COMMON CAUSES OF CAR ACCIDENTS

Disusun oleh:
Kevin Fernanda Hafidz (17 MIPA 4/17)

PEMERINTAH KOTA MALANG

DINAS PENDIDIKAN
SMA NEGERI 1 MALANG
Jalan Tugu Utara Nomor 1 Malang Telp. 0341-366454, Fax. 0341-329487
Website: http://www.sman1-mlg.sch.id
Email: mitrekasatatasman1-mlg.sch.id / tu_sman1malang@yahoo.com
Oktober 2019
 PREFACE

This paper presents the importance of grammar, vocabulary, and spelling in an article
titled, “Common Causes of Car Accidents”. This paper is primarily addressed to students and
educators, who play a very important role in the growth and development of the youth. An
understanding of grammar, vocabulary and spelling, as one of the basic factors that influence
school grades in English subject will help them provide for better means of understanding
grammar in English.
In truth, I could not have achieved my current level of success without a strong support
of Allah SWT and a few groups. First of all, my parents, who supported me with love and
understanding. And secondly, my teacher, Mrs. Sri Wardhani, M.Pd. And thirdly, all my
classmates, each of whom has provided patient advice and guidance throughout the research
process. Grateful acknowledgment is here made to those who helped this researcher gather
data for this paper. This work would not have reached its present form without their
invaluable help. Thank you all for your unwavering support.

Malang, September 2019

The Writer’s

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COMMON CAUSES OF CAR ACCIDENTS............................................................................ i

PREFACE................................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Text (Article) ............................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Paraphrasing................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Analyzing of Vocab ..................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURE ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 5
3.1 Simple Sentences ......................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Compound Sentences ................................................................................................... 5
3.3 Complex Sentences ...................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 4 PARAGRAPH ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 5 TEXT DISCUSSION ........................................................................................... 9
5.1 Previewing ................................................................................................................... 9
5.2 Detail Informations ...................................................................................................... 9
5.3 Making References .................................................................................................... 10
5.4 Making Inference ....................................................................................................... 10
5.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 10
5.6 General Comments .................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 12

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 Text (Article)

Common Causes of Car Accidents

According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2009 there were almost 11 million
car accidents across the country. That is the highest number on record, and it is a figure that
will likely continue to grow along with the country’s population. Even with today’s
technology and a greater emphasis on automobile safety, car accidents continue to occur. The
causes of car accidents are varied, but it is important for all of us -- as members of the
motoring public -- to understand the most common causes of car accidents so that we can
make every effort to prevent them.
There are two broad categories of causes when it comes to car accidents. The first is
driver error, and the second category encompasses everything else. According to studies done
by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as well as by various states,
driver error is by far the largest single cause of car accidents in the United States.
Within the category of driver error lays a variety of different types of driving
behaviors that lead to car accidents. Driver error is most often the result of “distracted
driving.” By far the most common cause of driver distraction is the use of cell phones.
According to the National Safety Council (NSC), 25% of all automobile crashes are related to
cell phone use, whether by talking on the phone or texting.
Why is this the case? Much of our decision-making while driving is a result of the
“Myth of Multitasking”, as described in a recent study by the NSC. Medical studies have
shown that the human brain is physiologically incapable of performing two important tasks as
the same time. Rather, the brain engages in “micro-tasking.” The brain handles only one task
at a time, but it switches very quickly, back and forth between competing tasks. Because the
brain cannot adequately process all the information coming in, the brain selects to process
only a part of the information. The result? We fall victim to the assumption that we are
dealing with both tasks adequately, when in fact we are not effectively accomplishing either
task.
The question then arises -- How does this attempt at multitasking affect our driving?
As drivers, the likelihood of avoiding any hazard depends largely on our ability to first
perceive the hazard, and then take appropriate action to avoid it. The proper response can
mean the difference between safely avoiding a road hazard and causing an accident. The
margin of error is often only a matter of seconds. If the driver is engaged in an activity such as
texting on a phone or adjusting the radio, the brain is less likely to perceive road hazards in
sufficient time to allow for a safe response. (Learn more about Car Accidents Caused by
Phone Use.)

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 Other driver-based decisions also lead to car accidents, and they can operate in much
the same way as distractions. According to recent statistics compiled by the NHTSA, alcohol
was a factor in more than 40% of all automobile fatalities. A driver’s decision to consume
alcohol and then get behind the wheel of a car results in decreased reaction time, poor vision,
and poor decision-making.
Driving while fatigued has similar effects on drivers. Not only is a fatigued driver
more likely to fall asleep while driving, but fatigue also slows reaction times when it comes to
responding to hazards on the road. An intoxicated driver or a fatigued driver is much more
likely to miss a traffic control signal such as a stop sign, compared with an alert driver.
Speeding is another source of driver error, and it is a common cause of accidents
among young drivers. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), teen drivers are
more likely to speed than adult drivers, and male teens are more likely to speed compared with
their female counterparts. Those most likely to speed are also the least experienced drivers,
and the least equipped to deal with a high-speed hazard encountered while driving. Poor
decision-making also leads drivers to drive too fast for local conditions such as poor weather
or bad visibility.
There are also a number of non-driver related causes of car accidents. The physical
condition of the roadway can play a significant role in causing a car accident. If a road is
improperly maintained, that may make it difficult to maintain traction or to stop in time for a
hazard. (Learn more about car accidents caused by road conditions.) The same holds true for
weather conditions. Moisture -- whether from rain or snow -- can make a roadway slippery,
again affecting driving conditions. Weather can also impair visibility when conditions include
fog, rain, or snow.
The mechanical performance of your car can also play a role in the cause of accidents.
A failure to properly maintain the brake system or tires may impede your ability to stop a car
in advance of a hazard. Other mechanical issues may reduce your ability to steer clear of any
hazard you encounter on the roadway.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Paraphrasing

