Proposed Innovative Design of Septic Tank for Biogas Production

through Anaerobic Digestion and Wastewater Treatment by Filtration

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Sanitary Engineering

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
De La Salle University – Dasmariñas
Dasmariñas, City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Sanitary Engineering

Gabriel J. Apalisok
Richard Danniel A. Olabe
Jose Louis S. Rañada

July, 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study …………………………………………………1

1.2 Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………..3
1.3 Significance of the Study …………………………………………………4
1.4 Scope and Limitation ………………………………………………………5
1.5 Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………6
1.6 Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………7

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Sewage Discharge …………………………………………………………9

2.2 Residential Wastewater ………………………………………………….10
2.2.1 Types of Wastewater ………………………………………..11
2.2.1.1 Domestic Wastewater …………………………..11
2.2.1.1.1 Greywater ……………………………….12
2.2.1.1.2 Blackwater ………………………………12
2.2.2 Types of Contaminants ………………………………………13
2.2.2.1 Physical Contaminants ………………………….13
2.2.2.2 Chemical Contaminants ………………………..14
2.2.3 Sludge ……………………………………………………………..15
2.2.3.1 Uses of Sludge ……………………………………..15
2.2.3.1.1 Energy ……………………………………16
2.2.3.1.2 Biogas …………………………………….16
2.2.3.2 Sludge into biogas production ……………….17
2.2.3.3 Sludge into biogas ………………………………..18
2.2.3.4 Rate daily gas production ………………………19
2.2.3.5 Conversion form sludge to energy ………….19
2.2.4. Wastewater for agriculture…………………………………20
2.2.4.1 Condition of wastewater quality …………….20
2.2.4.2 Guidelines and standards of agri…………….21
2.2.4.2.1 World Health organization ………..21
2.2.4.3 Water quality Standards ………………………..22
2.2.4.3.1 Coliform Bacteria……………………...23
2.2.4.3.2 Salinity ……………………………………23
2.2.4.3.2 Turbidity …………………………………23
2.2.4.3.3 Organic matter ………………………..24
2.2.4.3.4 Nutrients …………………………………24
2.2.4.3.5 pH ………………………………………….24
 2.2.4.3.6 Odors ……………………………….…….24
2.2.4.4 Technical requirements for Reuse ………….25
2.2.4.4.1 Irrigation ………………………………..25

2.3 Wastewater Treatment Steps ………………………………………….27

2.3.1 Preliminary Treatment ……………………………………….27
2.3.2 Primary Treatment ……………………………………………28
2.3.3 Secondary Treatment …………………………………….....29
2.3.4 Tertiary Treatment ……………………………………………30
2.4 Kinds of Biological Wastewater …………………………………….…31
2.4.1 Anaerobic Digestion ……………………………………….…32
2.4.1.1 History of Anaerobic Digestion ……………...33
2.4.1.2 Kinds of Anaerobic Digestion …………………34
2.4.1.2.1 Stand-Alone Digesters ………………34
2.4.1.2.2 On-Farm Digesters …………………..35
2.4.1.2.3 Digester at WRF ………………………35
2.4.1.3 Common ways to describe Digesters ………35
2.4.1.3.1 Operation Temperature …………….36
2.4.1.3.2 Feed Stock Variation ………………..37
2.4.1.3.3 Low and High Solids …………………37
2.4.1.3.4 Batch Versus Continuous Flow……38
2.4.1.4 Plant volume ………………………………………..38
2.4.1.5 Advantages ………………………………………….39
2.4.1.6 Disadvantages ……………………………………..40
2.5 Septic Tank …………………………………………………………………..41
2.5.1 History of Septic Tank ……………………………………….42
2.5.2 Siting Septic tank Systems …………………………………43
2.5.3 Septic Systems and Drinking Water …………………….45
2.5.4 Septic Systems and Surface Water ……………………..46
2.5.5 Advantages ………………………………………………………47
2.5.6 Disadvantages ………………………………………………….47
2.5.7 Maintenance of Septic Tank ……………………………….47
2.6 Water Filtration System ………………………………………………….48
2.6.1 Rapid Sand Filter ………………………………………………50
2.6.2 Slow Sand Filter ………………………………………………..52
2.6.2.1 Sand …………………………………………………..53
6.2.2.2 Gravel …………………………………………………54
6.2.2.3 Activated Carbon ………………………………….54
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodological Framework ………………………………………….…56

3.2 Data Gathering ………………………………………………………….….57
3.2.1 Location Profile ……………………………………………..…57
3.2.1.1 Site Development Plan ………………………...59
3.2.1.2 Location Map ……………………………………….60
3.2.1.3 Sewage System ……………………………………61
3.3 Preparation of Samples ………………………………………………….64
3.3.1 Advisory Notice from the residents ……………………..64
3.3.2 Collection of Sludge from septic ………………………….64
3.3.3 Collection of Filters and other Materials …………......64
3.4 Schematic Diagram ………………………………………………………..65
3.5 Procedure ………………………………………………………………….…66
3.5.1 Testing and Analysis of Influent ………………………...66
3.5.2 building a prototype ………………………………………….66
3.5.2.1 System Designing …………………………………66
3.5.2.1.1 Sedimentation chamber ……………66
3.5.2.1.2 Filtration chamber ……………………66
3.5.2.1.3 Measurement capacity ……………..67
3.5.3 Engineering design application ……………………………67
3.5.4 Assessing biogas formed ……………………………………67
3.5.5 Testing and assessing of water discharge ……………68
3.5.5.1 Total Suspended Solids …………………………69
3.5.5.2 Turbidity ……………………………………….…….69
3.5.5.3 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium …….…….69
3.6 Design and flow of the system ………………………………….…….70
3.6.1 Design prototype flow process ……………………………71
3.6.1.1 Filtration chamber process ……………….……72
3.6.2 Schematic Layout and Materials ………73
3.6.2.1 Tank size and other materials ………………..74
3.6.3 Sewage and biogas supply plan ………………………….76
3.6.4 Water Displacement process ………………………………77
3.6.5 Biogas evaluation through water displacement …….78
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Comparisson of production of biogas on heating ………………………18

Table 2.2: Conversion factor of biogas energy ………………………………………...18
Table 2.3: Recommendaion minimum verification monitoring ……………………22
Table 2.4: Irrigation water quality guidelines …………………………………………..22
Table 2.5: Limits wase water quality for irrigation ……………………………………26
Table 2.6: Required septic size ………………………………………………………………44
Table 2.7: Comparing slow sand and charcoal filter …………………………………52
Table 3.1: Biogas Production …………………………………………………………………68

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Conceptual Framework of the Design ………………………………………..6

Figure 2.1: World’s earliest sewage systems ……………………………………………….9
Figure 2.2: Distribution of black and greywater in a household ……………………11
Figure 2.3: Wastewater to energy system
………………………………………………….16
Figure 2.4: Wastewater treatment steps ……………………………………………………27
Figure 2.5: Primary treatment process ………………………………………………………28
Figure 2.6: Secondary treatment process ………………………………………………….29
Figure 2.7: Biological wastewater treatment ………………………………………….....31
Figure 2.8: Parts and process of anaerobic digestion ………………………………….32
Figure 2.9: Process of a septic tank ………………………………………………………....41
Figure 2.10: Side view section of septic with respective disposal …………………43
Figure 2.11: Flow Diagram of wastewater and its potential contamination ……45
Figure 2.12: Potential contamination of septic tank in surface water ……….…..46
Figure 2.13: Rapid san filter process …………………………………………………………50
Figure 3.1: Methodological framework ………………………………………………………56
Figure 3.2: Location map of Parklane country homes in Gen. trias, cavite …….57
Figure 3.3: Subdivision Layout …………………………………………………………………59
Figure 3.4: Vicinity map …………………………………………………………………….…….60
Figure 3.5: Sewer Layout ………………………………………………………………….…….61
Figure 3.6: Sewer Isometric Diagram ……………………………………………………….62
Figure 3.7: Catch basin / Septic vault detail …………………………………………......63
Figure 3.8: Schematic Diagram Process of Treatment …………………………………65
Figure 3.9: Isometric view of the prototype ………………………………………………70
Figure 3.10: Detailed view of the prototype ………………………………………………71
Figure 3.11: Filtration chamber ………………………………………………………………..72
Figure 3.12: Orthographic drawing …………………………….…………………………….73
Figure 3.13: Tank size that will be used ……………………………………………………74
Figure 3.15: Pipes and Valve ……………………………………………………………………75
Figure 3.16: Pipe Routing for 5 residential household to the septic tank ………76
Figure 3.17: Water displacement process flow …………………………………………..77
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Septic tanks today are most widely used in terms of blackwater

pretreatment for safe discharge in the environment. According to the World
Bank (2007), the situation in the Philippines (mainly in Metro Manila) is that the
existing two million septic tanks are faulty. Majority of the septic tanks in the
Philippines provides only 10% of the total treatment needed because there is
no desludging and most of the time discharge is directed into the canals
without any further treatment. This happens mostly in urban areas because of
the high cost of a fully equipped septic tank. The underlying problem that are
arising is wastewater especially black water if not well treated may cause
contamination of ground water and other sources of water that may cause
contamination which is dangerous to the environment and human health
specially to the infants, pregnant women and those with problems with their
immune system which leads to the emergence of this research.

