1

Xk+Sj eqd+Yysnhu ds
,rsjkt+kr ds tokckr
flyfly;s b’kkv+r ¼2½

rdsZ jQs ;nSu

vgknhls lghgk o vklkjs lgkck o rkcsbuZ+ dh jkS’kuh esa

eqlfUuQ+

eq¶rh jt+kmy gd+ v’kjQ+h feLckg+h

ukf’kj
vgys lqUur fjlpZ lsaVj eqEcbZ
eqyg+d+
vLl¸;n eg+ewn v’kjQ+ nk#Rrg+d+hd+ oRrluhQ+]
tkes v’kjQ+ njxkg fdNkSNk ‘kjhQ+ ft+yk vEcsMdj uxj ;wih
 2

Tkqeyk gqdwd cg+D+d+s ukf’kj egQwt+

Ukke fdrkc % rdZs jQ+s;nSu ¼lg+h vg+nhl o vklkj dh jkS’uh es½a
eqlfUuQ+ % eq¶rh jt+kmy g+d+ v’kjQ+h feLckg+h
dEiksft+Ux % eksg+Een gk:u v’kjQ+h tkes v’kjQ+
njxkg fdNkSNk ‘kjhQ+ ¼vEcsMdj uxj½
;wih 09258495628
ukf’kj % vgys lqUur fjlpZ lsaVj eqEcbZ
igyk ,Mh’ku % ‘kOoky 1436 fg0@tqykbZ 2015 bZ0
lQgkr % 176
d+her %

feyus ds irs
(1) vLl¸;n eg+ewn v’kjQ+ nk#Rrg+d+hd+ oRrluhQ+] tkes v’kjQ+ fdNkSNk
‘kjhQ ;wih
(2) vgys lqUur fjlpZ lsVa j eqEcbZ eksckby % 09887517751
(3) edrck Q+t
S +kus ljdkjs dyka tkes v’kjQ+ njxkg fdNkSNk ‘kjhQ
09889757557
(4) vy&v’kjQ+ ,dsMeh jkteg+y lkfgcxat >kj[kUM ]eks0 08869998234
(5) vy& v’kjQ+ ,dsMeh ,y&16 vcqy Q+T+y bufdyso tkes;k uxj
vks[kykk ubZ fnYyh 25] eks0 09013008786
 3

QsgfjLr
Ø0 muokukr ç0
1 fdrkc ^rdZs jQ+;s nSu^ D;ksa fy[kh xbZ\ 8
2 jQ+;s nSu u djus dh igyh gnhl 16
3 g+t+jr vcnqYykg bcus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh gnhl 16
4 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds igys jkoh 16
5 bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs rv+kyk v+ySg 16
6 bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh g+;kr esa tks lg+kc;s fdjke ckg+;kr Fks 17
7 bekess vcwg+uhQ+k us ftu ‘kq;w[k+ ls vg+knhl dk flek fd;k 18
8 bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds pUn [k+kl e’kgwj eksg+fÌl ‘kkfxnZ 20
9 bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ukd+ns hus g+nhl dh ut+j esa 22
10 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds nwljs jkoh 23
11 bekess g+Eekn fcu vch lqySeku ekSr% 120 fg0 23
12 bekess gEekn rkcsbZu o eksg+Ìslhu dh ut+j esa 24
13 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds rhljs jkoh 25
14 bczkghe fcu ;t+hn vy u[k+bZ ekSr% 95 ;k 96 fg0 25
15 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds pkSFks jkoh 26
16 bekess v+yd+ek fcu d+lS ekSr% 62 fg0 26
17 bekess vlon bCus ;t+hn ekSr% 74 ;k 75 fg0 26
18 gt+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ekSr 32 fg0 26
19 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh nwljh lun 27
20 vgys g+nhl dk ,rsjkt+ 27
21 ,rsjkt+ dk tokc 28
22 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh rhljh lun 28
23 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh pkSFkh lun 28
24 ‘kS[k+ vyckuh ¼vgys g+nhl½ ds ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu dh g+nhl lg+h gS 28
25 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh ikapoh lun 28
26 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh NVh lun 29
27 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh lkroha lun 29
28 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh vkBoha lun 29
29 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh ukSoha lun 30
30 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh nloha lun 30
31 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh X;kjgoha lun 30
 4

32 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh ckjgoha lun 30

33 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh rsjgoha lun 31
34 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh pkS/koha lun 31
35 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh ianjgoha lun 31
36 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh lksygoha lun 31
37 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh lrjgoha lun 33
38 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh vVBkjgoha lun 33
39 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh mUuhloha lun 34
40 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh chloha lun 34
41 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh bDdhloha lun 34
42 vgys gnhl dk ,rsjkt+ vkSj mldk tokc 34
43 gnhls bCus elÅn ij vgys g+nhl dk nwljk ,rsjkt+ vkSj mldk tokc 35
44 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh ckbZloha lun 40
45 nkjdqRuh ds jhekdZ dk tokc 40
46 g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh rsbZloha lun 41
47 jQ+;s nSu u djus dh nwljh g+nhl 42
48 g+nhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks 42
49 gnhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh bluknh gSfl;r 43
50 gnhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds igys jkoh 43
51 bekesqys eksg+Ìslhu oy Qqd+gk bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYYkkgs rv+kyk vySg 43
52 gnhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds nwljs jkoh 43
53 bbekess v+kfej fcu v+Cnq’‘kksch ekSr% 109 fg0 43
54 g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ekSr% 72 fg0 44
55 jQ+;nSu u djus dh ;g g+nhl lun ds ,rsckj ls cgqr vkyk gS 44
56 jQ+;nSu u djus dh rhljh g+nhl 45
57 jQ+;nSu u djus dh pkSFkh g+nhl 46
58 jQ+;nSu u djus dh ikapoha g+nhl 48
59 jQ+;nSu u djus dh NVh g+nhl 48
60 jQ+;nSu u djus dh lkroha g+nhl 48
61 jQ+;nSu u djus dh vkBoha g+nhl 49
62 jQ+;nSu u djus dh ukSoha g+nhl 49
63 jQ+;nSu u djus dh nloha g+nhl 49
64 jQ+;nSu u djus dh X;kjgoha g+nhl 49
65 jQ+;nSu u djus dh ckjgoha g+nhl 50
 5

66 jQ+;nSu u djus dh rsjgoha g+nhl 50

67 jQ+;nSu u djus dh pkS/koha g+nhl 51
68 jQ+;nSu u djus dh ianjgoha g+nhl 51
69 jQ+;s nSu u djus dk lqcwr flg+kg+s flRrk dh vg+knhl ls 51
70 jQ+;nSu u djus dh lksgyoha g+nhl 52
71 jQ+;nSu u djus dh lrjgoha g+nhl 52
72 Ukekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu u djus cfYd lqdwu bf[r;kj djus dk gqDe 53
73 gt+jr tkfcj fcu leqjg jft+;Yykg rv+kyk v+Ugks dh fjok;kr 54
74 jQ+;nSu u djus dh vBkjgoha g+nhl 54
75 jQ+;nSu u djus dh mUuhloha g+nhl 54
76 jQ+;nSu u djus dh chloha g+nhl 54
77 jQ+;nSu u djus dh bDdhloha g+nhl 54
78 Okg dqrqcs vg+nhl ftuesa rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok eqryd+u jQ+;s nSu ls euk gS 55
79 Okg dqrqcs vg+nhl ftuesa lyke ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu ls euk gS 56
80 jQ+;nSu u djus dh ckbZloha g+nhl 57
81 jQ+;nSu u djus dh rsbZloha g+nhl 58
82 jQ+;nSu u djus dh pkSchloha g+nhl 58
83 jQ+;nSu u djus dh iPphloha g+nhl 60
84 jQ+;nSu u djus dh NCchloha g+nhl 62
85 jQ+;nSu u djus dh lRrkbZloha g+nhl 62
86 g+tjrs v+Cckn fcu tqcSj jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh g+nhl 62
87 jQ+;s nSu u djus ij vklkjs lg+kc;s fdjke 63
88 [kqyQ+k;s jk’ksnhu ds v+ey ls jQ+;s nSu u djus dk lqcwr 63
89 gt+jrs vcwcØ flÌhd+ jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 63
90 ,d ,rsjkt+ vkSj mldk tokc 63
91 gt+jrs mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 63
92 vgys g+nhl dk ,rsjkt+ vkSj mldk tokc 65
93 gt+jrs v+yh+ jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 65
94 gt+jrs bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 66
95 g+tj+ rs v+CnqYYkkg bCus tqcSj ds ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu dh vg+knhl eUlw[k+ gSa 67
96 x+jS eqd+fYyn flÌhd+ g+lu ds cd+kSy jQ+s;nSu eUlw[k+ gS 67
97 gt+jrs v+CnqYyk bCus v+Cckl jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 67
98 v+’kj;s eqc’’kjk jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugqe jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 68
99 gt+jrs vcw gqjSjg jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 68
 6

100 Okg rkcsbZus fdjke tks jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks 69
101 bczkghe fcu ;t+hn vy u[kbZ ekSr% 95 ;k 96 fg0 jQ;nSu ugha djrs Fks 69
102 gt+jrs [kSlqek jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 70
103 gt+jrs d+lS fcu vcw g+kft+e jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 71
104 gt+jrs v+kfej ‘kksch jQ+S;nSu ugha djrs Fks 74
105 gt+jrs bCus elÅn o g+t+jrs v+yh ds vlg+kc jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 75
106 gt+jrs v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vch ySyk jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 76
107 gt+jrs eqv+kfo;k bCus fg’kke ekSr% 204 ;k 205 fg0 77
108 bekess ekfyd ds ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu ugha 77
109 Qqd+gk;s fdjke jQ+;S nSu ugha djrs Fks 79
110 g+t+jrs g+t+jrs vcwcØ fcu v+¸;k’k jgerqYykgs vySgs dk c;ku 79
111 D;k jQ+s;nSu ipkl lg+kck ls ejoh gS\ 79
112 D;k jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks vySgs olYye us ft+Unxh Hkj jQ+s;nSu fd;k\ 80
113 jQ+s;nSu djus dh pkj lkS fjok;kr&& ,d fd+Llk 81
114 bekess eksg+Een jg+erqYYkkgs v+ySg ij bYt+ke 84
115 X+kkSls vkt+e ds uke dk x+yr bLrseky 85
116 nqjsZ eq[rkj dh bckjr ls /kksdk 86
117 gt+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ij Hkwyus dk bYt+ke 87
118 fQ+jd+;s vgys g+nhl ds ,rsjkt+kr ds tokckn 89
119 ,d g+jS kudqu ckr 90
120 ,rsjkt+kr o tokckr 91
121 bekess vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj bekess vkSt+kbZ dk eqckg+lk 93
122 X+kyr Q+gfe;ksa dk bt+kyk 105
123 Ikgyh x+yr Q+geh 105
124 Xk+yr Q+geh dk bt+kyk 105
125 nwljh x+yr Q+geh 110
126 Xk+yr Q+geh dk bt+kyk 110
127 Rkhljh x+yr Q+geh 111
128 Xk+yr Q+geh dk bt+kyk 111
129 vcw eksg+Een v+CnqYykg fcu ;kdwc g+kjslh cq[k+kjh ij vd+okys tjg+ dk rud+hnh tk;t+k 111
130 vcw eksg+Een g+kfjl cq[k+kjh dh gSfl;r 112
131 glu bCus ft+;kn yksyqbZ ij tjg+ dk tokc 118
132 glu bCus ft+;kn yksyqbZ ds rv+Yyqd+ ls ,d eu x<+r fd+Llk 121
133 glu bCus ft+;kn ds rd+os dk ,d ukfnj okd+;s k 127
 7

134 v+jc eksg+D+d+sd+hu ds ut+nhd g+lu bCus ft+;kn fld+g gSa 136
135 myek;s vgys g+nhl tokc nsa 138
136 bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k ij ,d laxhu byt+ke dk tokc 141
137 bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds eqrv+fYyd+ ,d eux<+r okd+;s k 142
138 jQ+s;nSu ds rv+YYkqd+ ls ,d x<+h gqbZ fjok;r 152
139 Lkun dk rud+hnh tk;t+k 153
140 g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ dh >wVh ckrsa 157
141 ,d vge iSx+ke&tokukus vgys lqUur ds uke 164
142 ek[k+t+ o ejkts 166
143 eqlfUUkQ+ dh fdrkcsa 174
 8

fcfLeYykfgjZg+ekfujZg+he

fdrkc ^rdsZ jQ+;s nSu^ d;ksa fy[kh xbZ\

uekt+ esa rdchjs rgjhek dgrs oDr nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBkuk lqUur gSA bl
ij cgqr lkjh lgh gnhls]a lgkck ds vklkj vkSj rkcsbZ+u ds vd+oky o vkeky
ekStwn gSaA bl ij lc dk bfRrQ+kd+ gSA ysfdu #dw esa tkrs oD+r] #dw ls mBrs
oD+r rhljh jdv+r ds fy;s mBus ds ckn ;k ltns esa tkrs oD+r ;k nksuksa
ltnksa ds njfe;ku jQ+;s nSu fd;k tk, ;k ugha blesa eksgfÌlhu o QqDgk dk
bf[rykQ+ gSA ckt+ ds ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu djuk pkfg, vkSj ckt+ ds ut+nhd
jQ+;s nSu ugha djuk pkfg,A
bl bf[rykQ+ dh cqfu;knh otg ;g gS ds jlwys vdje lYyYykgks vySgs
olYye vkSj lgkc;s fdjke ls jQ+;s nSu ds rv+Yyqd+ ls eq[rfyQ+ fjok;kr eud+yw
gSaA ckt+ fjok;kr esa gS ds jlwyqYykg lYyYykgksq vySgs o lYye us #dw djrs oDr]
#dw ls mBrs oD+r vkSj ckt+ esa gS ds ltns esa tkrs oD+r vkSj nks ltnksa ds njfe;ku
vkSj ckt+ esa gS ds nks jdv+r ls mBrs oD+r jQs;nSu fd;k gSA ckt+ fjok;kr esa gS ds
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgksq vySgs o lYye us flQZ+ rdchjs rgjhek ds oDr jQs;nSu
fd;k gS vkSj iwjh uekt+ esa dgha jQ+;s nSu ugha fd;kA bekess vgen bCus gEcy] bekess
‘kkQsb+ Z+ ox+jS k eqtrgsnhu us jQ+;s nSu djus dh vgknhl dks vius mlwy o t+okfcr dh
jkS’kuh esa T+;knk et+cwr o d+kfcys rjthg le>k vkSj mUgksua s jQ+;s nSu fd;k vkSj bu
vbEe, eqtrgsnhu ds eqd+Yysnhu us Hkh vius vbEek dh rg+d+hd+ ij ,rekn djrs
gq, jQ+;s nSu fd;kA bl fy, ‘kkQ+bs Z o g+Ecyh g+t+jkr jQ+;s nSu djrs gSaA ysfdu bekess
vcw guhQ+k vkSj vbEe, vgukQ+ ds ut+nhd jQs;nSu u djus dh vgknhl T+;knk
d+oh vkSj jQ+;s nSu dh vg+knhl ds fy, ukfl[k+ gS] bl fy, mUgksua s jQ+;s nSu u djus
dh vg+knhl dks rjthg nh vkSj mu ij v+ey fd;k vkSj muds eqd+Yysnhu us mu
dh rg+dhd+ o btrsgkn ij ,rsekn djrs gq, jQ+;s nSu ugha fd;kA ;gh otg gS ds
g+uQ+h g+t+jkr jQ+;s nSu ugha djrsA ;g ,d fQ+d+gh vkSj Qq:bZ b[rsykQ+ Fkk] bl
b[rsykQ+ dh cqfu;kn ij vgys lqUur oy tekv+r us dHkh Hkh ,d nwljs dks
eq[kkfyQ+s lqUur] equfdjs g+nhl ;k xqejkg ugha dgkA u fdlh g+uQ+h us fdlh ‘kkQsb+ Z
;k g+Ecyh dks equfdjs g+nhl dgk u fdlh ‘kkQ+bs Z ;k g+Ecyh us fdlh g+uQ+h dks
equfdjs g+nhl dgkA pkjksa vbEek ds ekuus okys vgyslqUur oy tekv+r gSaA bl
fy;s bu ds njfe;ku fd+jvr [k+yQ+y bekess ¼bekess ds ihNs fdjvr djuk½] vkehu
fcytgj ¼t+ksj ls vkehu dguk½ jQ+;s nSu ¼uekt+ esa rdchjs rg+jhek ds v+ykok nksuksa gkFkksa dks
 9