Original Text
Speeding is another source of driver error, and it is a common cause of accidents
among young drivers. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), teen drivers are
more likely to speed than adult drivers, and male teens are more likely to speed compared with
their female counterparts. Those most likely to speed are also the least experienced drivers,
and the least equipped to deal with a high-speed hazard encountered while driving. Poor
decision-making also leads drivers to drive too fast for local conditions such as poor weather
or bad visibility.
Paraphrasing
Speeding is another source of driver error, and among young drivers it is a frequent
cause of accidents. Teen drivers are more likely to speed than adult drivers, according to the
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and male teenagers are more likely to speed relative to
their female counterparts. Also, the least experienced drivers are the most likely to speed, and
the least equipped to deal with a high-speed hazard that occurs while driving. Poor decision-
making also leads drivers to drive too quickly for local conditions like poor weather or poor
visibility.

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 2.2 Analyzing of Vocab

Part of
No. Word Synonym Antonym Sentences Meaning
Speech

1. Hard Adjective Strong Soft It is so hard to catch the fly. Sulit: Keras

2. Accident Noun Hazard Safe I had a car accident last month. Kecelakaan

3. Bad Adjective Atrocious Good Rona had a bad score of tests. Buruk

4. Discipline Adjective Self-control Forfeit Discipline is the key of success. Disiplin

5. Rule Noun Decree Misguide We must obey the rule. Peraturan

6. Fast Adjective Abstain Slow Lamborghini is a fast car. Cepat

7. Stop Noun Pause Continue Stop eating junk food! Berhenti

8. Poor Adjective Destitute Rich Lazy can cause poor in the future Miskin

9. Difficult Adjective Hard Easy Math exam is difficult sometimes. Sulit

10. Lead Adjective Accompany Follow Marquez is leading the Moto GP points. Memimpin

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 CHAPTER 3
STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

3.1 Simple Sentences

1. The margin of error is often only a matter of seconds.

Subject TB Adj Comp

2. There are also a number of non-driver related causes of car accidents.

Subject Verb Comp

3. The same holds true for weather conditions.

Subject Verb Adj Comp

3.2 Compound Sentences

1. The first is driver error, and the second category encompasses

Subject TB Object CC Subject Verb

everything else.
Object

2. The causes of car accidents are pretty varied, but it is important

Subject TB Verb CC S TB Adj

for all of us.

Comp

3. The brain handles only one task at a time, but it switches

Subject Verb Comp CC S Verb

very quickly.

Adverb

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 3.3 Complex Sentences

1. Weather can also impair visibility when conditions include

Subject Verb Object Adverb Subject Verb

fog, rain, or snow.

Comp

2. It is a figure that will likely continue to grow along with

Subject Verb Adj CC NCC

the country’s population.

Comp

3. The first is driver error, and the second category encompasses everything else.
Adj Clause Subject Predicate Object

4. Speeding is another source of driver error, and it is a common cause

Subject Predicate Adj Clause Subject

of accidents among young drivers.

Predicate

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No Main Idea
There were almost 11 million
1. car accidents across the
country.
There are two broad
2. categories of causes when it
comes to car accidents.
Different types of driving
3. behaviors that lead to car
accidents.
Much of our decision-making
4.
while driving.
Avoiding any hazard depends
largely on our ability to first
5. perceive the hazard, and then
take appropriate action to
avoid it.
CHAPTER 4
PARAGRAPH ANALYSIS
Supporting details Keyword
That is the highest number on record, and it is a figure that will likely continue to
grow along with the country’s population. Even with today’s technology and a Car Accident
greater emphasis on automobile safety, car accidents continue to occur.
The first is driver error, and the second category encompasses everything else.
According to studies done by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Categories
(NHTSA) as well as by various states, driver error is by far the largest single cause of
car accidents in the United States.
Driver error is most often the result of “distracted driving.” By far the most common
cause of driver distraction is the use of cell phones. According to the National Safety
Behavior
Council (NSC), 25% of all automobile crashes are related to cell phone use, whether
by talking on the phone or texting.
Medical studies have shown that the human brain is physiologically incapable of
performing two important tasks as the same time. Rather, the brain engages in
Decision
“micro-tasking.” The brain handles only one task at a time, but it switches very
quickly, back and forth between competing tasks.
The proper response can mean the difference between safely avoiding a road hazard
and causing an accident. The margin of error is often only a matter of seconds. If the
driver is engaged in an activity such as texting on a phone or adjusting the radio, the Avoiding
brain is less likely to perceive road hazards in sufficient time to allow for a safe
response.
7

They can operate in much the
6.
same way as distractions.
According to recent statistics compiled by the NHTSA, alcohol was a factor in more
than 40% of all automobile fatalities. A driver’s decision to consume alcohol and
Distractions
then get behind the wheel of a car results in decreased reaction time, poor vision, and
poor decision-making.

