Archaea domain: Kingdom
plant to help breakdown sewage.
Archaebacteria
• Organisms that belong to this
kingdom are all microscopic.
• They live in various places, some
even in the most severe
environments.
• Archaebacteria are the oldest
organism living on earth
• The word archae came from the
greek word Arkhaion, which means
ancient. Archae is also the Latin
name for prokaryotic cells.
• Archaebacteria are characterised by
absence of peptidoglycan in their
cell wall.
Under the kingdom Archaea, archaebacteria
are classified into the following phyla
 Euryarchaeota
 Crenarchaeota
 Korarchaeota
 Thuamarchaeota
 Nanoarchaeota
3 types of archaebacteria
The Archaebacteria kingdom is made up of
THREE different kinds of Archaebacteria.
The first type of archaebacteria are the
Methanogens
• These types of archaebacteria live in
oxygen free enviornments and they
produce methane gases.
• Places methanogens can be found
are: marshes, lake sediments, and
digestive tracts of animals.
• Commercial use: used in sewage
The second type of archaebacteria is
the Halophiles
• Halophiles live in water with a very
high concentration of salt.
• Halophiles can be found: in Utah's
Great Salt Lake and The Dead Sea
in the Middle East.
The third type of archaebacteria is
known as Thermophiles
• These types of archaebacteria live
in hot areas.
• The water is a very hot/acidic sulfur
spring.
• It is also a(n) Autotrophic producer.
The Important uses of
archaebacteria
• Production of Thermostable
enzymes
• Production of antibiotics
• Biogas production
• Production of organic solvents
• Sewage treatment
Is archaebacteria harmful?
The American Society for
microbiology has not yet found an
archaebacteria that causes disease
or is harmful to human body. While
these microorganisms have many
characteristics of other disease-
causing bacteria, the knowledge of
them is limited.
 Bacteria Domain: Kingdom eubacteria
• Members of eubacteria are unicellular and microscopic.
• They are referred to as the true bacteria and are usually called the “bacteria” group.
• Eubacteria are all prokaryotes. this means that they lack a cell wall.
• Organisms that are complex yet single-celled
• Can be found in every habitat on earth

Phyla of Eubacteria
• Acidobacteria • Deferribacteres • Nitrospira or
nitrospirae
• Actinobacteria • Deinococcus-
thermus • Planctomycetes or
• Aquificae
planctobacteria
• Dictyoglomi
• Armatimonadetes
• Proteobacteria
• Elusimicrobia
• Bacteroidetes
• Spirochaetes or
• Fibrobacteres
• Caldiserica spirochaetae
• Firmicutes
• Chlamydiae • Synergistetes
• Fusobacteria
• Chlorobi • Tenericutes
• Gemmatimonadete
• Chloroflexi • Thermodesulfobact
s
eria
• Chrysiogenetes
• Lentisphaerae
• Thermotogae
• Cyanobacteria
• Verrucomicrobia

Classification according to its shape

• Bacilli –rod-shape which often have a small whiplike structures known as flagella
• Cocci –spherical which may grow in pairs,chains or clusters
• spirilla –spiral-shape

Uses and harmful effects of bacteria

Pimples

 When your oil glands swell and result to pimples, they are infected with bacterium
Propionibacterium Acnes
Tuberculosis

 Tuberculosis, one common disease in the Philippines, is caused by bacterium

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Leptospirosis

 Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection due to exposure to the spirochete bacterium,

Leptospira interrogans. It has been found out that the largest number of leptospira
bacteria are in the urine of rats.
Anthrax

 Bacillus anthracis is responsible for the disease called anthrax that the bacterium is
found in the soil and can survive for many years.
 Inhalation and intestinal anthrax caused by inhaling spores and eating of
contaminated or uncooked meat, respectively, are deadly. In the early 2000’s there
was a worldwide threat of using anthrax spores to kill people in what is termed as
“biological” warfare.
Antibiotics

 Streptomycin, antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and certain types of pneunomonia

is made by Streptomyces griseus. Streptomyces venezuelae, on the other hand,
produces chloramphenicol used in killing bacteria that cause typhoid fever and skin
infections.
Vitamin B12

 Escherichia coli is naturally found in the large intestine of humans. These bacteria
meanwhile provide the much needed vitamin b12 that otherwise the human body
cannot produce. E. Coli ,however, once present in other areas in the body can
produce poisons causing diarrhea or kidney damage and even death.
Yogurt

 Lactobacilli bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are specifically involved in

making sour milk or yogurt. Yogurt is made by adding a culture of Lactobacillus
bulgaricus present in the starter to skimmed milk powder. Lactase in the bacteria
changes the milk sugar into lactic acid. When this occurs, proteins in milk curdle
which gives yogurt its semi-liquid texture.
Bioremediation

 Some members of eubacteria are able to break down or remove pollutants through
the process of bioremediation
o Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of
organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.
Cyanobacteria

