ABSTRACT

Human Voice counter device can be used switch for different electronic project work. If an

application can be controlled solely by way of voice commands then the opportunity that lies

is unlimited. This system usually converts human voice (audio signal)into an electrical signal

or pulse, which passes through the audio amplifier into the CD4017 IC for necessary

indications. A circuit can be develop to convert signal into Infrared (IR) signal and a receiver

circuit could be developed to receive the Infrared (IR) signal and conduct switching

according to the signal, due to the above analysis, the electronic devices can operate by voice

as well as IR remote from a remote place. So it may be designated as a complete voice

control system. Ten voice instructions that could indicate a count from one through to ten (1-

10) has been designed. The whole system acts upon this instructions and conducts the

corresponding trigger action for each instruction.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

.There is a growing demand for system automation capable of controlling large number of

distributed devices from a remote central location. Human Voice controlled system is

preferred by many users in some of the fields. This system controls a remote device or switch

by using user’s speech, because of voice recognition systems have gainfully been in some

specialized situations.

The desirable characteristics of such a system include scalability that is the efficiency of the

communication and the process of speech encoding. When somebody speaks, a microphone

converts the analog signal of his voice into digital pulse that is capable of recognition.

An audio amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power Audio signals (signals

composed primarily of frequencies between 20 - 20 000 Hz, the human range of hearing) to a

level suitable for driving loudspeakers or any other appliance and it is the final stage in a

typical audio playback sequence.

The preceding stages in such a sequence are low power audio amplifiers which perform tasks

like pre-amplification, equalization, tone control, mixing/effects, or audio sources like record

players, CD players, and cassette players. Most audio power amplifiers require these low-

level inputs to adhere to line levels. While the input signal to an audio power amplifier may

measure only a few hundred microwatts, its output may be tens, hundreds, or thousands of

watts.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Voice counter device is an electronic gadget that employs the use of amplifier circuit and

other sophisticated device to achieve a goal. The trend in technological advancement has

birthed many voice activated system and devices that could serve as security check among

others.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

With the misuse of electronic gadgets in communication, it is possible and reliable to have a

system in place that can keep record of the number of words spoken by an individual in a

given place. This could be used as surveillance in an isolated or restricted area in an

organization.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this design is to build a voice counter that could monitor or indicate the state of

input into the system; it helps to note the possible number of stimulus or data input through

the given system.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The design of this project finds relevance indifferent field of study as it can be used as a

security check measure against an intruder of an area under monitoring. This project work

helps to indicate that a voice signal has been sent or observed within a given system..

1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The designs of the project encounter lots of difficulties ranging from the readily availability

of some components, soldering, and response.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Human: This refers to individuals or as person

Voice: This refers to as accent or tone of human beings

Counter: This is simply a response to an input signal or a trigger.

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CHAPTER TWO

*2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Background of the Project

The idea of voice counter system has to do with the transmission and receiving of audio

signal. ACD4017IC is a decade counter integrated circuit that indicates state of trigger or

clock of signal; it has been coupled with a two stage amplifier system for the required input

audio signal.

2.1 History of voice counter

Audio amplifier was invented in 1909 by Lee De Forest when he invented the triode vacuum

tube. The triode was a three terminal device with a control grid that can modulate the flow of

electrons from the filament to the plate. The triode vacuum amplifier was used to make the

first AM radio. Early audio power amplifiers were based on vacuum tubes (also known as

valves), and some of these achieved notably high quality ( the Williamson amplifier of 1947-

9). Most modern audio amplifiers are based on solid state devices (transistors such as BJTs,

FETs and MOSFETs), but there are still some who prefer tube-based amplifiers, and the valve

sound. Audio power amplifiers based on transistors became practical with the wide

availability of inexpensive transistors in the late 1960s.

For some years following the introduction of solid state amplifiers, their perceived sound did

not have the excellent audio quality of the best valve amplifiers. This led audiophiles to

believe that valve sound had an intrinsic quality due to the vacuum tube technology itself. In

1972, Matti Otala demonstrated the origin of a previously unobserved form of distortion:

transient inter-modulation distortion (TIM), also called slew rate distortion. TIMdistortion

was found to occur during very rapid increases in amplifier output voltage. TIM did not

appear at steady state sine tone measurements, helping to hide it from design engineers prior

to 1972. Problems with TIM distortion stem from reduced open loop frequency response of

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solid state amplifiers. Further works of Otala and other authors found the solution for TIM

distortion, including increasing slew rate, decreasing preamp frequency bandwidth, and the

insertion of a lag compensation circuit in the input stage of the amplifier. In high quality

modern amplifiers the open loop response is at least 20 kHz, canceling TIM distortion.