The first septic tank was design and made by John Mouras in 1860’s that
would allow him to take care of business without having to go outside. On
1870s he then dismantles the tank and found out that there is almost no sign of
solid waste but mostly water. However, in 1860’s this design of Mouras started
failing. In 1970’s many cities started designing of the septic tank until 1993
where Texas Commission on Environmental Quality is founded which started

1
the regulations to keep the septic tanks system free from health risks (Delden,
2015).

Innovation from time to time must come hand in hand with the
environment and in order to comply with the effluent standards, it is required to
consider both the quality and the usability. There is usually 2 up to 3 chambers
in a usual septic tank where in the first chamber is used for settling of solid at
the bottom as sludge. Bacteria then breaks down the sludge and wastewater
producing various gases in the process. On its surface is where scums are also
formed from the bacterial action. The research design aims to make use of
these bacterial breakdown by using anaerobic digestion to produce biogas and
add additional wastewater treatment in the system.

This proposal is mainly to produce biogas and treat the wastewater

discharge using a method which is not complicated and could be done easily.
The innovation in the design of this study is that anaerobic digestion will be
added to produce biogas which is less harmful in the atmosphere than the
normal gas which emits a big amount of greenhouse gases and adding filtration
process in the system to treat the wastewater. The study will be conducted in
San. Francisco, General Trias, Cavite. Five houses will be the focus of the study
with present of a septic tank without desludging. The risk is that the septic tank
discharge being untreated gives high health risk to the people in the area and
gives risk for the groundwater contamination and the contamination of the river
Ylang-ylang which is nearby the area.

2
1.2 Objectives of the study

The study’s overall goal is to design an innovative design of septic tank

for biogas production through anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment by
filtration.

The basic objectives of the project as follows:

1. To remove/reduce TSS, turbidity, BOD and COD of household

wastewater which will pass Class C of DAO 2016-08.

2. To design a septic tank system that would produce biogas to be used

for cooking and compare its efficiency to the usual septic tank in terms of cost.

3. To create a prototype of the septic tank system.

4. To filtrate the slurry water using sand, gravel and activated carbon to
be used in agricultural or discharge at nearby sources of water.

3
1.3 Significance of the Study

The design helps with producing energy from wastewater while dealing
with the problem of water pollution and contamination in the country by
treating the wastewater from the septic tank. Furthermore, the study could be
useful to the following:

To the students of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

This research can assist Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

students to broaden their understanding of the values they have obtained in
the field of Sanitary Engineering. It can also help them to create designs that
will help them create sustainable development in the field of wastewater
treatment.

The Community

This study aids the current condition of our country from water scarcity
and limited sources of energy. This study would also give knowledge to the
people about the current situation of our country’s water and energy problems.

4
The Environment

This study helps the environment by using biogas as source of energy

rather than more harmful chemicals which is proven to produce less
greenhouse gases than the typical gas. This also contributes to the water
scarcity that our country is facing due to pollution and contamination of the
natural sources of water by treating them before the return to the ground
water.

The Future Researchers

The data that is gathered and the designed can be used as a future
reference in conducting new alternative ways of getting energy from more
renewable resources. The study can also be a cross-reference so the future
researchers can be provided with a background and overview of the study.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

The research was performed in a compound in Banaba Cerca Indang

Cavite during 1st semester of school year 2019-2020. The design capacity of
the system was able to accommodate at least a hundred gallon of blackwater
from the households for the biogas production. The study focuses on
addressing the wastewater discharge from a household with the proposed
system of an anaerobic digestion while treating the wastewater that goes into
the system. A simple water treatment process is added to the system to ensure

5
 treatment of water to be used for agriculture and not hazardous for nearby
sources of water.

The system was tested by designing and constructing a prototype using

mostly inexpensive yet effective materials like plastic drum rolls. The study is
aimed to treat the wastewater that is used from the household to a level which
is enough to be used in an agricultural manner.

One of the limitations of the study is that the maintenance of the design
system is not part of the study.

1.5 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

- Design a septic tank

- Biodegradable Solid
waste
- Data gathered through
other researches, books
and journals
- Household effluent of
wastewater
- Materials for building
the prototype
system that produce biogas
and treat wastewater
anaerobic digestion for
biogas and filtration for
wastewater treatment
-Fabricate a prototype using
the data gathered.
- Anaerobic digestion
converting sludge to biogas
- Sludge will be converted to
biogas through anaerobic
digestion
- Test the influent and
discharge of the system.
- Compare the system with
usual septic system
- Biogas produced through
anaerobic digestion to be
used for cooking.
- Design of a septic tank
system.
- Treated water that pass
parameters of the Class C in
terms of TSS, turbidity, BOD
and COD.
- To use the treated
wastewater for agriculture.
- An affordable prototype of
a septic tank with anaerobic
digestion for biogas and
filtration for wastewater
treatment.

6
Figure 1.1Conceptual Framework of the design

1.6 Definition of terms

Adsorption - capability of all solid materials to attract gas molecules or solutions

that they are in touch with to their surface.

Ammonia - a colorless gas with a pungent smell characteristic.

Anaerobic digestion - is a collection of processes by which microorganisms

break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.

Biogas - is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter

in the absence of oxygen.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) - is a measurement of the amount of

dissolved oxygen (DO) that is used by aerobic microorganisms when
decomposing organic matter in water.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) - refers to microscopic bubbles of gaseous oxygen (O2)

that are mixed in water that accessible in all aquatic living creature to breath.

Grey water - defined as wastewater without any contribution from toilet water.

Phosphorus - it is an essential element for plant life, but when there is too
much water it can speedup eutrophication.
7
Filter media – anything placed in a filter that changes the quality of water
flowing through it

Sludge – It is a semi-solid slurry that can be manufactured from a variety of

industrial procedures, water treatment, wastewater treatment or sanitation
systems on-site.

Sludge Treatment – Describes the procedures used during sewage treatment to

handle and dispose of sewage sludge.

Phosphate – Are phosphorous chemical compounds. Phosphorus is a life-

necessary non-metallic component discovered in rock as inorganic phosphates.

Nitrate – It is a chemical found in most septic tanks in fertilizers, manure, and

liquid waste.

Filtration – Is one of several mechanical, physical or biological operations

separating solids from fluids by adding a medium through which only the fluid
can pass.

Anaerobic Bacteria – Bacteria that do not develop or live in the presence of

oxygen.

Ion Exchange – is a water treatment technique where one or more unwanted

contaminants are removed from water by exchange with other substances that
are not objectionable or less objectionable.

8
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Sewage Discharge

In old-date, urban area communities tend to use sewage structures as

the main purpose is to draw water from rooftops and roads. A striking
precedent is the waste arrangement of antiquated Rome. the Cloaca Maxima or
the Great Sewer which conveyed sewage to the Tibet River. Including
numerous surface conductors that were associated with an enormous vaulted
channel, The Cloaca Maxima is a work of stone and on a fabulous scale and for
the romans, it is said the it is one of the most established landmarks in history
of roman designing.

9
Figure 2.1: World’s earliest sewage systems (Cloaca Maxima)
Source: (www.romanaqueducts.info)

There was little advancement in urban seepage or sewerage during the

Middle Ages. Privy vaults and cesspools were utilized; however, most squanders
were essentially dumped into canals to be flushed through the channels by
floods. Toilets were introduced in houses in the mid nineteenth century, yet
they were normally associated with cesspools, not to sewers. In thickly
populated zones, neighborhood conditions before long wound up insufferable
because the cesspools were rarely exhausted and much of the time flooded.
The danger to general wellbeing wounds up evident. In England amidst the
nineteenth century, episodes of cholera were followed straightforwardly to well-
water supplies polluted with human waste from privy vaults and cesspools. It
before long ended up essential for all water storage rooms in the bigger towns
to be associated legitimately to the tempest sewers. This moved sewage from
the beginning houses to adjacent waterways.

