2019-09-10

MIE 1240H
WIND POWER
Joaquin E. Moran • jmoran@mie.utoronto.ca • Fall 2019

COURSE DESCRIPTION
• Unit 1 – Wind Resource Assessment
• Unit 2 – Wind Turbine Technology
• Introduction to Aerodynamics of WT
• WT Performance
• Structural Design and Loads on WT
• Mechanical and Civil Engineering Components
• Unit 3 – Wind Power Projects
• Energy production estimation
• Wind Farm design and constructability
• Economics and environmental considerations

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MARK COMPOSITION
• Assignments 40%
• Exam 35%
• In-Class Assignment 25%

RECOMMENDED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Wind Turbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics. Erich Hau
(2013), 3rd Edition, Springer

• Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application. Manwell, McGowan and
Rogers (2010). 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons.

• Wind Energy Handbook. Burton, Jenkins, Sharpe and Bossanyi (2011). 2nd Edition,
John Wiley and Sons

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UNIT 1
WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

ELECTRICITY – RENEWABLE POWER

World’s Current Installed Capacity (est.): 6,380 GW (*)

Renewables Installed Capacity (est.): 2,017 GW
Hydro-Electric Capacity (est.): 1,096 GW
Wind Power (est.): 592 GW (end of 2018)

(* ) Source: US Energy Information Administration, data corresponds to 2015

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WORLD’S NET ELECTRICITY GENERATION

PER SOURCE

Source: International Energy Outlook 2010 -

Highlights , U.S. .Energy Information Administration
(EIA)

NATURAL SUPPLY AND ENERGY

AVAILABILITY
Natural Supply of Renewable Energy in relation to the world consumption
2850 200 20 2 1

World

3.8 0.5 0.4 1 0.15

Fraction (%) that is technically, economically and ecologically viable

Source: DLR, FVS

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GLOBAL ENERGY POTENTIAL

Source: Perez et al., 2009, "A Fundamental Look At

Energy Reserves For The Planet"

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE
RESOURCES - “SUPERGRID”

Source: First steps to bring Saharan solar to Europe".

EurActiv. 2009-07-22.

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WIND ENERGY - TRENDS

Currently:

 Almost 600 GW Installed

 New Installations Growth of <20 %
per year in the last five years
 More than 250,000 people
employed worldwide
 Over 6% of world’s electricity
production
 In the EU in 2015, 44% of all new
generating capacity was wind
power; while in the same period
net fossil fuel power capacity
Source: Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), www.gwec.net (2018) decreased

NUCLEAR POWER HISTORY

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency

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WIND POWER – INSTALLED CAPACITY

Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2016

INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW)

Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2016

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WIND POWER – INSTALLED CAPACITY

Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2016

OFFSHORE WIND POWER – INSTALLED

CAPACITY

Source: Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), www.gwec.net (2018)

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WIND POWER – CANADA

Source: Canadian Wind

Source:Energy
CanadianAssociation (2019) (CanWEA)
Wind Energy Association

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF WIND

POWER - TIMELINE

Modern
Wind
American Turbine
Wind Generators
Turbines (WTG)
European
Wind Mills
Persian Empire
China

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ORIGINS OF WINDMILLS

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

GERMAN POST WINDMILL

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

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GERMAN POST WINDMILL

Cogged Wheel

Wallower

Wind Shaft

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

GERMAN POST WINDMILL

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

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DUTCH WINDMILL

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

DUTCH WINDMILL

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

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SAILS

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

SAILS – SUBSEQUENTLY ADDED

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

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AMERICAN WINDMILL – HALLADAY AND

ECLIPSE DESIGNS

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

ELECTRICAL POWER FROM THE WIND:

WIND TURBINES
Poul La Cour (1891)
Denmark
10 to 35 kW
Energy Storage: Electrolysis

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

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WIND TURBINES
Charles Brush (1888)
U.S.A.
12 kW
30 m tall, 17 m diameter
Energy Storage - Battery