However, TIM distortion is still present in most low price home quality power amplifiers.

The next step in advanced design was the Baxandall Theorem, created by Peter Baxandall in

England. This theorem introduced the concept of comparing the ratio between the input

distortion and the output distortion of an amplifier. This new idea helped audio design

engineers to better evaluate the distortion processes within an amplifier.

2.2 CD4017 Decade Counter

The 4017 IC is a 16-pin CMOS decade counter from the 4000 series. It takes clock pulses

from the clock input, and makes one of the ten outputs come on in sequence each time a

clock pulse arrives.

The key design parameters for audio amplifiers include frequency response, gain, noise, and

distortion. These are interdependent; increasing gain often leads to undesirable increases in

noise and distortion. While negative feedback actually reduces the gain, it also reduces

distortion. Most audio amplifiers are linear amplifiers operating in class AB.

*2.2.1 Functions of various pins of cd4017 IC

2.2.2 Applications of CD4017 IC

2.3 TRANSISTORS: Transistors are the active component in various devices like

amplifiers and oscillators. They are called active devices since transistors are capable of

amplifying (or making larger) signals.

Transistors are three terminal active devices made from different semiconductor materials

that can act as either an insulator or a conductor by the application of a small signal voltage.

The transistor's ability to change between these two states enables it to have two basic

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functions: "switching" (digital electronics) or "amplification" (analogue electronics). Then

bipolar transistors have the ability to operate within three different regions:

1. Active Region - the transistor operates as an amplifier and Ic = β.Ib

2. Saturation - the transistor is "fully-ON" operating as a switch and Ic = I(saturation)

3. Cut-off - the transistor is "fully-OFF" operating as a switch and Ic = 0

2.3.1Typical Bipolar Transistor

The word Transistor is an acronym, and is a combination of the words Transfer Varistor used

to describe their mode of operation way back in their early days of development. There are

two basic types of bipolar transistor construction, NPN and PNP, which basically describes

the physical arrangement of the P-type and N-type semiconductor materials from which they

are made.

2.3.2Bipolar Transistor: The basic construction consists of two PN-junctions producing

three connecting terminals with each terminal being given a name to identify it from the other

two. These three terminals are known and labeled as the Emitter ( E ), the Base ( B ) and the

Collector ( C ) respectively. Bipolar Transistors are current regulating devices that control the

amount of current flowing through them in proportion to the amount of biasing voltage

applied to their base terminal acting like a current-controlled switch. The principle of

operation of the two transistors types NPN and PNP, is exactly the same the only difference

being in their biasing and the polarity of the power supply for each type.

2.3.3The Common Emitter (CE) Configuration

The project engaged the use of the Common Emitter or grounded emitter configuration, the

input signal is applied between the base, while the output is taken from between the collector

and the emitter. This type of configuration is the most commonly used circuit for transistor

based amplifiers and which represents the "normal" method of bipolar transistor connection.

The common emitter amplifier configuration produces the highest current and power gain of

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all the three bipolar transistor configurations. This is mainly because the input impedance is

LOW as it is connected to a forward-biased PN-junction, while the output impedance is

HIGH as it is taken from a reverse-biased PN-junction.

2.3.4 The NPN Transistor

An NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative) type and a PNP (Positive-Negative-Positive) type,

with the most commonly used transistor type being the NPN Transistor. The transistor is a

"current" operated device (Beta model) and that a large current ( Ic ) flows freely through the

device between the collector and the emitter terminals when the transistor is switched "fully-

ON". However, this only happens when a small biasing current ( Ib ) is flowing into the base

terminal of the transistor at the same time thus allowing the Base to act as a sort of current

control input. The transistor current in an NPN transistor is the ratio of these two currents (

Ic/Ib ), called the DC Current Gain of the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays

Beta, ( β ). The value of β can be large up to 200 for standard transistors, and it is this large

ratio between Ic and Ib that makes the NPN transistor a useful amplifying device when used

in its active region as Ib provides the input and IC provides the output. Note that Beta has no

units as it is a ratio.