2.2 Residential Wastewater

Residential wastewater is a sewage generate wastewater from

residential sources describing all types of wastewater generated from every
room in a house. Households may produce wastewater from flush toilets, sinks,
dishwashers, washing machines, bath tubs, and showers. Households that
use dry toilets produce less wastewater than those that use flush toilets. Other
causes of sewage vary from home to home based on such factors as the
number and type of water using water fixtures and appliances, the number of

10
occupants, their ages, and even their habits, such as the types of foods they
eat.

2.2.1 Types of wastewater

There are two kinds of local sewage: blackwater and graywater.

Blackwater and graywater have various qualities, however both contain toxins
and malady causing specialists that require treatment.

Figure 2.2: Distribution of black and greywater in a household

Source: (www.grihandia.org)

2.2.1.1 Domestic Wastewater

Wastewater delivered because of human exercises in family units is

called household wastewater for example wastewater from the kitchen, shower,
wash bowl, can and clothing. The quality and structure of the household
wastewater changes on hourly, every day and regular premise, with the normal
quality reliant on per capita water use, propensities, diet, expectation for
everyday comforts and way of life. The principle reason is variety in water

11
utilization in family units. Family units in created nations utilize more water than
those in creating nations (Henze and Ledin, 2001).

2.2.1.1.1 Greywater

Greywater is described as wastewater without toilet input and involves

wastewater from bathrooms, showers, laundry and kitchen sinks (cornel et al.,
2016).

It is regarded as high volume, low resistance wastewater with high reuse

and implementation potential. The structure of greywater is diverse and
depends on lifestyle, installations and weather conditions (Rakib, 2013).

2.2.1.1.2 Blackwater

Blackwater is wastewater from sources which is high in organics,

pathogens, and developing contaminants including toilets, kitchen sinks, etc.
High concentration of organics and nutrients found in blackwater encourage
extraction of profitable items from concentrated blackwater including methane
biogas, nitrogen and phosphorus.
High concentration of sewage and pathogen levels in blackwater require
high amounts of techniques or treatment to meet standard quality regulations
to protect the environment and the health hazard of the public. Decentralized
technologies to treat blackwater exist incorporating aerobic and anaerobic

12
biological processes. Anaerobic onsite and cluster treatment concepts include
high rate anaerobic digesters e.g. composting toilets (Werner et al., 2009).

2.2.2 Types of contaminants

The way water ends up tainted relies upon the sort of contaminant.
Water contaminations like oil are the most notable in view of sea oil slicks, yet
the channels in your home can simply be the source. As a result of components
like old funnels, remember that your neighbor's defiled water does not mean
your water is additionally tainted. Get you water tried, regardless of whether
you are on city water or well water.

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) characterizes "contaminant" as any

physical, chemical, biological or radiological substance or matter in water.
Drinking water may sensibly be expected upon to contain at any least quantities
of certain contaminants. A few contaminants might be harmful whenever
consumed at specific levels in drinking water (Environmental Protection Agency
[EPA], 2017).

2.2.2.1 Physical Contaminants

Physical contamination means a substance that is not solely mixed with

chemical, like salt or something purely microbiological, such as a lot of bacteria
or viruses. primarily impact the physical appearance or other physical properties
of water. Examples of physical contaminants are sediment or organic material

13
suspended in the water of lakes, rivers and streams from soil erosion (EPA,
2017).

They may be produced of chemical substances, and they may have

hazardous characteristics that is inside them, we can see or feel them. Physical
contamination may occur in any sources of water like rivers, ponds or in our
own water glass. This physical contamination can alter our water's property or
appearance (Cheprasov, n.d).

These constituents relate to greywater's physical appearance, including

temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, and suspended solids. The
temperature range of Greywater is normally between 18 and 35 ° C, and the
rather elevated temperature may come from hot water used for personal
hygiene and cooking These elevated temperatures may favor unwanted
microbiological development and may also lead to precipitation of certain
carbonates such as CaCO3 and other inorganic salts, which at elevated
temperatures become less soluble. The total suspended solids concentration as
recorded in greywater is in between 190 and 537 mg / L (Edwin et al., 2014).

2.2.2.2 Chemical Contaminants

Chemical contamination is used to show circumstances where chemicals

substances are either present where they shouldn't be or are at higher fixations
than they would normally have occurred. Chemical contaminants can be found
as natural and inorganic particles in mass produced products used by nearly
everyone. These incorporate plastics, pharmaceuticals, disinfectants,

14
antiperspirants, cleansers, oil-based goods, pesticides and biocides, alongside
the consequences of land fill and cremation (NIWA, n.d).

These contaminants may be naturally occurring or man-made. Examples

of chemical contaminants include nitrogen, bleach, salts, pesticides, metals,
toxins produced by bacteria, and human or animal drugs (EPA, 2016).

2.2.3 Sludge

Sludge is produced by chemical precipitation, sedimentation and other

main procedures, while secondary sludge is the biomass enacted by biological
treatment. Some sewage crops additionally get solids from household
wastewater treatment frameworks from septage or septic tanks(Nathanson,
2010).

2.2.3.1 Uses of Sludge

Urban communities around the globe produce huge quantity of municipal

wastewater which represents a major issue due to its high treatment costs and
risk to environment, public health and marine environment.

sewage sludge use as an alternative fuel in clinker or cement production

is one of the best options for sustainability in waste management of sludge.
Because of the high temperature in the oven the natural substance of the
sewage sludge will be destroyed. The sludge minerals will be bound in the
clinker after the burning process. The content value of sewage sludge depends
on the moisture and organic content of the sludge. Waste coming out of

15
sewage sludge treatment processes has a minor role as raw material substitute,
due to their chemical composition (Lechtenberg, 2019).

2.2.3.1.1 Energy

Figure 2.3: Wastewater-to-energy system

Source: (www.wateronline.com)

Wastewater is 99% pure water and 1% waste mainly which is in the

form of nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen and organic matter. The sludge
is separated from the mixed fluid sewage during wastewater therapy. Then, in
a process known as thermal hydrolysis, treat this waste at a high temperature
and pressure to maximize the amount of methane that can be produced. The
treated waste enters an anaerobic digester that finishes splitting the waste into
a methane-rich biogas and a strong, nutrient-rich "digestate" by-product. The
biogas is then used on-site for energy or can be purified and compressed to
fuel cars as natural gas. The strong digestate can be used to plant trees or to
restore the soil (Schleifer et al., 2018)

16
2.2.3.1.2 Biogas

Sewage sludge generally comprises of nontoxic organic matter that can

be used for energy production as a biomass resource. There it appears to be a
potential and suitable energy for recovery from a sewage sludge through
thermochemical valuation processes that can be used as biofuels, while
minimizing the hazard that can cause to the environment. In specific, the
pyrolysis-partial gasification of moist sewage sludge at elevated temperatures
and particularly gasification provides a fresh viewpoint for the manufacturing of
hydrogen-rich fuel gas. Co-processing biomass sewage sludge increases the
features of the fuel and increases the effectiveness of the procedures.
Furthermore, sewage sludge mixtures with biomass lead to the dilution of
inorganic and toxic compounds (Manara et al., 2012).

2.2.3.2 Sludge into biogas production

The overall rule of thumb is that after 24 hours at body temperature,

each liter of digester volume produces its same quantity in gas. That's an ideal
seldom met. Theoretically, however, the typical home digester of 1000 liters
(275 gallons) should produce 1 cubic meter of biogas in a day or so after being
fed. The quantity of food that generally produces that quantity of gas is about
the value of a bucket, a bucket ranging from 20 to 25 liters or about 5 gallons
(Culha, 2014).

Most biodigesters appear to have normalizing slurry in them at around

20 C. These generate only about 100 to 300 liters of gas a day. You start to top
300 at 25. You can look at 500 liters of gas at 30 C. You can see the theoretical

17
1000 liters at 35 to 37 (98.6 Fahrenheit body temperature) which will allow you
to cook on a single burner for about 2 hours. Only 15 mins of cooking time if
you have 100 liters of gas on a medium single burner. If you're at 20 C and
you're just 100 liters a day. (Culha, 2014).

