because the tendons for pretensioned elements are usually stressed with minimal friction
effects, the 5 percent tolerance for such elements has been retained.
Where differences are less than 5% for pretensioned elements or 7% for post-tensioned construction, the gage readings are to
be used.
C - SECTION 17.29 MATERIALS - REINFORCING STEEL (2014)
A497 is already cited in Part 1, but A185 is not. A497 is for fabric made of deformed wire, and A185 is for fabric made of
plain wire. This reference to A185 is from AASHTO. Article 17.29 now gives the designer a choice.

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Section/Article Description Page

17.1 General Requirements and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-4

17.2 Notations (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-5 1

17.3 Terms (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-7

17.4 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-9

17.5 Details of Prestressing Tendons and Ducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-11

17.6 General Analysis (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-13

17.7 Expansion and Contraction (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-13

17.8 Span Length (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-13

17.9 Frames and Continuous Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-14

© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)

Section/Article Description Page

17.9.1 Cast-In-Place Post-Tensioned Bridges (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-14

17.10 Effective Flange Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-15

17.11 Flange and Web Thickness-Box Girders (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-15

17.12 Diaphragms (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-16

17.13 Deflections (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-16

17.14 General Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-17

17.15 Load Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-18

17.16 Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-18

17.17 Loss of Prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-20

17.18 Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-26

17.19 Ductility Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-28

17.20 Non-Prestressed Reinforcement (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-29

17.21 Shear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-30

17.22 Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-34

© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-17-2 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)

Section/Article Description Page

17.22.3 Design of the General Zone (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-35

17.23 Pretensioned Anchorage Zones (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-44

17.24 Concrete Strength at Stress Transfer (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-45

17.25 General Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-45

17.26 General Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-48

17.27 Mortar and Grout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-52 3

17.28 Application of Loads (2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-52

17.29 Materials - Reinforcing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-53 4

Commentary (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-57

© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-17-3

Figure Description Page

8-17-1 Annual Average Ambient Relative Humidity, (R), % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-23

Table Description Page

8-17-1 Values for K and μ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17-25

SECTION 17.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS

17.1.1 SCOPE1 (2014)

17.1.2 DESIGN LOADS (2014)

Equation 17-1 deleted. EQ 17-1

© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-17-4 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

SECTION 17.2 NOTATIONS (2014)

As* = area of prestressing steel (Section 17.18), in2 (mm2)

© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-17-5

f s = total prestress loss, excluding friction (Section 17.17), ksi (MPa)

© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-17-6 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

SECTION 17.3 TERMS (2014)

© 2017, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-17-7