mBkuk½ oxSjk Qq#bZ o fQ+d+gh elkby esa b[rsykQ+ gksus ds ckotwn gj ,d nksljs dks
vgys gd+] vgys lqUur dgrs gSa vkSj dksbZ fdlh ij yku rku ugha djrkA cfYd
yku rku djus dks l[+r xqukg rlOoqj djrk gSA
ckjgoha lnh fgtjh rd bu Qq:bZ b[rsykQ+ dks fdlh us xqejkgh ugha
dgkA ysfdu ckjgoha lnh fgtjh esa eksg+Een fcu v+Cnqy oggkc utnh ¼ekSr%+ 1206
fg0½ dk fQ+ruk mBk vkSj mlus gjeSu r¸;s cSu esa vgys lqUur o tekv+r ij
tqYeks r’kÌqn vkSj d+Ryks [kwja st+h dk ckt+kj xje fd;kA rkSg+hn ds uke ij v+t+ers
fjlkyr o ‘kkus vkSfy;k ij geyk fd;kA ml oDr gjes dkck esa pkjksa vbEe;s
et+kfgc ds eqlYys fcNrs FksA mlus g+Ecyh fycknk vks<+ fy;k ysfdu og pkjksa
vbEek dk [kqyk nq’eu FkkA mlus viuh ,d vyx tekv+r ¼ogkch½ cukus dh
rgjhd pykbZA mlds ut+nhd vfEc;k ls roLlqy] ft+;kjrs dqcwj] rkt+hes vfEc;k
o lkysghu gjke cfYd f’kdZ FkkA ;gka rd ds xqEcns [k+t+jk dks mlus lues
vdcj ¼lc ls cM+k cqr½ dgkA vius vd+kbn o ut+fj;kr dh b’kkv+r ds fy,
^fdrkcqRrkSghn^ uke dh fdrkc fy[khA mlds okfyn ‘kS[k+ v+Cnqy oggkc vkSj ml
ds HkkbZ ‘kS[k+ lqySeku fcu v+Cnqy oggkc nksuksa ml ds ut+fj;kr ds eq[k+kfyQ+ FksA
ftl ds urhts esa cki dks csVs dh cnt+ckuh dh rdyhQ+ cjnk’r djuh iM+h vkSj
HkkbZ dks oru ls nwj tkuk iM+k vkSj HkkbZ ds f[+kykQ+ ^vLlokbdyq bykfg;k fQjZÌs
v+yy ogkfc;k^ uke dh fdrkc fy[kuh iM+hA eksg+Een fcu v+Cnqy oggkc dh
ut+j esa gjeSu r¸¸kscSu ds m+yek o v+okes vgys lqUur rkt+hes dqcwjs vfEc;k o
‘kv+kf;js bLyke] roLlqys vfEc;k o ft+;kfjrs dqcwjs lkysghu dh cqfu;kn ij
eqf’jd gks x, FksA fygkt+k eksg+Een fcu v+Cnqy oggkc ds ut+nhd og eqckgqÌe
¼d+Ry gksus ds ykbd+½ FksA mudk d+Ry tkbt+ FkkA pqukaps ml us okyh, eDdk dks
viuk geuok cuk;k vkSj ml dh enn ls cs ‘kqekj myek;s vgys lqUur dk
d+Rys v+ke djok;kA ‘kvk+bjs vfEc;k ¼ufc;ksa dh fu’kkfu;ks½a dks feVk;kA ‘kqgnk ds
et+kjkr dks feLekj fd;k vkSj uch;s djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh
is’kxksbZ ds eqrkfcd+ fQ+Ru;s [kokfjt ¼[k+kfjth fQ+Ruk½ uTn ls ogkch fyckl esa
eycwl gks dj gjeSu ij eqlYyr gks x;kA
¼eksg+Een fcu v+Cnqy oggkc ds ckjs esa ekywekr ds fy, vaxzst+h tklwl fgefQjs
dh fdrkc ^fgefQ+js ds ,rjkQ+kr ^ dk eqrkyv+k djsAa ½
ogkch ut+fj;kr dh g+kfey vkys lÅn dh gqdwer us g+jeSu ‘kjhQ+uS esa ogh
lc fd;k tks mu ds is’kok eksgEen fcu v+Cnqy oggkc utnh dk vLy VkjxsV
FkkA ogkch nkSjs gqdwer esa g+je ‘kjhQ+ ls ;g dg dj pkjksa vbEek ds eqlYyksa dks
 10

mBk fn;k x;k fd bl ls mEers eqfLyeka esa fQ+jd+k cUnh iSnk gksrh gSA gEcyh
eqlYys ij ^ogkch^ eqLkYyk fcNk fn;k x;k vkSj pkjksa et+kfgc ds ykxksa dks ogkch
bekess dh bfDrnk dk ikcUn dj fn;k x;kA g+jeSu r¸;scSu esa eqlYkeku ckjgoha
lnh fgtjh rd ftu bLykeh v+d+kbnks ut+fj;kr ij tes gq, Fks ‘ks[k+ eksgEen
fcu v+Cnqy ogkc utnh us mudks dqÝks f’kdZ dgkA mlus dgk ^^Ng lkS lky ls
reke nqfu;k ds eqlyeku dkfQ+jks eqf’jd gSaA tks ed+cjksa esa tkdj nqv+k djs]
et+kjkr dks pwes] d+czksa dh feVVh ys] vkSfy;k ls enn ryc djs og Hkh dkfQ+j
gSA vfEc;k o vkSfy;k dh ‘kQ+kv+r ekuus okyk dkfQ+j gS] ml dk ekyks tku
g+yky gSA ;k jlwyqYykg dgus okyk dkfQ+j gSA og ;g Hkh dgrk Fkk
eksgEenqjZlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh d+cz dks] muds e’kkfgn vkSj muds
vklkj o elkftn vkSj fdlh uch ;k oyh dh d+cz dks vkSj reke et+kjkr ds
fy, lQ+j djuk f’kdZ gS] og et+kjkr dks ewjfr;ksa ls r’chg nsrk FkkA
eqtrgsnhus mEer dk nkSj xqt+j tkus ds ckn vbEe;s eqtrgsnhu dh
rd+yhn t+#jh gqbZA x+jS eqtrgsnhu Qqd+gk o myek o v+ke eqlyeku pkjksa
fQ+d+gh bekess esa ls fdlh ,d dh rd+yhn djrs gSaA lkjs eqd+Yysnhu g+uQ+h]
g+ecyh] ekysdh vkSj ‘kkQ+bs Z vgys gd+ vgys lqUur gSaA fQ+d+gh bf[rykQkr ds
ckotwn ckge ‘khjks ‘kdj jgsA fdlh us fdlh dks fQ+d+gh elkby esa bf[ryQ+
dh cqfu;kn ij dkfQ+j] xqejkg ;k Q+kfld+ ugha dgkA ysfdu fgefQ+js ds cd+kSy
eksgEen fcu v+Cnqy oggkc ds ut+nhd guQ+h] ‘kkQ+bs Z] gEcyh vkSj ekysdh
edkfrcs fQØ esa ls fdlh edrcs fQ+Ø dh dksbZ vgfe;r ugha FkhA og dgrk Fkk
ds [kqnk us tks dqN dqjvku esa Q+jek fn;k gS cl ogh gekjs fy, dkQ+h gSA og
vcw guhQ+k dh rgd+hj djrs gq, dgrk Fkk eSa vcwguhQ+k ls T+;knk tkurk gwAW gn
;g gS ds ml dk ;g nkok Hkh Fkk ds fuLQ+s cq[k+kjh ¼cq[k+kjh ‘kjhQ+ dh vk/kh fdrkc½
fcYdqy ypj vkSj csgwnk gSA ¼nsf[k, fdrkc ^fgefQ+js ds ,rjkQ+kr^½
fgUnqLrku rsjgohsa lnh fgtjh rd fQ+Ru;s ogkfc;r ds t+gj ls eg+Qwt+
jgkA ;gka vdlfj;r vgys lqUur dh Fkh vkSj d+yhy rknkn esa f’k;k Hkh FksA
[k+kunkus ‘kkg oyh mYykg eqgfÌl nsgyoh esa ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh ¼ekSr 1246
fg0@1831 bZ0½ iSnk gq,A og vius ihj l¸;n vgen jk; cjsyoh ds gejkg lQ+js
gjeSu ‘kjhQ+uS ls okilh ij ogkch vdk+bnks ut+fj;kr Hkh lkFk yk, vkSj
fgUnqLrku esa ogkfc;r dh rcyhx+ ‘kq# dhA ‘kS[k eksgEen fcu vCnqy ogkc
utnh dh fdrkc ^fdrkcqRrkSghn^ dk [kqyklk mnwZ t+cku esa rdfo;rqy bZeku ds
uke ls fy[kkA bl esa fy[kk ds vYykg ds uch ej dj feVVh esa fey x,A
 11

mudk ;g Hkh dguk Fkk ds uekt+ esa jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks vySgs olYye dk
[;ky ykuk vius cSy x/ks ds [;ky esa Mwc tkus ls cnjtgk cn rj gS ¼fljkrs
eqLrd+he l0 97½ gj cM+k NksVk ¼uch] oyh ;k x+jS uch oyh½ vYykg ds vkxs pekj ls
T+;knk t+yhy gSA lkjs vfEc;k v+kftt+ cUns vkSj gekjs HkkbZ gSa] vYykg us mUgsa
cM+kbZ nh og cM+s HkkbZ gq,A viuh vkSykn dk uke v+CnqUuch] v+CnqjZlwy j[kuk
f’kdZ gSA dqjcs d+;ker ,d gok pysxh ftlls lkjs eqlYkeku ej tk;sxa s lks og
gok py pqdh gSA ;kuh vc dksbZ eqlyeku nqfu;k esa u jgkA ¼;gh ckr ‘kS[k+ utnh
us dgh Fkh fd N% lkS lky ls nqfu;k esa dksbZ eqlyeku ugha½ ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh ;g
Hkh dgrs Fks ds [kqnk >wV cwy ldrk gSA ¼fjlkyk ;d jkst+h l0 149½
[kqn ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh dks ,glkl Fkk ds mudh fdrkc rd+fo;rqy
bZeku ls mEer esa bf[rykQ+ iSnk gksxkA pqukaps mUgksua s dgk Fkk ds mlesa
¼rd+fo;rqy bZeku es½a ckt+ txg t+jk rst+ vyQ+kt+ Hkh vk x, gSa vkSj ckt+ txg
r’kÌqn Hkh gks x;k gSA xks bl ls ‘kksfj’k gksxh exj roDd+ks gS ds yM+ fHkM+ dj
[kqn Bhd gks tk;sxa sA ¼vjokgs lyklk l0 81½
ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh dh og fdrkc ftl ls eqlyekuksa esa bfUr’kkj QSyus
okyk Fkk vUxzst+kas dks bruh ilUn vkbZ ds mldk vaxzst+h rjtek djok dj 1856
bZ0 esa yUnu ls ‘kk;s djok;kA
lj l¸;n v+yhx<+h fy[krs gSa % ftu pkSng fdrkcksa dk ft+Ø MkDVj gaVj
lkgc us viuh fdrkc esa fd;k gS mu esa lkroha fdrkc rd+fo;rqy bZeku gSA
pqukaps bl fdrkc dk vaxzst+h rjtek jk;y ,f’k;kfVd lkslkbVh yUnu ds fjlkyk
ft0 12 1825 bZ0 esa Nik FkkA ¼ed+kykr lj l¸;n 9@178½ ‘kS[k eksg+Een fcu v+Cnqy
ogkc utnh rd+yhn dks gjke cfYd f’kdZ le>rk Fkk vxjps ‘kq: esa vius vki
dks Nqik;s j[kus ds fy, [kqn dks g+Ecyh dgykrk FkkA ¼’kS[k utnh dh fdrkc ^fjlkyk
Q+h rg+jhfeRrd+yhn^ dk ft+Ø fgUnqLrkuh ogkch v+kfye uokc flÌhd+ g+lu [kka Hkksikyh us fd;k
gS½ ;gh ut+fj;k ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh dk FkkA ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh us Hkh
vbEe;s vjcv+k esa ls fdlh dh rd+yhn dks t+#jh d+jkj ugha fn;kA ¼eq’kkgnkrs
dkcqy o ;kfx+Lrku% eksgEen v+yh dqlwjh iz0 156½
fgUnqLrku esa lqUuh eqlyeku eqd+fYyn FksA ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh us lc ls
igys fQru;s x+jS eqd+fYyfn;r dh cqfu;kn MkyhA fgUnqLrku esa ogkch rgjhd ds
,tsUMs esa vaxzst+ nkslrh Hkh FkhA D;ksfa d ogkch v+d+kbnks ut+fj;kr dks QSykdj
eqlyekuksa esa bf¶rjkd+ks bfUr’kkj iSnk djus ds fy, vaxzst+ksa dh oQ+knkjh t+#jh FkhA
pqukaps ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh us fgUnqLrku esa vaxzst+h gqdwer dh fg+ek;r dh vkSj
 12

mlds f[k+ykQ+ Q+Ro;s ftgkn dks x+yr dgkA ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh ds iSjksdkj
tks x+jS eqd+Yysnhu ds ‘kS[kqydqy dgykrs gSa og gSa ekSyoh fe;ka ut+hj gqlSu
nsgyoh ¼ekSr 1320 fg0@1902 bZ0½A mUgsa rd+yhn vbEek ds f[k+ykQ+ ^es;k#ygd+^
ukeh fdrkc fy[kus ds buv+ke esa vaxzst+h gqdwer dh rjQ+ ls ‘kelqy myek dk
f[k+rkc feyk FkkA
bfCrnk esa ogkch rgjhd ls eqlYekuksa dks l[+r cn fnyh Fkh og mldks vius
nhuks bZeku ds fy, [k+rjukd le>rs Fks D;ksafd og tkurs Fks ds ;g fQ+Ruk lj t+ehus
utn ls fudy dj eksgEen fcu v+Cnqyogkc utnh ds iSjksdkjksa ds t+fj;s fgUnqLrku
igqWpk gSA ogkch rgjhd ls v+ke eqlyekuksa dh cst+kjh dks ns[krs gq, ekSyoh bLekbZy
nsgoyh ds iSjksdkjksa us cM+h gksf’k;kjh ls viuh rg+jhd dk eg+oj dqjvkuks gnhl dks
t+kfgj fd;k vkSj Hkksys Hkkys eqlyekuksa dks bl rjg ds [kq’kuqek tqeyksa ls cgdkuk
‘kq# fd;k ^^ bLyke dh cqfu;kn dqjvkuks gnhl gS fygkt+k dqjvkuks gnhl dks ekuks
fdlh bekess dh rdyhn djuk euk gSA^^ fdlh us dgk rd+yhn f’kdZ gS] fdlh us
dgk xqejkgh gSA muds bu [kq’kuqek tqeyksa ds ihNs tks ^ex+fjch lkft+’k^ vkSj ^[k+kjth
fQ+Ø^ iks’khnk Fkh mlls v+ke yksx ukokfd+Q+ FksA urhts esa dqN yksx muds tky esa
Qalus yxsA fQ+j Hkh v+ke rkSj ls mUgsa ogkch dgs tkus dh otg ls eqlyekuksa esa
muls cst+kjh vkSj uQ+jr jgrh FkhA fygkt+k vc ogkch fQ+Ruk us viuk pksyk cnyk
vkSj fj;klr iatkc ikfdLrku ¼x+jS equd+fle fgUnqLrku dk fgLlk½ ds vaxzst+ xojuj dks
,d nj[+kkLr nh fd gekjh tekv+r gqdwer ¼vaxtzs+ +½ dh cgh[okg gS ysfdu gekjs uke
ds lkFk ljdkjh nLrkost+ esa gj txg ogkch fy[kk tkrk gS ftlls v+ke eqlyekuksa esa
gekjh rjQ+ ls cst+kjh iSnk gksrh gS fygkt+k ge nj[okLr djrs gSa ds reke ljdkjh
nLrkost+ esa gekjs uke ds lkFk ogkch u fy[kk tk, cfYd ^vgys gnhl^ fy[kk tk,A
xojuj iatkc us ;g nj[okLr eUtwj dj yh vkSj muds uke ds lkFk ^vgys gnhl^
fy[kk tkus yxkA tc fQ+Ru;s ogkfc;r us vius uke ds lkFk ^vgys gnhl^ dk
[kq’kuqek ysfcy yxk;k rks j¶rk j¶rk yksx ;g Hkwyus yxs ds ;g fQ+jd+k nj gd+hd+r
gnhls jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh vkM+ esa ogkch v+d+kbn dh rcyhx+ djus
okyk gSA ;gkW ;g rkjh[k+h gd+hd+r Hkh ft+Ø dj nsuk t+:jh gS ds fgUnqLrku esa ogkch
rg+jhd dk ‘kk;n xyk ?kksVa fn;k tkrk vxj mls myek;s nsocUn j’khn vg+en
xaxksgh] ekSyoh [k+yhy vg+en vEcsBoh] ekSyoh v’kjQ+ v+yh Fkkuoh ox+#S gqe dh rkbZnks
 13

fg+ek;r g+kfly u gksrhA ekSyoh bLekbZy nsgyoh dh fdrkc ^rd+fo;rqy bZeku^

ftlls eqlyekuksa dk ‘khjkt+k fc[kjk] ftlesa lkjs eqlyekuksa dks dkfQ+j fy[kk x;k]
ftlesa jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye vkSj vkSfy;k dh ‘kku esa xqLrk[k+kuk ckrsa
fy[kh x;ha mldh rkjhQ+ djrs gq, ekSyoh j’khn vgen xaxksgh us ;g fy[kk
^^rd+fo;rqy bZeku cgqr vPNh fdrkc gS vkSj f’kdksZ fcnv+r dh rjnhn esa csfelky
gSA^^ ekSyoh j’khn vg+en xaxksgh us ogkfc;ksa dh fg+ek;r esa ;g fy[kk ^^eksgEen fcu
v+Cnqy ogkc ds eqd+rfn;ksa dks ogkch dgrs gSa muds v+d+kbn mEnk FksA muds eqd+rnh
vPNs gSA exj tks g+n ls c<+ x, gSa muesa Q+lkn vk x;k gS vkSj v+dk+bn lcds
eqRrfQ+d+ gSaA ¼Q+rko;s j’khfn;k [k0 1 iz0 119½
j¶rk r¶rk ogkch rgjhd us fgUnqLrku esa ^ogkch fQ+jd+k^ dks tUe fn;k tks
ckn esa py dj nks xq#i ^vgys gnhl^ ¼ogkch x+jS eqd+Yynhu½ vkSj ^nsocUnh^ ¼ogkch
eqd+Yynhu½ esa rd+lhe gks x;kA nsocUnh fxjksg v+d+kbnks ut+fj;kr esa vgys gnhl
¼ogkch½ dh rkbZn djrk gSA ¼cfYd myek;s nsocUn j’khn vg+en xaxksgh] v’kjQ+ v+yh
Fkkuoh ox+jS gqe us viuh fdrkcksa esa gqtwj v+ySfgLlykrks oLlyke dh ‘kku vd+nl esa xqLrk[k+kuk
bckjrsa fy[kha gS½a vkSj rd+yhn esa vgys gnhl ls bf[rykQ+ j[krk gSA vdlj
nsocUnh bekess vcw guhQ+k ds eqd+fYyn gksus ds lcc vgys gnhl ¼x+jS eqd+Yysnhu½
ds f[k+ykQ+ rd+yhn ds lqcwr ij fdrkcsa Hkh fy[krs gSaA ysfdu v+d+kbnks ut+fj;kr
esa esy tksy gksus dh otg ls ogkch tekv+r esa og ‘kjhd jgrs gSaA v+d+kbn ds
fygkt+ ls nsocUnh fxjksg dks ogkch dgk tkrk gS vkSj rd+yhn ds elvys esa
vgys gnhl ls bf[rykQ+ gksus dh otg ls mUgsa vgys gnhl ¼x+jS eqd+fYyn½ ugha
dgk tkrkA ogkch fQ+jd+s dh g+d+hd+r rkjh[k+ ds vkbZus esa vjckcs bYeks nkfu’k
dh ut+j esa v+;ka gSA bl dh fl;kg rkjh[k+ ls eqlyeku okfd+Q+ gksus dh otg
ls bl ls cst+kj jgrs gSa] blfy, x+jS eqd+fYyn ogkch ¼vgys gnhl½ vkSj eqd+fYyn
ogkch ¼nsocUnh½ nksuksa vius vki dks ogkch dgykuk ilan ugha djrsA
ogkch rgjhd dk vLy ed+ln+ eksgEen fcu v+Cnqy ogkc utnh ds bLyke
eq[k+kfyQ+ v+d+kbnks ut+fj;kr dks v+ke djuk gS vkSj eqlYekuksa dks vgys lqUur
oy tekv+r ls vyx djds ogkch cukuk gSA x+jS eqd+fYYn ogkch] vgys lqUur
ds pkj fQ+d+gh Ldwy ¼g+uQ+h] ‘kkQ+bZ] gEcyh vkSj ekfydh½ dks xqejkg fQ+jd+k dgrs gSaA
[kqlwlu guQ+h vbEek] Qqd+gk] myek vkSj v+oke dks vius buknks nq’euh dk
 14