Fahrenheit (Fo) Celsius (Co) Percent %

95 35 100
85 20 68
75 24 46
65 18 32
55 13 21
<55 0 0
Table 2.1: Comparison of production of biogas in heating process
Source: (www.solarcities.eu)

The daily output of rated gas is the amount of gas that a biogas plant is
intended to generate every day if it is operated under optimum circumstances.
This indicates the quantity of biogas generated in m3/day. Biogas energy
content will mostly rely on the methane content of the biogas, which is
expected to be around 65%. When converting numbers from gas
manufacturing to energy production, this must be taken into consideration.
Biogas will also contain other gasses such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and small
quantities of hydrogen, but these have little impact on the biogas energy
content (IRENA, 2016).

2.2.3.3 Sludge into biogas production and consumption

18
Table 2.2: Conversion factors of biogas energy
Srouce: (www.irena.org)

The output of biogas is generally measured or estimated over a period of

time in cubic meters, but it should be transformed and recorded in energy
units. The main calculations are to convert the production of biogas into
methane and then convert it into energy production (in MJ). Around 65% of is
the methane content of the biogas and 1 m3 of methane should contain 34 MJ
of energy, so that 1 m3 of biogas should contain about 22 MJ of energy.

2.2.3.4Rate daily gas production

The daily output of rated gas is the amount of gas that a biogas plant is
intended to generate every day if it is operated under optimum circumstances.
This indicates the quantity of biogas generated in m3/day. Biogas ' energy
content will mostly rely on the methane content of the biogas, which is
expected to be around 65%. When converting numbers from gas
manufacturing to energy production, this must be taken into consideration.
Biogas will also contain other gasses such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and small

19
quantities of hydrogen, but these have little impact on the biogas ' energy
content (IRENA, 2016).

2.2.3.5 Conversion from sludge to energy

The quantity of sludge produced per individual per day is the same
worldwide-approximately 0.07 kg / day of dried sludge solids per day. If you
merely burn it, the extraction of energy from this mass is maximized. Because
the energy content of sludge is about wood, the energy content of sludge is per
individual per day. Since 1 kWh is 3.6 x106 joules, this is approximately 0.5 kWh
/ day, the value of which is approximately $0.05 in wealthy nations
(Chung, 2018).

0.07 kg/day x 2.2x107 joules/kg = 1.54x106 joules/day

2.2.4. Wastewater for agriculture

In many regions of the world, especially in urban and peri-urban water-

scarce areas and where there is strong competition for water. Wastewater is
used for agricultural reasons. While some nations use agricultural sewage
methods and guidelines that follow domestic laws or global rules and security
norms, sewage use is an unregulated but common practice in many other
nations, particularly in the developing world (Jense, 2013).

20
2.2.4.1 Condition of wastewater quality for wastewater Reuse

Wastewater irrigation, along with conventional water quality standards

for irrigation, should consider risks to human health. Agricultural wastewater
reuse water quality standards can be classified in California's conservative
standards and WHO's liberal standards. This classification is well represented in
the classifications associated with microbes. The WHO proposed health-based
objectives for secure reuse of agricultural wastewater in 1989 and 2006. The
WHO limits the allowed wastewater to household and/or urban sewage and
does not suggest the use of wastewater containing excessive industrial
wastewater. Using untreated wastewater for agriculture can lead to parasitosis
or waterborne epidemics, and numerous reports have been made about the
breakdown of infectious diseases due to inappropriate wastewater reuse
(Hanseok et, al., 2016).

2.2.4.2 Guidelines and standards for agricultural Wastewater Reuse

Agricultural sewage reuse water quality is provided in criteria, guidelines

and norms. The criteria for water quality are the consequence of science
examinations on the suitability of water to be used for specific reasons. Water
quality criteria have been suggested for secure reuse of wastewater. According
to Kretschemer & Tsagarakis 2016, Water quality guidelines refer to a set of
water quality criteria-based management objectives, which are recommended
but not limited by law (Hanseok et, al., 2016).

21
2.2.4.2.1 World Health Organization (WHO)

In 1973, the WHO first developed guidelines for irrigation wastewater

reuse, which has become the international standard. Many European and South
American nations have accepted and altered the WHO guidelines to correspond
with each country's geographical, epidemiological idiosyncrasies and financial
circumstances. Many European and South American nations have accepted and
altered the WHO guidelines to correspond with each country's geographical,
epidemiological idiosyncrasies and financial circumstances (Hanseok, 2016).

Table 2.3: Recommended Minimum verification monitoring of microbial performance target for
wastewater use in agriculture
Source: (www.wepa-db.net)

22
2.2.4.3 Water quality Standards for Indirect Wastewater Reuse

Parameters WHO
Coliform (/100 ml) Unrestricted E.coli (cfu)≤1,000
Unrestricted E.coli (cfu)≤10,000

Turbidity (NTU) _(b)

Suspended solids (mg/L) -
COD (mg/L) -
BOD (mg /L) -
Odor -
T-N (total nitrogen) (mg/L) -
T-P (Total Phosphorus) (mg/L) -
Intestinal nematodes (No./L) ≤1
pH -
EC (us/cm) -
Table 2.4: Irrigation water quality guidelines and standards for wastewater reuse and
agriculture
Source: (www.wepa-db.net)

2.2.4.3.1 Coliform Bacteria

Based on E. Coli's total amount, California norms suggest an average of

2.2 cfu/100 mL for 7 days and a maximum of 240 cfu/100 mL. On the contrary,
the guidelines of the WHO recommend 1000 cfu/100 mL, even for the most
stringent irrigation standards (Hanseok, 2016)

2.2.4.3.2 Salinity

Salinity also describe Electro conductivity (EC). Generally, if the EC of

irrigation water is less than 700 μs / cm, it does not influence plant

23
development; if it is greater than 3000 μs / cm, it can cause serious damage
(Hanseok, 2016).

2.2.4.3.2 Turbidity or total suspended solids

A high turbidity concentration can influence the efficiency of the

irrigation plant and can reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the soil and pollute
the surface of the soil through the ground stream. Furthermore, since different
viruses and bacteria can be connected and migrated along with the solid
particles, the elimination of suspended solids is linked to germ elimination. The
turbidity standard can therefore be established based on the impact of turbidity
on the results of the irrigation unit or vegetables susceptible to germ infection
(Hanseok, 2016).

2.2.4.3.3 Organic matter

Organic matter affects not only the odor and color of the water, but also
acts as nutrients for microbes and causes numerous adverse effects during the
disinfection cycle (Hanseok, 2016).

2.2.4.3.4 Nutrients

T-N and T-P regulatory concentrations are 1 and 0.1 mg / L,

respectively. The findings verified a T-N value of 1.1 mg / L and a T-P value of
0.05 mg / L when examining the irrigation water reservoir in South Korea. T-N

24
and T-P were evaluated at 3.3 and 1.6 mg / L for indirect sewage reuse. T-N
and T-P values of 14.0 and 2.8 mg / L were confirmed for irrigation water
containing untreated wastewater (Hanseok, 2016).

2.2.4.3.5 pH

Low pH values affect the mobility of heavy metals in the soil and can be
absorbed by crops and contaminate water bodies (Hanseok, 2016).

2.2.4.3.6 Odors

There are usually no particular odor standards in the reuse of agricultural

wastewater, but the South Korean standards state that the odor "should not be
unpleasant," which could have a beneficial impact on the concept of
wastewater reuse. In setting water quality standards, farmers ' understanding
of wastewater reuse can be an significant criterion, and physical features such
as odor have a powerful impact on the perceptions of farmers. Therefore,
considering stakeholders could be a useful strategy to including an odor factor
for water quality standards (Hanseok, 2016).

25
2.2.4.4 Technical Requirements for the Reuse of Wastewater in the Philippines

2.2.4.4.1 Irrigation

Major wastewater parameters and the quality or boundaries needed for

re-use of irrigation as set out in this Order. With the exception of fecal coliform
and EC, the same landscape and crop irrigation boundaries have been set.
Values above these boundaries can have harmful effects on crop productivity,
animal and human health, and the environment (Department of agriculture,
series 2007).

26
Table 2.5: Limits waste water quality for irrigation
Sources: (bsw.da.gov.ph)

27
2.3 Wastewater Treatment Steps

Figure 2.4: Wastewater treatment steps

Source: (www.britannica.com)

2.3.1 Preliminary treatment

Screening is the first unit operation that is usually found in wastewater

treatment plants. A screen is an opening tool, usually of standardized size, used
to maintain solids discovered at the treatment plant in the influential
wastewater. The main function of screening is to remove any objects that is big
enough and coarse materials from flow streams that could harm the flow of
process in the facilities such as pumps, valves pipelines, impellers, that can
decrease general process reliability and efficacy, or contaminate waste route
(Jamal, 2017).

