GROUP 8: PHẠM NHI QUỲNH 16CNA02

TRẦN VIẾT XUÂN 16CNA02

TRẦN THỊ HÀ ANH 16CNA02
LÊ HOÀNG THANH TRÂM 16CNA02
PHẠM NGUYỄN XUÂN ANH 16CNA02

LESSON 4: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION: SPEAKING

WITHOUT WORDS
OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BODY
II.1. Definitions
II.1.1. Proxemics
II.1.2. Haptics
II.1.3. Vocalics
II.1.4. Chronemics
II.2. Famous Sayings, Idioms and Proverbs
II.2.1. Famous saying
II.2.1.1. “The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn't said.” --Peter F.
Drucker
II.2.1.2. “"When the eyes say one thing, and the tongue another, a practiced man relies on
the language of the first." --Ralph Waldo Emerson
II.2.2. Idioms
II.2.2.1. As quiet as a mouse (câm như hến)
II.2.2.2. Be crocodile tears (nước mắt cá sấu)
II.2.3. Proverbs
II.2.3.1. Face is the index of mine (Trông mặt mà bắt hình dong)
II.2.3.2. Eyes are the window to the soul (Đôi mắt là của sổ tâm hồn)
II.2.3.3. Speech is silver, but silence is gold (Lời nói là bạc, im lặng là vàng)
II.3. Comparison between verbal communication and non-verbal communication
II.4. Types of non-verbal communication
II.4.1 Kinesics
II.4.1.1 Gestures
II.4.1.2 Posture
II.4.1.3 Facial Expression
II.4.1.4 Eye contact
II.4.2 Proxemics
II.4.3 Haptics
II.4.4 Vocalics
II.4.5 Appearance
II.4.6 Chronemics
II.5. Other features
II.5.1. Some taboos in some typical countries in the world
II.5.2. Roles of non-verbal communication
II.5.3. How to maintain non-verbal communication
III. CONCLUSION
GROUP 8: PHẠM NHI QUỲNH 16CNA02
TRẦN VIẾT XUÂN 16CNA02
TRẦN THỊ HÀ ANH 16CNA02
LÊ HOÀNG THANH TRÂM 16CNA02
PHẠM NGUYỄN XUÂN ANH 16CNA02

LESSON 4: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION: SPEAKING

WITHOUT WORDS

I. INTRODUCTION:

Communication and its skills plays vital role and holds the key in all spheres of our life. Effective
communication takes into account on the way we use effective words and sentences, and swiftness of
deliverance of those words, its intonation and sign language we use. Effective use of proper tools to
convey the proper messages at the right time can recover crises and encourage every one of us to work
towards success.
We find that non-verbal communication complements as well as supplements the spoken
language where absence of any one of them will lead to misinterpretation of the message that we
suppose to convey. So in this essay, we have mostly highlighted on importance of knowledge of non-
verbal communication in our daily life.
Firstly, we can say that non-verbal communication is important in expressing our emotions.
Emotions such as happy, satisfied, confident, surprised, eager, tired, stressed, sad etc. We are able to
understand each other up on judging each other’s expression. For example, if someone cries, it shows
that something has happened to him or her and others will be able to help them. Using non-verbal cues
help in expressing meaning, to navigate complicated state of affairs and build strong relationship for
us at home or work.
Secondly, it plays vital role in communicating interpersonal relationships. Non-verbal
communication involves any other information that we send and receive from others including our
body language, eye contact or how we say a particular message. So, this also indicates that non-verbal
is equally important as verbal in our daily life.
Thirdly, non-verbal communication is main supporter of verbal interaction. Infect they
supplement each other and give full meaning. Because non-verbal communication can repeat the
spoken message: contradict the message that individual is trying to convey; emphasize the message,
substitute or complement meaning to make it understand clearly.
Finally, non-verbal communication also reflects individual’s personality. So according to the
above definition personality concerns the most vital, obvious parts of an individual’s psychological
life: it concerns whether a person is sad or happy, lethargic or active, brainy or tedious. We are able to
define person’s personality through judging their facially expressed emotions and behaviors. For
example, my friend wouldn’t tell all his personality orally. However, more than that, I will come to
know his detail personality upon judging his daily behaviors and emotional expression. Therefore, this
shows that nonverbal communication speaks more than verbal communication in our life
II. BODY:
II.1. DEFINITIONS:
II.1.1. PROXEMICS :
Basically, proxemics is the study of space and how we use it, how it makes us feel more or
less comfortable, and how we arrange objects and ourselves in relation to space. The proxemics
means the distances between character/actors in a play. It shows their relationships and feelings.
Proxemics is how most Americans feel safe and comfortable with keeping people we know at
an arm's length away during conversation. This space increases to a couple of feet if the person
is a complete stranger or not well known

