2nd Group: 1.

Lisma Tiana (1701121184)

2. Renovhya Wisudany Agitha Sutrisno (1701121194)

Subject : Quantitative Research Methodology

Lecturer : Sabarun, M. Pd

MIX METHOD PARADIGM

Introduction

Mixed methods research is a growing area of methodological choice for many academics and
researchers from across a variety of discipline areas. With the development and perceived
legitimacy of both quantitative and qualitative research in the social and human sciences, mixed
methods research, employing the combination of both quantitative and qualitative research, has
gained popularity. This popularity is because research methodology continues to evolve and
develop and mixed methods research is another step forward, utilizing the strengths of both
qualitative and quantitative methods.

Mixed methods research is basically defined as the class of research where the researcher mixes
or combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques, methods, approaches, concepts or
language into a single study. Philosophically, it is the “third wave” or third research movement, a
movement that moves past the paradigm wars by offering a logical and practical alternative. It is
an expansive and creative form of research, not a limiting form of research. It is inclusive,
pluralistic and complementary. Mixed methods research focuses on collecting, analysing and
mixing both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or series of studies. Its central
premise is that the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches in combination provides a better
understanding of research problems that either approach alone. This better understanding results
because mixed methods offer strengths that offset the weaknesses of separately applied
quantitative and qualitative research methods. It also encourages the collection of more
comprehensive evidence for study problems; helps answer questions that quantitative or qualitative
methods alone cannot answer. Mixed methods research is important today because of the
complexity of problems that need to be addressed, the rise of interest in qualitative research and
the practical need to gather multiple forms of data for diverse audiences.

Johnson, Onwuegbuzie and Turner define mixed methods research “is the type of research in
which a researcher or a team of researchers combines elements of quantitative and qualitative
approaches (e.g. use of qualitative and quantitative viewpoints, data collection, analysis, and
inference techniques) for the purpose of breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration”.
Also, the Journal of Mixed Methods, in its call for paper mixed methods defined mixed methods
research as “research in which investigator collects, analyses, mixes and draws inferences from
both qualitative and quantitative data in a single study or a program of inquiry”.

Qualitative and Quantitative Data

As per the definition, mixed methods research involves both collecting and analysing
quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data includes closed-ended information such as that
found on attitude, behaviour, or performance instruments. Sometimes quantitative information is
found in documents such as census records or attendance records. The analysis consists of
statistically analysing scores collected on instruments, checklists or public documents to answer
research questions or to test hypotheses.

In contrast, qualitative data consists of open-ended information that researcher gathers through
interviews with participants. The general, open-ended questions asked during these interviews
allow the participants to supply answers in their own words. Also, qualitative data may be collected
by observing participants or sites of research, gathering document from a private or public source,
etc. The analysis of the qualitative data (word or text or images) typically follows the path of
aggregating the words or images into categories of information and presenting the diversity of
ideas gathered during data collection.
 Mixing of Data

The mixing of data is a unique aspect of the definition of the mixed methods research. By
mixing the datasets, the researcher provides a better understanding of the problem than if either
data set had been used alone. There are three ways in which the mixing occurs: merging or
converging the two data sets by actually bringing them together, connecting the two datasets by
having built on the other, or embedding one dataset within the other so that one type of data
provides a supportive role for the other dataset. In short, it is not enough to simply collect and
analyze qualitative and quantitative data; they need to be mixed in some way so that together they
form a more complete picture than they do when standing alone.

Characteristics of Mixed Methods Research

The following are some basic features of the mixed methods research:

1. The analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data.

2. The collection of both open and closed-ended data (qualitative and quantitative data) in
response to research question.
3. Persuasive and rigorous procedures for the qualitative and quantitative methods.
4. The integration of these two data sources (by merging, connecting, embedding).
5. The use of specific mixed methods design that involves a concurrent or sequential
integration.
6. An approach to research that has a philosophical foundation.

Mixed Methods Research Process Model

The mixed methods research process model comprises eight distinct steps:
 1. Interpretation of data;
2. Analysis of data;
3. Collection of data;
4. Selection of mixed method or mixed-model research design;
5. Determining the research question;
6. Determining whether a mixed research procedure is appropriate;
7. Legitimisation of data; and
8. Drawing conclusions and writing the final report.