28
2.3.2 Primary treatment

Figure 2.5: Primary treatment process

Source: (www.appropedia.org)

Primary sewage treatment includes strong waste sedimentation within

the water. This is performed after bigger contaminants are filtered out in the
water. Several tanks and filters that distinct water from contaminants pass
through wastewater. The resulting "sludge" will go to a digester for further
processing. This main sludge batch includes approximately 50% of the sewage
solids suspended (Bloganica, 2017).

29
2.3.3 Secondary treatment

Figure 2.6: Secondary treatment process

Source: (www.appropedia.org)

Secondary operation relies on biological procedures to further decrease

the suspended and dissolved solids that remain after main therapy in the fluid
effluent. From the primary treatment, effluent water is pumped through the
filter feed system to the sand pressure filter in which the suspended solids are
lowered before entering the exchanger sequence (Patel et. Al 2015).
Microorganisms decompose the remaining suspended solids and the number of
pathogens is lowered. The discharge from the primary treatment undergoes
through biological treatment. Most of the time the treatment at the end of the
process includes a disinfection to exterminate more bacteria(Gerba et. Al,
2009).

30
2.3.4 Tertiary treatment

After secondary treatment, tertiary treatment is the next

wastewater treatment method. This step eliminates stubborn contaminants that
could not be cleaned up by secondary treatment. With stronger and more
sophisticated treatment technologies, wastewater effluent becomes even
cleaner in this treatment method. Tertiary methods can be the extension of
standard secondary biological treatment to further stabilize oxygen-demanding
substances in sewage or remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Tertiary treatment
may also involve separation techniques such as physical and chemical
(Mareddy, 2017).

31
2.4 Kinds of Biological Wastewater Treatment

Figure 2.7: Biological wastewater treatment

Source: (www.intechopen.com)

32
2.4.1 Anaerobic digestion

Figure 2.8: Parts and process of anaerobic digestion

Source: (www.mannvit.com)

Anaerobic digestion is the absence of oxygen and the process where

organic matter bacteria is breaking down. The process biologically produces the
matter called “gas” or sometimes called as the biogas. Methane and carbon
dioxide were produced mainly to this process.This gas is produced from
feedstock such as biosolids, manure from livestock and organic wet materials.
The anaerobic digestion method takes place in three stages. Bacterial
decomposition of matter of animals and plants into particles such as sugar, The
transformation of decayed matter into organic acids, transformation of organic
acid into methane gas(Rogoff &Screve, 2011).

33
 The implementation of anaerobic digestion is successful in terms of
treating solid waste where it is dependent on the growth and use of bioreactors
with elevated anaerobic rates. A number of novel models of reactor have been
adjusted and developed in latest years. In particular, these procedures vary in
the manner microorganisms are held in the bioreactor and in the division
between acidic and methanogenic bacteria and then in the decrease of
anaerobic digestion constraints. (Arvanitoyannis &Varzakas, 2008).

2.4.1.1 History of Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic digestion method shows that it is one of the oldest methods in

history in breaking down organic matter in sustainable way. However, with the
first digestion plant in Bombay, the industrialization of Anaerobic digestion
started in 1859. Biogas was retrieved in 1985 from an abandoned sewage
treatment plant and used this as a source of fuel in streetlamps in Exeter,
England. Anaerobic bacteria were recognized in 1930, as well as circumstances
promoting methane manufacturing.The more advanced equipment and
operational methods appeared about anaerobic digestion method the more the
knowledge and its advantages enhanced.The outcome was the use of closed
tank and heating and mixing schemes to optimize anaerobic digestion.
Anaerobic digestion suffered from the growth of aerobic therapy and low coal
or petroleum expenses regardless of changes.It was only used to treat the
wastewater sludge. The technology was adopted by developing nations like
India and China.

34
2.4.1.2 Kinds of Anaerobic Digestion

The same fundamental function is carried out by all anaerobic digesters.

In the lack of oxygen, they retain manure and retain the right circumstances for
the growth of methane forming microorganisms. There is a broad range of
anaerobic digesters, each in a subtly distinct manner performing this
fundamental function.

2.4.1.2.1 Stand-Alone Digesters

Stand-alone digesters can be used as organic recycling undertakings,

community-based activities or constructed to handle residential food waste or
other commercial area by the municipality.

Other digesters process waste particular to the sector based on their

design. In the food and beverage sector, this is prevalent. These digesters
share location at processing facilities and intended to feed and process a
specific type of material.Usually these units do not accept other offsite sources
feedstocks. In stand-alone digesters, the main feedstock processed is food
waste. Digesters constructed to process food waste, however, may also be able
to co-digest other organic products such as yard waste, manure and solid
wastewater.Increasing demand for independent digesters is addressing the rise
in food waste diversion from landfills.

35
2.4.1.2.2 On-Farm Digesters

Digesters on the farm can is a big investment especially for farmers and
the society around them. Digesters can assist farmers manage nutrients, lower
odors, and create extra farm income.The main animal types for farmers with
digesters are dairy, swine and poultry. Digesters on-farm can also accept food
waste as a feedstock outside. Typically, this digester type is being used in farms
and determined by the existing manure management procedures and the
animal manure that is being fed into the digester. Biogas from anaerobic
digester systems is used to produce electricity, to fuel furnaces and boilers, or
to supply heat and energy.

2.4.1.2.3 Digester at Water Resources Recovery Facilities

In United States of America, Resources recovery facility optimize their

capacity in using the anaerobic digestion and sludge to generate clean water, to
recover nutrients in organic matter that are decomposed and mixed on water
like nitrates and phosphorus and decrease our reliability on using fossil fuel
through renewable energy production and use. The use of this method at
WRRFs dates from the early 1900s. There have been both advances and
setbacks in technology development over the past century.

2.4.1.3 Common Ways to Describe Digesters

Systems in anaerobic digestion follow the same fundamental values

whether it is residential organic waste, manures from animals or sludge in

36
wastewater are the feedstock. Designs will be differed from digester to any
digester, although the process in breaking down organic material is the almost
the same. For many distinct purposes, digester systems are constructed and
there are qualifications that will tell that it.

2.4.1.3.1 Operation Temperature

Digesters are intended to operate at various temperature ranges of the

goal. Typically, the temperature ranges for mesophilic are 86-100° F and for
thermophilic are 122-140° F. In these temperature areas, distinct communities
of anaerobic microbe’s flourish.

Generally, if more pathogen killing is needed, anaerobic digestion that

will be used for high temperature or thermophilic. This temperature range may
generate "Biosolids of Class A."Class A Biosolids is a wastewater sludge
designation that meets the U.S. EPA land-use rules without constraints. On
farms gardens of vegetables, Biosolids which under Class A can be used as
fertilizer and can be marketed as fertilizer to home gardeners.Thermophilic
digesters involve lesser time in processing feedstocks but may cost more and
be harder to run.

Overall, mesophilic digesters are simpler to function and keep, but the
result will not be enough to kill the pathogen and to generate biosolids of Class
A.

37
2.4.1.3.2 Feedstock Variation

Some digesters are intended to process one sort of feedstock and are
intended to process various feedstocks by other digesters. A driver of anaerobic
digesters growth is called Co-digestion. Before digestion, many feedstocks
involve or may benefit from pre-processing.

As feedstocks for anaerobic digestion, most readily biodegradable

biomass products are acceptable. Livestock manure, food-processing waste and
sewage sludge are common feedstocks. Feedstocks power manufacturing
potential differs based on the type, processing or pretreatment level, and
biodegradable material concentration. Feedstocks frequently used in anaerobic
digesters are listed below (LPELC, 2019).

2.4.1.3.3 Wet (Low-Solids) and Dry (High-Solids)

Digester wet and dry classifications refer to the feedstock’s moisture

content. Wet digesters are more frequent than dry ones. In general, the
feedstock on a wet digester or low solids system process with a solid content
that is less than 15%. The slurry shape for a wet digester and can be pumped
are typically the feedstocks.

A high-solids or also known as the dry anaerobic digester system usually

the content of solids that is being processes is higher than 15 percent.
Feedstocks are often defined as stackable for a dry digester.

38
2.4.1.3.4 Batch Versus Continuous Flow

Feedstocks are being fed into a digester by batch called batch digester.
There is a fixed period for digestion after loading. The digester is emptied and
reloaded manually after this time period.