Example
If two characters stood far apart from each other you could assume that they either did not know
each other at all, or had fallen out and were no longer speaking to each other.
II.1.2. HAPTICS:
Haptic (from the Greek haptesthai, meaning "to touch") entered English in the late 19th century as
a medical synonym for "tactile." It had developed a psychological sense, describing individuals
whose perception supposedly depended primarily on touch rather than sight. Haptics refers to the
use of TOUCH as a communication system.

Example: holding hands, kissing, hugging, tugging, pushing, tapping, rocking, guiding, etc.
II.1.3. VOCALICS:
The non-verbal aspects of voice creation. Vocalic is how people express themselves through voice.
The voice has different vocal properties.

Example:
Rate, or speed at which the person speaks, pitch, inflection and variety in the voice, volume, being
loud or soft, and articulation and pronunciation, or how correctly and clearly the person speaks.
II.1.4: CHRONEMICS:
 Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. The way that an individual
would perceive and value time, structure our time and react to time is a powerful communication
tool, and helps set the stage for the communication process.
Example:
In most countries it would a norm for a boss to be late for a meeting but not for the subordinates.
Going for job interviews, running your start up presentations for investors may also presuppose
extra-waiting due to power-plays as well.

II.2.2. Idioms
II.2.2.1. As quiet as a mouse (câm như hến)
Literal meaning :
 As quiet as a mouse is an idiom that stands for describing a person who can sneak in and out
like a highly skilled ninja… Nobody sees them! Mice do exactly that. Because a mouse does
not really make much sound. They’re extremely quiet.
Figurative meaning :
 When a person is very, very quiet or they complete silent. We say that person is as quiet as a
mouse! When someone (or something) is as quiet as a mouse, that person or thing is very silent,
meek, or docile. A similar phrase is “still as a mouse.”
 Why is a mouse used in this metaphor? It might be because mice have predators and they look
very meek. Also, while mice can make a lot of noise, they tend to get very quiet when sneaking
around.
 II.2.2.2. Be crocodile tears (nước mắt cá sấu)
Literal meaning :
 The allusion is to the ancient notion that crocodiles weep while devouring their prey. Crocodiles
do indeed have lachrymal glands and produce tears to lubricate the eyes as humans do. They
don't cry with emotion though. Whatever experience they have when devouring prey we can be
certain it isn't remorse.