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

WIND TURBINES
Project M.A.N (1942)
Germany
Never Constructed
130 m diameter
250 m hub height
10,000 kW

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

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WIND TURBINES
Smith-Putnam Wind Turbine
1941
53.3 m diameter
1000 kW

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

WIND TURBINES
Best-Romani Wind Turbine
France
1958
30 m diameter
800 kW

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

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WIND TURBINES
NASA
MOD – 1
1979
Rotor Diameter: 61 m
2,000 kW

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

WIND TURBINES
NASA
MOD – 2
1980
Rotor Diameter: 91 m
2,500 kW
A: MOD-1

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

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WIND TURBINES
NASA
MOD – 5B
1987
Rotor Diameter: 97 m
3,200 kW

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

MODERN WIND TURBINES:

BASIC NOMENCLATURE

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MODERN WIND TURBINES:

NACELLE

Source: Left – Acciona, Generator Equipment Brochure, Right – Wind Farm Construction in Chile

MODERN WIND TURBINES:

HUB

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MODERN WIND TURBINES:

BLADES

MODERN WIND TURBINES:

TOWER

Source: Left, Bottom from Acciona, Generator Equipment Brochure

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SIZE OF MODERN WIND TURBINES

US Department of Energy and NASA , 1995

SIZE OF MODERN WIND TURBINES

Source: Stephen Connors, MIT – Manwell and others, Wind Energy Explained, 2009

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SIZE OF MODERN WIND TURBINES

Source: Left - Windaction.org, Right – politics.ie

TOP 10 – SEPTEMBER 2018

• GE Haliade X -12 MW (Announced, 2021)
• MHI Vestas V164 - 9.5 MW.
• Enercon E126 – 8 MW
• Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167 DD.
• Goldwind GW154 6.7 MW.
• Senvion 6.2M152.
• GE Haliade 150-6 MW.
• Ming Yang SCD 6.0 MW
• Doosan Wind S500 – 5.5 MW
• Hitachi HTW 5.2-136.
Source: Left - Windaction.org, Right – politics.ie
https://www.windpowermonthly.com/10-biggest-turbines

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WIND RESOURCE
ASSESSMENT

WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

1. Why do we need WRA?

2. Characteristics of Wind
3. Atmospheric Boundary Layer
4. Wind Data Analysis
5. Measurement of Wind Resource
6. Estimating WTG energy output

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WHY DO WE NEED WRA?

Wind Wind speed Energy production of Energy production Capital cost
speed normalized to 10 MW wind farm normalized to 6 m/s normalized to 6m/s
(m/s) 6m/s (%) (MWh/year)* site (%) site (%)
5 83 11,150 63 100
6 100 17,714 100 100
7 117 24,534 138 102
8 133 30,972 175 105
9 150 36,656 207 110
10 167 41,386 234 120

Sensitivity of wind farm energy production

to annual mean wind speed
• Source: Wind Energy – The Facts, EWEA (2009)

SURFACE WINDS CIRCULATION PATTERN

Primary Atmospheric Circulation

• Secondary Circulation
• Hurricanes
• Cyclones
• Monsoon

• Tertiary Circulation
• Breezes
• Valley/Mountain Winds
• Thunderstorms
• Tornadoes
Source: http://www.life.illinois.edu

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WIND SPECTRUM – TIME SCALES

Source: Wind Energy Handbook, by Burton, Jenkins, Sharpe and Bossanyi. 2nd Edition (2011)

ATMOSPHERIC MOTION:
TIME AND SCALES
10,000 km
Climatic Scale
1,000 km
Resource Assessment
100 km
Space

10 km
Large Scale, Site Selection
1 km

100 m

10 m Small Scale
WTG Design
1m
sec min hour day week month year 10 yr
Time
Source: Adapted from Spera (1994), Figure 2.5 from Wind Energy Explained (2nd Edition), Manwell and others.

