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Overview
• Provide an overview of the various logistics processes covered by
the mySAP Business Suite.

Logistics

Objectives Contents
After completing this unit, you’ll be able to: • Logistics Overview
• Discuss the various key operational processes • Procurement
• Illustrate the integration between the key operational processes • Sales Order Management
• Outline the tasks associated within the procurement cycle • Production
• Explain how SAP within mySAP ERP supports the key processes in
procurement
• Outline the tasks associated with sales order management
• Explain how SAP within mySAP ERP supports the key processes in
sales order management
• Outline the tasks associated with production planning and
manufacturing execution
• Explain how mySAP ERP supports key processes in production

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Key Operational Activities

• The basic logistics process comprises procurement of materials,
manufacturing items using these materials, and then sale of the
manufactured products.
• The procurement process is composed of purchasing, inventory management,
and invoice verification.
• Production comprises of planning and manufacturing.
• Sales order management includes creation of the sales order, delivery by the
vendor, and billing.
• Procurement, sales, and production are different key operational
processes often handled in different functional departments, but each
of these key processes triggers activities in the other processes.
• As an example, production might be started by a sales orders or by an independent
demand plan; procurement needs are triggered by a need from production
planning or due to the sell of stocked products.
• These processes can happen independently of each other or as a
group
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Key Operational Activities Key Operational Activities

• Depending on a company's requirements, their products, and their
processes, certain operational activities may play very different roles
with very different priorities.
• For example, in addition, several accompanying process Quality Management,
more important than an actual sales process.
• All of these processes needed by a company are part of the mySAP
ERP solution.
• Procurement, Sales, and Production are considered to be the primary operational
activities. Secondary activities might include Quality Management, Plant
Maintenance, Customer Service, and Warehouse Management.
• The process importance is determined by a company’s needs.
• All of the key operational processes integrate with each other and can
be running within one central ERP system.
• They also integrate with mySAP ERP Financials and mySAP ERP Human Capital
Management.

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Enhancing Processes with mySAP

SCM Extends Production
Business Suite
• The operational processes delivered through mySAP ERP can be • The company may
extended with the solutions included in mySAP Business Suite. optimize and centralize
its production using
• For example:
mySAP SCM.
• Optimize and centralize company’s production planning processes by
using mySAP SCM. • It includes features such
• Expand company’s marketing and sales capabilities by using mySAP CRM. as advanced planning
systems and covers
functions of sales order
management.

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CRM Extends Sales Order

SRM Extends Procurement
Management
• mySAP CRM is a • mySAP SRM manages the
comprehensive solution business relationship with the
supplier.
for managing business
• It provides strategic value
relationships with through sustainable cost
customers. savings, contract compliance,
• It supports all customer‐ and instant assessment, with
tools to drive superior results
focused business areas, through end‐to‐end source‐to‐
from marketing to sales pay process.
and service, as well as • Activities such as spend
customer interaction analysis, category
channels such as management, requisitioning,
sourcing, operational
interaction center, contracts, invoicing, and
internet, and mobile supplier management are part
clients. of an integrated platform.

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Procurement Process Overview

• Procurement in mySAP ERP covers processes such as requisitioning,
purchase order management, and invoice verification, and also
catalog‐based self‐service requisitioning for maintenance,
repair, and operations (MRO) materials and services.
• Procurement in mySAP ERP improves procurement processes
• Facilitates plan‐driven and ad hoc purchasing, complete inventory
management, and intelligent reporting on all procurement activities.
• Enables supplier selection and qualification, contract negotiations, bid
invitations, and vendor evaluation.
• Support for process variant optimization allows individual categories
of material or services to be procured in the most appropriate way
• For example, the subcontracting process supports the delivery of components
required by outsourced manufacturing steps, and procurement through invoicing
plans helps improve rental and leasing processes.