Figurative meaning :
 Crocodile tears (or superficial sympathy) is a false, insincere display of emotion such as a
hypocrite crying fake tears of grief.
 Comparing the crocodile's behaviour to people who desire or cause the death of someone, but
then publicly lament for them.
 It is difficult to trace the origin of this particular myth, but it's easy to see why it has become so
popular – for an apparently remorseless creature such as a crocodile to actually weep over its
victims is a memorable irony which has inspired considerable prose and created a phrase which
is still popular today
II.2. Famous Sayings, Idioms and Proverbs.
II.2.1. Famous saying.
II.2.1.1. “The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn’t said” - Peter
F. Drucker.
II.2.1.2.1. Peter F. Drucker (Peter Ferdinand Drucker)-
(November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005).
He was an Austrian-born American management consultant,
educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the
philosophical and practical foundations of the modern
business corporation. He was also a leader in the development of
management education, he invented the concept known
as management by objectives and self-control, and he has been
described as "the founder of modern management". Drucker's
books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business,
government, and nonprofit sectors of society. He is one of the best-known and most widely influential
thinkers and writers on the subject of management theory and practice. His writings have predicted
many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and
decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing;
and the emergence of the information society with its
necessity of lifelong learning. In 1959, Drucker coined the
term "knowledge worker," and later in his life considered
knowledge-worker productivity to be the next frontier of
management. Drucker gave his name to three institutions and
the annual Global Peter Drucker Forum, held in his hometown
of Vienna, honors his legacy. Drucker developed an extensive
consulting business built around his personal relationship with
top management. He became legendary among many of post-
war Japan's new business leaders trying to rebuild their war-
torn homeland. He advised the heads of General Motors, Sears, General Electric, W.R. Grace and
IBM, among many others. Over time he offered his management advice to nonprofits like the
American Red Cross and the Salvation Army. His advice was eagerly sought by the senior executives
of the Adela Investment Company, a private initiative of the world's multinational corporations to
promote investment in the developing countries of Latin America. Drucker's 39 books have been
translated into more than thirty-six languages. Two are novels, one an autobiography. He is the co-
author of a book on Japanese painting, and made eight series of educational films on management
topics. He also penned a regular column in the Wall Street Journal for 10 years and contributed
frequently to the Harvard Business Review, The Atlantic Monthly, and The Economist. His work is
especially popular in Japan, even more so after the publication of "What If the Female Manager of a
High-School Baseball Team Read Drucker's Management", a novel that features the main character
using one of his books to great effect, which was also adapted into an anime and a live action film. His
popularity in Japan may be compared with that of his contemporary W. Edwards Deming. Drucker
was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. He
also received honors from the governments of Austria, including the Grand Silver Medal for Services
to the Republic of Austria in 1974, the Grand Gold Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
in 1991 and the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class in 1999 and Japan (Order of
the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class; 24 June 1966).

Drucker was the Honorary Chairman of the Peter F. Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Management,
now the Leader to Leader Institute, from 1990 through 2002. In 1969 he was awarded New York
University's highest honor, its Presidential Citation. For his article, "What Makes an Effective
Executive", Harvard Business Review honored Drucker in the June 2004 with his seventh McKinsey
Award — the most awarded to one person. Drucker was inducted into the Junior Achievement US
Business Hall of Fame in 1996. He received 25 honorary doctorates from American, Belgian, Czech,
English, Spanish and Swiss universities. His 1954 book The Practice of Management was voted the
third most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the Academy of
Management. In Claremont, California, Eleventh Street between College Avenue and Dartmouth
Avenue was renamed "Drucker Way" in October 2009 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of
Drucker's birth. Drucker was posthumously honored when he was inducted into the Outsourcing Hall
of Fame in recognition of his outstanding contributions in the field. In 2018, Drucker was named the
world's most influential business thinker on the Thinkers50.com list.
(source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Drucker)

II.2.1.2.2. Explain the saying “The most important thing in communication is hearing
what isn’t said”.
It means that we could see what is not said or heard through body language such as posture
(slouching), headmovements (nodding), eye contacts (winking), facial expression (frown) and so on.
We can understand someone’s real feelings or intentions from what they say.
Thoughts, ideas, emotions and feelings are shared by people with expressions and movements. Even

environmental factors can be taken as non-verbal communication. Wordless communications are

mostly true and are not faked. Verbal and non-verbal communication occur simultaneously.
People interpret messages according how you react, listen, look, etc. at the time of communicating.
Things like if you care for something or not and if you are reacting as required or not. When verbal
and non-verbal signals do not match, it creates distrust, unclear message, misunderstandings and
confusion. Non-verbal communication is more impactful than verbal communication.