Feedstocks that are continuously fed into a digester that is call

continuous flow digester and material that is being digested is continually
separated.

2.4.1.4 Water displacement method

Water displacement is a method of collecting gases that are not soluble

in water. These gases can be oxygen, hydrogen, etc. You generate oxygen
from a separate container and collect it by filling your collecting bottle with
water. The generated gas will now replace the water since no two bodies can
occupy the same space at the same time.

Water displacement is also used to determine the volume of an insoluble

solid. When the solid is immersed in water the water level will rise because its
space is now occupied by the solid.

2.4.1.5 Plant volume

The complete quantity of the factory is the sum of two parts: the volume
of the digester and the quantity of storage of fuel. The measurement is in m 3.

39
The quantity of the digester is the highest quantity of slurry the plant can
maintain, while the quantity of gas storage is the quantity of gas it can
maintain when it is full of slurry. (IRENA, 2016).

2.4.1.6 Advantages

According to Zafar (2018), Anaerobic digestion is a well-established and

common technology for managing organic waste with various environmental,
energy, financial and social advantages. This system is a natural biological
process that in the absence of air, stabilizes organic waste and turns it into
biofertilizer and biogas.It is a reliable wet, organic waste treatment technology.

In extremely regulated, oxygen-free conditions, organic waste from

different sources is biochemically degraded, leading in the manufacturing of
biogas that can be used to generate both electricity and heat. With anaerobic
digestion, almost any organic material can be processed.

Anaerobic digestion is suitable particularly for wet organic matter and in

industrial and municipal wastewater treatment it is more commonly used. This
involves biodegradable waste products such common waste like waste that is
made from paper, food waste and animal waste. The only exception is waste
that is made out of wood, which has a characteristic for being unaffected by
digestion because most microorganisms that is anaerobic cannot degrade
lignin.

40
2.4.1.7 Disadvantages

Alongside with the benefits said by Zafar are the disadvantages

according to Rumbaugh (2014),Methanogenic archaea is a slow-growing
microbe that can generate odors if the influence is high in nitrogen and/or
methanogens are not healthy, leading in volatile organic acid exhaust must be
regulated along with monitoring of volatile fatty acids, Does not do well with
diluted waste and some materials that are better handled via aerobic processes,
Does not remove ammonia-nitrogen, Temperature must be retained in the
target area throughout the year-it is 35-40oC for most mesophilic digesters.
Methane generating microbes requires certain micronutrients that may be
absent, including Fe, Co, Ni, Mo. For a newspaper article about the product of
micronutrients and fermentation of bacillus improving the study of methane
manufacturing.

41
2.5 Septic Tank

Figure 2.9: Process of a septic tank

Source: (www.medium.com)

Septic tanks treat tiny populations with wastewater, such as individual

houses, tiny organizations, schools, etc. This practice has currently been
dispensed with. They are intended to keep wastewater at low speed for a
minimum imprisonment moment of 36 h under anaerobic conditions. A elevated
removal of settleable solids is accomplished during this period. These solids
decompose at the bottom of tank with gas formation that causes them to use
the wastewater to rise to the surface and lie as a scum layer until the gas has
fled and the solids fall back. This continuous flotation and resettlement of solids
carries some of them to the outlet to be discharged with the effluent in a
current. The final disposal of the effluent happens using subsurface techniques.
42
The efficacy of this technique depends on the soil's capacity to leach. These
main type units involve minimum attention, including annual inspection and the
regular removal of sludge and scum accumulations (3–5 years) (Muralikrishna &
Manickam, 2017).

2.5.1 History of septic tank

It is thought that the septic tank system originated in France. John

Mouras is credited for the septic tank system being invented in or around
1860.Mouras intended a septic tank and built a prototype made of concrete and
manufactured piping made of clay that led to the septic tank in his yard from
his home. About 10 years later, John Mouras dismantled the unit and found
that the tank was virtually empty of any solid organic waste and contained only
a liquid scum layer of effluent. Mouras eventually approached an era scientist
and in 1881 Mr. Mouras applied for a patent and was awarded a patent. The
septic tank arrived in the United States of America in 1883 and sometime
afterwards in Africa, believed by the British Navy (New Tech Bio [NTB], 2017).

43
2.5.2 Siting septic tank systems

Figure 2.10: Side view section of septic with respective disposal

Source: (www.esperance.wa.gov.au)

To guarantee minimum clearance distances from the lowest soil point,

water supplies such as bores, rivers, dams etc., houses and borders, subsoil
and open drainage channels, septic tanks or their disposal systems must be
installed. They should not be where they are driven by cars. A vehicle's weight
can harm parts of the structure and compact the surrounding soil, reducing its
effluent absorption capacity. The size and piece of drainage receptacles are
essential for the soil drainage characteristics, Larger drainage receptacles are
required in bad draining soils, such as clay, to raise the soil region into which
the effluent can be absorbed. In comparison, some coarse sands may be so
free drainage that they provide little capacity to filter out pollutants. In such
cases, surrounding the sides and base of drains with loam or other fine-grained
soil may be desirable. The drainage receptacles may need to be fully or partly
installed above the natural surface in regions with either shallow groundwater
and/or where only a thin layer of free draining topsoil overlooks fewer
absorbent soils. This means achieving the necessary groundwater clearances or

44
allowing effluent to be dispersed and absorbed by the adjacent
soils(Department of Health Western Australia [DOHWA], 2011).

Table 2.6: Required septic size

Source: (www.inpspectapedia.com)

The septic tank capability should be properly constructed because

inadequate tank size may result in the house being backed up by wastewater or
it will force us to frequently wash the water and boost the maintenance costs.
The suggested septic tank sizes are based on certain maximum discharge
assumptions (Muralikrishna& Manickam, 2011).

45
2.5.3 Septic Systems and Drinking Water

Figure 2.11: Flow diagram of wastewater and its potential contamination (drinking water)
Source: (www.EPA.gov)

Septic systems treat sewage to many homeowners, who also frequently

get their drinking water from private wells. If a septic system does not work
properly or is too close to a portable water well, sewage contaminants may end
up in drinking water. Learn how to find, run and retain your septic system in
order to safeguard neighboring wells (EPA, 2017).

46
2.5.4 Septic Systems and Surface Water

Figure 2.12: Potential contamination of septic tank in surface water

Source: (www.EPA.gov)

Many homeowners depend on septic systems to treat their wastewater

safely and efficiently. Before filtering into the soil, a septic system handles
household wastewater. Recycled septic water can assist and replenish supplies
of groundwater. however, it can contaminate neighboring water bodies if the
system does not function correctly (EPA, 2017).

2.5.5 Advantages

47
 The main benefits of kinds of septic tank systems vary from durability
and strength to low maintenance. Whether a sort of tank is renowned for one
quality or the other depends mostly on its material. That being said, tanks also
have weaknesses related to the structure of the material.

2.5.6 Disadvantages

The disadvantages of having a septic tank are not working correctly,

which can lead to very foul, dark and even worse effluents than the influential
ones, They involve too big sizes to serve many individuals, gas leakage from
the top septic tank cover can trigger poor odors and pollution of the
environment, Periodic sludge cleaning and disposal is a continues issue and the
functioning of a septic tank is non-uniform in the middle (Dass, 2011).

2.5.7 Maintenance of septic tank

Every day, under the surface of the ground, over four billion gallons of
wastewater are spread. Poor or untreated groundwater contaminated by
household wastewater poses risks to drinking water and the environment.
Dysfunctional septic systems release toxic bacteria, viruses and chemicals from
local rivers. They enter streams, rivers, lakes, and more when these pollutants
are released to the ground by killing native plants, fish, and shellfish.

At least every three years, a septic service professional should check the
average septic system of a family household. Typically, every three to five years
septic household tanks are pumped. Alternative systems with electrical float

48
switches, pumps or mechanical components should be inspected more
commonly, generally once a year. A service agreement is essential because
alternative systems have mechanized components.

The average indoor water use in a typical single-family home is nearly 70

gallons per individual per day. Only one running or leaky toilet can waste water
up to 200 gallons a day. The whole water of a household sends its tubes in its
septic system winding up. The more water a family holds, the less water it
reaches the septic system. Efficient water use enhances the operation of the
septic system and reduces the probability of failure.

Whether flush it down the bathroom, grind it in the trash disposal, or

pour it down the sink, shower, or bath, septic system finishes up with all that
goes down the drains. What goes down the drain will influence the septic
system's functioning. The drain field is a significant part of a septic system, a
septic system element that removes contaminants from septic tank's liquid.
(EPA, 2017).