fu’kkuk cukrs gSaA blfy, g+ufQ+;ksa ds f[k+ykQ+ mudh ‘kkft+’ksa t+ksjksa ij jgrh gSaA
og Ldwy dkfyt ds ukStoku rYkck ds gkFkksa esa dqjvku vkSj lghg cq[k+kjh dk
baxfy’k rjtek Fkek nsrs gSaA mUgsa pUn dqjvkuh vk;kr o cq[k+kjh dh dqN
vgknhl lwjg ua0 vkSj gnhl ua0 ds lkFk jVk nsrs gSa fQj mUgsa bl [kq’k Qgeh esa
eqfCryk dj nsrs gSa ds vc rqe [kqn ls dqjvku o gnhl le>us okys gks x;s A
dqjvku dh og vk;kr tks eqf’jdhu vkSj cqrksa ds ckjs esa ukft+y gqbZ gSa mu
vk;kr ds rjtes ukStokuksa dks nsdj mUgsa ;g le>krsa gSa ds ns[kks eq’kfjdhu
vius cqrksa dks ftl rjg+ iqdkjrs gSa] muls enn ekaxrs gSa lqUuh yksx Hkh et+kjkr
ij tkdj oSlk gh djrs gSaA mUgs ;g xqejkg dqu mlwy le>k;k tkrk gS ds
flQ+Z lg+hg+ vg+knhl ekuks] cq[k+kjh o eqfLye esa tks gS mlh dks ekuksA lg+hg+
cq[k+kjh esa gS fd #dw esa tkrs oD+r] #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu djuk pkfg,A
cq[k+kjh dh fdlh g+nhl esa ugha gS ds jQ+;s nSu ugha djuk pkfg,A lg+hg+ g+nhl ds
eqd+kfcys esa fdlh bekess dh ckr dSls ekuh tk;sxh\
mudh [kq’kuqek xqejkg dqu ckrksa ls cgqr ls ukStoku izHkkfor gks tkrsa gSa vkSj
ogkch tky esa Qal tkrs gSaA og igys jQ+;s nSu djuk ‘kq: djrs gSa fQj t+ksj ls
vkehu dgus yxrs gSaA fQj igys et+kjkr ij g+kft+jh nsus ls ckt+ vk tkrs gSa fQj
gkft+jh nsus okyksa dks jksdrs gSaA fQj vkSfy;k dh vt+er fny ls /khjs /khjs feVkbZ
tkrh gSA tc vkSfy;k dh vt+er fny ls fudy tkrh gS rks vfUck;s fdjke dh
v+t+er ij nLr njkt+h ¼gLr{ksi½ dh tqjvr iSnk dh tkrh gS vkSj d+;ker ;g fd
fny ls ;g ,g+lkl Hkh fudky fn;k tkrk gS fd og vkSfy;k ;k vfEc;k dh ‘kku
esa xqLrk[kh o rkSghu ds eqjrfdc gks jgs gSa cfYd mUgsa ;g ckoj djk;k tkrk gS fd
og vYYkkg dh v+t+er vkSj mldh rkSg+hn ds lPps v+yecjnkj cu jgs gSa vkSj
f’kdZ o fcnv+r dk [k+kfrek dj jgs gSaA
fQ+Ru;s [k+kjft;r dk ;g u;k :i bruk [k+rjukd gS ds mlds tky esa
Qal tkus okyk bUlku xqejkgh esa fnu c fnu /kalrk tkrk gS fQj vius vki dks
vkSjksa ds eqd+kfcy lPPkk eqogfgn vkSj dkfey eksfeu rlOoqj djrk gSA ekSyk
rv+kyk reke eqlyekuksa dks bl fQ+Rus ls eg+Qwt+ j[ksA
t+js s ut+j fdrkc ^^rdsZ jQ+;s nSu^^ fQRu;s ogkfc;r ds tky esa Qals gq, mu
tsg+ uksa dks vkt+kn djus dh ,d dksf’k’k gS tks ;g le>rs gSa fd uekt+ esa :dw ds
 15

oD+r vkSj :dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu u djuk fdlh lg+hg+ g+nhl ls lkfcr ughaA
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jgerqYykg v+ySg vkSj muds eqd+Yysnhu viuh rchv+r ls jQ+;s nSu
ugha djrs vkSj uch;s djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs oLle dh lqUur dh eq[k+kyQ+r djrs
gSaA gekjs lqUuh HkkbZ ‘kkQ+bZ o g+Ecyh tks uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu djrs gSa fdrkcs gkt+k esa
esjk :;s lq[k+u mudh rjQ+ ughaA gekjs eq[k+krc og yksx gSa tks bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
jg+erqYykg v+ySg vkSj vki ds eqd+Yysnhu dks jQ+;s nSu u djus dh fcuk ij yku
rku djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa eq[k+kfyQ+s lqUur o equfdjs lghg gnhl dgrs gSaA
bl eq[rlj fdrkc esa lgh vgknhl o vklkjs lgkck o rkcsbZu ls lkfcr
fd;k x;k gS ds :dw esa tkrs oD+r] :dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu u djuk
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye vkSj lgkck o rkcsbZu ds v+ey ls lkfcr
gSA ;g f[k+ykQ+s lqUur ughaA bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykg v+ySg us lgh gnhl
dh eq[k+kyQ+r ugha dh gSA bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykg v+ySg dks jQ+;s nSu u
djus dh g+nhl lc ls T+;knk lg+hg+ lun ds lkFk feyh gSA
ekSyk rv+kyk ls nqv+k gS ds ;g fdrkc t+gs uksa ij iM+s gq, xnksZ xqckj dks
lkQ+ djus dk t+jh;k cus vkSj esjs fy, lokcs vkf[k+jr dk ckbl gksA vkehu
fctkgs l¸;sfny eqjlyhu o vkysgh o vlg+kcsgh vtebZ+uA

jt+kmy gd+ v’kjQ+h felckg+h

vLl¸;n eg+ewn v’kjQ+ nk#Rrg+d+hd+ oRrluhQ+
tkes v’kjQ+ njxkg fdNkSNk ‘kjhQ+ ¼;wih½
 16

fcfLeYykfgjZg+ekfujZg+he
ug+enqgw o uqlYyh v+yk jlwysfgy djhe o vkysgh o vlg+kcsgh vtebZuA
uekt+ esa rdchjs rg+jhek ds v+ykok #dw esa tkrs oD+r] #dw ls mBrs
oD+r] rhljh jdv+r ds fy, mBus ij] ltns esa tkrs oD+r vkSj nksuksa ltnksa
ds njfe;ku nksuksa gkFkksa dks Åij mBkuk pkfg, ;k ughaA ;g ,d Qq:bZ
elvyk gSA bl rv+Yyqd+ ls nks rjg+ dh vg+knhl dqrqcs vg+knhl esa ekStwn
gSaA jQs;nSu djus ij Hkh vg+knhl gSa vkSj u djus ij HkhA bekess ‘kkQ+bZ vkSj
bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy us mu vg+knhl ij v+ey fd;k ftu esa #dw esa tkrs
oD+r] #dw ls mBrs oD+r vkSj rhljh jdv+r ds fy, mBus ds ckn jQ+;s nSu
djus dk ft+Ø gS vkSj bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykg v+ySg us mu vg+knhl
ij v+ey fd;k gS ftuesa jQ+;s nSu u djus dk ft+Ø gSA
t+yS esa ge og vg+knhls djhek ntZ djrs gSa ftuesa rdchjs rg+jhek ds
flok #dw djrs oD+r] #dw ls mBrs oD+r] ltns esa tkrs oD+r vkSj ltns ls
mBrs oD+r iwjh uekt+ esa dgha jQ+;s nSu u djus dh ljkg+r ekStwn gSA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh igyh g+nhl
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh g+nhl
igyh lun%
1- g+t+jrs vcw guhQk jgerqYykgs v+ySg us Qjek;k fd gels
gEekn us gnhl c;ku dh mUgksaus bczkghe ls] mUgksuas v+Yd+ek vkSj
vlon ls] nksuksa us gt+jrs vCnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk
vUgks ls fjok;r dh fd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks vySgs olYye flQZ
rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ¼rg+jheg½ ds oD+r gkFkksa dks mBkrs FksA bl ds flok
iwjh uekt+ esa gkFkksa dks ugha mBkrs FksA
gnhls bCus elÅn ds igys jkoh
bekess vcw g+uhQk jft+;Yykgks vUgks%
uke% ukseku fcu lkfcr] dqfUu;r% vcw g+uhQk] bekess vkt+e ds
yd+c ls e’kgwj gSaA lu~ 80 fg0 esa dwQ k esa iSnk gq,A bekess vcw g+uhQk
us tc dwQs esa ‘kqÅ+j dh vka[ksa [kksyha rks ml oD+r dwQk mywes gnhlks
 17

fQD+g dk lc ls cM+k ejdt+ FkkA [kqn bekess cq[k+kjh dk c;ku gS ds eSaus

bYes gnhl gkfly djus ds fy, cs’kqekj ejrck dwQs dk lQ+j fd;kA
bekess vcw g+uhQk rkcsbZu esa ls FksA ¼fdrkcqfLld+kr ysbCus gCcku ½ lghg+
fjok;r ls lkfcr gS fd vki us gt+jrs vul jft+;Yykgks vUgks ls ‘kjQs
eqykd+kr g+kfly fd;k gSA ¼eukfd+cs vch guhQk fyT+t +gch iz0 114] vy
ev+kfjQqUuksekfu;k gSn jkckn] ¼rt+fdjrqy gq¶+Q +kt+ 1@168 ½
eksg+fÌl eqYyk v+yh d+kjh ¼ekSr +lu 1014 fg0½ us Qjek;k % bekess
vcw guhQk us vkB lgkck ls eqykd+kr dh gS] muesa gt+jrs vul]
gt+jrs vCnqYykg bCus vch vkSQk] gt+jr lgy bCus lv+n gSaA bekess
lSejh vkSj vcw uq,Se o nhxj us gt+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus gkfjl fcu
tT+v jft+;Yykgks vUgks ds uke Hkh ft+Ø fd;s gSaA ¼fejd+krqy eQ+krhg
ft0 1 l0 29½
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs v+ySg dh g+;kr esa tks
lgkc;s fdjke ckg+;kr Fks
1- gt+jr vul bCus ekfyd jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr cljk 93 fg0A
2- gt+jr ekfyd bCus gqoSfjl jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr cljk 94 fg0A
3- gt+jr lgy bCus lv+n jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr enhuk 91 fg0A
4- gt+jr ekfyd bCus vkSl jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr enhuk 92 fg0A
5- gt+jr okflyk bCus vld+k jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr ‘kke 86 fg0A
6- gt+jr fed+nke bCus eknhdjc jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr ‘kke 87 fg0A
7- gt+jr vcw mekek ckfgyh jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr ‘kke 87 fg0A
8- gt+jr vcqRrqQy +S v+kfej bCus okflyk jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr eDdk
100 ;k 110 fg0A
9- gt+jr v+Ekz fcu gqjSl jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr dwQ+k 87 fg0A
10- gt+jr v+CnqYykg bCus vkSQk jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr dwQk 85 fg0A
11- gt+jr vcw mekek valkjh jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 100 fg0A
12- gt+jr lkbc bCus [k+Yykn jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 91 fg0A
13- gt+jr vcqy cnkg+ jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 117 fg0A
14- gt+jr eg+enw bCus jch jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 91 fg0A
 18

15- gt+jr eg+enw bCus oyhn jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 96 fg0A

16- gt+jr dqcSlk bCus tqoSc jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 86 fg0A
17- gt+jr v+CnqjZg+ekn bCus v+Cnqy d+kjh jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 81 fg0A
18- gt+jr v+CnqYykg bCus g+kfjl bCus tT+v jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 96
fg0 ;k cknA
19- gt+jr lkbc fcu ;t+hn jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 70 ;k 91 ;k 94
fg0A ¼mlqnqy x+kck l0 322 blkck l0 2@13½
vkSj vxj ckt+ eqg+Ddsd + +hu dh rg+d+hd+ ds eqrkfcd+ bekess
vkt+e dh rkjh[k+s foyknr 70 fg0 ekuh tk;s rks njt t+y S
lg+kc;s fdjke dk t+ekuk Hkh vki dks ulhc gqvkA
20- gt+jr tkfcj fcu v+CnqYykg valkjh jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr enhuk 74 fg0A
21- gt+jr vcw lbZn [kqnjh jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr enhuk 74 fg0A
22- gt+jr lYek bCus vdok jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr enhuk 74 fg0A
23- gt+jr jkQs+ fcu [kqnSt jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr enhuk 73 fg0A
24- gt+jr tkfcj fcu leqjk jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr dwQ+k 74 fg0A
25- gt+jr vcw tqg+Q S +k jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr dwQ+k 74 fg0A
26- gt+jr t+nS bCus [k+kfyn jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr dwQk 78 fg0A
27- gt+jr eksg+een fcu g+kfrc jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr dwQ+k@enhuk 74 fg0A
28- gt+jr vcw lkyck [kq’uh jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 75 fg0A
29- gt+jr v+CnqYykg bCus clj jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ekSr 74 fg0A
30- gt+jr lkbc bCus [kqckc ekSr 77 fg0A ¼mlqnqy x+kck 2@313½
bekess vkt+e us njt t+yS e’kgwj ‘kq;w[k+ ls vg+knhl dk flek fd;k gS
1- gt+jrs vul jft;Yykgks v+Ugks 2- gt+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus
gkfjl bCus tT+v jft;Yykgks v+Ugks 3- gt+jrs g+Eekn bCus vch
lqySeku rkcsbZ 4- v+kfej bCus ‘kjkg+hy ‘kkch % bUgksusa 500 lgkc;s
fdjke dks ik;k FkkA bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k ds og vcw g+uhQ+k ds
vdkfcj vlkfrt+k esa FksA 5- lYek fcu dqgSy ¼e’kgwj eksg+fÌl rkcsbZ½ 6-
vcw blg+kd+ lchbZ ¼vdkfcj rkcsbuZ es ls Fks] 48 lg+kck ls eqykd+kr dh Fkh]
 19

flg+kgs+ flRrk ds jkfo;ksa esa ls gSa½ 7- lekd fcu g+jc ¼ 80 lgkc;s fdjke ls
eqykd+kr dh Fkh½ 8- eqg+kfjc fcu fnlkj ¼rkcsbZ bUgksua s gt+rj mej o vcw
gqjSjk jft+;Yykgks v+ugqek ls flek, gnhl fd;k FkkA½ 9- fg’kke fcu mjok
¼e’kgwj rkcsb]Z dlhj lgkck ls flek, gnhl fd;k Fkk ½ 10- lqySeku fcu
esgjku vy ek:Q+ vke’k dwQ+h ¼e’kgwj eksgfÌl rkcsbZ½ 11- d+rknk
¼e’kgwj eksg+fÌl rkcsbZ½ 12- ‘kksck ¼veh#y eksesuhu fQ+yg+nhl ekus tkrs Fks½
e’kgwj eksg+fÌl o ukfd+ns gnhl mLrkt+s bekess cq[k+kjh ;g+;k fcu ebZu
ls fdlh us iwNk% vcw g+uhQ+k ds ckjs esa vkidk D;k [;ky gS \ mUgksaus
dgk% esjs ut+nhd muds dkfey gksus dh ;gh nyhy dkQ+h gS fd
‘kksck tsls eqg+fÌl us mUgsa vg+knhl fjok;r djus dh btkt+r nh FkhA
13- v+rk fcu vch #ckg ekSr 114 ;k 115 fg0 ¼e’kgwj rkcsbZ] eqg+fÌl]
Q+d+hg] vkSj eqtrfgn FksA muds ckjs esa gt+jr bCus mej jft+;Yykgks vUgks
Q+jekrs Fks fd yksx v+rk ds gksrs gq, eq> ls Q+Rok D;ksa iwNrs gSa \ gt ds t+ekus
esa lyrur dh rjQ+ ls ,yku gksrk Fkk ds v+rk ds gksrs gq, dksb Z ‘k[+l Q+Rok
nsus dk eqtkt+ ughaA bekess vkSt+kbZ] tqgjh] v+Ej fcu nhukj ox+#S ge vkids
g+Yd+;s njl ls fudy dj bYeks Q+Ty + ds vk¶rkc dgyk,A bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
us bYes g+nhl o fQ+D+g esa cgqr T;knk bfLrQ+knk fd;k gSA njl es bekess vcw
g+uhQ+k dks vius igyw esa fcBk;k djrs FksA t+gch us mUgsa bYe dk igkM+ d+jkj
fn;k gS½ ¼vYkdkf’kQ+kr 3797] rd+jhcqfLld+kr l0 854 nk#y ekjsQ+k ckS:r ½
14- v+Ej fcu nhukj ¼rkcsbuZ esa ls Fks] bekess t+gch us mUgsa bekess g+nhl
fy[kk gS] bCus gtj v+ld+ykuh us fld+g] lcr ¼dkfey g+kfQ+t+k okyk½ fy[kk
gSA 130 fg0 esa oQ+kr gqbZ½ ¼vRrd+jhc r 5649] vydkf’kQ+ r0 4152½ 15-
bczkghes u[k+bZ ¼tyhyqyd+nj rkcsbZ eksg+fÌl Q+d+hg Fks½
crkSjs felky ;g pUn eksgÌsl hu ds vlek ft+Ø fd;s x;s ] myek;s
eksgDd+ds +hu dh jk; ds eqrkfcd+ bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jgerqYykgs v+ySg us
400 vbEe;s rkcsbZu ls flek;s gnhl fd;k gSA ¼ tkesmy elkuhn
[kkjt+eh 1@32] mdwn qy teku l0 63] vy[k+jS krqy fglku 36 ½
 20

bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jgerqYykgs v+ySg ds pUn [k+kl