Therefore, non-verbal communication plays an

important role in communication. Some estimates
suggest that around 70 to 80% of communication is non-
verbal. Importance of non-verbal communication:

Firstly, we can say that non-verbal communication

is important in expressing our emotions. Emotions such
as happy,
satisfied, confident, surprised, eager, tired, stressed,
sad etc. These are almost all expressed through different
body gestures and face. We are able to understand each
other up on judging each other’s expression. For
example if someone cries, it indicates that something has
happened to him or her and others will be able to help it.
Non-verbal gestures are what our recipients see in
the first place, even before a single word is heard. These
figurative messages can be a visual sign of feeling, but our words convey a different message. Using
non-verbal cues help in expressing meaning, to navigate complicated state of affairs and build strong
relationship for us at home or work. Thus, expression of the face becomes basic mode of non-verbal
communication among people.

Secondly, it plays vital role in communicating

interpersonal relationships. Through interpersonal
communication we can establish trust in relationships
and help determine a person’s fidelity. And these
are possible only through using verbal and non-
verbal communication mode. Interpersonal
communication includes communications
that occurs with our words and through our tone of
voice, posture and facial expressions. It is also found by
many researchers that non-verbal interpersonal
communication like body language may communicate
93 percent of our attitudes and beliefs. We use
language in verbal communication to communicate
precise messages. Non-verbal communication involves any other information that we send and receive
from others including our body language, eye contact or how we say a particular message. So, this
also indicates that non-verbal is equally important as verbal in our daily life.

Thirdly, non-verbal communication is main supporter of verbal interaction. Infect they

supplement each other and give full meaning. Because non-verbal communication can repeat the
spoken message: contradict the message that individual is trying to convey; emphasize the message,
substitute or complement meaning to make it understand clearly. For example, when the class teacher
comes across his student with frowning face seeking permission to take rest, he would immediately
grant permission because he saw how much the student was suffering not only by hearing the reason,
but more by judging students facial expression. This is also another prove that prove equal importance
of non-verbal communication to verbal communication.

Fourthly, non-verbal communication also reflects individual’s personality. “Personality is the

entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of his development. It embraces every phase
of human character: intellect, temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude that has been built up in
the course of one’s life.” (Warren & Carmichael, 1930, p. 333). So according to the above definition
personality concerns the most vital, obvious parts of an individual’s psychological life: it concerns
whether a person is sad or happy, lethargic or active, brainy or tedious. And these are all aspects of
non-verbal communication because we are able to define person’s personality through judging their
facially expressed emotions and behaviours. For example, my friend wouldn’t tell all his personality
orally. However, more than that, I will come to know his detail personality upon judging his daily
behaviours and emotional expression. Therefore, this shows that nonverbal communication speaks
more than verbal communication in our life.

Lastly, nonverbal communication plays greater role in performing rituals such as greetings and
goodbyes. The smile we smile as soon as we see someone
we recognize from distant itself tells a lot about
importance of non verbal communication. Similarly,
waving our hand indicating good bye is another example
of non verbal communication. None the less, nodding or
shaking our head indicates accepting or refusing when
others tell something or offers something. These are some
of the details about how non-verbal communication
interacts with verbal communication through the process
of reinforcement, contradiction, and substitution,
complementing or emphasizing.

Moreover, body language symbols and signs possess more than one meaning. These different
meaning can be applied accordingly to the context and culture of different society. Non-verbal
communication is not easily understandable and it is quite confusing because it is not exact and
universal in every society. But body language plays pivotal role and it essential.