Also, the current gain of the transistor from the Collector terminal to the Emitter terminal,

Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, ( α ), and is a function of the transistor itself (electrons diffusing across

the junction). As the emitter current Ie is the product of a very small base current plus a very

large collector current, the value of alpha α, is very close to unity, and for a typical low-

power signal transistor this value ranges from about 0.950 to 0.999

2.3.5 Forward bias: When an electric field is applied in the forward direction, the opposite

happens. The positive charge carriers (holes) move toward the junction from their side and

the negative charge carriers (electrons) move toward the junction from their side. But a hole

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is nothing more than an atom missing one of its electrons, so when a hole reaches the junction

at the same time as an electron, the electron falls into the hole and both disappear! This is

called recombination. When recombination occurs, there is room for another electron and

hole to move into the same place and the process continues as long as the forward bias is

maintained. Of course, as the charge carriers move toward the junction and disappear, they

are replaced at the ends by charges moving into and out of the wires.

2.3.6 Reverse bias: When an electric field is applied in the so-called reverse direction, the

positive charges on the one side are pulled away from the junction and the negative charges

on the other side are pulled the other way away from the junction. The charges move apart

until the electric field across the junction gets too strong, and the charges stop moving. A

voltage applied in this way is called a bias.

2.4 CAPACITOR: A capacitor is a two-terminal, electrical component. Along with resistors

and inductors, they are one of the most fundamental passive components we use. What

makes capacitors special is their ability to store energy; they’re like a fully charged electric

battery. Caps, as we usually refer to them, have all sorts of critical applications in circuits.

Common applications include local energy storage, voltage spike suppression, and complex

signal filtering. When current flows into a capacitor, the charges get “stuck” on the plates

because they can’t get past the insulating dielectric. Electrons negatively charged particles are

sucked into one of the plates, and it becomes overall negatively charged. The large mass of

negative charges on one plate pushes away like charges on the other plate, making it

positively charged.

2.5 RESISTOR: Resistors are components commonly employed in electronic design to resist

the flow of electric current to the required specification. Several types of resistors are used

having different uses and construction. The most common types have a fixed value of

resistance. Various types of fixed resistors are used in circuits, they are the most abundant of

8
all electronic components and their most common function is to reduce voltages and currents

around a circuit so that ‘active components’, transistors and integrated circuits for instance,

that carry out tasks such as producing or amplifying signals within the circuit are supplied

with the correct voltages and currents to work properly. Resistors are also used in conjunction

with other components such as inductors and capacitors to process signals in many ways.

Because resistors are ‘passive components’ they cannot amplify or increase voltages currents

or signals, they can only reduce them. Nevertheless they are a most essential part of any

electronic circuit.

9
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

3.1 DESIGN MATERIALS AND COST

s/n Device description Unit Per unit price Amount #

1 Capacitor 5 200 1000

2 Resistor 15 50 750

3 C4017 IC 1 600 600

4 Transistor 10 150 1500

5 Vero-board 1 400 400

6 Wire I roll 300 300

7 Casing 2500 2500

8 Soldering tools 5 500 2500

9 Crystal Microphone 1 500 500

*3.2 Block Diagram

*3.3 Circuit Diagram

3.4 General Description CD4017 IC: It is a CMOS decade counter decoder circuit which

can work out of the box for most of our low range counting applications. It can count from

zero to ten and its outputs are decoded. This saves a lot of board space and time required to

build our circuits when our application demands using a counter followed by a decoder IC.

This IC also simplifies the design and makes debugging easier. It has 16 pins and the

functionality of each pin is explained as follows:

Pin-1: It is the output 5. It goes high when the counter reads 5 counts.

Pin-2: It is the output 1. It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts.

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Pin-3: It is the output 0. It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts.

Pin-4: It is the output 2. It goes high when the counter reads 2 counts.

Pin-5: It is the output 6. It goes high when the counter reads 6 counts.

Pin-6: It is the output 7. It goes high when the counter reads 7 counts.

Pin-7: It is the output 3. It goes high when the counter reads 3 counts.

Pin-8: It is the Ground pin which should be connected to a LOW voltage (0V).

Pin-9: It is the output 8. It goes high when the counter reads 8 counts.