Driving while fatigued has
7.
similar effects on drivers.
Not only is a fatigued driver more likely to fall asleep while driving, but fatigue also
slows reaction times when it comes to responding to hazards on the road. An
Fatigued
intoxicated driver or a fatigued driver is much more likely to miss a traffic control
signal such as a stop sign, compared with an alert driver.

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), teen drivers are more likely to
speed than adult drivers, and male teens are more likely to speed compared with their
Speeding is another source of
8. female counterparts. Those most likely to speed are also the least experienced Speeding
driver error.
drivers, and the least equipped to deal with a high-speed hazard encountered while
driving.
If a road is improperly maintained, that may make it difficult to maintain traction or
The physical condition of the to stop in time for a hazard. (Learn more about car accidents caused by road
9. roadway can play a significant conditions.) The same holds true for weather conditions. Moisture -- whether from Condition
role in causing a car accident. rain or snow -- can make a roadway slippery, again affecting driving conditions.
Weather can also impair visibility when conditions include fog, rain, or snow.

The mechanical performance A failure to properly maintain the brake system or tires may impede your ability to
10. of a car can also play a role in stop a car in advance of a hazard. Other mechanical issues may reduce your ability to Mechanical
the cause of accidents. steer clear of any hazard you encounter on the roadway.

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 CHAPTER 5
TEXT DISCUSSION

5.1 Previewing

What is the text about?

The causes of traffic accidents.
5.2 Detail Informations

What are the effects of alcohol?

The effects of alcohol are poor vision, and poor decision-making.
Why A driver’s decision to consume alcohol is a bad idea?
A driver’s decision to consume alcohol and then get behind the wheel of a car results
in decreased reaction time, poor vision, and poor decision-making.
Who said driver error is by far the largest single cause of car accidents in the United
States?
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
When were almost 11 million car accidents across the country?
We can find almost 11 million car accidents in 2009.
Where can we find the affecting driving condition roads?
We can find the affecting driving condition in the slippery and snowy roads.
How the accident came up?

When the driver is engaged in an activity such as texting on a phone or adjusting the
radio.

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 5.3 Making References

1. Almost 11 million car accidents across the country. That is the highest number on
record. (Paragraph 1)
“That” refers to almost 11 million car accidents across the country.
2. The causes of car accidents are varied. But it is important for all of us. (Paragraph 1)
“It” refers to the causes of car accidents are varied.
3. Speeding is another source of driver error. It is a common cause of accidents among
young drivers. (paragraph 8)
“It” refers to speeding is another source of driver error.
4. The brain handles only one task at a time. But it switches very quickly, back and forth
between competing tasks (Paragraph 4)
“It” refers to the brain handles only one task at a time.
5. If a road is improperly maintained, that may make it difficult to maintain traction or to
stop in time for a hazard. (Paragraph 9)
“That” refers to if a road is improperly maintained.
5.4 Making Inference

There were so many car accidents that happened. It is caused because of human errors
and the condition of the roads. The weather and the condition of vehicle are also can cause the
car accident. So, we must be discipline of our self and anticipate the car accident by doing
vehicle maintenance and make a report to the government because of bad roads.
5.5 Summary

There are two categories of car accidents. The first category comes from the driver
itself. It means that the driver may not obey the rule of traffic. The other reason is the driver
may not concentrate while driving because of sleepy or drunk of alcohol. The second category
comes from the condition of the road and the vehicle. It means that the bad road can make the
vehicle hard to control, and the bad maintenance of vehicle can cause the engine failure.

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 5.6 General Comments

1. Text to my self
I choose this article because I have interested in health subject especially about
automotive. This article makes me have a new knowledge about the variety cause of
accident. This article also makes me more interested to remind of family and friends
the important to be safe at the roads. Beside of that, this article is also very useful for
our daily life.
2. Text to book
Some words in this article, are not well known for public readers. Because it includes
scientific substances. The writer should give an explanation about the scientific
substances, so the readers know what it means. But overall this article is clear and easy
to understand.
3. Text to the world
Many peoples know about the accidents just caused of human errors. In the real life,
the accidents can be happened because of the roads, weather, and the mechanical
problems too. So, we can be safer while we are driving and not blaming each other’s.
4. Books to the media
Media should spread this article. So, people in this world know the real impact of
knowing the variety cause of car accidents and how to prevent it. Because some of
media just reporting the accident but not the way to prevent it. In order to make a
better living.

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 CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/common-causes-car-accidents.html
www.thesaurus.com
www.dictionary.com
https://foxsanantonio.com

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