In addition, researchers of interpersonal communication have found that only 7% of the

attitudinal meaning of message comes from words and other 93% comes from non-verbal signal.
Indeed non-verbal gestures and signs use occurs early in life, before speaking your first words, to
convey specific needs to our parents. As we grow older, our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact
and even or voice tone helps us transfer messages to the recipient. So, by going through all this proves
we can conclude that non-verbal communication shares equal importance with verbal communication.
Infect, I find that former one is more important than later one.
II.2.1.2. “When the eyes say one thing, and the tongue another, a
practiced man relies on the language of the first”- Ralph Waldo Emerson.
II.2.1.2.1. Ralph Waldo Emerson- (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882)
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and
poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was
seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing
pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of
published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.
Emerson is often known as one of the most liberal democratic thinkers of his time. As a lecturer and
orator, Emerson—nicknamed the Sage of Concord—became the leading voice of intellectual culture
in the United States. James Russell Lowell, editor of the Atlantic Monthly and the North American
Review, commented in his book My Study Windows (1871), that Emerson was not only the "most
steadily attractive lecturer in America," but also "one of the pioneers of the lecturing system”.
Emerson's work not only influenced his contemporaries, such as Walt Whitman and Henry David
Thoreau, but would continue to influence thinkers and writers in the United States and around the
world down to the present.

II.2.1.2.2. Explain the saying “When the eyes say one thing, and the tongue another, a
practiced man relies on the language of the first”
It means that we look into someone’s eyes to know if this other form is another self, and the eyes will
not lie, but make a faithful confession what inhabitant is there. The eyes of men converse as much as
their tongues. If the man is off his centre, the eyes show it.

Eye-contact is the most important non-verbal tool you have it.

Eye contact-a truly powerful form of nonverbal
communication. They speak louder and say more than the
words you utter from your mouth. It is one of the essential
elements required to deliver an outstanding speech,
presentation or performance. It's all in the way you look at
your audience. Eye contact is imperative in conversation. There
are other ways to show respect, but our eyes reflect our sincerity,
warmth, and honesty. Sometimes locking glances is the only sign
you need to show someone that you understand what they are talking about. Direct eye contact is so
powerful that it increases empathy and links together emotional states. From birth, we instinctually look
into people’s eyes to try and understand what they are thinking and we continue to do it for life. The truth
is, eye contact actually evokes presence and projects confidence, self-esteem, and assertiveness while
speaking.
There are a lot of meanings to eye contact. It can be a glaring look when a person is defiant or angry. A
stare when we see something unusual about the person (staring obtrusively is rude!). A glazed over look
when we are hopelessly in love with the person. It can also be a direct look when we are talking and trying
to make a point.
Eye contact is a form of body language which is important during communication. How we present
ourselves and communicate with others aside from talking is by our body language. Our body language
speaks more than words which then logically accounts for a bigger percentage of our communication
skills. Therefore, our eyes speak volumes about us and how we communicate.
Getting in-sync with others, sharing our feelings, showing attention, creating a bond: eye contact is truly a
powerful tool for connecting with others.

II.2.3. Proverbs
II.2.3.1. Face is the index of mind (Trông mặt mà bắt hình dong)
Literal meaning :
The mind is always engaged in one or other thought process. They may be of happiness,
sadness, joy, sorrow, anger, fear, depression etc., All these thoughts are within us but as our
body is an indicator of our moods and feelings, they are reflected in our body language
especially the face. Happiness and love activate the entire body and it is reflected in a positive
manner on our face. Therefore, if a person feels happy, he/she will smile or laugh. If a person
feels sad, they will cry

Figurative meaning :

The face is described as the index of mind since it evidently reflects the inner feelings of an
individual.
 II.2.3.2. Eyes are the window to the soul (Đôi mắt là cửa sổ tâm hồn)

Literal meaning :

Our eyes don’t lie: they’re windows to the soul. They show the truth, no matter what face we
put on, in any situation. The best way to get to know someone is to look them in the eyes and
observe what they reveal about their emotional state. Our eyes, just like our body language, give
us away, and they say more than we ever could with words. As a matter of fact, most of the
information we convey is through nonverbal language, which ranges from simple looks to all of
the movements we make.
Many studies have shown that when we meet someone for the first time, our eyes can convey a
wide range of feelings: trust or distrust, security, contentment, fear, etc. We know this is true
because it happens every day: it’s as if we were capable of transcending our bodily limits and
reaching their soul through their eyes. Some experts, whose jobs require them to study faces,
have observed that eyes are the window to the soul because they’re the most sincere part of the
face. We don’t have any control over our eyes, as opposed to the mouth, for example. When
you like something, your pupils dilate involuntarily and give you away, and they contract as a
sign of rejection.
 Figurative meaning :
The phrase eyes are the window to the soul is the idea that you can understand a person’s emotions
and sometimes thoughts by looking into his or her eyes.
II.2.3.3. Speech is silver, but silence is gold (Lời nói là bạc, im lặng là vàng)