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Basic Procurement (Purchase to Basic Procurement (Purchase to

Pay) Cycle Pay) Cycle
1) Determination of Requirements
• Purchase requisitions (PRs) can be created manually or generated
automatically by the materials planning and control system.
• This can cover both the demand‐based and material requirement planning
(MRP) approach to inventory control. The regular checking of stock levels of
materials defined by master records, use of the order‐point method, and
forecasting on the basis of past usage are important aspects of inventory
control.
2) Source Determination
• Requests for quotation (RFQs) can be created manually or by referring to
PR, after PR approval.
• mySAP ERP helps identifying potential sources of supply based on past
orders and existing longer‐term purchase agreements.
• This speeds the process of creating RFQ, which can be sent to vendors
electronically via EDI, if desired.
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Basic Procurement (Purchase to Basic Procurement (Purchase to

Pay) Cycle Pay) Cycle
3) Vendor Selection and Comparison of Quotations 6) Goods Receiving and Inventory Management
• mySAP ERP is capable of simulating pricing scenarios, allowing user to • Goods receipt (GR) can be confirmed simply by entering the PO number (PO
compare a number of different quotations. Rejection letters can be sent status will be updated). Goods can be received without the PO.
automatically. • GR will create material document.
4) Purchase Order Creation • By specifying permissible tolerances, buyers can limit over‐ and under‐
• Purchase order (PO) can be created with reference to PR, RFQ, contract, and deliveries of ordered goods.
material record; by user or automatically by system. 7) Invoice Verification
5) Purchase Order Follow‐Up • Invoice can be posted before or after GR.
• The status about the delivery date and quantity to be delivered can be • SAP use goodreceipt/invoice receipt (GR/IR) clearing account
monitored. • The system supports the checking and matching of invoices. The accounts
• After issuing PO to the vendor, the system will check the reminder periods payable (AP) clerk is notified of quantity and price variances because the
specified before and, if necessary, automatically print reminders or expediter system has access to PO and GR data. This speeds the process of auditing and
at the predefined intervals, also provide an up‐to‐date status of all PRs, clearing invoices for payment.
quotations, and POs.

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Purchase Orders Purchase Order

• PO is a formal request to a vendor to supply certain goods or services • While creating a purchase order, procurement staff have to enter the
under the stated conditions. company code, purchasing organization, purchasing group, and also
• PO can be created without reference, or with reference to a PR, a plant.
RFQ, or another PO.
• When entering the purchase order data, the system suggests default
values. For examples:
• The system suggests the ordering address, terms of payment, and freight
(incoterms) from the vendor master record, as well as the material short text, the
material group, and unit of measure from the material master.
• If a purchasing info record already exists in the system, the system copies a price
proposal to the PO.
• Procurement staff can either send the PO to a vendor or carry out a
stock transport order in another plant. In both cases, user can
include the associated freight costs in the purchase order.

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Purchasing Organization &

Self‐Service Procurement
Purchasing Group
• A purchasing organization is the unit within an enterprise that • Self‐service requisitioning means purchasing non‐strategic goods,
performs strategic activities related to purchasing for one or more that is, goods not directly linked to the value chain (often called MRO
plants. items), like: office materials, work clothes, and IT equipment.
• It evaluates and identifies vendors, negotiates contracts and agreements, pricing, • The self‐service procurement (SSP)
and other terms. An enterprise may have one or more purchasing organizations.
• Typically, there are three models of purchasing organizations: enterprise level,
empowers employees to easily
company level, and plant level. procure needed materials using
a Web‐based shopping cart.
• A purchasing group is an individual or a group of individuals who • This shopping cart enforces
are responsible for purchasing activities for a material or a group of compliance with corporate
materials. purchasing policies.
• Whereas purchasing organizations are responsible for the strategic aspects of
purchasing, such as negotiating contracts with vendors, purchasing groups carry
out the day‐to‐day purchasing activities.
• These activities include planning, creating PRs, requesting quotations from • SSP reduce administrative burden of purchasing professionals (the
vendors, and creating and monitoring POs. procurement process will be faster and more responsive) and allow
• The purchasing group also serves as the main point of contact with vendors. them to focus on managing relationships instead of working
exclusively on transaction
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Inventory Management Inventory Management

• GR is the next step after issuing Advantages of posting a GR to stock with reference to a PO:
PO to the vendor • The goods receiving point can check whether the delivery is the same as the
• During GR, the staff need to check PO data, that is, whether the goods that were ordered have been delivered.
various things, such as the right • The system suggests data from the PO when user enter the GR (e.g., items
material has been delivered or not, and quantities). This makes it easier to enter the GR and check over‐ or
whether the right quantity has under‐deliveries when goods arrive.
been delivered or whether there • The PO history is automatically updated as a result of the deliveries. The
has been over or under delivery, purchasing department can send a reminder about late deliveries.
whether perishable goods are within their minimum shelf life. • When user post a GR to the warehouse, the system creates a material
• Several GR items can be entered against a PO item in one operation. document containing information such as the material delivered and the
quantity delivered. The system also records the storage location for the
materials user place into stock in the plant.
• In transactions relevant for material valuation, the system creates at least
one accounting document that records the effects of the goods movement on
the value of the stock.

