Two port network

Tapas Kumar Bhattacharya

Department of Electrical Engineering

I.I.T Kharagpur
S July 4, 2017
PA
TA

1
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 2

Contents
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Short circuit Admittance parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Open circuit impedance parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Hybrid parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 ABCD parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Relationship among y, z, h and t parameters 7

2.1 Relation between y and Z parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Relation between h and y parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Reciprocal two port network 9

3.1 Reciprocal two port network : y paramers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Reciprocal two port network : z paramers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Reciprocal two port network : h paramers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Reciprocal two port network : t paramers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Symmetrical two port network 11

4.1 Symmetrical two port network S : y parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Symmetrical two port network : z parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
PA
4.3 Symmetrical two port network : h parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4 Symmetrical two port network : t parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
TA
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 3

1 Introduction
A two port network is shown in figure 1. Let terminal voltage and current at port-1 are respectively
V1 and I1 while the terminal voltage and current at port-2 are respectively V2 and I2 . Note con-
vention of the current directions and voltage polarity. Voltage and current of port-1 can be related
with Voltage and current of port-2 in many ways in terms of network parameters.

1 I1 I2
2
+ Two port +
Network
V1 V
No source 2
_ −
internal source 2’
1’ I I
1 2

Figure 1:

1.1 Short circuit Admittance parameters

In this case port currents are related with the port voltages as follows.
S
PA
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2
TA

The above equation can be written in a compact form using matrices as follows.
    
I1 y11 y12 V1
=
I2 y21 y22 V2
Y11 , Y21 , Y12 and Y22 are called short circuit admittance parameters of the two port network. In
the first and second equations, if we make V2 = 0, then

I1
Driving point admittance of port-1, y11 = |V =0
V1 2
I2
Transfer admittance, y21 = |V =0
V1 2

This will be achieved, if we exite port-1 with voltage v1 and keep port-2 shorted as shown in figure
2(a) Similarly, if V1 = 0, y12 and y22 as under.
1 I1 I2 1 I1 I2
2 2
+ Two port Two port +
Network Network
V1 V
No source No source 2
_ −
internal source 2’ internal source 2’
1’ I I 1’ I I
1 2 1 2

(a) For finding Y and Y (b) For finding Y and Y

11 21 12 22

Figure 2:
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 4

I2
Driving point admittance of port-2, y22 = |V =0 (1)
V2 1
I1
Transfer admittance, y12 = |V =0 (2)
V2 1
(3)

This will be achieved, if we excite port-2 with voltage V2 and keep port-1 shorted as shown in figure
2(b)

1.2 Open circuit impedance parameters

In this case port voltages are related with the port currents as follows.

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2

The above equation can be written in a compact form using matrices as follows.
    
V1 z11 z12 S I1
=
V2 z21 z22 I2
PA
z11 , z21 , z12 and z22 are called open circuit impedance parameters of the two port network. In
the first and second equations, if we make I2 = 0, then
TA

V1
Driving point impedance of port-1, z11 = |I =0
I1 2
V2
Transfer impedance, z21 = |I =0
I1 2

This will be achieved, if we excite port-1 with current I1 and keep port-2 opened as shown in figure
3(a) Similarly, with I1 = 0, z12 and z22 as under.
1 I1 I=0 I=0 I2
2 1 1
2 2
Two port + + Two port
Network Network
I V2 V1 I
1 _ 2
No internal source _ No internal source
2’ 2’
1’ I I 1’ I I
1 2 1 2

(a) For finding Z 11and Z (b) For finding Z and Z

21 12 22

Figure 3:

V2
Driving point impedance of port-2, z22 = |V =0 (4)
I2 1
V1
Transfer admittance, z12 = |I =0 (5)
I2 1
(6)

This will be achieved, if we excite port-2 with current I2 and keep port-1 opened as shown in figure
3(b)
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 5

1.3 Hybrid parameters

In this case, it is mix bag - v1 & I2 are expressed interms of I1 & V2 . The parameter involved is
denoted by h, called hybrid parameters.
port currents are related with the port voltages as follows.

V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2

The above equation can be written in a compact form using matrices as follows.
    