Literal meaning :

Gold is used as a metaphor for silence. Silver is used as a metaphor for speech. As you know,
gold is more valueable than silver.

The meaning of this phrase is that silence needs authority of mind and a specific type of power;
to keep silent is not easier than expressing anger, love, happiness, and betrayal with words. We
use it in such circumstances where it is considered that silence is preferable to speaking. Just
like gold, in a right time and place, silence lends
grandeur and charm to human lives. It is like an
ornament, which is enduring and has unparalleled beauty
 Figurative meaning :
It means that words are important, but sometimes it is better to say nothing. A proverbial
saying, often used in circumstances where it is thought that saying nothing is preferable to
speaking

II.4.1 Kinesics:
Kinesics is the interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions and gestures,
nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole.
II.4.1.1 Gestures:
Gestures include using the movement of the hands or arms to communicate a message. Gestures
allowindividuals to communicate a variety of feelings and thoughts, from contempt and hostility to
approval and affection.

This is the “Okay” gesture in American culture, but it is a reference to money in Japan. While in some
part of Europe, it means “zero” or “nothing”.
Children in Vietnam often cross their arm and slightly bow to show resprect for the elders, whereas in
many Western countries this gesture is portrayed as arrogance and disrespectful.
II.4.1.2 Posture:

A posture is the position in which someone holds their body when standing or sitting. Different
postures express different emotions.
Many cultures frown upon showing the bottom of the shoe, something that is considered dirty.
Therefore, sitting with the foot resting on the opposite knee is strongly discouraged in places such as
many Arab countries.

Slouching in Taiwan is considered to be rude and disrespectful, while in Vietnam it does not seem to
be the case.
II.4.1.3 Facial Expression
Facial expression is the feelings that get expressed on a person's face.

Winking is often used to show your interest in the other person and is considered romantic by many
Westerners. But in Vietnam, people interpret this gesture as a rude gesture and sometimes get annoyed
by it.
II.4.1.4 Eye contact:
Eye contact is the act of looking directly at the other person’s eyes while communicating.

In Western countries, people remain eye contact to express their attention and show their respect to the
other person. While in Vietnam, direct eye contact with a person who is of higher status means rude or
disrespectful.
II.4.2 Proxemics:
Proxemics are the distances or physical spaces between people in a conversation.

In Vietnam, people usually stand close to each other when communicating. They will less likely to
react strongly to an accidental touch by a stranger than Westerners. This is due to the population
density and the culture of Vietnam. But in many Western countries, people may feel uncomfortable
when you stand too close to them since they value individualism. Therefore, they tend to stand further
away from each other in communication.
II.4.3 Haptics:
Haptics is a form of interaction involving touch. This includes hugs, kisses and handshakes.

In American culture, using a handshake to greet strangers seems appropriate and polite. However, in
France, people normally greet someone by kissing on both of their cheeks. But in Vietnam, people use
handshakes only in formal situations. They usually greet each others by nodding their head slightly
and giving a smile.
II.4.4. VOCALICS
Vocalics or Paralinguistics refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual language. This
includes factors such as tone of voice, loudness, inflection and pitch. Consider the powerful effect that
tone of voice can have on the meaning of a sentence. When said in a strong tone of voice, listeners
might interpret approval and enthusiasm. The same words said in a hesitant tone of voice might
convey disapproval and a lack of interest.