 The cyanobacteria are plantlike because they have chlorophyll-containing cells. Most
of them are single-celled, some form filaments, while others form spores.
Cyanobacteria grow in ditches, esteros, or in moist places like gardens and sidewalls
where light is present. Some is recommended as food for humans.
  Anabena azollae, another cyanobacteria is important in agriculture. It convert
nitrogen in air into compounds usable by plants for growth and development. The
same is being done by Rhizobium group of bacteria. They are present in the root
nodules of legumes.
Microbial Pesticide

 Certain bacteria, like Bacillus thuringiensis, have been developed into a microbial
pesticide. It is used to control pests and and insects carrying disease-causing
organisms

Importance of bacteria
• Most bacteria attack organic matter only after it is dead. were it not for bacteria that
decompose animals and plants, these would accumulate indefinitely.
• The contribution of bacteria in enriching the soil is tremendous.
• the nitrogen-fixing bacteria fix gas from the atmosphere and convert it to a form (nitrate)
that green plants use for growth.
• Bacteria also create fertilizers by breaking down compost heaps made of soil and dead
plants
• Bacteria are important in industry like in the production of cheese, yogurt, buttermilk,
vinegar and many others
• The preparation of antibiotics can be attributed to a soil bacteria
• Bacteria play an important role in the tanning of leather and hides, the curing of tobacco
• Animals like sheep, cattle, carabao and goats live on the grass; yet without bacteria they
would not be able to digest tough fibers of cellulose in plants

Comparison of archaebacteria and eubacteria

EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Bacterial cell walls have • Archaeal cell walls do not have
peptidoglycan peptidoglycan
• Bacteria have one ribosomal rna • Archaea have three ribosomal rna
polymerase (rrna) polymerase (similar to eukaryotes)

• Bacteria cannot live above 100 • Archae thrive in extreme

degress celcius temperatures
•
• Bacterial growth is inhibited by • Archaeal growth is not inhibited by
antibiotics antibiotics
Kingdom Protista
• Sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so
different from one another.
• Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals,
not plants and not fungi.
• Members of Kingdom Protista come from unrelated ancestors. This grouping is referred
to by biologists as an artificial grouping. The inclusion of the large number of unicellular
organisms under this kingdom is just for convenience.
In terms of method in obtaining energy, protists are classified into three groups.

Phototrophs or plant-like protists

• produce their own food
• The unicellular algae are the euglenoids, diatoms, dinoflagellates and chrysophytes.
• The multicellular forms are the seaweeds- some species of green algae, brown and red
algae.
o Phylum euglenophyta – euglenoids
o Phylum chrysophyta – yellow green and golden brown algae
o Phylum bacillariophyta – diatoms
o Phylum pyrrophyta – dinoflagellates
o Phylum chlorophyta – green algae
o Phylum phaeophya – brown algae
o Phylum rodophyta – red algae

Phylum euglenophyta – euglenoids

• The euglenoids are microscopic and unicellular.
• It lives in freshwater bodies.
• Organisms of this group have a whiplike flagellum for movement.
• Some euglenoids have chlorophyll.
o Euglena has an interesting characteristic of getting food. When light is available to, it
makes food utilizing chlorophyll. In the absence of light, it absorbs nutrients from
dead organic matter.

Phylum chrysophyta – yellow green and golden brown algae

• Found both in fresh and marine waters
• The cell walls of some of these algae contain pectin instead of cellulose
• They have photosynthetic pigments and store oil instead of starch
• They have two flagella for locomotion
• Reproduction is asexual – fragmentation or spore formation

Phylum bacillariophyta – diatoms

• They exist in fresh and marine waters and moist place on land
• They have varied and intricate shapes because of their cell walls that contain silica
 • The cell walls called frustules have numerous pores that allow material exchange
between cell and the environment
• They are the most numerous phytoplankton
• They reproduce by asexual means through mitosis
• Upon death of these organisms, frustules dissolve, but those that are not dissolved sttle
to the bottom of the oceans and lakes. They become fossils

Phylum pyrrophyta – dinoflagellates

• They are mostly unicellular. They are abundant in marine water
• Some occur as single organisms, while others form colonies.
• They reproduce by means of binary fission
• Pyrrophyta have luminescent property that allows the organism to emit blue-green light
when the water is disturbed
• Many dinoflagellates during algal blooms color the sea water red because of the
yellowish to reddish accessory pigments called xantophylls
• An important dinoflagellate to know is Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum.
o They are the ones that cause “red tide” when present in large numbers.
o During red tide, people should not eat clams and mussels in the affected areas.
This is because these organisms might have fed on the dinoflagellates which
produce toxins and cause paralysis of the diaphragm that can lead to death.