e’kgwj eksgfÌl rykfet+k
1- v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd% bekes]s eksgfÌl] Q+d+hg vkSj g+kfQ+tqy
gnhl FksA bCus gtj us Q+jek;k gS ds ,Sls v+kfye Fks ftuesa [k+jS dh lkjh
Q+t+hyrsa tek Fkha] fld+g FksA ¼ vfLld+kr 7@7] vRrd+jhc r 3954] vydkf’kQ+
fyTt+gch r 2941 ½ v+CnqYyk bCus eqckjd Q+jekrs Fks% vxj vYykg us vcw g+uhQ+
ds t+fj;s esjh enn u dh gksrh rks eSa v+ke vknfe;ksa dh rjg+ gksrkA gt+jr
v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd bekess cq[k+kjh ds ‘kS[k+ ds ‘kS[k+ gSaA ;kuh bekess cq[k+kjh
ds nknk mLrkt+ bekess vkt+e ds ‘kkfxnZ gSaA bekess cq[k+kjh dgha nks okLrksa ls
Hkh bekess vkt+e ds ‘kkfxnZ gksrs gSa] og bl rjg+ ls gS% bekess cq[k+kjh ds
mLrkt+ ;g+;k bCus ebZu muds mLrkt+ v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd vkSj muds
mLrkt+ bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jgerqYykgs v+ySgA
2- ;g+;k bCus lbZn vyd+rku% e’kgwj eksgfÌl] ukfd+ns gnhl]
Q+d+hg FksA g+kfQ+t+ t+gch us fy[kk gS ds og bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds
d+kSy ij Q+Rok fn;k djrs FksA g+kfQ+t+ bCus gtj us rgt+hc esa ;g+;k
bCus lbZn vyd+rku dk ;g d+kSy uD+y fd;k gS% eSaus vcw g+uhQ+k ds
vdlj vd+oky dks d+cwy fd;k gSA mudk ;g d+kSy Hkh gS % geus
vcw g+uhQ+k dh etfylksa esa f’kjdr dh gS vkSj muls vg+knhl dk
flek fd;k gSA oYYkkg eSa tc Hkh muds psgjs dks ns[krk Fkk rks eq>s
;g eglwl gksrk Fkk ds ;g ‘k[+l vYykg dk rd+ok fny esa j[krk
gSA ¼rkjh[k+s cx+nkn 13@352½
3- Okdhv+ fcu vy tjkZg% bekesas ‘kkQ+bZ ds mLrkt+ vkSj
flg+kg+s flRrk ds jkfo;ksa esa ls gSaA bekess cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ox+Sjg ds
mLrkt+ ds mLrkt+ gSaA ;g bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k ds ‘kkfxnZ FksA
bCus v+Cnqy cjZ us ^vy bfUrd+k^ esa fy[kk gS ds odhv+ bCus vy tjkZg
¼bekess vcw ;wlqQ+ vkSj bekess eksg+Een dh rjg+½ bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds
vd+oky ij Q+Rok fn;k djrs FksA
 21

4- bekess vcw ;wlqQ+% eksgfÌl] eqtrfgn] Q+d+hg] bekess vkt+e

vcw g+uhQ+k ds [k+kl ‘kkfxnksZa esa FksA fQ+Dg+ dh rnohu o tek esa vki
dh etfyl ds #dus vt+he FksA rc;s rkcsbZu esa ls Fks] dkfey
fg+¶t+ks bRd+ku okys FksA l0 181 ;k 182 fg0 esa oQ+kr gqbZA ¼vfLld+kr
ysbCus fg+Ccku 7@645½
5- bekess eksg+Een% eksg+fÌl] Q+d+hg] bekess vkt+e ds [k+kl
‘kkfxnZ o fQ+Dg+ dh rnohu esa vge #Du dh gSfl;r j[krs FksA
6- bekess tqQ+j% eksgfÌl] eqtrfgn] Q+d+hg] bekess vkt+e ds
[k+kl ‘kkfxnksaZ vkSj rc;s rkcsbZu esa ls Fks] g+kfQ+t+] eqrfd+u vkSj
d+yhyqy [k+rk FksA ¼vfLld+kr 6@339½
7- glu fcu ft+;kn% eksgfÌl] eqtrfgn] Q+d+hg] bekess vkt+e
ds [kkl ‘kfxnksZa esa ls FksA rc;s rkcsbZu esa ls FksA bCus tqjSg ls
fjok;rs gnhl fd;k djrs FksA ¼fdrkcqfLld+kr ysbCus fg+Ccku 8@168½ vki
dk d+kSy gS ds ge us bCus tqjSg ls ckjg gTk+kj vg+knhl ,Slh fy[kh
gSa ftu dh Qqd+gk dks t+:jr gSA
8- eqlbj fcu dqnke vcw lyek% bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k gS
ds og bcknr xqt+kj vkSj [kq’kw o [kqt+w okys cUnksa es ls FksA bekess bCus
gtj vld+ykuh us Q+jek;k% fld+g] lcr ¼et+crw gkfQ+t+k okys½
Q+kft+y FksA ¼avydkf’kQ+ r 5395] vRrd+jhc 7443½ flg+kg+s flRrk esa vki
dh fjok;kr gSaA 153 fg0 esa oQ+kr ikbZA
9- eDdh fCku bczkghe% foyknr 126 fg0] oQ+kr 215 fg0%
bekess cq[k+kjh dh lqykfl;kr ds mLrkt+ gSaA lg+hg+ cq[k+kjh esa muls
fjok;kr ekStwn gSaA ;g bekess vcw guhQ+k ds ‘kkfxnZ FksA bekess t+gch
us muds rjtes esa rg+jhj Q+jek;k gS ^^eDdh bCus bczkghe us tkQ+js
lkfnd+ vkSj vcw g+uhQ+k ls gnhl yh vkSj muls cq[k+kjh o vg+en us yh gS^^
¼rt+fdj;s gq¶Q+kt+ 1@365½ ekywe gqvk ds bekess vcw g+uhQ+k bekess
cq[k+kjh ds nknk mLrkt+ gSaA
 22

10- d+kfle fcu ev+u% bekess vkt+e ds mu ‘kkfxnksZa esa ls Fks

ftUgsa bekess vkt+e ¿rqe lc esjs fny ds lq:j vkSj esjs x+e dk enkj
gksÀ dgk djrs FksA bekess bCus gtj v+ld+ykuh us Q+jek;k% Q+kft+y
FksA bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k ds bekess vgen us mudks fld+g dgk
vkSj ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS ds og vius t+ekus esa vkfej ‘kkch dh rjg+
FksA ¼vRrd+jhc r 6175 ] vydkf’kQ+ r 4533½
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ukd+ns hus gnhl dh ut+j esa
1- bekess cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds mLrkt+ ;g+;k bCus ebZu us
Q+jek;k% bekess gnhl vcw g+uhQ+k fld+g FksA ¼ rgt+hcqRrgt+hc 1@150½
vcw g+uhQ+k esa tjg+ks rknhy dh : ls dksbZ ,Sc ugha] mu ij dHkh
cqjkbZ dh rqger ugha j[kh xbZA ¼rt+fdjrq gq¶Q+kt+ 1@152½
2- bekess vcw nkÅn lkfgcs lquu us Qjek;k% bcw g+uhQ+k bekess
‘kjhv+r FksA ¼rtfdjrqy gq¶Q+kt+ 1@152½
3- bekess v+yh enhuh us Q+jek;k% vcw g+uhQ+k ls lqfQ+;kus lkSjh]
bCus eqckjd] g+Eekn fcu t+nS ] fg’kke] odh] v+Cckn fcu v+Ooke vkSj
tkQ+j fcu v+kSu us gnhlsa yh gSaA muesa dksbZ ,Sc ugha gSA ¼vy[kS+jkrqy
fg+lku Q+0 48 iz0 13½
4- bekess lqfQ+;kus lkSjh us Q+jek;k% bcw g+uhQ+k gnhlks fQ+Dg+
nksuksa esa fld+g vkSj lnwd+ ¼lPps½ gSaA ¼vy[kS+jkrqy iz0 13½
5- ;g+;k fcu ebZ+u us Q+jek;k% vcw g+uhQ+k fld+g gSa] eSaus ugha
lquk fd fdlh us mudks t+bZQ+ dgk gksA ¼fcuk;k [k0 1 iz0 79½
Ekt+dwjk ckyk ‘kokfgn ls ekywe gqvk fd bekess vcw g+uhQ+k rkcsbZ]
gnhlks fQ+Dg+ ds bekeksa ds beke FksA flg+kg+s flRrk ds eqlUusQ+hu
bekess cq[k+kjh] eqlfye] frjfet+h] vcw nkÅn] fulkbZ vkSj bCus ektk
ds fcyokLrk mLrkt+ gSaA vki dh fld+kgr] rd+ok] v+ny vkSj fg+¶+t+ks
bRd+ku ij vkids gklsnhu ;k x+yr Q+geh ds f’kdkj yksxksa ds v+ykok
fdlh us maxyh ugha mBkbZA bekess vcw g+uhQ+k vius t+ekus ds bekeqy
eqgÌslhu Hkh Fks vkSj bekeqy QqD+gk HkhA vki ds ft+Ø djnk elkby
vkSj ejfo;kr dks vkids ‘kkfxnZ bekess vcw ;wlqQ+ o bekess eksgE+ en us
 23

tek fd;k gSA bekess eksg+Een dh fdrkc ^vyvklkj^ tks nj g+d+hd+r

bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh ejfo;kr gSa og pkyhl gt+kj vg+knhl ls
eqUr[k+c djds fy[kh xbZ gSA ¼eukfd+cyq bekess vch g+uhQ+k fyyv+Yykek
vyeqof¶Q+d+ vy eDdh [k0 1 iz0 95] gSnjkckn ndu 1321 fg0 ½
Ukkd+ns hus g+nhl bekes t+gch] ;g+;k fcu ebZu] lqfQ+;kus lkSjh vkSj
bCus eqckjd ox+S#gqe dk eqRrQ+d s +k Q+lS yk gS fd bekess vkt+e vcw
g+uhQ+k jg+rqYykg v+ySg g+nhl dh fjok;r esa fld+g vkSj d+kfcys
,frekn FksA og g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl Fks vkSj gq¶Q+kt+s g+nhl o fld+g
jkoh gh ls fjok;kr ysrs FksA bekess v+kt+e us [kqn Q+jek;k fd tc
lg+h g+nhl eq>s fey tkrh gS rks eSa mls viuk et+gc cukrk gwAa
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks vUgks ds nwljs jkoh
gEekn fcu vch lqySeku jg+erqYykgs v+ySg ekSr 120 fg0%
dqfUu;r mcw bLekbZy gSA vius nkSj esa b+jkd+ esa lcls cM+s Q+d+hg
FksA foyk ds fyg+kt+ ls v’kv+jh vkSj dwQ+h dgykrs FksA ¼ fdrkcqfLld+kr
ysbCus fg+Ccku 4@159½
lgkc;s fdjke esa ls gt+jrs vul fcu ekfyd jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks
ls gnhl lquh gS vkSj rkcsbZu esa ls bczkghes u[k+bZ ls bYes fQ+Dg+
g+kfly fd;k vkSj ntZ t+y S rkcsbZu ls bYes g+nhl g+kfly fd;k gSA
1- bekess vcw okby 2- bekess t+nS fcu ogc 3- bekess lbZn fcu
eql¸;c 4- bekess lbZn fcu tqcSj 5- bekess v+kfej ‘kkch 6- bekess
bdjek 7- bekess g+lu bCus ;lkj cljh 8- bekess v+CnqYykg bCus ;t+hn
9- bekess v+CnqjZg+eku bCus lkn ekSyk vkys mej jg+es kgqeqYykgks rv+kyk
¼fl;js vkykeqUuqCyk [k0 5 iz0 231 ½
2- bekess g+Eekn us bczkghes u[k+bZ ls bYes fQ+Dg+ g+kfly fd;kA
bekess u[k+bZ ds ‘kkfxnksZa esa ls vki lcls T+;knk t+ghu FksA lcls cM+s
Q+d+hg] lcls csgrj d+;kl okys vkSj equkt+jk o cg+l esa lcls T+;knk
clhjr j[kus okys vkSj lcls cM+s vgys jk; ¼Q+d+hg½ FksA ¼ fl;js
vkykeqUuqCyk [k0 5 iz0 231½
 24

bekess vcw g+uhQ+k us vkidh ‘kkfxnkhZ esa vëjg lky xqt+kjs gSaA
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k vius mLrkt+ g+Eekn ds ckjs esa [kqn Q+jekrs gSa%
^^ eSa cljk esa igqWpk] eq>s vUnkt+k gqvk fd eq>ls tks elvyk Hkh
iwNk tk;sxk eSa mldk tokc ns nwxa kA yksxksa us eq> ls dqN ,sls
elkby iwNs ftudk tokc esjs ikl u Fkk mlh oD+r eSaus fny esa Bku
fy;k fd g+Eekn ls mudh g+;kr esa tqnk u gksaxkA pqukWps eSaus vëjg
lky mudh ‘kkfxnhZ esa xqt+kjsA
bekess g+Eekn rkcsbZu vkSj eqgf+ ílhu dh ut+j esa
1- bekess ‘kksck ¼ekSr% 160 fg0½ us Q+je;k% g+Eekn esjs ut+nhd
eqx+hjk ls T+;knk ilUnhnk gSaA ¼eqluns bCus tv+n 1@66] fl;js
vkykeqUuqCyk 5@233½
2- bczkghes u[k+bZ ¼ekSr% 96 fg0½ dh ut+j es%a
bekess v+Cnqy efyd bCus v;kl v’’kSckuh us bczkghes u[kbZ ls iwNk%
ge vkids ckn fdlls elkby iwNsa\ rks bczkghes u[k+bZ us tokc
fn;k% gEekn ls elkby iwNukA ¼eqluns bCus tv+n [k 1 iz0 65½
3- bekess ev+ej ¼ekSr% 154 fg0½ dh ut+j esa% eSuas mu
¼eqgíslhuks QqD+gk½ esa ls tqgjh] g+Eekn vkSj d+rknk ls cM+k dksbZ
Q+d+hg ugha ns[kkA
4- bekess g+de ¼ekSr % 115 fg0½ us Q+jek;k% yksxksa esa ;kuh QqD +gk,
vgys dwQ+k esa g+Eekn dh rjg+ dkSu gS\ ¼vy tjg+ks oRrknhy ysbCus
vch g+kfre 3@146½
5- bekess tg+ch dh ut+j es%a g+Eekn d+kfcys ,rsekn] bekess] eqtrfgn]
ckdjker vkSj l[k+h FksA ¼vydkf’kQ+ rjtek 1221½
6- bekess cq[k+kjh o vlg+kcs flg+kgs+ flRrk dh ut+j esa%
bekess cq[k+kjh us viuh fdrkc ^vy vncqyeqQ+jn^ es]a bekes
eqlfye us eqlfye ‘kjhQ+ esa vkSj bekess frjfet+h us frjfet+h
‘kjhQ+ es]a vcw nkÅn us viuh lquu esa vkSj fulbZ o bCus ektk us
Hkh bekess g+Eekn ls fjok;kr yh gSaA tyhyqyd+nz rkcsbZuks
 25

eqgíslhu o ukd+ns hu ds eqrkfcd+ bekess g+Eekn cM+s g+kfQ+t+s g+nhl]

Q+d+hg] fld+g] eqtrfgn Fks vkSj flg+kg+s flRrk ds bekeksa ds
vlkfrt+k esa ls FksA mUgksaus viuh fdrkcksa esa muls vg+knhl
fjok;r dh gSaA fygk+t+k g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks ds nwljs jkoh ds d+kfcys ,rsckj] et+cwr vkSj d+kfcys d+cwy
gkus esa dksbZ ‘kd ughaA
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+Yykgks v+Ugks ds rhljs jkoh
bczkghe fcu ;t+hn fcu v+Ekz vUu[k+bZ ekSr 95 fg0 ;k 96 fg0
1- bekess bCus g+tj v+ld+ykuh us Q+je;k% bczkghe fld+g Fks exj
cgqr T+;knk bjlky djus okys FksA ¼vRrd+jhc]rjtek 301½
2- bekess t+gch us Q+je;k% bczkghes u[k+bZ Q+d+hg Fks] usdh o rd+ok esa
mudk vthc g+ky FkkA cqjkbZ ls cgqr cprs Fks vkSj bYe ds
ljnkj FksA ¼vy dkf’kQ+] rjtek 221½
3- bekess vke’k us Q+jek;k% bczkghes u[k+bZ g+nhl ds ljkZQ+ ¼[kwc
tkap ij[k djus okys½ Fks ¼avy g+vhl fyyd+t+ohuh [k0 2 iz0 655½
4- bLekbZy bCus vch [k+kfyn us Q+jek;k% bekess ‘kkch] bczkghe vkSj
vcqíqg+k efLtn esa cSB dj vg+knhl dk eqt+kdjk fd;k djrs FksA
muds ikl dksbZ elvyk vkrk rks og bczkghes u[k+bZ dh tkfuc
vka[k ls b’kkjk djrs FksA ¼buds ikl t+:j dksbZ g+nhl gksxh½
bekess ‘kkch us Q+jek;k% bczkghes u[kbZ us vius ls T+;knk
lkfg+cs bYe vius ckn fdlh dks u NksM+k] u g+lu u bCus lhjhu
u dksbZ vgys dwQ+k u dksbZ vgys cljk u vgys fg+tkt+ vkSj u
gh vgys ‘kke esa lsA ¼rcd+krqy gq¶Q+kt+ fyLlq;wrh 1@4½
5- bekess vcw t+jv+k us Q+jek;k% bczkghes u[k+bZ eqlyekuksa ds myek
esa ,d v+t+he bYe dk igkM+ vkSj muds QqD+gk esa ls ,d v+t+he
Q+d+hg FksA ¼fdrkcqy tjg+ ysvch g+kfre vjkZt+h rc,+ vOoy nk;jrqy
ev+kfjQ+ vUuksekfu;k gSnjkckn ndu 1371 fg0 1952 bZ0½
6- bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy us Q+jek;k% bczkghes u[k+bZ t+dh] g+kfQ+t+
vkSj lkfg+cs lqUur FksA ¼rkjh[kqy bLyke] t+gch [k0 2 iz0 1052½
 26