2.6 Water Filtration System

The Ancient Sanskrit and other Egyptian texts provide proof of

techniques used to ensure that any water supply was purified when used for
consumption. Different methods are mentioned, including boiling and under
sunlight heating. There is also mention of filtering water supply through the use
of sand and coarse gravel supplies. Images were found in graves in the
Egyptian country, dating back as far as many centuries BCE, showing multiple
equipment used to treat water (Jamie, 2016).

49
 Hippocrates himself performed experiments on water purification. He
had a hypothesis that a human body had four humors and that these humors
had to be maintained in equilibrium to preserve and sustain a healthy health
situation. He suggested placing those with fevers in a cool water bath. He
thought that any water supply needed to be clean and pure; therefore, he
decided to develop a filter that would purify the water supply used to treat his
patients. This filter has become known as a sleeve of Hippocrates. It was
mainly a towel bag that worked as a filter by which cooked liquid was poured
(Jamie, 2016).
Many techniques and methods are being developed in contemporary
times and are being used in water purification which according to Schroth et al.
(2014) This method involves the removal of unwanted chemical compounds,
organic and inorganic materials and biological contaminants from water. This
process also includes distilling and deionizing or removing ion by extracting
dissolved salts.

Most communities depend on natural water bodies as sources of

consumption for water cleansing and daily use. These resources can generally
be categorized as groundwater or surface water and generally include
subterranean aquifers, creeks, streams, rivers, and lakes. Oceans and seas of
saltwater have also been used as alternative sources of water for drinking and
national use with latest technological advances (Schroth et al., 2014).

50
2.6.1 Rapid sand filter

Figure 2.13: Rapid sand filter process

Source: (www.hitachi.com)

Sand filters either use graded sand (fine to coarse or heterogeneous) or

monograde coarse sand (uniform or homogeneous). For all waters, no single
media specification (size and depth) can be implemented widely; the selection
relies on water quality and upstream procedures, filtered water quality goals,
cleaning technique, filtration rate and filter run duration (Brandt & Ratnayaka,
2017).

Selecting the grain size of the sand is crucial because larger sand grains
provide an enhanced surface area and therefore more decontamination at the
water outlet, which, on the other side, requires additional pumping energy to
drive the fluid through the bed. Grain sizes are usually chosen in the range 0.5

51
to 1.50 mm in an effort at a compromise. A sand bed depth of between 0.5 and
2.0 m is suggested regardless of the quartz sand and anthracite ratio between
7 and 50 (Basu& Debnath, 2015).

Raw water flows through the filter bed and the suspended material is
deposited between the sand grains on the ground and straight below the
surface. Typically, rapid-pressure sand bed filters are operated at 1 to 4 kg /
cm2 feed pressure. Differential stress (DP) is generally insignificantly small
across a smooth sand bed. As particulate solids are caught in the bed, the DP
gradually builds up for a specified flow rate; this may not be uniform with
depth. For apparent reasons, the concentration gradient would decay more
quickly at the greater level (Basu& Debnath, 2015).

This sort of filter captures very tiny particle sizes. In reality, under which
particles would not be detained, there is no real cutoff size. Interestingly, the
shape of the distinctive effectiveness curve versus filter particle size is a U with
the lowest particle capture frequency for the lowest and biggest particles, with
a drop in between for mid-sized particles. If the pressure loss or flow is
unacceptable, a pressure drops of approximately 0.5 kg / cm2 across the PSF is
felt. The filter will then be removed from service and the filter's cleaning will be
impacted by flow inversion or the bed will be backwashed or pressurized to
remove the particles accumulated. Normally, pressure filters are washed once
every 24 hours while the system is online (Basu & Debnath, 2015).

52
2.6.2 Slow sand filter

The filtration speed through them in slow sand filter may be just one
fifth or less of the filtration rate through fast gravity or pressure filters. Most of
London's surface-derived supplies are handled with slow sand filters despite the
closure of a number of less effective works. Filters have been upgraded in the
remaining works, with pretreatment and filtration improvements (Brandt
&Ratnayaka, 2017).

Table 2.7: Comparing slow sand and charcoal filter before and after filtration
Source: (www.injet.net)

In a vault or tank, the filter media is put. On top of coarse media, fine
media is put. On the underdrain lies resides the coarser media itself. Water
moves through a filter of slow sand, as the name suggests that it runs slowly.
This means that before it is unacceptable. The water flow rate can be very slow
through the filter. The extra time allows the accumulation between rejuvenation
events of a thicker layer of captured particles. This allows the development of a
bacterial community in the captured particle layer. The bacterial layer's physical
nature and the bacteria's metabolism increase the filter's ability to capture fine
suspended particles. When the rate of water treatment becomes unacceptable,

53
the upper media layer is removed and a fresh cycle begins (Fotouhi & Kresic,
2010).

2.6.2.1 Sand

For centuries, sand and gravel were used in media filters. Sand is
typically used for single-pass filters through which wastewater flows
comparatively slowly. This filtration is very useful to treat water and wastewater
than other advances treatment technology.

Sand media filters are one of the earliest recognized techniques for on-
site wastewater treatment. A sand filter generates a very high-quality effluent if
correctly designed, built, operated and maintained. Sand filters are sand, or
gravel beds drained from below to treat, collect and distribute main treated
effluent to the soil absorption field.

This filtration removes significant quantities of wastewater particles and

encourages efficient disinfection as well as esthetic recognition for useful uses
of reclaimed water. Sand filter systems have been commonly used worldwide
for sewage therapy on site and in tiny communities. The main benefits of sand
filters are their easy and cost-effective construction, operation and maintenance
using local materials and abilities. Due to elevated hydraulic loading rates of up
to 9.6 m / d, it does not involve chemicals or energy and requires less soil
compared to other natural techniques for pathogen removal (Etahiri et al.,
2013).

54
2.6.2.2 Gravel

Gravel is typically used to recirculate filters that tolerate more

wastewater than single-pass sand filters.

As shown in the pretreatment in fig. 2.5, the first phase was a screening
method. It includes gravel layer filling up to 3 inches of height and up to 4
inches of sand layer filling. The aim was to screen particles, silts associated with
raw wastewater in the kitchen and to prepare the liquid based on the peat filter
media. Fine sand backed this compartment (Mohamed et al., 2013).

2.6.2.3 Activated Carbon

Activated carbon filtration is a widely used technology based on

contaminant adsorption on a filter's surface. This technique is efficient in
removing certain organic substances from drinking water or wastewater (such
as unwanted taste and odors, micropollutants), chlorine, fluorine or radon.
However, microbial contaminants, metals, nitrates and other inorganic
contaminants are not effectively affected. The effectiveness of adsorption relies
on the nature of the activated carbon used, the composition of the water and
the parameters of operation. Activated coal filters are comparatively simple to
install but involve energy and qualified labor and can be expensive owing to
periodic filter material replacement (Mazille, 2019).

This filtration removes significant quantities of wastewater particles and

encourages efficient disinfection as well as esthetic recognition for useful uses
of reclaimed water. Sand filter systems have been commonly used worldwide

55
for sewage therapy on site and in tiny communities. The main benefits of sand
filters are their easy and cost-effective construction, operation and maintenance
using local materials and abilities. Due to elevated hydraulic loading rates of up
to 9.6 m / d, it does not involve chemicals or energy and requires less soil
compared to other natural techniques for pathogen removal (Etahiri et al.,
2013).

56
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodological Framework

Gathering of Data Testing of Influents Prototype Design

Biogas Process Prototype Testing Building Prototype

Anaerobic Wastewater
Digestion Treatment Process Filtration Process

Finalization of Evaluation of
the Study Effluent Disinfection

Figure 3.1:MethodologicalFramework

57
 3.2 Data Gathering

The study is experimental wherein data’s will be acquired through

prototype testing. For the water treatment testing the influent and effluent of
the study in a laboratory and compare the differences to see the effectiveness
of the study. The biogas can be determined by attaching a gas meter at the
discharge hose of the prototype.

3.2.1 Location profile

Parklane country homes which is in Gen. Trias, Cavite developed by

Property company of friends or which is known for pro-friends. The subdivision
is known for its low-cost housing where middle-class people able to own a
house. The location of the subdivision is alongside the ylang-ylang river where
the river is one of the main rivers that is connected at the manila bay where the
rehabilitation is on-going.

