G7 U2M3 – LIVING THINGS OTHER THAN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Objective in this module: “ I am expected to identify beneficial and harmful microorganisms.

ALGAE>unicellular or multicellular plant-like protists that can make their own food.
BACTERIA>unicellular organisms that are used in making fermented products act as decomposers and may cause diseases.
FUNGI>big group of organisms that have plant-like characteristics but cannot make their own food.
LICHEN>it is partly fungus and partly alga
MUSHROOM> a type of fungus that cannot make their own food that can be used as food, act as decomposers and some may cause
diseases like athlete’s foot.
PROTIST>big group of organisms having characteristics of both plants and animals.
SPORES>seed-like structures of most fungi and some algae used in reproducing their kind.

Cellular Organization
●Unicellular organisms contain only one cell. ●Multicellular organisms are made of many
cells.

The Two Types of Cells

Prokaryote
●No membrane-bound organelles
●Unicellular organisms
●Circular DNA attached to cell membrane
(nucleoid)
●Reproduce through Binary Fission
●Cells small - usually less that 2 µm
●Most have cell wall
●cells that do not have a nuclear membrane
around the DNA
●bacteria, archaea, viruses and certain algae
Eukaryote (means true nucleus)
●Has membrane-bound organelles
●Unicellular & Multicellular
●DNA in strands in nucleus
●Reproduce through mitosis
●Cells larger than 2 µm (micrometers)
●Most have no cell wall (except plants)
●cells that have a true nucleus containing the
genetic material
●fungi, animals, plants, protista

*both have dna, ribosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm

Unicellular Kingdoms
●Unicellular organisms that are prokaryotic ● Unicellular organisms that are eukaryotic
KINGDOM MONERA KINGDOM PROTISTA
 Multicellular Kingdoms
●Unicellular organisms contain only one cell. ●Multicellular organisms are made of many cells.

Multicellular Producer = Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Consumer = Kingdom Animalia

• ALL multicellular organisms contain

eukaryotic cells.

Multicellular Decomposer = Kingdom Fungi

Name of living Big group/ Characteristics Uses/ Benefits Harmful Effects

thing or organism Other
Examples
Mushroom Fungi / Not green; cannot make its Food; decomposes living matter Some species can
yeast, mold own food cause disease, e.g.
athlete’s foot, ringworm;
some are poisonous
when eaten
Green algae, e.g. Protist (Algae)/ Has green, and other Food for humans; food for fish in ponds Some considered pests
Caulerpa or ar- Red algae, colors; can make their own in aquariums and
arusep, e.g., food; some are one-celled, recreation beaches
Kappaphycus some are multicellular
or Eucheuma
Lichen Partly fungus Algal part can Algal part provides food for the fungal
and partly alga photosynthesize; fungal part; fungal part provides a home for
part cannot the alga; acts as indicator of air
pollution; lichens act as seed bed or
spore bed
Molds Fungi Has root-like, stem-like, Break down once living matter into its Responsible for spoiled
fruit-like parts; has spores simplest components food
Bacteria Bacteria or Can be seen only when in Making fermented products: also May cause disease like
Monera colonies or big numbers decomposes once-living matter TB, diarrhea,
pneumonia, some
sexually transmitted
diseases, urinary tract
infection or UTI, leprosy,
typhoid, rheumatic fever

G7 U2M4 – REPRODUCTION: THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE

Objective in this module: “ I am expected to differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction in terms of 1-number of individuals involved
2-similarities of offspring to parents and describe the process of fertilization.”
2.Fission> the cell divides to form two identical daughters cells.
REPRODUCTION>The ability of an organism to produce new Ex: protococcus
individuals is one of the characteristics that distinguishes living 3.Budding>a new individual may from as an outgrowth of the
things from non-living things. parent that eventually separates from the parent and becomes
a new individual. Ex: yeast, hydra, sponges
2 MODES OF REPRODUCTION 4.Spore Formation>a type of asexual reproduction common to
1 ASEXUAL> a type of reproduction that does not require the fungi where fruit like structures called spores are released from
union of sex cells. spore cases (the black round structure at the tip of a stalk) and
Kinds of AR: each spore develops into a new organism. Ex: molds or fungi
1.Vegetative Propagation/Reproduction>is where a new 5.Fragmentation> a process wherein a part of an organism is
individual, known as the offspring, is produced from a single cut into pieces and each can grow into another of itself.
parent with the exact same traits. >When pieces of the parent organism are broken off and grow
into genetically identical organisms. Ex: Hydra
6.Regeneration>is the process in which organisms replace or
restore their lost or damaged body parts. Ex: starfish

2 SEXUAL> a type of reproduction that requires the union of

sex cells or gametes
Kinds of SR
1.Fertilization>union of two cells forming a zygote.
*zygote>the cell produced from the union of egg cell and sperm cell.
Meiosis>type of cell reproduction resulting in the formation of egg cells
in females and sperms in males.
2.Conjugation>is where the content of one cell is transferred to
another cell to form a zygote by forming a bridge between the
two cells.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

Pollination>the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the

stigma of a flower
*flower is the reproductive organ in flowering plants.