g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds pkSFks jkoh

bekess v+yd+ek fcu d+Sl dwQ+h ¼ekSr% 62 fg0½
1- bekess bCus fg+Ccku us rg+jhj Q+jek;k% v+yd+ek bCus d+Sl rkcsbZ FksA
bcknr] bYeks Q+T+y vkSj fQ+Dg+ esa vgys dwQ+k ds ljnkj FksA
v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+Yykgks v+Ugks dh rjg+ gqLus lhjr okys
FksA og vlon bCus ;t+hn ds ppk vkSj bczkghes u[k+bZ ds ekewa
gSaA 60 fg0 esa oQ+kr gqbZA
2- bekess bCus g+tj v+ld+ykuh us Q+jek;k% v+yd+ek dk+fcys ,rsekn]
dkfey g+kfQ+t+s okys] Q+d+hg vkSj v+kfcn FksA ¼vRrd+jhc rjtek% 5260 ½
3- bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k% v+yd+ek Q+d+hg Fks] vcw ev+ej us dgk
fd gesa ml vkneh ds ikl ys pyks tks v+knrks vrokj vkSj gqLus
lhjr esa yksxksa ds vUnj v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn ds lcls T+;knk
eq’kkcsg gS rks ge v+yd+ek ds ikl tkrs FksA
vlon bCus ;t+hn bCus d+lS ekSr% ¼74 ;k 75 fg0½
1- bekess v+yd+ek bCus d+lS ds Hkrhts FksA bekess bCus fg+Ccku us
fy[kk% vlon bCus ;t+hn rkcsbZ FksA dljr ls jkst+k j[kus okys]
bcknr esa ‘kc csnkjh djus okys] Q+d+hg vkSj t+kfgn FksA l0 74
;k 75 fg0 esa oQ+kr gqbZA ¼vfLld+kr 4@31½
bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k% vlon bCus ;t+hn us 80 gt o
mejk fd, FksA brus T;knk jkst+s j[krs Fks fd ud+kgr dh otg ls
muds ftLe dk jax lCt+ gks x;k FkkA nks jkr esa ,d [k+Res
dqjvku i<+rs FksA ¼vydkf’kQ+ rjtek% 427½
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk vUgks
¼ekSr% 32 fg0½
v+Yykek bCus g+tj v+ld+ykuh us Q+jek;k% g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus
elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks igys bLyke ykus okys lg+kck esa ls
Fks vkSj flg+kc;s fdjke esa cM+s myek esa ls FksA vkids eukfd+c cgqr
gSaA ¼vRrd+jhc rjtek% 4001½
 27

bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k% g+t+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks

igys bLyke ykus okys lg+kc;s fdjke esa ls FksA ¼vydkf’kQ+ rjtek%2979½
eqg+fíl eqYyk v+yh d+kjh ¼ekSr% 1014 fg0½ us rg+jhj Q+jek;k%
g+t+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks [kqyQ+k, vjcv+k ds
ckn reke lg+kck ls T+;knk dqjvkuks gnhl dks le>us okys FksA
¼fejd+krqy eQ+krhg+ [k0 1 iz0 272 ckcqy ,rslke fcy fdrkc oLlqUug½
luns gnhl% g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks
dh g+nhl dh lun ds reke jkoh v+kyk njts ds fld+g vkSj
g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl gSaA
gqDes gnhl% ;g g+nhl v+kyk njts dh lg+hg gSA
ekywe gqvk fd vYykg ds jlwy lYyYykgks vySgs olYye ls
jQ+;s nSu dk v+ey nkbeh rkSj ij eudwy ughaA cfYd vkius jQ+;s nSu
rdZ Q+jek fn;k FkkA
gnhls bCus elÅn dh nwljh lun
bekess cq[k+kjh ds mLrkt+ eqg+fíl bCus vch ‘kSck us Q+jek;k% gels
gnhl c;ku dh odh us mUgksaus lqfQ+;ku ls mUgksua s v+kfle bCus dqySc
ls mUgksaus vCnqjZg+eku bCus vyvlon ls mUgksaus v+yd+ek ls mUgksaus
v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks lsA vk[k+hj rdA
¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck 1@213] gnhl u0 2441] rg+d+hd+ deky ;wlQq +
vygwr edrcrqjZ’khn avfjZ;kt+ 1409] lquus vcw nkÅn 1@99 rg+d+ hd+
eqg+¸;qíhu v+Cnqy g+ehn edrck v+lfj;g cS:r g+nhl u0 747] lquus fulbZ
2@182 g+nhl 1026] 1058 rg+d+hd+ v+Cnqy Q+Rrkg+ vcw x+íg 1406 fg0] eqlUuQ+s
v+CnqjZTT+ k+ kd+ 2@71 g+nhl 2533 rg+d+hd+ g+chcqjZg+eku v+kt+eh vyedrcqy
bLykeh cS:r 1403 fg0] eqluns vg+en 6@203 g+nhl 3681] 7@260 g+nhl
4211 lquus dqcjk cSgd+h 2@112 g+nhl 2531 ½
vgys gnhl dk ,rsjkt+
x+Sj eqd+fYyn g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ us fy[kk gS% ;g gnhl
bYyrs d+kfng+k ds lkFk ekywy gSaA vkSj lun o eru nksuksa rjg+ ls
t+bZQ+ gSA ¼uw#y,Su iz0 130½
 28

,rsjkt+ dk tokc% ^^;g g+nhl lun vkSj eru nksuksa rjg+

t+bZQ+ gS^^ ;g eg+t+ nkok gS ftl ij dksbZ et+cwr nyhy ughaA vxj
gksrh rks tqcSj v+yh t+bZ t+:j is’k djrsA
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh rhljh lun%
3- gt+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yyk rv+kyk v+Ugks nksuksa
gkFkksa dks flQ+Z rdchjs b¶rsrkg ds oD+r mBkrs Fks fQj dgha ugha
mBkrs FksA
gnhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks vUgks dh pkSFkh lun
bekess vcw nkÅn us Q+jek;k% gels gnhl c;ku dh mleku fcu
vch ‘kSck us mUgksua s dgk egls gnhl c;ku dh odh us og lqfQ+;ku ls
og v+kfle fcu dqySc ls og v+CnqjZg+eku fcu vlon ls og v+yd+ek ls]
mUgksua s dgk fd g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks
us lg+kc;s fdjke ls Q+jek;k% D;k eSa rqe dks jlwyqYykg lYyYkkgks
vySgs olYye dh uekt+ i<+ dj u crkÅaW \ fQ+j mUgksua s uekt+ i<+ dj
crkbZ rks flQ+Z ,d ejrck ¼igyh rdchj dgrs oDr½ jQ+;s nSu fd;kA
¼rg+d+hd+ eqg+¸;qíhu v+Cnqy g+ehn edrck fe;fj;g cS: r ½
‘kS[k vyckuh ds ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu u djus dh g+nhl lg+hg+ gSA
x+Sj eqd+fYyn v+kfye ‘kS[k+ vy ckuh us bl g+nhl dks lg+hg+
fy[kk gSA vcw nkÅn us ;g fy[kk gS fd bu vyQ+kt+ ds lkFk ;g
g+nhl lg+hg+ ughaA ;g muds ut+nhd gS ysfdu bekess v+kt+e
jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs ds ut+nhd ;g lg+hg+ gSA rQ+lhy vkxs vk;sxhA
gnhls bCus elÅn dh ikapoha lun%
5- g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks us Q+jek;k%
fd;k eSa rqedks jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+
i<+dj u crkÅaW\ fQj mUgksaus uekt+ i<+dj crk;k rks flQ+Z igyh
ejrck nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBk;kA
gnhls bCus elÅn ds ckjs esa bekess frjfet+h dk ekSd+Q+
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks g+nhls g+lu gSA ;gh
¼jQ+;s nSu u djuk½ cgqr ls vgys bYe lg+kck] rkcsbZu vkSj lqfQ+;kus
lkSjh o vgys dwQ+k dk et+gc gSA
 29

gnhls bCus elÅn dh NVh lun

bekess fulbZ us Q+jek;k% gels gnhl c;ku dh lqoSn fcu uLkz us
mUgksaus dgk gesa [k+cj nh v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd us mUgksaus lqfQ+;kus
lkSjh ls] mUgksaus v+kfle fcu dqySc ls] mUgksaus v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vy
vlon ls] mUgksaus v+yd+ek ls mUgksaus v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn ls]
mUgksaus Q+jek;k D;k eSa rqEgsa jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh
uekt+ u crkÅaW\ fQj og [kM+s gq, rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks igyh ckj
mBk;k fQj nksckjk ugha mBk;kA ¼vLlquuqLlqx+jk fyUulbZ [k0 2 iz0 182
gnhl u0 1026 rg+d+hd+ v+Cnqy Q+Rrkg vcw x+ík ukf’kj edrcqy ercwv+k vy
Lykfe;k g+Yc rc;s lkuh 1406½
x+Sj eqd+fYyn v+kfye ‘kS[k+ vyckuh us bldks g+kf’k;s ulbZ esa
lgh fy[kk gSA
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh lkroha lun
bekess fulbZ us Q+jek;k% gels eg+ewn fcu x+yS ku vye:t+h us g+nhl
c;ku dh mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh odh us mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl
c;ku dh lqfQ+;ku us og v+kfle bCus dqySc ls og v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vlon
ls og v+yd+ek ls og v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn ls] mUgksua s Q+jek;k% D;k eSa
rqEgsa jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ i<+dj u crkÅaW\ fQj
mUgksua s uekt+ i<+h rks flQ+Z ,d ckj ¼rdchjs rg+jhek es½a gkFkksa dks mBk;kA
¼vLlquuqydqcjk fyUulbZ [k02 iz0 195 g+nhl 1058 ½
vgys g+nhl v+kfye ‘kS[k+ vyckuh us bl lun dks Hkh lg+hg+
fy[kk gSA
gnhls bCus elÅn dh vkBoha lun
bekess cq[k+kjh ds mLrkt+ ds mLrkt+ eqgfíl v+CnqjZT+T+kkd+ us Q+jek;k%
lqfQ+;kus lkSjh ls ejoh gS mUgksua s gqlSu ls mUgksua s bczkghes u[k+bZ ls
mUgksua s bCus elÅn ls fjok;r dh gS fd og flQ+Z uekt+ ds ‘kq:
¼rdchjs rg+jhek ½ esa nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks fQj mlds ckn ugha mBkrs
FksA ¼eqlUuQ+s v+CnqjZTt+kd+ [k0 2 iz0 71 g+nhl 2533 rg+d+hd+ g+chcqjZg+eku vYk
vkt+eh ukf’kj vyedrcqy bLykeh cS: r rc;s lkuh 1402 fg0 ½
 30

g+nhls bCus elÅn dh uoha lun

v+cnqjZTt+kd+ ls] mUgksua s bCus vks,suk ls] mUgksua s gqlSu ls] mUgksua s bczkghes
u[k+bZ ls] mUgksua s bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks ls blh rjg+ fjok;r dh gS
fd g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks igyh ejrck ¼rdchjs
rg+jhek es½a jQ+;s nSu djrs Fks mlds ckn ugha djrs FksA nksuksa lun ds jkoh
fld+g eksrcj gSaA
g+nhls bCus elÅn dh nloha lun
gels g+nhl c;ku dh odh us] og lqfQ+;ku ls og v+kfle ls] og
v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vlon ls] og v+yd+ek ls og bCus elÅn ls]
mUgksaus Q+jek;k% D;k eSa rqedks jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye
dh uekt+ i<+kÅaW\ fQj mUgksaus ¼iwjh uekt+ es½a flQ+Z ,d ckj nksuksa
gkFkksa dks mBk;kA ¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck [k0 1 iz0 391 g+nhl 323 rg+d+hd+
v+kfny fcu ;wlqQ+ vy vt+kt+h] vg+en fcu Q+jhn vyet+hn ukf’kj nk#y
ogu vfjZ;kt+ rc;s vOoy 1997 bZ0½
g+nhls bCus elÅn dh X;kjgoha lun%
bCus vch ‘kSck us Q+jek;k% gels odh us g+nhl c;ku dh mUgksaus
eqlbj ls] mUgksaus vcw ek’kj ls] mUgksaus bczkghes u[k+bZ ls] mUgksaus
v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn ls fd v+cnqYykg bCus elÅn uekt+ ds ‘kq:
esa nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBkrs FksA
¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck [k0 1 iz0 213 rg+d+hd+ deky ;wlqQ+ vygwr
ukf’kj edrck v#Z’n vfjZ;kt+ rc;s vOoy 1409 fg0½
g+nhls bCus elÅn dh ckjgoha lun%
bekess vg+en fcu g+Ecy us Q+jek;k% gels g+nhl c;ku dh odh
us] mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh lqfQ+;ku us] og v+kfle fcu
dqySc ls] og v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vyvlon ls] og v+yd+ek ls] mUgksaus
dgk fd bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks us Q+jek;k% D;k eSa rqEgsa
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ u i<+kÅaW\ fQj
mUgksaus uekt+ i<+h rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks flQ+Z ,d ckj mBk;kA bl lun
ds lkjs jkoh fld+g gSaA
 31

¼eqluns vg+en r[k+jht ‘kqnk [k0 6 iz0 203 rg+d+hd+ ‘kks,cs vjuÅr]
v+kfny] eqjf’kn ox+jS gqe ukf’kj eqvLlslrqfjZlkyk rc;s vOoy 1429 fg0½
g+nhls bCus elÅn dh rsjgoha lun
bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy us Q+jek;k% gels g+nhl c;ku dh odh us
mUgksua s lqQ+;ku ls mUgksua s vkfle fcu dqySc ls mUgksua s v+cnqjZg+eku bCus vy
vlon ls mUgksua s v+yd+ek ls mUgksua s dgk fd v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn us
Q+jek;k% eSa rqEgsa jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ e<+krk gwAa
fQj mUgksua s igyh ejrck ¼rdchjs rg+jhek es½a nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBk;kA ¼ eql uns
vg+en [k0 7 iz0 260 g+nhl 4211 ½
g+nhls bCus elÅn dh pkSngoha lun
bekess fulbZ us Q+jek;k% gesa [kcj nh eg+ewn fcu x+yS ku vye:t+h us
mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh lqQ;ku us og v+kfle fcu dqySc ls og
v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vy vlon ls og v+yd+ek ls og v+CnqYykg ls mUgksua s
Q+jek;k% D;k eSa rqEgsa jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ u
e<+kÅaW\ fQj mUgksua s uekt+ i<+h rks flQ+Z ,d ckj gkFk mBk;kA ¼ vLlquuqy
dqcjk fyUulbZ [k0 1 iz0 332 rg+d +hd+ g+l u v+CnqYykg vy eqube v’kych ukf’kj
eqvLllrqfjZl kyk cS: r rc;s vOoy 1421 fg0 ½
g+nhls bCus elÅn dh ianjgoha lun
bekess fulbZ us Q+jek;k% gels g+nhl c;ku dh lqoSn fcu ulz us] mUgksua s
dgk gesa [kcj nh v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd us] og lqQ+;ku ls og v+kfle fcu
dqySc ls] og v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vy vlon ls] og v+yd+ek ls] og v+CnqYykg
ls] mUgksua s Q+jek;k% D;k eSa rqEgsa crkÅaW jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye
dh uekt+\ fQj og [kM+s gq, vkSj nksuksa gkFkksa dks flQ+Z igyh ckj mBk;kA
¼vLLkquuqy dqcjk fyUulbZ [k0 2 iz0 31 g+nhl 1100 ½
g+nhls bCus elÅn dh lksygoha lun
g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl vcw ;kyk vy ewlyh ¼ ekSr % 307 fg0½ us Q+jek;k%
gels g+nhl c;ku dh blg+kd+ fcu vch bLkzkbZy us] mUgksaus dgk gels
g+nhl c;ku dh eksg+Een fcu tkfcj us] mUgksaus g+Eekn ls] mUgksaus
bczkghe ls] mUgksaus v+yd+ek ls] mUgksua s v+CnqYykg ls] mUgksaus Q+jek;k%
 32

eSaus jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye] vcwcØ vkSj mejs Q+k:d+

ds lkFk uekt+ i<+h rks mUgksua s flQ+Z uekt+ ds ‘kq: esa jQ+;s nSu fd;kA
¼eqluns vcw;kyk vyewlyh [k0 8 iz0 453 g+nhl 5039 rg+d+hd+ gqlSu
lyhe vln ukf’kj nk#yekewu fyRrqjkl fne’d+ rc;s vOoy 1404 fg0½
luns et+dwj esa eksg+Een fcu tkfcj jkoh lnwd+ fld+g gSaA bekess t+gch
us bCus vcw g+kfre ds g+okys ls fy[kk% og esjs ut+nhd bCus yg;k ls T+;knk
eg+cwc gSaA ¼vydkf’kQ+ 2@61 ½bCus vcw g+kfre us dgk gS fd mudh og
eqrQ+fjZn fjok;kr ftuesa muds b[rsykQ+ gksus ij nyhn ekStwn gS og
uked+cwy gSA mUgksua s dgk% muds ejfo;kr ds mlwy lg+hg+ gSaA ¼ vy tjg
oRrknhy 7@219 ½ bCus v+nh us dgk muls v¸;wc] v+kSu ox+jS k eqgíslhu us
fjok;kr yh gSaA vxj og bl ykbd+ u gksrs rks ;g vdkfcj muls vg+knhl
D;ksa ysrs\ gkaW dqN vg+knhl esa mudh eq[k+kyQ+r gSA mu ij ckt+ yksxksa dk
dyke gksus ds ckotwn mudh g+nhl fy[kh tkrh gSA ¼ vydokdscqUu¸¸ksjkr Q+h
ekjsQ+rs feu#ZokfrfLLkd+kr ysbfCuyd¸;ky 1@495 ½ bekess t+gch us fy[kk fd og
bCus yg+;k dh rjg+ gqTtr ugha] mudh dqN fjok;kr equdj gSaA ;kuh
eqrkcsv+kr o ‘kokfgn ls mudh fjok;r njt;s g+lu dh gSA ¼ fl;#y
vkykfeUuqCyk 8@238 ½ vcqy oyhn vRr;kfylh us dgk ge eksg+Een fcu tkfcj
ls g+nhl ysus dks euk djds mu ij tqYe djrs gSaA ¼ vytgZ+ oRrknhy 7@220 ½
eksg+Een fcu tkfcj dwQ+h ds lnwd+ o fld+g v+kfny gksus esa dyke
ugha vycRrk mudh fdrkcksa ds enQwu gksus ds ckn og g+kfQ+t+k ij
,rsekn djds fjok;r djrs Fks blfy, bf[rykr okds+ gksrk FkkA fygkt+k
mudh ogh eqrQ+fjZn fjok;r uked+cwy gS tks bf[rykr ds ckn gksA bl
ij dksbZ nyhy ugha fd g+nhls et+dwj ckns bf[rykQ+kr dh gSA uht+
g+Eekn ls g+nhls et+dwj fjok;r djus esa eksg+Een fcu tkfcj rugk ugha
cfYd mldks g+Eekn fcu bczkghe dh lun ls eqrv+fín jkfo;ksa us fjok;r
fd;k gS vxjps ckt+ eqjly ekSdwQ+ gSa ysfdu g+nhls ekSdwQ+ esa x+jS d+;klh
d+kSy ;k Q+ys gks rks og g+nhl ejQw ds gqDe esa gS blds v+ykok bCus
elÅn dh nksljh fjok;krs eQZwv+k lg+hg+k mldh rkbZn djrh gSa ysgkt+k
 33