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WRA RESTRICTIONS / CLASSIFICATION

• Meteorological Potential
• Site Potential
• Technical Potential
• Economic Potential
• Implementation Potential

Source: World Energy Council (WEC)

WRA INCLUDES:
1. Development of monitoring campaign
2. Data validation and quality assurance
3. Understanding variability
4. Measure Correlate Predict Analysis (MCP)
5. Long-term adjustment of data
6. Energy modeling
7. Constraints analysis and layout optimization
8. Losses and Uncertainty evaluation

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Mast and instruments installation

WRA INCLUDES:
Meteorological station concurrent
On-site measurements and long-term wind data

Data correlation

Hub height
Long term wind speed at
Wind distribution
mast location, hub height
Choose turbine
Site topography and wind flow models

Optimised layout (wake, topography,

environmental constraints)

Gross Energy Output

Aerodynamic losses Electrical losses

Mechanical Operational losses

losses
Net Energy Output

CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND:
WIND VARIATION
• Space – Wind Climate
• Time
• Inter-annual
• Annual
• Diurnal
• Short-Term

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WIND SPEED MEASUREMENTS:

HOURLY
20

Missing Time period for

18
Port Colborne

16
Average Hourly Wind Speed (m/s)

14

12 Hamilton A
MetMast
10
Port Colborne
8

0
Dec-04 Feb-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jul-05 DateSep-05 Oct-05 Dec-05 Feb-06 Mar-06

WIND SPEED MEASUREMENTS:

DAILY
20

18
Missing Time period for
16 Port Colborne
May 7 to 28, 2005
Average Daily Wind Speed (m/s)

14

12 Hamilton A
MetMast
10
Port Colborne
8

0
Dec-04 Feb-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jul-05 DateSep-05 Oct-05 Dec-05 Feb-06 Mar-06

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WIND SPEED MEASUREMENTS:

MONTHLY
20

18

Missing Time period for

16
Port Colborne
Average Monthly Wind Speed (m/s)

May 7 to 28, 2005

14

12 Hamilton A
MetMast
10
Port Colborne
8

0
Dec-04 Feb-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jul-05 DateSep-05 Oct-05 Dec-05 Feb-06 Mar-06

WIND DIRECTION:
WIND FREQUENCY ROSE

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ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER:

WIND SPEED VARIATION WITH HEIGHT

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ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER:

WIND SPEED VARIATION WITH HEIGHT

Logarithmic Profile Model Power Law Model

or wind shear coefficient

z0 = roughness length (m)

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER:

WIND SPEED VARIATION WITH HEIGHT

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ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER:

EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS

• Source: http://accessscience.com

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER:

TYPICAL SURFACE ROUGHNESS LENGTH
Roughness length
Type of terrain
Zo (m)
Cities, forests 0.7
Suburbs, wooded countryside 0.3
Villages, countryside with
trees and hedges 0.1
Open farmland, few trees and
buildings 0.03
Flat grassy plains 0.01
Flat desert, rough sea 0.001

Source: RISOE

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ANNUAL VARIABILITY

SEASONAL VARIABILITY

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DIURNAL VARIABILITY

MEASUREMENT OF WIND RESOURCE

• Wind Measurement Program
• Instrumentation
• Long Term Climate Variability
• Measure-Correlate-Predict methods

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WIND MEASUREMENT PROGRAM

Design and “Siting” of Meteorological

Towers/Masts

Source: NRG, Second Wind, Sabre Comm. Corp.

WIND MEASUREMENT PROGRAM

Cup anemometer

Vertical velocity Anemometer

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WIND MEASUREMENT PROGRAM

Heated anemometer

WIND MEASUREMENT PROGRAM

Temperature Sensor Pressure Sensor

Taken from NRG systems

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REMOTE SENSING DEVICES - SODAR

• SODAR (SOnic Detection And Ranging),

is a meteorological instrument used as
a wind profiler to measure the
scattering of sound waves by
atmospheric turbulence.