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Invoice Verification Invoice Verification

• The procurement process is concluded by the invoice verification • The posting of the invoice completes the invoice verification process.
process, during which invoices and credit memos are entered and The system updates the PO history and Financial Accounting initiates
the contents and prices are checked for accuracy. payment for the open invoice items.
• Note that payment and evaluation of invoices is not involved in this process. The
actual payment is handled by the accounting department.
• Invoice verification creates a link between Procurement and Accounting.
• When user enter an invoice with reference to a PO, the system
suggests data from the PO and the GR for the PO (for example, vendor,
material, quantity still to be invoiced, terms of payment, and so on).
• If there are discrepancies between the PO or GR and the invoice, the
system warns the user and, depending on the system configuration,
blocks the invoice for payment.

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Messages

• All purchasing documents can be issued as messages.

• Each time user create an RFQ, PO, contract, or scheduling agreement, the system
can create a message from the document affected. This message is then placed in
the message queue.
• Two options to issue the message (by printing, e‐mail, fax, or EDI) :
• Issue immediately: Issue the messages directly from the queue.
• Issue later: Either schedule a background job that processes the message queue in
determined intervals, or start the issue directly from the purchasing menu.
• For the message issue, user can specify which header texts and item‐
based texts the system issues.
• The header text is printed at the top of the PO and contains general information.
• Item texts describe a PO item in more detail.
• User can also include and issue standard texts. 27
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Sales Order Process Overview Sales Order Processing Cycle

• mySAP ERP provides superior insight into sales back‐office
processes, including: inquiries, quotations, order generation,
contract, and billing cycle management.
• Businesses benefit from a complete overview of the customer life
cycle, including: order status, billing, payment, and credit
management.
• mySAP ERP also supports Internet sales, sales entered through
mobile devices such as handhelds, and basic call center functionality.
• The Sales Order Processing (or Order to Cash) scenario describes the
complete process, starting with pre‐sales activities, moving to the
creation of the sales order (SO), continuing with the SO fulfillment,
and ending with the invoicing of the SO and the parallel process of
the creation of the posting in financial accounting.

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Sales Order Processing Cycle Sales Order Processing Cycle

Pre‐Sales Activities Delivery and Goods Issue
• Pre‐sales activities can be inquiries or quotations entered in the • An outbound delivery (OD) is the basis for a process when the
system. These can then be used as reference during the creation of a goods are physically moved as well as for the posting of the goods
SO. issue (GI).
Sales Order Creation and Availability Check • Picking can be fulfilled through the use of the Warehouse
• The SO can adopt information from the pre‐sales documents. Management system and transportation can be planned and carried
out.
• Sales scheduling agreements or sales contracts (long‐term sales
agreements) can also be created with reference to a SO and are Billing
supported by the sales process steps. • As the final step in the sales process, an invoice is issued, which must
• During the SO creation, the availability of the material can be also be reflected in accounting.
checked to confirm the customer's requested delivery date.
• If the materials are N/A, system will determine the earliest possible delivery
date.
• The system can be configured to calculate availability based on current stock levels
as well as planned receipts of material from either procurement or production.
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Sales Order Sales Order

• During SO creation, the system can carry out basic functions: • The SO is a document that records what goods have been sold and to
• Monitoring sales transaction whom, the price, the company code and the name of the sales
• Checking for availability organization, and similar details. The relevant information is drawn
• Transferring requirements to material requirements planning (MRP) from the customer master record and the material master record.
• Scheduling delivery
• Calculating pricing and taxes
• Checking credit limits
• Creating printed or electronically transmitted documents
• These basic functions may be completely automated or may require
some manual processing.
• The data resulting from these basic functions (for example, shipping
dates, confirmed quantities, prices, and discounts) is stored in the
sales document.
• The resulting data can be displayed by a user and, in some cases
during subsequent processing, manually changed by the user.
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Delivery Shipping Functions