luns et+d wj ds lkFk g+nhls et+dwj dks uked+cwy ugha dg ldrs cfYd
njt;s g+lu dks igqaWph gqbZ gSA
bekess vkt+e dh lun ls ;g g+nhl lg+hg+ gSA bekess vkt+e dh
lun esa eksg+Een fcu tkfcj ughaA vki us bl dks g+Eekn ls fjok;r
fd;k gSA ¼eqluns vcw g+uhQ+ c’kjfg+y dk+jh iz0 90] g 97] eqluns vcw g+uhQ+k
cfjok;rqy g+kfjl g 394½
g+nhls bCus elÅn dh lrjgoha lun
bekess cSgd+h us Q+jek;k% vcw v+yh v:Znckjh us dgk] gels g+nhl
c;ku dh vcwcØ fcu nklg us mUgksaus dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh
vcw nkÅn us mUgksaus dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh mleku fcu vch
‘kSck us mUgksaus dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh odh us mUgksaus lqQ+;ku ls
mUgksaus v+kfle fcu dqySc ls mUgksua s v+CnqjZg+eku fcu vyvlon ls
mUgksaus v+yd+ek ls mUgksaus dgk% v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks us dgk% eSa rqedks jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye
dh uekt+ u i<+kÅaW\ fQj mUgksaus uekt+ i<+h vkSj nksuksa gkFkksa dks flQ+Z
,d ckj mBk;kA
¼ekjsQ+rqLlquu oy vklkj fyycSg+d+h [k0 2 iz0 422 g+nhl 328 rg+d+hd+ v+Cnqy
eqv+Rrk tkesvrqfíjklkfry bLykfe;k djkph ikfdLrku rc;s vOoy 1412 fg0½
g+nhls bCus elÅn dh vBkjgoha lun
bekess rg+koh us Q+jek;k% gels g+nhl c;ku dh eksgE+ en fcu
vld+rh us mUgksaus dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh ;g+;k fcu ;g+;k
vUuhlkiqjh us mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh odh us og lqQ+;ku
ls og v+kfle fcu dqySc ls og v+CnqjZg+eku fcu vyvlon ls og
v+yd+ek ls og v+CnqYykg fcu elÅn ls og uch lYyYykgks v+ySgs
olYye ls fd vki igyh rdchj esa nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks fQ+j
nksckjk ugha mBkrs FksA
¼’kjg+s eqf’fdyqy vkl+kj fyRrg+koh [k0 10 iz0 35 g+nhl 5826] rg+d+hd+
‘kq,sc vy vjuÅr½
 34

g+nhls bCus elÅn dh mUuhloha lun

bekess frcjkuh us Q+jek;k% gels g+nhl c;ku dh bLg+kd+ fcu
bczkghe us mUgksaus v+CnqjZTt+kd+ ls mUgksaus gqlSu ls mUgksaus bczkghe ls
fd v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks v+Ugks bfCrnk;s uekt+ esa nksuksa
gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks fQj mlds ckn ugha mBkrs FksA ¼vyewteqy dchj
fyfRrcjkuh [k0 9 iz0 361g+nhl 9298] rg+d+hd+ vg+en bCus v+Cnqy ethn
vLlyQ+h edrck bCus rSfe;k vyd+kfgjk½
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh chloha lun
bekess frcjkuh us Q+jek;k% gels gnhl c;ku dh eksg+ Een fcu vCnqYykg
vyg+t+jeh us mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh vg+en bCus ;wlqQ+ us mUgksua s
dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh vcqy vg+ol+ us og gqlSu ls og bczkghe ls
mUgksua s dgk% v+CnqYYkg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks uekt+ esa rdchjs
rg+jhek ds flok fdlh vkSj txg jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA ¼ vy eqteqy dchj
fyRrcjkuh [k0 9 iz0 361 g+nhl u0 9299 ½
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh bDdloha lun
bekess frcjkuh us Q+jek;k% gels g+nhl c;ku dh v+yh fcu
v+Cnqy v+t+ht+ us mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh g+Ttkt fcu vy
feugky us og g+EEkkn bCus lyek ls og g+Eekn ls og bczkghe ls og
v+Cnqyykg bCus elÅn ls fd tc og uekt+ ‘kq: djrs rks nksuksa
gkFkksa dks mBkrs fQj mlds ckn ugha mBkrsA
vgys g+nhl dk ,rsjkt+% et+dwjk rhuksa lunsa bczkghes u[k+bZ dh
eqjly gSa] fygkt+k t+bZQ+ gSaA
brsjkt+ dk tokc% vg+ukQ+ ds ut+nhd eqjlys lg+hg+ gqTtr
gSA fcy[kqlwl bczkghes u[kbZ dh eqjly fjok;kr dks eksgí+ slhu us lgh
dgk gS vkSj v+kfej ‘kkch dh eqjly fjok;kr T+;knk lg+hg+ gSaA
v+Yykek bCus gtj v+ld+ykuh us vktqjh ds g+okys ls bekess vcw
nkÅn dk ;g d+kSy ud+y fd;k gS% esjs ut+nhd ‘kkch dh eqjly
u[k+bZ dh eqjly ls T;knk eg+cwc gSA ekywe gqvk fd u[k+bZ dh
 35

eqjly Hkh eg+cwc gSA ¼rgt+hcqRrgt+hc 5@58½ bekess vke’k ls bczkghes

u[kbZ us Q+jek;k Fkk% tc eSa vki ls dgwaW% v+CnqYykg us dgk rks tku
ysa eSuas ml oDr rd ugha dgk tc rd muls ,d tekv+r us eq>ls
g+nhl c;ku ugha dh vkSj tc eSa dgwaW% eq>ls Qqyka us g+nhl c;ku dh
rks mldk eryc gS mlh [k+kl Qqyka us v+CnqYykg ls og g+nhl eq>s
lqukbZ gSA luns et+dwj esa bczkghes u[k+bZ us fdlh [k+kl QnZ dk uke
ugha fy;k gS bldk eryc ;g gS fd g+nhls bCus elÅn dks mUgksaus
fdlh ,d vkneh ls ugha cfYd ,d tekv+r ls lquk gSA ¼ ’kjg+s vcw
nkÅn] ,suh 3@98½ bekess u[kbZ ds bl d+kSy ls bekess rg+koh ds d+kSy
dks rkbZn g+kfly gks xbZ fd g+nhl bCus elÅn bekess u[kbZ ds
ut+nhd eksrcj gSA bekess rg+koh us Q+jek;k% v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn
dh blh fjok;r dks bczkghes u[+kbZ eqjly fjok;r djrs Fks tks muds
ut+nhd lg+hg+ gksrh vkSj muls rokrqj ls ejoh gksrh FkhA ¼,st+u½
blls ekywe gqvk fd g+nhls bCus elÅn bczkghe dh ckt+ lun ls
eqjly gksus ds ckoqtwn lg+hg+ eqrokfrj gSA fygkt+k rjds jQ+;s nSu ij
;g cgqr et+cwr nyhy gSA
g+nhls bCus elÅn ij vgys g+nhl dk nwljk ,rsjkt+%
bekes vcwnkÅ us g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk vUgks
dks lg+h ugha dgkA bekes frjfet+h ds v+ykok lc eqrd+Ìes hu dk bl
g+nhl ds t+bZQ+ gksus ij bfRrQ+kd+ gSA ¼uw#y ,suSu iz0 132½
,rsjkt+ dk tokc% eSaus g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks dh 23 lunsa ft+Ø dh gSAa muesa ,d lun gS ^^ v+kfle fcu
dqySc ls og v+CnqjZg+eku fcu vyvlon ls og vyd+ek ls og bCus
elÅn ls^^ bl lun dks bekes frjfet+h us g+lu dgk gSA ^^ lc
eqrd+Ìes hu dk bl g+nhl ds t+bZQ+ gksus ij bRrsQ+kd+ gS ^^ ;g g+kfQ+t+
tqcSj v+yh lkgc dk eg+t+ nkok gS] bl ij mUgksaus dksbZ nyhy is’k
ugha dhA
^^bekes nkÅn vkSj ckt+ eksg+Ìslhu us bldks lgh ugha dgkA ^^
g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh lkg+c Hkh ;g vklku ckr tkurs gksxa s fd gnhl
 36

lg+h u gks rks mldk t+bZQ+ gksuk t+:jh ughaA fQj tqcSj v+yh lkgc
;g Hkh tkurs gksxa s fd ckt+ eksg+Ìls hu ds ut+nhd dksbZ g+nhl lg+h u
gks rks t+:jh ugha og g+nhl lkjs eksg+Ìslhu ds ut+nhd lg+h u gksA
D;ksfa d g+nhl dh lsg+r o t+ksQ+ ds ‘kjkbr eksg+Ìslhu us vyx vyx
eqd+jZj fd;s gSaA [kqn lg+hgSu dks yhft,] lgh eqlfye dh cgqr lh
vg+knhl bekes cq[k+kjh dh ‘krZ ij u gksus dh otg ls lg+h ugha ysfdu
D;k bu lc vg+knhl dks t+bZQ+ o uked+cwy dgk tk,xk\ [kqn tqcSj
v+yh lkgc blds d+kby ugha gksxa sA rks D;k otg gS fd g+nhls bCus
elÅn dks bekes nkÅn ,d [k+kl lun ls [k+kl vyQ+kt+ ds lkFk
lg+h ugha ekurs rks g+kft+Q+ tqcSj v+yh lkg+c viuh ft+n ij vM+s gq;s
gSa fd lkjs ds lkjs eksg+Ìslhu dks ;g eku ysuk ykft+e gS fd g+nhl
bCus elÅn lg+h ughaA bekes vcw nkÅn us g+nhls bCus elÅn dks
e[k+lwl vyQ+kt+ ds lkFk ^^lg+h ugha^^ dgk gSA og Q+jekrs gSa fd ;g
g+n hl eq[rlj gS yEch g+nhl ls vkSj mu vyQ+kt+ ds lkFk ;g lg+h
ughaA ,d rks bekes vcw nkÅn us ;g ft+Ø ugha fd;k fd og yEch
g+n hl dkSulh gS vkSj fdu vyQ+kt+ ds lkFk lg+h gS\ vkSj ;g eq[rlj
g+n hl mu vyQ+kt+ ds lkFk lg+h ugha gS rks D;ksa \ eg+t+ fdlh g+nhl
dks lg+h ugha dg nsus ls og x+jS lg+h ;k t+bZQ+ ugha gksrhA tc rd
mlds lgh u gksus ;k t+bZQ+ gksus dh nyhy u ft+Ø dh tk;sA gkfQ+t
tqcSj v+yh lkg+c us fy[kk fd bekes frjfet+h ds v+ykok lc
eqrd+Ìes hu dk g+nhl bCus elÅn ds t+bZQ+ gksus ij bRrsQ+kd+ gSA
g+kykafd cgqr ls eqrd+Ìsehu eksg+Ìls hu vkSj QqD+gk us g+nhl bCus elÅn
dks lg+h dgk gSA
1- bczkghes u[k+bZ ¼ekSr% 95@96 fg0½ tyhyqy d+nz bekes vke’k us
bczkghes u[k+bZ dks bYes g+nhl dk ljZkQ+ dgk gSA mUgksua s g+nhls bCus
elÅn dks eqlunu Hkh ft+Ø fd;k gS vkSj eqjlyu HkhA cgj g+ky
bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls mudh fjok;r lg+h cfYd
eqrokfrj gksrh gSA
pqukWaps bekes rg+koh ¼ekSr% 321 fg0½ us Q+jek;k%
 37

bczkghes u[k+bZ g+t+jrs vCnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks

ls ogh g+nhl eqjlyu fjok;r djrs Fks tks muds ut+nhd lg+h vkSj
eqrokfrj gksrh FkhA ¼’kjg+s vcw nkÅn fyy,suh 3@298½
eksg+fÌl bekes vke’k us Q+jek;k fd muls bekes u[k+bZ us
Q+jek;k% tc eSa vkils dgWaw fd v+CnqYYkkg bCus elÅn us dgk rks
tku yhft, fd eSaus vkils og ckr ml oD+r rd ugha dgh tc rd
fd ,d tekv+r us eq>ls ugha dghA vkSj tc eSa dgwa fd Qqyka us
vCnqYYkkg bCus elÅn ls eq>s ;g g+nhl lqukbZ rks mlh [k+kl vkneh
us lqukbZA ¼’kjg+s vcwnkÅn fyy,suh 3@298½
2- ;g+;k fcu lbZn d+Rrku ¼ekSr% 191@200 fg0 ½ tyhyqy d+nz
ukdsnhus g+nhl ;g+;k fcu ebZu] v+yh fcu enhuh] vCnqjZg+eku fcu esga nh
ox+jS g ds mLrkt+ FksA og bekes vkt+e dh ‘kfxnhZ ij Q+[kz fd;k djrs
FksA og Q+jekrs gS fd ge vYykg ij >w V ugha cksyrs] geus vcw g+uhQ+k
ds fudkys gq,s elvys ls csgrj ugha lqukA geus muds vdlj vd+oky
dks d+cwy fd;k gSA ¼rkjh[k+s bLyke 3@990½
blls irk pyrk gS fd ;g+;k fcu lbZn d+Rrku bekes vkt+e dh
rjg+ jQ+;s nSu u djus dk Q+Rok nsrs Fks vkSj jQ+;s nSu u djus dh
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkg rv+kyk v+Ugks muds ut+nhd lg+h FkhA
3- g+Eekn fcu vch lqySeku ¼ekSr% 120 fg0½ bekes u[k+bZ ds
tyhyqy d+nz ‘kkfxnZ vkSj bekes vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k ds mLrkt+ FksA
g+t+jrs bCus elÅn dh g+nhl ds jkoh fld+g] g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl]
Q+d+hg] eqtrfgn FksA bekes u[k+bZ ds ckn dwQ+k ds eq¶rh FksA
bCus vkfcl us dgk% eSaus g+Eekn fcu lyek dks dgrs gq, lquk
fd bczkghes u[k+bZ dh oQ+kr ds ckn fQ+Dg+ esa yksxksa ds eUtwjs ut+j
vkSj dwQ+k ds eq¶rh g+Eekn fcu vch lqySeku FksA yksx mudh otg ls
nwljksa ls csfu;kt+ FksA ¼v[k+ckjs bCus vch g+uhQ+k fyLlSejh 1@21½
g+Eekn fcu vch lqyseku us g+nhls bCus elÅn dks viuk et+gc
cuk;k gS tks bl ckr dh nyhy gS fd muds ut+nhd ;g g+nhl
lg+h gSA
 38

4- bekes vcw g+uhQ+k ¼ekSr% 150 fg0½ bekeqy eksg+Ìslhu oy QqD+gk FksA
vCnqYykg bCus eqckjd] ;g+;k fcu lbZn d+Rrku] odh fcu tjZkg+] eqlbj
fcu dqÌke] eDdh fcu bczkghe] d+kfle fcu ev+u ox+jS g eksg+Ìslhu ftuesa
cgqr ls g+t+jkr bekes cq[k+kjh o eql fye ds mLrkt+ ;k mLrkt+ ds
mLrkt+ gSa] mUgksua s bekes vcw g+uhQ+k dks fld+g] g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl vkSj
fld+kr ls fjok;r ysus okyk dgk gSA
flg+kgs+ flRrk ds jkoh blzkbZy us dgk gS%
ukseku ¼vcw g+uhQ+k½ fdrus vPNs vkneh gSa! Okg gj ml g+nhl dks
cgqr mEnk rjhd+s ls j[kus okys Fks ftlesa dksbZ ‘kjbZ elvyk gksrkA
,slh g+nhl dh og cgqr T+;knk Nkuchu djus okys gSa A mUgksaus
g+Eekn ls ,slh vg+knhl dks cgqr vPNh rjg+ eg+Qt w+ + j[kk gSA [kqyQ+k
o mejk dk cgqr bdjke djrs FksA dksbZ vkneh fQ+Dg+ esa muls
equkt+jk djrk rks mls Ik’ksekuh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk FkkA ¼ v[k+ckjs
bCus vch g+uhQ+k fyLlSejh 1@21½
lqQ+;kus lkSjh us bekes vkt+e dk ;g d+kSy uD+y fd;k gS%
eSa ¼’kjbZ elkby esa½ fdrkcqYykg ls nyhy idM+rk gwWaA vxj mlesa
ugha ikrk gwa rks vg+knhls jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye vkSj lg+h
vklkj ls nyhy idM+rk gwa ftuds ckjs esa ;g e’kgwj gks fd mUgsa fld+g
jkfo;ksa us fld+g jkfo;ksa ls fjok;r dh gSA vxj lqUurs jlwy esa Hkh ugha
ikrk ¼vkSj lg+kck ds vd+oky eq[rfyQ+ gksrs gSa½ rks ckt+ ds vd+oky ¼ftldks
d+oh ikrk gwa½ ysrk gwa vkSj ckt+ ds vd+oky dks rdZ dj nsrk gwAa ysfdu
lg+kck ds d+kSy dks NksM+ dj nwljs ds d+kSy dks ugha ysrkA vkSj eqv+keyk
tc bczkghes u[kbZ] ‘kkch] cljh] bCus lhjhu vkSj lbZn fcu eql ¸;c
ox+jS g eqtrgsnhu ds d+kSy dk gksrk gS rks ftl rjg+ mUgksua s btrsgkn
fd;k gS eSa Hkh btfrgkn djrk gwAa ¼ v[k+ckj bCus vch g+uhQ+k fyLlSejh
1@21 ½
bekes vkt+e us g+nhls bCus elÅn dks viuk et+gc cuk;k gSA
bekes vkt+e ds d+kSy ls ekywe gqvk fd muds ut+nhd ;g g+nhl
lg+h e’kgwj gSA
 39