In Britain, for example, people use volume to convey anger, while in India, they use it to command
attention. Japanese women make a point of raising the pitch of their voices to differentiate themselves
from men. In Japan, giggling means embarrassment. In America, voice pitch between genders remains
comparably the same.
The use of and attitude toward silence can also be considered a type of paralanguage. The Greeks use
silence as a way to refuse things, while Egyptians use it to consent. Some cultures (such as those in
Asia) are generally more comfortable with long bouts of silence than others.
II.4.5 APPEARANCE
Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles, and other factors affecting appearance are also considered a
means of nonverbal communication. Research on color psychology has demonstrated that different
colors can evoke different moods. Appearance can also alter physiological reactions, judgments, and
interpretations. Just think of all the subtle judgments you quickly make about someone based on his or
her appearance. These first impressions are important, which is why experts suggest that job seekers
dress appropriately for interviews with potential employers.
Culture is an important influence on how appearances are judged. While thinness tends to be valued in
Western cultures, some African cultures relate full-figured bodies to better health, wealth, and social
status.
II.4.6 CHRONEMICS
Chronemics is the study of how time is used in communication. Time can be used as a communication
tool in many ways, from punctuality to expectations around waiting and response time, to general
principles around time management. The chronemics of nonverbal communication is also a big thing
between cultures - it can make the difference between a successful and disastrous meetings, dates, co-
working and so on. Through nonverbal communication it's possible to figure out who is who - a useful
knowledge when trying to reach over cultural borders.

These understandings vary from culture to culture and person to person. In Anerican culture we have a
more strict understanding of time, meaning that if we set a work meeting for 10am, it would be
extremely rude to arrive 40 minutes late, whereas in many Latin or South American countries arriving
late would be quite normal, even expected.
II.5. OTHER FEATURES:
 II. 5.1. SOME TABOOS IN SOME TYPICAL COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD
II.5.1.1. Viet Nam
II.5.1.1.1. Pointing with one’s finger
• Pointing with one’s finger should never be done in Vietnam. This is disrespectful and
condescending.

II.5.1.1.2. Touching one’s head

• The head should never be touched by other people. It is viewed as the most important and scared
part of the body.

II.5.1.2. Brazil
II.5.1.2.1. The “OK” sign

This is seen as a very obscene gesture. It is equivalent to giving the middle finger in America. This is
regarded as one of the rudest gestures you can make in Brazil and should always be avoided.
II.5.1.3. Australia
 II.5.1.3.1. The thumbs-up gesture

Thumbs-up gesture is vulgar in Australia. It means essentially "Up yours!" or "Sit on this!" when the
gesture is thrust up as a typical hitchhiking gesture would be. Nowadays, Australian has approved the
usage of this sign but it is still considered as a grave insult if you move it up and down.
II.5.1.3.2. The V sign

Similar to the peace sign (the V sign), which generally means victory in most of the countries, is also
conveying absolutely different meaning in Australia especially when this gesture is being shown with
your palm facing inward, it is basis to indicate "Up yours!".
II.5.1.4. Germany
II.5.1.6.1. Talking with hands in the pocket

Talking while your hands are in your pockets is also considered to be impolite.
II.5.1.6.2. Waving your hand
Waving and shouting at a person who is far away may attract negative attention.
II.5.1.5 France
II.5.1.5.1. Using your index finger to pull the skin under your eye

Using your index finger to pull the skin under your eye signifies, "I don't believe you."
II.5.1.7.2. Smiling when walking down in the street

French are often mistaken of being rude as they are very reserved due to the value privacy. They
rarely smile and do it only necessary. Hence, when walking down the street, they do not smile.
II.5.1.6. Japan
II.5.1.6.1. Eye contact and posture
In Japan, eye contact is aggression. Direct eye contact to the people who talk to you is rude or
intrusive. Do no stare directly into the eyes during conversation. They will look away or stop talking
to you
II.5.1.6.2. Posture