• Deadline monitoring for reference documents due for shipment (SOs
and POs, for instance)
• Shipping is an important part of the logistics chain. • Creating and processing ODs
• In shipping processing, all delivery procedure decisions can be made • Packing deliveries
at the start of the process by: • Information support for transportation planning
• Taking into account general business agreements with customer • Supporting foreign trade requirements
• Recording special material requests
• Defining shipping conditions in the SO • Printing and transmitting shipping documents
• The result is an efficient and largely automatic shipping process in • Processing GI (goods Issue)
which manual changes are necessary only under certain • Deliveries currently in process
circumstances.
• Activities that are still to be carried out
• Identifying possible bottlenecks

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Outbound Delivery Outbound Delivery

• The most commonly used document used to support delivery • An OD can be created as follows:
processed is the OD document. • With reference to a SO
• In its role as central object of the GI process, OD supports all shipping • With reference to a stock transport order
activities, including picking, packing, transportation, and GI. • With reference to a subcontract order
• With reference to a project
During the OD process, shipping‐planning information is recorded,
• Without any reference
status of shipping activities is monitored, and data accumulated
during shipping processing is documented. • User can create ODs automatically or manually using worklists.
• When the OD is created, the shipping activities, such as picking or • User can make agreements with customers for complete and partial
delivery scheduling, are initiated, and data that is generated during deliveries and for order combinations. ODs can be combined to form
shipping processing is included in the delivery. a single group of deliveries.
• A variety of warehouse and sales overview reports allow user to
monitor created ODs and outstanding sales activities.

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Picking the Delivery Goods Issue Posting Functions

• Picking means taking goods from a storage location and staging the goods in • The OD forms the basis of GI posting. The data required for GI
a picking area where the goods will be prepared for shipping. posting is copied from the OD into the GI document, which cannot
• System settings will allow picking to be carried out: be changed manually.
• Automatically (during OD creation) • Any changes must be made in the OD itself.
• Routinely (at certain times)
• After GI is posted for an OD, the scope for changing the delivery document
• Manually (via an employee request)
becomes very limited. This prevents any discrepancies between the GI
• A picking status is recorded in each delivery item for the purpose of document and the OD.
scheduling and monitoring. This status indicates where the item is in the
picking procedure. • In this way, user can be sure that the GI document is an accurate
reflection of the OD.
• In the system standard settings, it is a prerequisite for a GI to be posted, that
the items that are relevant, have been picked.
• Therefore, a delivery quantity must equal a picking quantity in the OD.
• The Warehouse Management system (WM) is fully integrated in the
Logistics Execution System (LES).
• User can create a WM transfer order directly from the OD. The current status of the WM
process can also be monitored from the delivery or from the SO.

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Goods Issue Posting Functions Billing

• When user post GI for an OD, the following functions are carried out:
• Warehouse stock of the material is reduced by the delivery quantity
• Value changes are posted to the balance sheet account in inventory accounting
• Requirements are reduced by the delivery quantity
• The serial number status is updated
• GI posting is automatically recorded in the document flow
• Stock determination is executed for the vendor's consignment stock
• A worklist for the proof of delivery is generated
• Multiple ways to post GI :
• Automatically (during OD creation)
• Routinely (at certain times)
• Manually (via an employee request)
• Billing represents the final processing stage for a business transaction in SO
processing. Information on billing is available at every stage of order
processing and delivery processing.
• Billing functions include:
• Creation of invoices based on deliveries or services
• Issue of credit and debit memos and pro forma invoices
• Cancelling billing transactions
• Comprehensive pricing functions
• Issue rebates
• Transfer billing data to financial accounting
• Like all parts of SO processing in mySAP ERP, billing is integrated into the
organizational structures. Thus, user can assign the billing transactions a
specific sales organization, a distribution channel, and a division.
• Because billing has an interface to financial accounting, the organizational structures of the
accounting department (the company codes as well as the sales organizations assigned to the
company codes) are important.