5- bekes vcw ;wlqQ+ ¼ekSr% 182 fg0 ½ eksg+fÌl] gkfQ+tqy g+nhl] Q+d+hg
eqtrfgn FksA eksg+fÌl bCus vCnqy cjZ d+jrch ekysdh ¼ ekSr% 463 fg0 ½ us
eksg+fÌl] eqQ+fLlj] Q+d+hg eksvfjZ[k+ bCus tjhj frcjh ¼ ekSr% 310 fg0 ½ dk
;g d+kSy uD+y fd;k gS%
vcw ;wlqQ+ ;kd+cw fcu bczkghe d+kt+h Q+d+hg vkfye vkSj g+kfQ+tqy
g+nhl FksA bCus tjhj us dgk fd og g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl ls e’kgwj FksA og
fdlh eksg+fÌl ds ikl cSBrs rks mlh oD+r ipkl lkB gnhlsa ;kn dj
ysrs Fks vkSj ogka ls mBdj yksxksa dks beyk djk nsrs FksA og dlh#y
g+nhl FksA ¼vy bfUrQ+k 1@172 ½
bCus fg+Ccku us fy[kk%
vcw ;wlqQ+ ;kd+cw fcu bczkghe fcu g+chc fcu lv+n fcu gcrk
dwQ+h us ;g+;k fcu lbZn vUlkjh ls fjok;r yh gSA muls c’kj fcu
oyhn vkSj vgys bjkd+ us g+nhl fjok;r dh gSA og lkfgcs brd+ku
‘kS[k+ FksA flQ+Z Qq: ¼elkbys btrsgkfn;k½ esa bekes vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj
bekes eksg+Een ds elyd ij pyrs FksA ¼vfLld+kr 7@645½
ftu yksxksa us bekes vcw ;wlqQ+ ij tjg+ dh mudh tjg+ x+yr
Q+geh ij ecuh gSA ;gh otg gS fd ckt+ yksxksa us x+yr Q+geh nwj
gksus vkSj g+d+hd+rs g+ky t+kfgj gksus ds ckn bekes vcw ;wlqQ+ dh
rkSlhd+ dh gSA
pqukWps bCus vcw g+kfre c;ku djrs gSa%
geus tqQ+j vkSj vcw ;wlqQ+ dks fld+kr esa nkf[k+y dj fy;k ct
gekjs lkeus t+kfgj gks x;k fd nksuksa vg+knhl ds eqv+keys esa v+kfny
gSaA ¼vfLld+kr ysbCus fg+Ccku 7@646½
bekes vcw nkÅn o bCus ektk ds mLrkt+ eksgE+ en fcu vLlckg+
¼ekSr% 240 fg0½ us dgk%
eSaus vcw ;wlqQ+ dks ykft+e idM+kA og usd vkneh FksA eqlyly
jkst+k j[kk djrs FksA ¼vfLld+kr 7@664½
;g+;k fcu ebZu us dgk%
 40

vcw ;wlqQ+ T+;knk rj eksg+Ìls hu dh rjQ+ ekby jgrs FksA geus

muls vg+knhl fy[kh gSaA ges’kk ls eksg+Ìls hu muls vg+knhl fy[krs
jgsa gSaA ¼vy tjg+ oRrknhy 9@201½
6- blg+kd+ fcu vch blzkbZy ¼ekSr% 245 fg0½ beke] eksg+fÌl]
g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl] fld+g] eqrfd+u] lkfgcs ojk o rD+ok eqtrfgn Q+d+hg
FksA ¼fl;jks vkykfeUuqCyk 11@476½
mUgksaus gnhls bCus elÅn ds rv+Yyqd+ ls Q+jek;k gS%
ge iwjh uekt+ esa blh dks bf[r;kj djrs gSaA ¼ rdchjs rg+jhek ds
flok iwjh uekt+ esa jQ+s;nSu ugha djrs½
7- bekes frjfet+h us g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks
dks g+lu dgkA bu reke eksg+Ìslhu o Qq+D+gk ds ut+nhd g+t+jrs
v+CnqYYkkg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh rdsZ jQ+;s nSu okyh g+nhl
lg+h gSA fQj Hkh ‘kS[k+ tqcSj v+yh dks ft+n gS fd mls og t+bZQ+ gh dgsxa s
rks ft+n dk vkf[k+j D;k bykt\ g+kykafd [kqn x+jS eqd+YYksnhu ds beke
‘kS[k+ vyckuh us Hkh mldks lg+h dgk gSA
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugksa dh ckbloha lun
bekess nkjdqruh us Q+jek;k% v+CnqYykg ls ejoh gS fd mUgksua s
Q+jek;k% eSaus uch lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye vkSj vcwcØ vkSj mej
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugqek ds lkFk uekt+ i<+h gS mu g+t+jkr us vius
gkFkksa dks uekt+ ds ‘kq: esa flQ+Z igyh rdchj ds oD+r mBk;kA ¼ lquus nkj
dqRuh [k0 2 iz 52 ckcks ft+fØRrdchj o jQ+by;nSu gnhl 1133 rg+d+hd+ ‘kq,sc
vyvjuÅr o vlg+kcs eqv LllrqfjZlkyk cS: r 1424 fg0 ½
nkj dqRuh ds jhekdZ dk tokc% nkj dqRuh us bl g+nhl dks
ud+y djus ds ckn fy[kk fd bl g+nhl dh lun esa jkoh eksg+Een
fcu tkfcj t+bZQ+ gSa vkSj mUgksaus rUgk g+Eekn ls ;g fjok;r ft+Ø dh
gSA g+Eekn ds flok nwljksa us v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks ds Q+y
s dks eqjlyu fjok;r fd;k gS ejQwvu ughaA
igyh ckr rks ;g gS fd g+nhls bCus elÅn dks g+Eekn ls ejQwv+u
fjok;r djus esa eksg+Een fcu tkfcj rUgk ugha cfYd bekeqy eqg+íslhu
 41

oyQqD+gk] bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs v+ySg ¼ekSr % 150 fg0 ½ us Hkh g+Eekn ls
fjok;r dh gSA vkSj bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh fjok;r lg+h cfYd T+;knk lgh+ gSA
uht+ g+nhls bCus elÅn dks g+Eekn ls g+Eekn fcu lyek us Hkh fjok;r fd;k
gS vkSj g+Eekn fcu lyek fld+g beke] ‘kS[kqy bLyke FksA cq[k+kjh o eqlfye
ds jkoh FksA ¼fl;js vkykeqUuqCyk 7@444 ½
nwljh ckr ;g gS fd eksg+Een fcu tkfcj fcu l¸;kj vydwQ+h ¼ ekSr %170
fg0½ dks vxjps ckt+ eksg+Ìslhu us t+bZQ + fy[kk gS ysfdu bCus gtj us mUgsa
lnwd+ fy[kk gS vkSj ;g fy[kk gS fd mudh fdrkcsa t+k;s gksus dh otg ls
g+kfQ+t+k ij ,rsekn djds vg+knhl c;ku djrs Fks fygkt+k bf[rykr okd+s
gksrk FkkA ysfdu vcw g+kfre jkt+h us mUgsa bCus yg+;k ij rjthg+ nh gSA
bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy us dgk% mudh g+nhl vgys flnd+ dh g+nhl ds
eq’kkcsg gSA Q+Yykl us dgk% lkysg+ gSaA ¼ afl;#y vkyke oUuqcyk 8@236 ½ v+ykbZ
us dgk fd fulbZ us mUgsa t+bZQ+ dgk ysfdu lqQ+;ku lkSjh vkSj lqfQ+;ku fcu
m,suk tSls tyhyqy d+nz eqg+Ìslhu us muls fjok;kr yh gSaA ¼ vyeq[ rsysrhu]
v+ykbZ 1@108 ½ t+gch us eksg+Een fcu tkfcj v+u g+Eekn v+u bczkghe dh lun
ls ckt+ lg+h v+g+knhl ft+Ø dh gSa muesa eksg+Een fcu tkfcj dh ;g g+nhl
Hkh gSA ¼eht+kuqy ,rsnky 3@496 ½
eksg+Een fcu tkfcj] vcwnkÅn o bCus ektk ds jkfo;ksa esa ls gSA
vxj eksg+Een fcu tkfcj dh ;g fjok;r fld+g eqrfd+u jkoh ds f[k+ykQ+
gksrh rks og rUgk ukd+kfcys gqTtr gksrh ysfdu bruh dlhj rknkn esa
fld+g jkfo;ksa us g+nhls bCus elÅn dks ejQwv+u ftØ fd;k gS ysgkt+k
eksg+Een fcu tkfcj dh fjok;rs etdwjg d+kfcys gqTtr gSA
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks ejQw lg+h gS vkSj ekSdwQ+
lgh Hkh ysgkt+k blls jQ+;s nSu u djus ij bfLrnyky cgjg+ky
nq#Lr gSA
gnhls bCus elÅn dh rsbZloha lun
bekess cSgd+h us Q+jek;k% gesa [k+cj nh vcwrkfgj vyQ+d+hg us]
mUgksaus dgk gesa [k+cj nh vcw g+kfen fcu fcyky us] mUgksaus dgk gesa
[k+cj nh eksg+Een fcu bLekbZy vjZg+eh us] og dgrs gSa gels g+nhl
 42

c;ku dh odh us] og lqQ+;ku ls] og v+kfle ;kuh bCus dqySc ls] og
v+CnqjZg+eku fcu vyvlon ls] og v+yd+ek ls] mUgksaus dgk gels
g+nhl c;ku dh v+CnqYykg ;kuh bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks us fd eSa t+:j rqEgsa jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh
uekt+ dh rjg+ uekt+ i<+krk gwaW dgk fd vki us uekt+ i<+h rks flQ+Z
,d ejrck vius gkFkksa dks mBk;kA
bl g+nhl ds reke jkoh fld+g gSaA
¼vLlquuqy dqcjk fyycSgsd+h [k0 2 iz0 112 ckc eYye ;t+dqfjjZQ+v+
bYyk bUnk bQ+frrkfg+LLkykr gnhl 2531½
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugksa ftlesa jlyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs
olYye dh uekt+ dk rjhd+k c;ku fd;k x;k gS fd vki flQ+Z rdchjs
rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;S nSu djrs Fks] flQ+Z bekess vcw g+uhQ+k us bldh fjok;r
ugha dh gS eSaus eq[krfyQ+ dqrqcs vg+knhl ds g+okys ls bldh 23 lunsa ft+Ø
dha tks lg+hg vkSj eksrcj gSaA fygkt+k ;g dguk fd g+nhls bCus elÅn
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ftlesa jQ+;s nSu u djus dk ft+Ø gS og flQ+Z vcw
g+uhQ+k us fjok;r dh gS] x+yr gSA
jQ+s;nSu u djus dh nwljh g+nhl
gnhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yyk rv+kyk v+Ugks ¼ekSr 72 fg0½
gt+jrs vcw g+uhQ+k Q+jekrs gSa fd bekess ‘kkch ;g Q+jekrs Fks fd eSaus
cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dks ;g Q+jekrs gq, lquk fd
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye tc uekt+ ‘kq: djrs Fks rks nksuksa
gkFkksa dks mBkdj vius nksuksa dka/kksa ds eqd+kfcy ys tkrs Fks vkSj lyke
Qsjus rd nksckjk vius gkFkksa dks ugha mBkrs FksA
¼bldh r[k+jht vcw uq,se us viuh eqlun iz0 156 esa dh gS] eqluns
vg+en 4@301] fulbZ 2@195] vcw nkÅn 1@281 gnhl 750] eqlUuQ+s bCus
vch ‘kSck 1@264] eqluns vcw ;kyk 4@295 g+nhl 1653½
Q+k;nk% lquus vcwnkÅn ds gkf’k;s es vgys g+nhl v+kfye ‘kS[k+
vyckuh us bls lg+h d+jkj fn;k gS vkSj vg+en ‘kkfdj us g+kf’k;s
 43

frjfet+h esa bls lg+h fy[kkA fulbZ ds gkf’k;s esa ‘kS[k+ x+Ìk us bls
lg+h fy[kkA
g+nhls et+dwj ls lkQ+ lkQ+ ekywe gks x;k fd jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r nksuksa gkFkksa dks
mBkrs Fks vkSj iwjh uekt+ esa fQj dgha nksuksa gkFkksa dks ugha mBkrs FksA
g+nhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh bluknh gSfl;r
bl g+nhl ds jkoh vkyk ntsZ ds fld+g] Q+d+hg] eksg+fÌl]
g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl] v+kfny vkSj dkfey g+kfQ+ts+ okys FksA fygkt+k bl
g+nhl dh lun ds lg+h gksus cfYd jQ+;s nSu ds lqcwr okyh reke
fjok;kr ls T+;knk lg+h gkus esa ‘kd ughaA
jkfo;ksa ds g+kykr eqykg+t+k djs%a &
g+nhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yyk rv+kyk v+Ugks ds igys jkoh
bekeqy eqg+Ìslhu oyQqd+gk bekes vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs v+ySg
¼ekSr% 150 fg0 ½%
vkids g+kykr fiNys lQ+g+kr esa g+nhl u0 1 ds rg+r rQ+lhy ds
lkFk eqykg+t+k Q+jek;s aA vki cbfRrQ+kd+s eksg+Ìslhu o ukd+ns hus g+nhl]
bekeqy eqg+Ìsl hu oy Qqd+gk] g+kfQ+tqygnhl] vkSj fld+g Fks vkSj fld+g
o g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl ls g+nhlsa fjok;r djus okys rkcsbZu esa ls FksA
g+nhls cjk bCus v+kft+c ds nwljs jkoh
v+kfej fcu v+Cnq’’kkch vcw v+ez ¼ekSr 109 fg0½%
bekess bCus fgCcku us rg+jhj Q+jek;k% v+kfej fcu ‘kjkg+hy vgys dwQ+k
esa ls Fks] mUgksua s Ms<+ lkS lg+kc;s fdjke ls vg+knhl lquh gSaA Q+d+hg o
‘kkbj Fks] 109 fg0 esa oQ+kr gqbZ vkSj ,d d+kSy ds eqrkfcd+ 105 fg0 vkSj
ckt+ d+kSy ds eqrkfcd+ 104 fg0 esa oQ+kr gqbZA ¼ vfLld+kr 5@185 ½ bekess
cq[k+kjh us Q+jek;k% ikapW lkS ;k mlls T+;knk lg+kck dk t+ekuk ik;kA
¼vRrkjh[kqy dchj] bdeky rgt+hcq deky [k0 7 iz0 173 ½
bekess bCus gtj v+ld+ykuh us Q+jek;k% bekess ‘kkch fld+g]
e’kgwj Q+d+hg] Q+kft+y FksA ¼vRrd+jhc rjtek% 3417½
 44

bekess t+gch dh ut+j esa% bekess t+gch us bekess ‘kkch dk ;g

d+kSy uD+y fd;k gS ^^eSaus ikap lkS lg+kc;s fdjke ls eqykd+kr dh gS
vkSj c;kt+ esa tks dqN Hkh eSaus fy[kk vkSj tks g+nhl Hkh lquh mls
vius g+kfQ+t+k esa eg+Qwt+ dj fy;k^^ ¼vydkf’kQ+ rjtek%2531½
bekess edgwy rkcsbZ us Q+jek;k% eSa ¼bekes edgwy½ us v+kfej ‘kkch
ls cM+k Q+d+hg ugha ns[kk vkSj ,d ¼rkcsbZ½ us dgk fd v+kfej ‘kkch
vius t+ekus esa ,sls Q+d+hg Fks tSls lg+kch;s jlwy gt+rjs bCus v+Cckl
jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks vius t+ekus esa Q+d+hg FksA ¼vydkf’kQ+ rjtek%2531½
gt+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks ¼oQkr% 72 fg0½
vki jlwys ikd lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye ds pghrs lg+kch FksA
t+kSd+s ftgkn dk ;g g+ky Fkk fd x+t+o;s cnz ds ekSd+s ij ukSmez gksrs
gq, ftgkn esa ‘kjhd gksus ds fy, eqtkfgnhu ds y’dj esa ‘kjhd gks
x, FksA vYykg ds jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us mudh
deluh dh cqfu;kn ij mUgsa okil Q+jek fn;k Fkk] ysfdu xt+o;s
mg+n esa ‘kjhd FksA
d+kjsbZus fdjke! Eqkykg+t+k Q+jek;k vkius fd g+t+jrs cjk bCus
v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh g+nhl esa lkQ+ fy[kk gqvk gS fd
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye uekt+ esa flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek
ds oD+r gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks vkSj iwjh uekt+ esa dgha Hkh gkFkksa dks ugha
mBkrs FksA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh ;g g+nhl lun ds ,rsckj ls cgqr
vkyk gSA
eksg+Ìslhus fdjke lun dh rd+fo;r dh otwg esa ;g Hkh ft+Ø djrs gSa
fd vxj fdlh g+nhl esa jkfo;ksa dh rknkn nwljh g+nhl ds jkfo;ksa ds
eqd+kcys esa de gks rks de jkfo;ksa okyh g+nhl dks cqyUn blukn dh cqfu;kn
ij T+;knk d+oh vkSj T+;knk lg+h dgk tkrk gSA g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c
jft+;Yykg v+Ugks dh g+nhls et+dwj ftlesa jQ+;s nSu u djus dk ft+Ø gS og
lun ds ,rsckj ls cgqr v+kyh ¼ cqyUn½ gSA D;ksfa d uch;s djhe lYyYykgks
 45