Pin-10: It is the output 4. It goes high when the counter reads 4 counts.

Pin-11: It is the output 9. It goes high when the counter reads 9 counts.

Pin-12: This is divided by 10 output which is used to cascade the IC with another counter so

as to enable counting greater than the range supported by a single IC 4017. By cascading with

another 4017 IC, we can count up to 20 numbers. We can increase and increase the range of

counting by cascading it with more and more IC 4017s. Each additional cascaded IC will

increase the counting range by 10. However, it is not advisable to cascade more than 3 ICs as

it may reduce the reliability of the count due to the occurrence glitches. If you need a

counting range more than twenty or thirty, I advise you to go with conventional procedure of

using a binary counter followed by a corresponding decoder.

Pin-13: This pin is the disable pin. In normal mode of operation, this is connected to ground

or logic LOW voltage. If this pin is connected to logic HIGH voltage, then the circuit will

stop receiving pulses and so it will not advance the count irrespective of number of pulses

received from the clock.

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*Figure x: CD4017 IC output Pins

Pin-14: This pin is the clock input. This is the pin from where we need to give the input clock

pulses to the IC in order to advance the count. The count advances on the rising edge of the

clock.

Pin-15: This is the reset pin which should be kept LOW for normal operation. If you need to

reset the IC, then you can connect this pin to HIGH voltage.

Pin-16: This is the power supply (Vcc) pin. This should be given a HIGH voltage of 3V to

15V for the IC to function.

This IC is very useful and also user friendly. To use the IC, just connect it according the

specifications described above in the pin configuration and give the pulses you need to count

to the pin-14 of the IC. Then you can collect the outputs at the output pins. When the count is

zero, Pin-3 is HIGH. When the count is 1, Pin-2 is HIGH and so on as described above.

3.5 LED OPERATION

LED circuit operation needs the current to be kept within the device’s specification. The

specified current operation for most LEDs is between ten milliamps to thirty milliamps. This

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is referred to as the forward current (If) specification, also the voltage applied to the LED

must be of the correct polarity and of a value that equals or exceeds the LED’s forward

voltage (Vf) specified. The forward voltage rating can be varied from 0.5 to 4.5 volts,

depending on the type of LED used. LED brightness or luminosity is measured in mill-

candelas (mcd). Typical, luminosities are 50-mcd for small LEDs, up to 7000-mcd for the

larger ultra-bright LEDs; the mcd rating is usually measured at a specified current rating,

usually 30 milliamps.

2N2222 NPN transistor which has a 47Ω resistor connected to pin 17 of the microcontroller.

The 47Ω resistor limits the amount of current that enters the base of the 2N2222 NPN

transistor.

For a 5V supply across a 10k ohms variable resistor, the current flowing through the resistor
is given by;
V = IR …………………………………………………… 1

Therefore,
V
I = …………………………………………………2
R

Where V is measured in Volts (V),

I is measured in Amperes (A) and
R is measured in Ohms (Ω).
5
I= = 0.5mA
10,000

3.7 Transistor Current Analysis

Taking KVL from figure x ………………………………………………. 3

V𝑏𝑏 − V𝐵𝐸(𝑆𝐴𝑇) = I𝐵 R 𝐵

Where, R = R 𝐵

V𝑏𝑏 − V𝐵𝐸(𝑆𝐴𝑇)
I𝐵 = ……………………………………………... 4
R𝐵

When transistor acting as a switch in saturation mode

β𝐹 I𝐵 ˃ (8V𝑏𝑏 = 5V, V𝐵𝐸(𝑆𝐴𝑇) = 0.8V, I𝐶 = 150𝑚𝐴, I𝐵 = ? ……………………….. 5

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For transistor 2N2222, β𝐹 = 100 from the datasheet

By substituting equation (7) into equation (8)

V𝑏𝑏 − V𝐵𝐸(𝑆𝐴𝑇)
β𝐹 ( ) ˃ I𝐶 …………………………6
R𝐵

5 − 0.8
100 ( ) ˃ 150
R𝐵

R 𝐵 ˂ 2.8KΩ

Therefore since 0˂ R 𝐵 ˂ 2.8𝐾Ω, a resistor value of 2.2KΩ was selected at the base of 2N2222

NPN transistor in order to drive the led.