Taken from NRG systems

REMOTE SENSING DEVICES - LIDAR

• LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is a remote
sensing technology that measures distance by
illuminating a target with a laser and analyzing
the reflected light. Lidar is popularly used as a
technology to make high-resolution maps, with
applications in geomatics, archaeology,
geography, geology, seismology, forestry,
remote sensing, atmospheric physics, airborne
laser swath mapping (ALSM), laser altimetry,
and contour mapping.

Taken from NRG systems

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REMOTE SENSING DEVICES - LIDAR

REMOTE SENSING DEVICES - LIDAR

http://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/article/threeyear-project-results-in-new-nacellemounted-lidar-20130522

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WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION

WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION

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WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION

• Weibull Distribution and Parameters

• Source: Wind Power Meteorology, RISOE, I-1206(EN)

WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION

• Rayleigh Distribution: Particular case of the Weibull distribution where k=2

Useful in quick determination of wind speed distribution and energy production estimates.

• Source: Wind Power Meteorology, RISOE, I-1206(EN)

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LONG-TERM CLIMATE VARIABILITY

• Long-Term Station
Moving Means Analysis - London

5.5

5
Wind Velocity (m/s)

4.5

3.5

3
1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009
Year

Annual Average Long Term Average 3 yr Moving Means 5 yr Moving Means

MEASURE-CORRELATE-PREDICT (MCP)
ANALYSIS
Adjust for Long-term climate behavior
• Correlate instruments on the same tower (redundancy)
• Correlate site data to long-term reference station

Ratio of Means Least Squares Orthogonal York Method Matrix Method

Y=m*x Y=m*x+b Y=m*x+b Y=m*x+b Probabilistic

Simple relative Minimizes errors in Y Minimizes error Minimizes errors in

Distribution based
windiness only perpendicularly both X and Y

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LONG-TERM ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURE

Tower

One Year – Umeas

20 Years – ULT Overlapping

Long-Term Station

LONG-TERM ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURE

U 
U LT Tower  U MeasTower  LT  Station 
 U Meas Station 

where,
U = Wind speed in m/s
LT = Long-term period
Meas = the measurement period for the given met tower
Meas-Station = Average for overlapping period

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WIND MODELING – WR MAPS

WIND MODELING – WR MAPS

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WIND MODELING – WR MAPS

Source: Wind Turbines, Erich Hau, 3nd Edition

CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS AND

OPTIMIZATION

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CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS AND

OPTIMIZATION

CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS AND

OPTIMIZATION

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CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS AND

OPTIMIZATION

CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS AND

OPTIMIZATION

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CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS AND

OPTIMIZATION

ESTIMATING WTG OUTPUT

• Direct method
N
Ew   Pw U i t
i 1

• Method of Bins

Ew   Pw m j f j t
NB

j 1

Chapter 2, Wind Energy Explained (Manwell et al.)

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ESTIMATING WTG OUTPUT:

POWER CURVE

TYPICAL ENERGY LOSSES (OTHER THAN WAKES)

1. Blade Soiling
2. Icing
3. Auxiliary power
4. Wind Turbines Availability
5. High Wind Hysteresis
6. Low Temperature Shutdown
7. Collection Network Outage
8. Grid Availability

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WIND TURBINE WAKES

Source: RISOE (2008)

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
1. Anemometry
2. Wind Shear
3. Long Term Reference Station
4. Long Term Adjustment
5. Wind Flow Modeling & Energy Calculation
6. Air Density
7. Wind Farm Losses
1. Power Curve
2. Power Metering
8. Inter-annual variability
9. 10-years period variability

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UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
– TYPICAL RESULTS
1 year 10 year 20 year
Probability of
Exceedance Energy Capacity Energy Capacity Energy Capacity
(GWh/yr) Factor (GWh/yr) Factor (GWh/yr) Factor
P50 34.9 39.8% 34.9 39.8% 34.9 39.8%
P75 31.7 36.1% 32.4 36.9% 32.4 37.0%
P90 28.8 32.8% 30.1 34.4% 30.2 34.5%
P95 27.0 30.8% 28.8 32.8% 28.9 33.0%

Source: Project in operation, Ontario, Canada

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