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Billing Billing
• During a billing processing it is possible to create, change, and • It is possible to create billing documents:
delete billing documents. • With reference to a SO document
• With reference to a delivery document
• With reference to external transactions
• By having the system automatically process a billing due list as a background task
• By manually processing from a worklist
• By creating a billing document explicitly
• By combining several SO documents into a collective billing document
• By billing one or more SO documents with several billing documents (this is called
an invoice split)
• By creating an individual billing document for every sales document

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Billing and Financial Accounting Document Flow

• The system automatically posts the amounts to the appropriate • The sales documents are individual documents, but they can also
accounts by means of account determination. form part of a chain of interrelated documents.
• Costs and revenue can be posted to the following accounts: • For example, user may record a customer’s telephone inquiry in the system. The
customer next requests a quotation, which user then create by referring to the
• Customer accounts receivable inquiry. The customer later places an order on the basis of the quotation and user
• General ledger (for example, a cash clearing account) create a SO with reference to the quotation. User ship the goods and bill the
• Revenue customer. After delivery of the goods, the customer claims credit for some
• Sales deductions damaged goods and user create a free‐of‐charge delivery with reference to the SO.
• Accruals (for rebate agreements) • The entire chain of documents (the inquiry, the quotation, the SO, the
• Accrual account delivery, the invoice, and the subsequent delivery free of charge)
• Accrual clearing account creates a document flow, or history. The flow of data from one
document into another reduces manual activity and makes problem
resolution easier.

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Document Flow in Sales Process

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Production Production
• mySAP ERP helps enterprises manage the full range of manufacturing • Manufacturing and production in mySAP ERP, in cooperation with all
activities, from planning to execution and analysis, in a single, end‐to‐end other integrated SAP applications, does not only facilitate efficient
system. production, but also establishes critical links between sales,
• mySAP ERP delivers all elements of a customer‐oriented manufacturing production planning, and the factory floor.
management system and is fully compatible with Just‐in‐Time (JIT) and
Kanban methodologies.
• SAP integrates supply chain processes to make the enterprise as
competitive as possible. It integrates seamless with external real‐time
• By combining information from a variety of business processes (including process control and laboratory information systems. This represents
planning, cost accounting, Human Capital Management, materials a significant advancement for information systems in the repetitive
management, WM, plant maintenance, and quality management), mySAP ERP
supports the development and execution of efficient production plans and manufacturing and process industries.
ensures that accurate, comprehensive information is available at any time to • SAP offers full integration between its project planning, material
those who need it. requirements planning (MRP), and shop floor control system
• Businesses can share manufacturing information across the enterprise and modules. Standard interfaces link SAP to external CAD, product data
supply network to coordinate production processes and promote management, and plant data collection systems. Therefore, mySAP
cooperation. ERP is also the state‐of‐the‐art manufacturing system for discrete
manufacturers and engineering‐to‐order companies.
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Production Cycle Production Cycle

• Production planning: planning the various aspects involved in
manufacturing of a particular material.
• Planned order can be created manually or triggered by another process, such as:
sales order (make‐to‐order strategy), materials planning (make‐to‐stock strategy),
or project systems
• Order creation: create a production order as authorization.
• Order release: release production order
• Order printing: taking a printout of the released order.
• Material staging: carrying out all the goods movement for the order
and get then ready for execution.
• Order execution: executing the production.
• Confirmation and GR are the final stage of production where the
manufactured products are confirmed and moved to warehouse with
receipt.
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Planning Process Overview Production Planning

• Production planning involves the acquisition and allocation of limited • Planning is generally divided into several steps. These steps may
resources to production activities to satisfy the customer demand be executed independent of each other, or they may collaborate.
over a specified time horizon.
• Multiple forecasting models and strategies in mySAP ERP can assist
user in making the best choice.
• User can incorporate the impact of events, such as: marketing promotions and
seasonal influences, into the forecasts.
• User can even override individual values of past demands and forecasts. Full
integration within mySAP ERP makes periodic forecast revisions easy.
• User can break down forecast demands from the planning level to the level of the
individual product.
• Rough‐cut capacity planning at the planning level provides a reality check of
resource bottlenecks.
• Forecasts are easily transferred to Demand Management and Master Production
Scheduling (MPS), where they can be offset by incoming SOs.
• User can also add unexpected demands any time.

