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1. Scientific Approach-
deals with empirical data instead of
personal views, feelings or attitudes.
It allows control of variables or factors
affecting the study. (Laursen 2010)
Makes you express & record your
findings quantitatively. (numerical forms)
Presents structured interviews,
questionnaires & observational checklists.
2. Naturalistic Approach-
A people-oriented approach which focuses on
discovering the real concept or meaning behind
people’s lifestyles and social relations.
Lets you present things qualitatively through
verbal language. Using words as unit of analysis.
“This approach is the basis for determining
universal social values to define ethical and
unethical that society ought to know, not only for
the benefit of individual and community but also for
the satisfaction of man’s quest for knowledge.”
(Sarantakos 2013; Ransome 2013)
Ex. Talking to ethnic groups or people with other
culture in a natural setting. In this case, the researcher
uses unstructured interviews and the participants
answer/response is not scripted.
3. Triangulation/ Mixed Method
Allows a combination or a mixture of
research designs, data collection and
data analysis techniques.
This method is used to enhance the
validity & reliability of qualitative research
design.
Enhances accuracy of interpretation.
Gives you opportunity to view every
angle of the research from different
perspectives.
3 Main Methods of Data Collection
1. Interactive interviewing- people asked
to verbally described their experiences of
phenomenon.
2. Written descriptions by participant-
people asked to write descriptions of their
experiences of phenomenon
3. Observation- descriptive observations of
verbal and non-verbal behavior.
In the field of Humanities,
researchers ought to focus not to
man’s social life but instead
studies it’s meanings, significance
& visualizations of man’s
experiences in the field of Fine
Arts, Literature, Music, Drama,
Dance & other artistically inclined
subjects.
Humanistic Categories
1. Literature and Art Criticism- where the researcher,
using well-chosen language and appropriate
organizational pattern, depend greatly on their
interpretative and reflective thinking in evaluating the
object of their study critically.
2.Philosophical Research- where the focus of inquiry is
on knowledge and principles of being and on the manner
human beings conduct themselves on Earth.
3. Historical Research- where the investigation centers
on events and ideas that took place in man’s life at a
particular period.
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Hard Sciences Soft Sciences
Studies natural data driven Studies human behavior in a
phenomenon scientific manner
Objective Subjective
Tests Theory Develops Theory
Numbers Words
Cause and Effect Knowing meaning &
Relationship discovery
Statistical Analysis & Researcher’s interpretation
Generalizations
Examples: Examples:
Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Sociology, Psychology,
Astronomy, Earth Science Political Science,
Economics, Anthropology,
History
Qualitative and Quantitative
Research can go together in a
research approach .
There is a symbiotic relationship between
these two research methods, in which they
reinforce or strengthen each other.
Moreover, any form of knowledge, factual or
opinionated and any statistical or verbal
expression of this knowledge are deduced
from human experience that is subjective.
(Hollway 2013; Letherby 2013)
Self-Evaluation
Test I. Direction: Choose your answer on the box. Write
the word only. Number your paper from 1-10.
word scientific Qualitative objectivity
Soft Sciences Silverman 2013, Litchman 2013,
Walliman 2014, Suter 2012, Coghan 2014
1. Numerical data are true for the approach.
2. For the naturalistic approach, is the unit of
analysis.
3. studies human behavior in a scientific manner.
4. Quantitative is to scientific approach; is to
naturalistic approach.
5. According to qualitative research
is an act of inquiry or investigation of real-life events.
Test II.
Direction: Explain briefly.
1. Define Qualitative Research
2. Enumerate the three types
of approach to research. Then,
choose one type of approach
and explain.
3. Differentiate soft sciences
from hard sciences.