Figure 3.2: Location map of Parklane country homes in Gen. Tias, Cavite
Source: (www.googlemaps.com)

58
 The course of ylang-ylang river was identified and the watershed where
it belongs was also delineated based on National Mapping and Resource
Information Authority (NAMRIA) maps and elevation maps generated from
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR). According to DENR – EMB
Region 4A, Water Quality Monitoring Section, there are no clear basis or ruling
of delineating the upstream from the midstream and downstream. It is logical
that the upstream sections of a river are located on the rather higher elevation
while the downstream portions are those located near the mouth of the river
before it joins the sea (Martinez, 2017).

59
3.2.1.1 Site Development Plan

Figure 3.3: Subdivision Layout

60
3.2.1.2 Location Map
The location will be on Banaba Cerca, Indang, Cavite

Figure 3.4: Vicinity Map

61
3.2.1.3 Sewage System

Figure 3.5: Sewer Line Layout

62
Figure 3.6: Sewer Isometric Diagram

63
Figure 3.7: Catch Basin / Septic Vault Detail

64
3.3 Preparation of Samples

The wastewater will be gathered from the residential household in peak

hours (morning) for everyday to maximize the effluent. The pipes will be
connected to the pipes that is routing to the prototype.

3.3.1 Advisory notice from resident

A letter was given to the owner of the houses, stated in the letter is asking
their permission for the study. The letter also state that they would allow us to
take samples, survey the area and be able to alter the ground for the study.

3.3.2 Collection of sludge

The sludge is collected from the septic by attaching a 4 inches diameter

pipe into the households which is elevated to let it flow into the prototype
system. of a chosen house however if the village has a central septic for their
black and grey water it is where the sample would be collected.

3.3.3 Collection of filters and other materials

The gravel was taken from the finished construction site in the village
wherein the permission of the owner of the house was requested to get some
gravel. The amount of the gravel was be able to fill the container with 7 inches
squared in volume. For the sand the same method of gathering would be used

65
although the size needed for the sand is 8.5 inches squared. The activated
Carbon was gathered from the excess activated carbon that pas researchers
used.

3.4 Schematic Diagram

Start Sedimentation Filtration

Anaerobic Digestion

Gas Formation

Finish

Figure 3.8: Schematic Diagram Process of Treatment

66
3.5 Procedure

3.5.1 Testing and analysis of influent

The influent was tested for TSS, turbidity, total coliform, BOD and COD
for contamination. Once proven that the wastewater is contaminated with these
contaminants it will be compared with the testing of the same parameters for
the effluent to compare the effectiveness of the study.

3.5.2 Building of prototype

3.5.2.1 System Designing Anaerobic Digestion and Water Treatment

1. The source pipe, a pipe was connected into the household to let the
wastewater freely flow into the prototype.
3.5.2.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Chamber
2. This is where the production of biogas occurs.
3.5.2.1.2 Sedimentation Chamber
1. This is where the sludge from the household would settle. It is also where
the flocculant is added to settle the sludge faster.
3.5.2.1.3 Filtration Chamber
2. Filtration Medias Preparation
Filters Media was Placed in the filtration chamber the process next to the
sedimentation with the following measurement:
a. Activated Carbon is placed to the lowest layer of the filtration chamber with a
height of 10 inches.

67
b. Sand which is then placed in the middle layer would have a height of 13
inches
c. Fine Gravel will be in the topmost layer of the chamber and would have the
height of 10 inches.

3.5.2.1.3 Measurement Capacity

The Measurement capacity of the study depends on the average number

of the people in a house multiplied by the number of houses and the
estimated consumption of water. But on the said prototype will be using 55
gallons of drum in one chamber.

3.5.2.1 System Designing Water Displacement

1. Water displacement tank will be connected to the anaerobic digestion to

be able to measure the Volume of the gas produced
2. Connected to the water displacement tank is another container which
will hold the water displaced from the water displacement tank.

3.5.3 Engineering design application

The design will be an upgrade of the usual septic tank. Adding some
innovations for producing biogas and treating water more efficiently.

68
3.5.4 Production of biogas formed

The normal waste that a person produces is 1.224 kg / day and the
normal population in the single house is 5 persons:

1.224kg/person/day x 5 person/house = 6.12kg/household/day

1 kg is equal to 1 L so:

6.12kg/household/day = 6.12L/household day

liter of sludge to produce a biogas is:

1000L = 1m3 biogas 1000L biogas = 120 mins cooking time

1000𝐿
120𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
= 8.33L/min

Liter of Biogas into cooking time per household / day

Day 1:
6.12𝐿 𝑥 1𝑑𝑎𝑦
8.33𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.73 min or 43.8 sec

Day 2:
6.12𝐿 𝑥 2𝑑𝑎𝑦
8.33𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 1.47 min or 1min and 28 sec

Table chart of Litre biogas per day and cooking time

week Litre Cooking time
1 42.84 5 mins and 6 sec
2 85.68 10 mins and 18 sec
3 128.52 15 mins and 26 sec
4 171.36 20 mins and 34 sec
Table 3.1:Biogas production

69
3.5.5 Testing and assessing of wastewater discharge

The initial wastewater sample from the raw wastewater was tested by a
laboratory where results was analyzed by the experts. After the interpretation
of the initial results. The effluent after the treatment of the prototype is
analyzed again by the laboratory for the interpretation of the final result.

3.5.5.1 Total Suspended Solids

Total suspended solids are needed to be tested using in the wastewater

because high concentration of suspended solids can cause many problems for
the nearby source of water and its aquatic life.

3.5.5.2 Turbidity

Turbidity is known as the cloudiness in water it is most likely from the

suspended particle in the water that cannot be seen individually. Turbidity will
be tested by Comparing the transparency of water from the effluent to is
transparency after running it in the prototype.

3.5.5.3 BOD and COD

70
 Using the anaerobic digester some of the gas will evaporate and become
a biogas and using the filtration method some of the NPK will be removed. After
that some of the parameters are needed to be tested due to implementation of
DENR DAO 2016-08 where the occurrence of algal bloom or fish kills, it is
necessary to analyze the parameter.

3.6Design and Flow of the System

71
Figure 3.9: Isometric View of the Prototype

3.6.1Design prototype flow process

72
Figures 3.10: Detailed View of the Prototype

1. After the Discharge from the Household from the orange pipe from the left
you can see it in Figure 3.11 sludge is settled at the bottom of the chamber.
2. After the sludge settled the chamber will maintain a temperature of 30
degrees Celsius to maximize the anaerobic digestion.
3. This will be kept like this for in a day to settle the sludge and produce the
biogas

73
3.6.1.1 Filtration Chamber Process

SAND

GRAVEL

ACTIVATED
CARBON

Figure 3.11: Filtration Chamber

1. The remaining sludge that will settle will go through the filtration chamber
2. In the filtration chamber, the slurry part of the sludge will undergo filtration
process where sand, gravel and activated carbon will be used.
3. After passing through the filter medias the water will now head to another
chamber.
3.6.2 Schematic layout and materials

74
Figure 3.12: Orthographic drawing

3.6.2.1 Tanks size and other materials

75
Figure 3.13: Tank sizes that will be used

76
Figure 3.15: Pipes and valve

77
3.6.3 Sewage and biogas supply plan

Figure 3.16: Pipe routing for 5 residential household to the septic tank.

78
3.6.4Water displacement process

Figure 3.17: Water displacement process flow

1. Using the water displacement method, the second chamber which has 55
gallons of water will be pour with water with half of its volume.
2. From the 2nd chamber, the biogas that will build up from the anaerobic
digester and by pressure the gas will push the water to go to a pipe.
3. the cause of pressure from the 2nd chamber will let water fill the 3rd chamber
where we can compute the gas that is being collected by substituting the
height of water from the 2nd chamber to the 3rd chamber.

79
3.6.5 Biogas evaluation through water displacement

A table chart will be used for monitoring and evaluation of the volume of
biogas in proportion to the to the number of weeks.

Week Initial Volume Water Displaced Biogas volume

Water Volume
1
2
3
4

The volume of the biogas will be evaluated every week for a month to
see the increase in the volume of the biogas that the anaerobic digestion would
produce.

1. First 25 gallon of water will be added in the water displacement tank.

2. Next the valve connecting the anaerobic chamber ad the water tank will be
opened.
3. The water from the Displacement tank will move to another tank because of
the pressure from the biogas in the anaerobic digester.
4. The volume of the water that was transferred to another tank will be
measure and be subtracted to the initial volume of water added in the 1 st tank
which is now the volume of the biogas.

80
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