Body posture during the conversation also a sensitive thing. Make sure your body are straight when
you are standing or seating. Do not lean against wall like a lazy person or outspreading your arms or
legs because it eats spaces.
II.5.1.6.3. Angry sign

It is quite funny matter when someone put both of their index fingers on their head but not in Japan.
Because it shows anger. By doing like that, they are picturing "oni" which is devil in Japanese
languages.
II.5.1.7. Kenya
II.5.1.7.1. Using left hand
Avoid shaking hand, eating or giving something by using left hand as this hand is only used for
unhygienic act. It is considered to be rude if we do so.
II.5.1.7.2. Beckoning with palm down

Beckoning must be done only with palm down. Never do it with palm up because it conveys a
dismissive gesture.
II.5.2. The importance of non-verbal communication
Nonverbal communication plays many important roles in intercultural situations. The importance of
non-verbal communication increases when we are faced with different cultures, especially in the case
when we do not speak the language very well and we need to use non-verbal language in order to
support our vocabulary.
• Convey meaning

Nonverbal messages are generally the primary means of conveying emotions, attitudes, and our
relationships with others, and we rely on nonverbal cues to "say" things that are difficult to vocalize.
• Influence other people
As messages delivered within the verbal channel convey the literal and content meanings of words,
the nonverbal channel is relied upon to carry the undercurrent of identity ties and relational meaning.
Occurring with or without verbal communication, nonverbal cues provide the context for interpreting
and understanding how the verbal message should be understood. As such, they can create either
clarity or confusion. Therefore, they can have a great influence on other people.
• Regulate conversation
Nonverbal cues are defined as those messages embedded in nonlinguistic and paralinguistic cues that
are expressed through multiple communication channels in a particular social setting. Nonlinguistic
cues can be eye contact, smiles, touch, hand gestures, or silence. Non-verbal cues can act as a way to
emphasize certain points in a conversation. Non-verbal communication acts stronger than verbal
communication in most cases. If you want to point or underline a specific part of message, then you
use some signs which show that you mean it.
• Affect relationship

Nonverbal messages are generally the primary means of conveying emotions, attitudes, and our
relationships with others. Non-verbal communication increases understanding of messages. When
verbal and nonverbal communication are similar, it establishes better perspective on the message
being sent. The sender of message as well as receiver gets what is the intended meaning of the
message and can act accordingly. Process of sending and receiving of message is successful and gets
desired results.
• Reflect your identity
Non-verbal signs are important as it puts more emphasis and reinforcement to the things being said.
They play an important role in how people interact with one another. When you are angry and your
body language also shows you are.
III.5.3. How to maintain non-verbal communication
A large number of ways are considered as the factors making a considerable contribution to
maintaining and achieving effective non-verbal communication. Those are the useful guidelines to
maintain and get desired results in non-verbal communication
 Maintain eye contact  Work on your posture
  Utilize gesture  Smile and laugh

 Pay attention to your appearance  Put a question about non-verbal signals

 Avoid distraction  Be conscious of personal space

III. CONCLUSION
To sum up, when we know the facts and reasons about the importance of non-verbal communication,
we should take consideration both verbal and non-verbal equally while communicating in our daily
life. Our every day success depends on our capability to communicate effectively, both verbally and
non-verbally.
Verbal and non-verbal communication actually defines our interactions and our relationships with
others, and portrays physical and psychological well-being of a person.
Therefore, understanding the different forms and aspects of verbal and non-verbal communication,
and its vitality in playing roles during any kind of daily interactions is the first step to enhance positive
communication and nurturing relationships. In conclusion, these statistics and proves indicates that
non-verbal communication is also equally important to verbal communication in this real world.
Non-verbal communication is an extremely complex yet integral part of overall communication skills.
However, people are often totally unaware of their non-verbal behaviour.
A basic awareness of non-verbal communication strategies, over and above what is actually said, can
help to improve interaction with others. Knowledge of these signs can be used to encourage people to
talk about their concerns and can lead to a greater shared understanding, which is, after all, the
purpose of communication.