Data Collection Procedures

Although the visual model and the discussion about the specific strategies in a proposal
provide a picture of the procedures, it is helpful to discuss the specific types of data to be collected.
It is also important to identify the sampling strategies and the approaches used to establish validity
of the data

1. Identify and be specific about the type of data—both quantitative and qualitative—that will
be collected during the proposed study. Refer to Table 1.3, which shows both quantitative
and qualitative data. Data differs in terms of open-ended versus closed-ended responses.
Some forms of data, such as interviews and observations, can be either quantitative or
qualitative depending on how open (qualitative) or closed (quantitative)the response
options might be in an interview or a checklist for an observation. Although reducing
information to numbers is the approach used in quantitative research, it is also used in
qualitative research
2. Recognize that quantitative data often involve random sampling, so that each individual
has an equal probability of being selected, and the sample can be generalized to the larger
population. In qualitative data collection, purposeful sampling is used so that individuals
are selected because they have experienced the central phenomenon. Rigorous sampling
procedures need to be conveyed in a proposal for the quantitative and qualitative data
collection. In addition, Teddlie and Yu (2007) have developed a typology of five types of
 mixed methods sampling which relates sampling to the strategies for mixed methods that I
have discussed:
- Basic strategies that involve combining quantitative and qualitative sampling (e.g.,
stratified purposeful sampling, purposive random sampling)
- Sequential sampling, in which the sampling from the first phase or strand informs the
second phase or strand
- Concurrent sampling, in which quantitative probability and qualitative purposeful
sampling are combined as independent sampling procedures or jointly (e.g., a survey
with both closed-ended and open-ended responses)
- Multilevel sampling, in which sampling occurs in two or more levels or units of
analysis
- Sampling using any combination of the foregoing strategies.

3. Include detailed procedures in your visual model. For example, in as equential explanatory
model, the general procedures are higher on the page and the detailed procedures below
them, as shown in Figure 10.2a. However, the figure can be detailed even further. For
example, a discussion of this approach might include describing the use of survey data
collection followed by both descriptive and inferential data analysis in the first phase. Then
qualitative observations and coding and thematic analysis within an ethnographic design
might be mentioned for the second phase.

Types of Mixed Methods Strategies

There are six major strategies for inquirers to choose from in while designing a research
proposal. These are: sequential explanatory strategy, sequential exploratory strategy, sequential
transformative strategy, concurrent triangulation strategy, concurrent embedded strategy and
concurrent transformative strategy.

Strengths of the Mixed Methods Research

1. Mixed methods research can be used to increase the generalising of the results.
 2. Researcher can provide stronger evidence for a conclusion through convergence and
corroboration of findings.
3. Researcher can add insights and understanding that might be missed only a single method
is used.
4. Researcher can answer a broader and more complete range of research question because
he is not confined to single method or approach.
5. Words, pictures and narrative can be used to add meaning to numbers and numbers can be
used to add precision to words and narrative.
6. Provides the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative research.
7. Lastly, qualitative and quantitative research used together produce more complete
knowledge necessary to inform theory and practice.

Weaknesses of Mixed Method Research

1. Researcher has to learn about multiple methods and approaches and understand how to mix
them appropriately.
2. It can be difficult for a single researcher to carry out both qualitative and quantitative
research, especially if two or more approaches are expected to be used concurrently, it may
require a research team.
3. It is more time consuming.
4. Methodological purists contend that one should always work within either a qualitative or
a quantitative paradigm.

Conclusion

Mixed methods research actually has a long history in research practice. It is now time that
all researchers and research methodologists formally recognize the third research paradigm and
begin systematically writing about it and using it. Generally, a contingency theory is recommended
for research approach selection, which accepts that quantitative, qualitative and mixed research
are all superior under different circumstances and it is the researcher’s task to examine the specific
contingencies and make the decision about which research approach or combination of approaches,
should be used in a specific study. As noted by Sechrest and Sidana, growth in the mixed method
movements has the potential to reduce some of the problems associated with singular methods. By
narrowing the divide between quantitative and qualitative researches, mixed method research has
a great potential to promote a shared responsibility in the quest for attaining accountability for
educational quality. The time has come for mixed methods research.

Source:

https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/mixed-methods-research/

http://www.gsic.uva.es/~amartine/thai/readings/Creswell2009_ch10.pdf