V1 h11 h12 I1
=
I2 h21 h22 V2
h11 , h21 , h12 and h22 are called hybrid parameters of the two port network. In the first and
second equations, if we make V2 = 0, then

V1
h11 = |V =0
S I1 2
I2
Transfer admittance, h21 = |V =0
PA
I1 2

This will be achieved, if we excite port-1 with current I1 and keep port-2 shorted as shown in figure
TA

4(a) Similarly, if I1 = 0, h22 and h12 as under.

1 I1 I I=0 I2
2 1 1
2 2
+ Two port + + Two port +
Network Network
I V V2 =0 V1 V2
1
_1 No internal source _ _ No internal source _
2’ 2’
1’ I I 1’ I I
1 2 1 2

(a) For finding h 11

and h (b) For finding h and h
21 12 22

Figure 4:

I2
h22 = |I =0 (7)
V2 1
V1
h12 = |I =0 (8)
V2 1
(9)

This will be achieved, if we excite port-2 with voltage V2 and keep port-1 opened as shown in figure
4(b)
It may be noted that h12 and h21 are dimension less while h11 has dimension of impedance and
h22 has dimension of admittance.

1.4 ABCD parameters

In this case port-1 voltage & current are expressed in terms of port-2 voltage & current. This way
of viewing a two port network is particularly suitable for modelling a transmission line : port-1 may
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 6

be considered to be the sending end of the line and port-2, the receiving end of the line. Port-1
is to be excited from a generator where as, load will be connected at port-2 . People dealing with
the transmission line will be interested to know the current delivered to the load from port-2. To
be consistent with the convention, we will show I2 flowing into the network as usual - which means
the load current (from left to right) is then −I2 . In this case V1 & I1 are expressed in terms of V2
& −I2
The resulting matrix will have A,B,C and D parameters.
Port-1 voltage & current are expressed in terms Port-2 voltage & current as follows.

V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )
I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )

The above equation can be written in a compact form using matrices as follows.
    
V1 A B V2
=
I1 C D −I2
A, B, C and D are called the transmission line parameters (t parameters) of the two port network.
In the first and second equations, if we make I2 = 0, then
S V1
PA
A = |I2=0
V2
1 V2
or, = |I2=0
A V1
TA

I1
or, C = |I2=0
V2
1 V2
= |I2=0
C I1

1
A
, can be found out if we excite port-1 with current V1 and keep port-2 opened as shown in
figure 5(a) and C1 can be found out if we excite port-1 with current I1 and keep port-2 opened as
shown in figure 5(b).
1 I1 I2= 0 1 I1 I 2=0
2
+ Two port Two port
+ +
Network Network
V
V1 2 I1 V
_ No source _ No source −2
internal source internal source 2’
1’ I I 1’ I I
1 2 2
1

(a) To determine 1/A (b) To determine 1/C

Figure 5:
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 7

Similarly, with V2 = 0, B and D as under.

V1
B = |V2 =0 (10)
−I2
1 −I2
or, = |V2 =0 (11)
B V1
I1
D = |V2 =0 (12)
−I2
1 −I2
or, = |V2 =0 (13)
D I1
(14)
1
B
, can be found out if we excite port-1 with voltage V1 and keep port-2 shorted as shown in figure
6(a) and D1 can be found out if we excite port-1 with current I1 and keep port-2 shorted as shown
in figure 6(b).
1 I1 I2 1 I1 I2
2
+ Two port Two port
+ +
Network Network
V I1 V
1 No source
_ _ No source −2
internal source internal source
S 2’
1’ I I 1’ I I
1 2 2
1
PA
(a) To determine 1/B (b) To determine 1/D

Figure 6:
TA

2 Relationship among y, z, h and t parameters

We have seen that a given two port network can be modelled either in terms of y or z or h or t
parameters. These models are written in the form of matrix equations as follows.
    
I1 y11 y12 V1
=
I2 y21 y22 V2
    
V1 z11 z12 I1
=
V2 z21 z22 I2
    
V1 h11 h12 I1
=
I2 h21 h22 V2
    
V1 A B V2
=
I1 C D −I2

2.1 Relation between y and Z parameters

The relationship between y and z parameters is straight forward.
    