Phylum chlorophyta – green algae

• Green algae are very much plantlike because of the chlorophyll pigments and cell walls
that they have. (chlorophyll a and b)
• Food stored is starch. The cell walls are madeup of cellulose.
• They grow on wet, humid rocks or bark of trees, in non-flowing canals, in seas,
freshwater bodies and even polluted waterways.
• Some are unicellular (chlamydomonas); others form colonies (volvox), sheets, filaments
(spirogyra), tubes and ribbons. Some green algae are edible.
o The marine green alga Caulerpa lentillifera is eaten fresh as salad.

Phylum phaeophyta – brown algae

• Brown algae are the largest of the algae species.
• Leaflike and bubblelike structures called bladders are present in brown algae. They float
near the water surface where light is present.
• Brown algae contain chlorophyll pigments a and c and fucoxanthin which gives the
brown color of these algae.Food stored is laminarin
o The giant kelp is the largest known algae that grow 30 to 100 meters in length

Phylum rodophyta – red algae

• The red algae derive their color from red pigments, phycobilins.
• They have chlorophyll a and phycobilins
• Food stored is floridean starch, an insoluble carbohydrate
• Red algae can absorb blue light enabling them to grow in deeper waters.
• Some species may appear purple, reddish black or green
Heterotrophs
 Heterotrophs feed on other organisms
• Fungus-like protists
o Slime molds and water molds
• Animal-like protists
o Phylum sarcodina (with pseudopodia)
o Phylum ciliophora (with cilia)
o Phylum zoomastiginia (with flagella)
o Phylum sporozoa

Fungus-like protists
• Slime and water molds are motile in a certain stage in their life cycles.
• Thus, they are considered to be heterotrophs with limited movements.
• Slime molds are usually the colored yellow, orange, or whitish growths that you may see
on damp rotting logs.
• They feed on bacteria and decaying plant material in the same manner as an amoeba
does.
• Water molds are white cottony growths on dead fish or plant parts that you might see
floating in water.
• Certain species of water molds are parasitic on corn, grapes cabbage and many other
important crops.

Phylum Sarcodina
• Amoeba is a typical example of sarcodines, orgnisms with pseudopodia.
• pseudopodia are structures for locoomotion and for engulfing food. Pseudopodia are
flexible extensions of cell AND are formed when changes in the cytoplasmic
concentration occur within the cell.
• This change causes the cell membrane to contract and enable the organism to make a
creeping movement.
• Pseudopods may form as they are needed.
o Entamoeba histolytica is a harmful species of amoeba living in freshwater bodies. If
present in underground water, it can contaminate drinking water. Once this
happens, the gastrointestinal tract is infected causing amoebiasis. If the protist
invades the intestinal lining it leads to amoebic dysentery. Proper sanitation must
be practiced to ensure clean and safe drinking water.

Phylum Ciliophora
• Organisms in this phylum are commonly called ciliates with cilia as their locomotory
structure.
• Cilia are short appendages with similar structure as the flagellum enabling the organism
to propel itself through the water.
• The ciliate group are free-living and present in both fresh and salt water. They also use
the cilia to get food.

Phylum Zoomastiginia
 • They are unicellular and they use one or many of their threadlike flagella to move. Some
of them exist as single organisms though others form colonies.
• there are parasitic and free-living flagellates.
• Two important species to study are Giardia lamblia and Trypanosoma gambiense
because they affect humans. G. Lamblia cause severe diarrhea, while t. Gambiense is
responsible for gambian sleeping sickness
o Trichonympha is beneficial to other organisms. It lives in the intestine of termites.
Since termites cannot digest the wood that they eat, trichonympha do it for them.
Termites in turn give them a home and food to eat.

Phylum Sporozoa
• Also known as apicomplexans
• Members of the sporozoan group cannot move on their own.
• They may be free-living and parasitic.
• They have apical complex or apparatus that is specialized to penetrate the red blood cell
and eventually derive nourishment from it
o Some like four species of Plasmodium are harmful for they cause malaria, a serious
disease in humans. This malaria-causing sporozoan is transmitted to humans by
Anopheles mosquito. In the Philippines malaria is still constantly present in certain
areas.

Ecological importance of protists

• Fungal-like protest are decomposers.
• Unicellular algae are the phytoplankton in bodies of water that become food for other
organisms, playing a vital role in the food web.
• Algae are the major source of oxygen on earth.
• Massive growth of seaweeds in coral reef and rocky intertidal zones provide habitat
fishes and invertebrates.
• Red algae that form calcium carbonate deposits in the building of coral reefs and atolls.
• Acetabularia, a green alga is a subject of experimental studies in genetics
• Seaweeds are collected by people in coastal areas for food.
• In some communities, caulerpa and other green algae are served as fresh salad. There
are fish folks who grow seaweeds for the production of agar, carrageenan and algin.
• The diatomaceous earth that are thick deposits of shells of diatoms millions of years ago
are mined and made into water filters, abrasives and base for frosted nail polish.
• Brown algae are collected, dried and powdered for fertilizers.
• Hydrogen produced under anaerobic conditions by chlamydomonas is a potential source
of fuel to run machines.
• Remains of colonial green algae are found in coal deposits and oil shales.