*Figure X: Transistor and LED interconnection

3.6 BASIC OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

Regulated power supply can be obtained by using a voltage regulator circuit .A regulator is

an electronic control which is capable of providing a nearly constant DC output voltage even

when there are some variations in load or input voltage. A source of regulated DC power is

essential for all communication, instrumentation,

*Fig. x: Block diagram of power supply

*Fig. x: Circuit design of power supply

The AC voltage typically 220V rms is connected to a transformer, which steps down that AC

voltage to the level for the desired DC output voltage. A diode rectifier then provides a full

wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a DC

voltage. The resulting DC voltage usually has some ripple and AC voltage variation. In to

resolve this capacitor and a regulator IC-7812 has been used to provide a DC output of 12

volt.

3.7 SOLDERING AND FABRICATION

Neat and good soldering is an accepted practice that ensures that the various components on

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the Vero-board are well placed. Therefore I ensured that the lead heated up enough for a film

holding onto the board. The various components were tested with voltmeter to ensure

individual viability after which they were assembled based on the circuit diagram on the

breadboard and tested. The components were later assembled and soldered onto the Vero-

board according to the designed circuit; each stage of the design was tested and confirms ok.

15
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 FUNCTIONALITY TEST

In the course of testing the system it was observed that the amplifier stage through the

microphone sends voice signal as an electrical pulses which triggers the clock pin into action.

The clock pin begins the various sequential display of the voice signal and indicated by the

counter unit.

4.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The Counter helps to indicate state of voice encoded. The overall project work looks

interesting and is fit for recommendation for commercial mass production. This prototype has

lots of application attached; it could be used as voice surveillance, as speech to light display.

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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

Conclusively the use of CD4017 IC as a decade counter has been effective since the

integrated circuit itself is a decade counter device. It output pins are arranged in a manner that

beautify the designed project work.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

This project can be used for security alert system; future project work on this topic should be

extended to triggering an alarm unit and powering on light system too for effective

surveillance.

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 REFERENCE

1. Shuler Electronics (principles and applications), second Edition.

2. Fredrick F. Driscoll and Robert F. Coughlin; solid state device and applications,

prentice Hall, 1975

3. Douglas V. Hall; Microprocessor and Digital systems, second Edition.

4. Charles L. Alley and Kenneth W. Atwood, Micro Electronics prentice Hall, 1986.

5. Bruce A. Carison and David G. Gisser; Electrical Engineering Concept and

Application, Addison-Wesley, 1981.

6. .Aaron U., Phones for all. A publication on the past, present and future of

Nigerian Telecommunications industry, 2003, pp. 7-19, 31-34, 69.

7. Moses D., Telecommunication Development situation in Democratic Nigeria, 18-27

March, 2002.

8. Debashish M., Network Convergence and Voice over IP, Consultancy Services, 2001.

9. Peter M., Computer Program. Microsoft Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond,

WA:Microsoft Corporation, 2007.

10. Design and Implementation of a Software Intercom on LAN Jonathan G. KOLO

11. Milewshi, Allen E. and Thomas M. Smith. (2000) Providing Presence Cues to

Telephone Users. In CSCW 2000 Proceedings, December 2-6, 2000,Philadelphia

12. Mynatt, Elizabeth D., Jim Rowan, Annie Jacobs, and Sarah Craighill. (2001)

13. Digital Family Portraits: Supporting Peace of Mind for Extended Family Members. In

Proceedings of CHI 2001, March 31-April 4, 2001, Seattle, WA, pp.333-340.

14. O'Brien, Jon and Tom Rodden. (1997) Interactive Systems in Domestic

Environments. In Proceedings of Designing Interactive Systems (DIS '97),

Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 247-259.

15. MJ11012/MJ11015: 30 A, 120 V, 200 W, high power Darlington complementary pair

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 BJTs. Used in audio amplifiers, control, and power switching.

16. 2N5457/2N5460: JFET (depletion mode), general purpose, low power,

complementary pair.

17. BSP296/BSP171: IGFET (enhancement mode), medium power, near complementary

pair. Used for logic level conversion and driving power transistors in amplifiers.

18. IRF3710/IRF5210: IGFET (enhancement mode), 40 A, 100 V, 200 W, near

complementary pair. For high-power amplifiers and power switches, especially in

automobiles.

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