I1 y11 y12 V1
=
I2 y21 y22 V2
Multiplying both sides by inverse of y matrix
   −1  
V1 y11 y12 I1
=
V2 y21 y22 I2
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 8

Multiplying both sides by inverse of y matrix

    
V1 1 y22 −y12 I1
=
V2 (y11 y12 − y21 y12 ) −y21 y11 I2

Thus by comparing we get,

y22
z11 =
(y11 y12 − y21 y12 )
−y12
z12 =
(y11 y12 − y21 y12 )
−y21
z21 =
(y11 y12 − y21 y12 )
y11
z22 =
(y11 y12 − y21 y12 )

In the same way, y matrix can be expressed in terms of z matrix.

2.2
S
Relation between h and y parameters
PA
Basic equations involving y and h parameters are rewritten below.
    
I1 y11 y12 V1
TA

=
I2 y21 y22 V2
    
V1 h11 h12 I1
=
I2 h21 h22 V2
Here obviously matrix inversion does not help to express y parameters in terms of h parameters or
vice versa. In this case, the two equations involving y parameters are to be algebrically manipulated,
to cast them in hybrid format. The first equation of y parameters, we get

I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2
Manipulating this, we rewrite
1 y12
V1 = I1 − V2
y11 y11
1
∴ h11 =
y11
y12
and h12 = −
y11

Now using the second equation of y parameters, we get

I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2
1 y12
But we already have, V1 = I1 − V2
y11 y11
Putting this V1 , in the first equation we get,
 
1 y12
I2 = y21 I1 − V2 + y22 V2
y11 y11
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 9

 
y21 y12 y21
or, I2 = I1 + y22 − V2
y11 y11
y21
∴ h21 =
y
11 
y12 y21
and h22 = y22 −
y11

In the same way the reverse relations i,e., y in terms of h can be found out.
Readers are requested to find out relation among parameters of z & h, z & t, y & t etc.

3 Reciprocal two port network

A network is said to be reciprocal if the ratio of response current in a short circuited port and
the excitation voltage applied to the other port remains same if the excitation and response are
interchanged between the ports.
Alternatively a network is said to be reciprocal if the ratio of response voltage in a open circuited
port and the excitation current applied to the other port remains same if the excitation and response
are interchanged between the ports. S
We shall find out propoerties of the parameters if the two port network is reciprocal.
PA
3.1 Reciprocal two port network : y paramers
TA

Recall the basic equation involving y parameters:

    
I1 y11 y12 V1
=
I2 y21 y22 V2

Consider port-1 is excited with a voltage V1 and port-2 is short circuited (V2 = 0) with a response
current I2 , then from second equation we get,
I2
= y21
V1
Now interchange the source and response positions i.e., port-2 is excited with a voltage V2 and
port-1 is short circuited (V1 = 0) with a response current I1 , then from the first equation we get,
I1
= y12
V2
If the two port network is to be reciprocal then,
I2 I1
=
V1 V2
which means that,
y21 = y12

3.2 Reciprocal two port network : z paramers

Recall the basic equation involving y parameters:
    
V1 z11 z12 I1
=
V2 z21 z22 I2
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 10

Now consider port-2 is excited with a current source I2 with port-1 open circuited (I1 = 0). Then
from first equation we get,
V1
= z12
I2
Now consider port-1 is excited with a current source I1 with port-2 open circuited (I2 = 0).
Then from second equation we get,
V2
= z21
I1
If the two port network is to be reciprocal then,
V1 V2
=
I2 I1
which means that,
z12 = z21

3.3 Reciprocal two port network : h paramers

Recall the basic equation involving h parameters:
 S
V1
 
=
h11 h12

I1

PA
I2 h21 h22 V2

Consider port-1 is excited with a voltage source V1 with port-2 short circuited (V2 = 0). Then,
TA

V1
= h11 (15)
I1
I2
= h21 (16)
I1
I2 h21
∴ Dividing these two, we get = (17)
V1 h11
Now consider port-2 is excited with a voltage source V2 with port-1 short circuited (V1 = 0).
Then from first equation we get,