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Production Planning Execution

Sales and Operations Planning (SOP) • The production order is the central data object in shop floor control
• SOP generates sales plans and production plans using forecast values and and manufacturing execution.
requirements from the Sales Information System and costing/profitability • The production order contains all data relevant to production
analysis as inputs for determining requirements. objectives, material components, required resources, and costs.
Demand Management • Covers the demand for either a single material or product or multiple products.
• Demand Management connects forecasting functionality with production • May specify external operations that are to be processed in an outside workshop.
scheduling. Requirement quantities and dates for finished products and • User can create a separate rework order that is directly assigned to the primary
assemblies based on the plans from SOP are determined. production order or insert specific rework operations into an existing order.
Master Production Scheduling (MPS) ‐ optional • Production orders are usually generated automatically or manually
• MPS allows for critical resources or top‐level items to be planned with extra by converting it from planned orders. The complete process includes
attention. This procedure ensures that the instabilities in planning are kept several steps:
to a minimum. • Creation and release of a production order
• Goods issues of components
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
• Confirmation of production activity
• MRP is the detailed planning of replenishment schedules for required • Goods receipts of the finished goods
components. The output of MRP is either a planned order or a PR.
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Execution Production Order

• User must release a production order before process it. If the order
status set to Released, then print shop floor papers, issue materials
from stock, and confirm operations.
• Before release a production order, make sure that sufficient manufacturing
capacity is available (use the Graphic Planning Table)
• When releasing a production order, user can set up the system to
check the availability of components and production resources or
tools.
• User can even specify the type of availability check to be carried out (Available‐to‐
Promise (ATP) calculation) per order type.
• User can either release production orders individually, order by
order, or release them as a group, when the order start dates reach
the release horizon.

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Order Completion Confirmation Types of Completion Confirmations

• User confirm production order operations to deliver feedback to sales Milestone completion confirmations
order processing and shop floor planning. • The system confirms all preceding operations, including sub‐operations, up to the
previous milestone. mySAP ERP bases confirmations on reported quantities (yield plus
• A confirmation can reduce capacity on the work center, update costs, scrap) and standard times.
and/or automatically trigger the GR of the manufactured goods. Standard completion confirmations
• Completion confirmations clear capacity loads and collect data for production cost
controlling. Confirmed labor can be transferred to mySAP ERP Human Capital • The operations are confirmed using target values.
Management. Normal completion confirmations
• Production order confirmations record the following: • User conduct individual completion confirmations, seeing target values as defaults.
• Quantity produced The system allows user to overwrite all input values so user can report variances in the
production process.
• Scrap
• Personnel Collective completion confirmations
• Production times • The system displays a fast entry screen where user can enter multiple operations to
• Completion dates confirm.
• Goods movements Completion confirmations at order header level
• Amount of activity (i.e. labor hours) • Orders can be confirmed at order header level, which can drive the automatic
backflush of material consumption for all operations, if user so choose.
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Goods Receipt Settlement

• Goods receipts to stock can be automatically posted when user • Settlement of a production order means:
confirm the last operation (or any other operation specified) in a • The actual costs incurred for the order are settled (posted) to one or more receiver
production order. Alternatively, user can report them in a separate cost‐objects
transaction. • Clearing the differences between the actual costs incurred and the credits that the
order received from goods receipts.
• User can process goods receipts for partial deliveries from
production by posting them directly to available stock or to quality • Order settlement demonstrates the close integration between
inspection stock. Production and Management Accounting in mySAP ERP.
• User can also process goods receipts from co‐products and by‐ • A production order is settled when it is completed or before month‐
products. end closing.
• During settlement, user can post cost variances to one or more cost objects.
• For example, user can post variances due to excessive scrap to a scrap cost
collector, and variances due to poor performance to a productivity problem cost
collector. Alternatively, user can simply post the entire variance to inventory. The
system posts an entry to the G/L price variance account when user work with
standard costing.
• The full power and flexibility of mySAP ERP Financials is available for
analyzing production costs.
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Settlement References
• SAP01 – SAP Overview Participant Handbook, Course Version:
2006 Q2.

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