0 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
I1 h12
or, = −
V2 h11
If the two port network is to be reciprocal then,
I2 I1
=
V1 V2
which means that,
h21 h12
=− ∴ h21 = −h12
h11 h11

3.4 Reciprocal two port network : t paramers

Recall the basic equation involving t parameters:
    
V1 A B V2
=
I1 C D −I2
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 11

Consider port-1 is excited with a voltage source V1 with port-2 short circuited (V2 = 0). Then,

I2 1
V1 = −BI2 then =−
V1 B
Now consider port-2 is excited with a voltage source V2 with port-1 short circuited (V1 = 0). Then
we get,
AV2
0 = AV2 − BI2 or, I2 =
B
AV2
and I1 = CV2 − DI2 = CV2 − D
B
I1 A (BC − AD)
or, = C −D =
V2 B B

If the two port network is to be reciprocal then,

I2 I1 1 (BC − AD)
= or, − =
V1 V2 B B
which finally means that, S
PA
Determinant of T matrix is AD − BC = 1

It may be noted that if a two port network is reciprocal then three parameters are independent. To
TA

summarise the results for a two port network to be reciprocal, we conclude that:

1. If the network is modelled with y parameters: y12 = y21

2. If the network is modelled with z parameters: z12 = z21

3. If the network is modelled with h parameters: h12 = −h21

4. If the network is modelled with t parameters: AD − BC = 1

4 Symmetrical two port network

In a symmetrical two port network input and output port can be interchanged without changing
the voltage and current in the port. In other words there is no distinction can be made between
(i) when port-1 is made an input port and port-2 is made an output port (ii) when port-2 is
made an input port and port-1 is made an output port. This will be possible if the driving point
impedance/admittance looking from port-1 and port-2 are equal. If a network is symmetric, it can
be shown that :

1. If the network is modelled with y parameters: y11 = y22

2. If the network is modelled with z parameters: z11 = z22

3. If the network is modelled with h parameters: h11 h22 − h12 h21 = 1

4. If the network is modelled with t parameters: A = D

Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 12

4.1 Symmetrical two port network : y parameters

    
I1 y11 y12 V1
=
I2 y21 y22 V2
Excite port-1 with I1 with port-2 shorted and we get:
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2 = y11 V1
I1
∴ = y11
V1
Now, excite port-2 with I2 with port-1 shorted and we get:
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2 = y22 V2
I2
∴ = y22
V2
For the network to be symmetric:
I1 I2
= or, y11 = y22
V1 V2

4.2 Symmetrical two port network : z parameters


V1
S 
=
z11 z12

I1

PA
V2 z21 z22 I2
Excite port-1 with V1 with port-2 opened and we get:
TA

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 = z11 I1

V1
∴ = z11
I1
Now, excite port-2 with V2 with port-1 opened and we get:
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 = z22 I2
V2
∴ = z22
I2
For the network to be symmetric:
V1 V2
= or, z11 = z22
I1 I2

4.3 Symmetrical two port network : h parameters

    
V1 h11 h12 I1
=
I2 h21 h22 V2
Excite port-1 with voltage with port-2 open circuited.
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
0 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
h21
or, V2 = − I1
h22
Put this V2 in first equation
 
h21
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 − I1
h22
V1 h11 h22 − h12 h21
∴ =
I1 h22
Tapas K Bhattacharya Two port network 13

Now excite port-2 with a voltage with port-1 open circuited.

V1 = h12 V2
I2 = h22 V2
V2 1
∴ =
I2 h22
Now for network to be symmetric:
V1 V2 h11 h22 − h12 h21 1
= or, =
I1 I2 h22 h22
Which finally means:

h11 h22 − h12 h21 = 1 i.e., Determinant of h matrix = 1

4.4 Symmetrical two port network : t parameters

    
V1 A B V2
=
I1 C D −I2
S
Excite port-1 with voltage with port-2 open circuited.
PA
V1 = AV2
I1 = CV2
TA

V1 A
∴ =
I1 C
Now excite port-2 with a voltage with port-1 open circuited.

V1 = AV2 − BI2
0 = CV2 − DI2
V2 D
∴ =
I2 C
Now for network to be symmetric:
V1 V2 A D
= or, = which means, A = D
I1 I2 C C