v+ySgs olYye dh ;g g+nhl bekess vcw g+uhQ+k rd flQ+Z nks okLrksa ls pgqarh
gSA ,d okLrk tyhyqyd+nz rkcsbZ] Q+d+hgs t+ekuk] ^^vius oD+r ds bCus
v+Cckl^^ bekess v+kfej ‘kkch dh lwjr esa gS vkSj nwljk okLrk tyhyqyd+nz
lg+kch;s jlwy] flrkj;s #’nks fgnk;r g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks
v+Ugks dk ukes ukeh gSA fygkt+k cqyUn blukn ds ,rsckj ls ;g g+nhl flQ+Z
nks okLrksa ls bekess vcw g+uhQ+k rd igqapus dh otg ls jQ+;s nSu djus dh
tqEyk vg+knhl tks vg+knhl dh fdrkcksa esa gSa] lcls vkyk ntsZ dh gS vkSj
rjthg+ dh nwljh otg dk fygkt+ fd;k tk, ;kuh jkfo;ksa ds ^rQ+Dd+ +ksg
fQ+Ìhu^ dk rks bl ,rsckj ls Hkh bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh ;g fjok;r cgqr d+oh
¼et+cwr½ gSA D;ksfa d bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh beker o rQ+Dd+ksg ij lc dk
bRrsQ+kd+ gS vkSj v+kfej ‘kkch dks rks btfrgkn o rQ+Dd+ksg esa vius t+ekus
dk ^bCus v+Cckl^ ekuk x;k gSA ekywe gqvk fd rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok
uekt+ esa dgha Hkh jQ+;s nSu u djus dh vg+knhl T+;knk vkyk ntsZ dh vkSj
T+;knk d+oh gSaA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh rhljh g+nhl
eqluns bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ¼ysvch uq,se½ ds g+okys ls gt+jrs cjk
bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh g+nhl xqt+jh] ftlls lkfcr gksrk
gS fd vYykg ds jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye uekt+ esa flQ+Z
rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA vc t+y S esa eqlUuQ+s bCus
vch ‘kSck ds g+okys ls g+nhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dks
ft+Ø dj jgs gSaA g+nhl ds vYQ+kt+ ;g gSa%&
g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks ls fjok;r gS fd uch;
djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye tc uekt+ ‘kq: djrs Fks rks nksuksa gkFkksa
dks mBkrs Fks fQj uekt+ ls Q+kfjx+ gksus rd gkFkksa dks ugha mBkrs FksA
¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck 1@213] ckcks eu dkuk ;jQ+v +ks ;nSgs Q+h vOoys
rdchjfru lqEek yk ;Ån] g+n hl 2440] lqu us vcw nkÅn g+n hl 749]750 ½
bl g+nhl dh lun ;g gS%&
^^gels g+nhl c;ku dh odh us og bCus vch ySyk ls og g+de ls
og bZlk ls og v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vch ySyk ls og cjk bCus v+kft+c ls^^
 46

bl lun ds reke jkoh fld+g gSaA

jQ+;s nSu u djus dh pkSFkh g+nhl
g+t+jrs vCnqYYkg bCus mej jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks us c;ku Q+jek;k
fd eSaus jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dks ns[kk gS fd vki
rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ¼rdchjs rg+jheg½ ds flok uekt+ esa dgha jQ+;s nSu
ugha djrs FksA
;g g+nhl eqLr[k+jts vcw v+okuk esa bl lun ds lkFk ejoh gS%
^^gels g+nhl c;ku dh v+CnqYykg bCus v¸;wc vy&e[k+jeh o lknku
fcu uLkz o ‘kq,sc fcu v+ez vk[k+sjhu us mUk lHkksa us dgk% gels g+nhl
c;ku dh lqQ+;ku fcu m,suk us] og tqgjh ls] og lkfye ls] og
vius okfyn ls] mUgksaus dgk fd eSaus jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs
olYye dks ns[kk] tc vki uekt+ ‘kq: djrs Fks rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks
mBkdj vius da/kksa ds eqd+kfcy ys tkrs Fks vkSj tc #dw esa tkrs ;k
#dw ls mBrs rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks ugha mBkrs FksA ¼ eqLr[k+jts vcw v+okuk
c;kus jQ+s;nSu Q+h b¶rsrkfg+Llykr 3@446] g+nhl 1251]1263 ½
g+nhls et+dwj dh lun lg+h gSA bldks bekess vcw v+okuk us lqQ+;ku
bCus m,suk rd ntZ t+yS pkj vlkuhn ds lkFk ft+Ø fd;k gSA
igyh lun% tks Åij fy[kh xbZ ¼lg+h vcw v+okuk [k0 2 iz0 90
eqLr[k+jt vcw v+okuk g+nhl 1251]1263½
nwljh lun% eqluns gq+enS h esa bekess cq[k+kjh ds mLrkt+ bekess
v+CnqYykg bCus tqcSj bCus bZlk vy&d+j’kh vy&gqeSnh ekSr 219 fg0
dh gSA ¼eqluns gqeSnh 1@515 gnhl 626½
eqluns gqeSnh dh fjok;r lun ds lkFk ;g gS%&
^^gqeSnh us dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh tqgjh us mUgksua s dgk eq>s
[k+cj nh lkfye fcu v+CnqYykg us og vius okfyn ls mUgksua s dg% eSaus
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dks ns[kk tc vkius uekt+ ‘kq: dh
rks vius nksuksa gkFkksa dks vius nksuksa ‘kkuksa ds cjkcj mBk;k vkSj tc #dw
esa tkus dk bjknk fd;k vkSj #dw ls vius lj dks mBkus dk bjknk fd;k
 47

rks vkius ¼gkFkksa dks½ ugha mBk;k vkSj nksuksa ltnksa ds njfe;ku ¼ ugha
mBk;k½A ¼eqluns gqe Sn h 1@515] g+n hl 626 ½
Ekkywe gqvk fd bekess cq[k+kjh ds mLrkt+ bekess gqeSnh dss ut+nhd
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh g+nhl lg+h eksrcj gSA
rhljh lun% bCus ogc vkSj vcqy d+kfle us ekfyd ls mUgksaus
bCus ‘kgkc ls mUgksua s lkfye ls mUgksua s vius okfyn ls ¼ fjok;r dh½
fd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye tc uekt+ ‘kq: Q+jekrs rks
vius nksuksa gkFkksa dks vius nksuksa dka/kksa ds cjkcj mBkrs FksA
¼vy&eqnOourqy dqcjk½
bl g+nhl esa Hkh flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oDr gkFk mBkus dk
ft+Ø gS] ckd+h txgksa esa ughaA
pkSFkh lun% bekess cq[k+kjh us tqT+, jQ+;s nSu esa cSgd+h] gkfde] frcjkuh
vkSj bCus vch ‘kSck us v+CnqYykg bCus mej v+CnqYykg bCus v+Cckl jft+;YYkgks
v+Ugqek nksuksa ls fjok;r fd;k gSA ckt+ us ejQ+vw +u vkSj ckt+ us ekSdwQ+u]
Q+jek;k%
^^flQ+Z lkr txgksa esa ¼crkSjs bcknr½ gkFk cqyUn fd;s tk;axsA
uekt+ ‘kq: djrs oD+r] cSrqYykg ‘kjhQ+ lkeus ns[krs oD+r] lQ+k o
ejok ij] v+jQ+kr es]a eqt+nysQ+k esa vkSj jfe;s ftekj ds oD+rA
¼vy&vklkj ysvch ;wlqQ+ ckcks b¶rsrkfg+Llykr 1@21] eqlUuQ+s bCus vch
‘kSck [k0 1 iz0 214 ckcks eu dkuk ;jQ+v+ks ;nSgs Q+h vOoys rdchjfru gnhl
2450] ulcqjZk;k 1@390½
eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck] lg+h bCus v+okuk vkSj eqluns gqeSnh dh
g+nhls et+dwj ls ekywe gqvk fd vYykg ds jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs
olYye vkSj vkids Q+d+hg lg+kch g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus mej vkSj
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugqek uekt+ esa flQ+Z
rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu djrs Fks vkSj g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus
mej jft+;YYkgks v+Ugks ls jQ+;s nSu ds lqcwr ij tks g+nhlsa eudwy gSa
og jQ+;s nSu ds lqUurs nk;ek] ykft+ek gksus ij nykyr ugha djrhaA
cfYd vYykg ds jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us igys dqN fnuksa
 48

rd jQ+;s nSu fd;k Fkk ckn esa NksM+ fn;kA tSlk fd g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg
bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us lg+kc;s fdjke ds lkeus
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ dk rjhd+k c;ku
djus ds fy;s uekt+ i<+dj fn[kk;k rks flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek esa
jQ+;s nSu fd;k vkSj #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r
jQ+;s nSu ugha fd;kA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh ikapoha g+nhl
bekess vcwnkÅn us lquus vcwnkÅn esa ,d muoku ;g d+k;e
Q+jek;k gS%^^ mldk c;ku ftlus g+nhl esa #dw ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu dk
ft+Ø ugha fd;k^^ bekess vcw nkÅn us bl muoku ds rg+r ;g
g+nhl ‘kjhQ+ ft+Ø dh gS%
gt+jrs vcwgjq Sjg jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks ls fjok;r gS fd mUgksau s
Q+jek;k% jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye tc uekt+ ‘kq: djrs
Fks rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks Åij mBkrs FksA bekess vcwnkÅn ds ut+nhd ;g
g+nhl lg+h gSA mUgksaus bldh lun esa dksbZ dyke ugha fd;k gSA bl
g+nhl esa jQ+;s nSu dk ft+Ø flQ+Z rdchj rg+jhek ds oD+r gSA ¼vcw
nkÅn 1@126] frjfet+h 1@33½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh NVh g+nhl
bekess vcwnkÅn o frjfet+h us r[k+jht dh gS% g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg
bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks usa Q+jek;k fd fd;k eSa rqe dks
jlwyqYykg lYYkYygks v+ySgs olYy dh uekt+ dh rjg+ uekt+ i<+dj
u crkÅaW\ fQj mUgksaus uekt+ i<+h vkSj flQ+Z ,d ejrck ¼rdchjs
rg+jhek ds oD+r½ nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBk;kA ¼lquus vcw nkÅn g+nhl 794]
tkes;s + frjfet+h g+nhl 257] fulbZ g+nhl 1026½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh lkroha g+nhl
bekess fulbZ us r[k+jht dh gS% g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugksa ls fjok;r gS mUgksaus Q+jek;k% D;k eSa rqedks
uch;s djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ i<+dj u crkÅaW]
fQj mUgksua s uekt+ i<+h rks flQ+Z ,d ckj nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBk;kA ;g
 49

g+nhl vkyk ntsZ dh lg+h gS D;ksfa d bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs

v+ySgs dks ftl lun ds lkFk feyh gS og vkyk ntsZ dh lg+h gS vkSj
bekess fulbZ dh lun ds lkFk ;g g+nhl g+lu gSA ¼ vLlquuqy dqcjk
fyUulbZ 1@132 g+nhl u0 645½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh vkBoha g+nhl
eqluns vcw ;kyk dh fjok;r lun ds lkFk ntZ gS%
g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks us Q+jek;k fd jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye tc uekt+ ‘kq: Q+jekrs rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks lj dh
rjQ+ mBkrs Fks fQj nksckjk ugha mBkrs FksA ¼ eql uns vcw ;kyk vy&ewlyh 4@259
g+nhl u0 1654 ½
eqluns vcw ;kyk esa g+nhls et+dwj ntZ t+y S lunksa ds lkFk Hkh
ejoh gSA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh uoha g+nhl
g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks ls ejoh gS fd eSaus
jlqyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dks ns[kk tc vkius uekt+ ds
fy, rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ dgh rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks nksuksa dkuksa ds eqd+kfcy
ys x;s fQj nksckjk iwjh uekt+ esa ,slk ugha fd;kA ¼ eqluns vcw ;kyk
vy&ewlyh g+nhl u0 1655½
jQ+S lnSu u djus dh nloha g+nhl
g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c us Q+jek;k fd eSaus jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks
v+ySgs olYye dks ns[kk vkius uekt+ ‘kq: djrs oD+r nksuksa gkFkksa dks
mBk;k ;gka rd fd eSaus ns[kk vkids nksuksa vaxwBs dkuksa ds d+jhc Fks
fQj nksckjk gkFkksa dks ugha mBk;kA ¼eqluns vcw ;kyk g+nhl u0 1656]
dUtqy mEeky g+nhl u0 36408½
jQ+S lnSu u djus dh X;kjgoha g+nhl
;gh g+nhl lquus vcw nkÅn esa bl rjg+ gS% gels g+nhl c;ku dh
eksg+Een fcu lckg+ vy&cT+t+kt+ us mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh
‘kqjSd us og ;t+hn fcu vch ft+;kn ls og v+CnqjZg+eku fcu vch ySyk ls
 50

og cjk ls fd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye tc uekt+ ‘kq:

Q+jekrs Fks rks vius nksuksa gkFkksa dks vius nksuksa dkuksa ds d+jhc rd mBkrs
Fks fQj ugha mBkrs FksA ¼lquus vcw nkÅn] mu yksxksa dk c;ku ftUgksua s #dw ds
oD+r jQ+;s nSu dk ft+Ø ugha fd;k [k0 1 iz0 191] g+n hl u0 749 ½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh ckjgoha g+nhl
;gh g+nhl lquus nkjs dqRuh esa bl rjg+ gS%
gels g+nhl c;ku dh vg+en bCus v+yh bCus v+yk us mUgksua s dgk
gels g+nhl c;ku dh vcqy v’kv+l us mUgksaus dgk gels g+nhl
c;ku dh eksg+Een fcu cØ us mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh
‘kksck us og ;t+hn bCus vch ft+;kn ls mUgksaus dgk fd eSaus
v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vch ySyk dks ;g dgrs gq, lquk fd cjk bCus v+kft+c
jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks us bl etfyl esa ,d tekv+r ds lkeus g+nhl
c;ku dh] ogka g+t+jrs dv+c fcu v+tjk Hkh Fks mUgksua s Q+jek;k fd eSaus
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dks ns[kk fd vkius uekt+ ‘kq:
djrs oD+r igyh rdchj esa nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBk;kA
eqluns vcw ;kyk] vcw nkÅn vkSj nkj dqRuh dh lun ds lkFk
g+nhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;YYkkgks v+Ugks g+lu gS vkSj g+t+jrs bekess
vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs dh lun ds lkFk vkyk ntsZ dh lg+h
gSA bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs dks g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c
jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh g+nhl flQ+Z ,d okLrs ;kuh g+t+jrs v+kfej ‘kkch
ls feyh gS vkSj v+kfej ‘kkch ds fld+g vkSj g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl gksus esa
fdlh dks dqN dyke ughaA mUgksaus Ms<+ lkS lg+kc;s fdjke ls
vg+knhl lquh FkhaA fygkt+k g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks
dh g+nhl bekess vkt+e ds ut+nhd vkyk ntsZ dh lg+h gSA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh rsjgoha g+nhl
nkjs dqRuh us g+nhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk vUgks dks
bl rjg+ ft+Ø fd;k gS%
gels g+nhl c;ku dh ;g+;k fcu eksg+Een fcu lkbn us mUgksua s dgk
gels g+nhl c;ku dh eksg+Een fcu lqySeku fcu yksbZ us mUgksua s dgk gels
 51

g+nhl c;ku dh bLekbZy fcu t+d fj¸;k us mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku
dh ;t+hn fcu vch ft+;kn us og v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vch ySyk ls og cjk ls
fd mUgksua s jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dks ns[kk tc vkius uekt+
‘kq: dh rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks Åij mBkdj nksuksa dka/kksa ds eqd+kfcy ys vk, fQj
iwjh uekt+ esa dgha ij nksckjk ,slk ugha fd;k] ;gka rd fd uekt+ ls Q+kfjx+
gks x;s A ¼lquus nkj dqRuh 3@353 g+nhl u0 1139 ½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh pkS/koha g+nhl
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;YYkgks v+Ugks dks eqluns bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
esa ,d vkSj lun ls ft+Ø fd;k gS] og ;g gS% vcw g+uhQ+k us g+Eekn
ls mUgksaus bczkghe vkSj vlon ls fjok;r dh fd g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg
bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks flQ+Z igyh rdchj es nksuksa gkFk
mBkrs Fks vkSj blds flok uekt+ esa dgha gkFk ugha mBkrs Fks vkSj bl
Q+ys dks og jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye ds g+okys ls c;ku
Q+jekrs FksA ¼eqluns bekess vcw g+uhQk+ cfjok;rs vcw uq,se 355½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh ianjgoha g+nhl
g+t+jrs v+Cckn bCus tqcSj dh lg+h eqjly g+nhl esa gS fd
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye tc uekt+ ‘kq: Q+jekrs Fks rks
uekt+ ds ‘kq: esa nksuksa gkFk mBkrs Fks fQj dgha ugha mBkrs Fks] ;gka
rd fd uekt+ ls Q+kfjx+ gks tkrs FksA ;g g+nhl vxjps eqjly gS
ysfdu lg+h eksrcj gS] nwljh vg+knhl bldh rkbZn Hkh djrh gSaA
¼ulcqjZk;k bekess t+yS bZ 1@404½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dk lqcwr flg+kgs+ flRrk dh vg+knhl ls
lg+h eqlfye] vcw nkÅn] frjfet+h vkSj fulbZ dh g+nhlksa esa lkQ+
y¶+t+ksa ds lkFk uekt+ esa ldwu ls jgus dk gqDe fn;k x;k gSA ;kuh
rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok nwljs ed+kekr elyu #dw esa tkrs] #dw ls
mBrs] ltns esa tkrs vkSj ltns ls mBrs oD+r ;kuh tgka&tgka
vYykgq vdcj dgk tkrk gS ogka nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBkus ls jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us euk Q+jek;k gSA
 52

tc rd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us vius lg+kck dks uekt+

esa jQ+;s nSu djus ls euk ugha Q+jek;k Fkk ml oDr rd og jQ+;s nSu djrs
FksA tSlk fd eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck dh fjok;r 2432 esa g+t+jrs g+lu cljh
dh fjok;r ls gS fd uch;s djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye ds vlg+kc
viuh uekt+ksa esa #dw djrs oD+r bl rjg+ vius gkFkksa dks mBkrs xks;k og
ia[ks gksAa blls b’kkjg feyrk gS fd tc vkkius gkFkksa dks ?kksM+ksa dh nqe dh
rjg+ fgykus ls euk Q+jek;k vkSj uekt+ esa ldwu ls jgus dk gqDe fn;k rks
lg+kc;s fdjke us jQ+s lnSu rdZ dj fn;kA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh lksygoha g+nhl
lg+h eqfLye esa g+t+jrs tkfcj fcu leqjg jft+;YYkgks v+Ugks dh
fjok;r ds vYQ+kt+ gSa% gekjs ikl jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs
olYye vk;s ¼vkSj ge jQ+s;nSu djds uekt+ i<+ jgs Fks½ rks vkius
Q+jek;k% D;k ckr gS\ eSa rqEgsa ns[k jgk gwaW rqe vius gkFkksa dks ,sls
mBkrs gks tSls og csd+jkj ?kksM+ksa dh nqe gks]a uekt+ esa lqdwu bf[+r;kj
djksA ¼lg+h eqlfye ckcqy vez fcLldwu fQ+Llykr] ckc 72] g+nhl u0 996½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh lrjgoha g+nhl
;gh fjok;r g+t+jrs tkfcj fcu leqjg jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks ls
vcwnkÅn esa bu vyQ+kt+ ds lkFk gS% gekjs ikl jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye vk;s ] vkSj yksx vius gkFkksa dks mBk;s
gq, Fks] tqgSj dgrs gSa fd esjk [+;ky ;g gS fd vke’k us ;g dgk fd
uekt+ dh g+kyr esa yksx vius gkFk mBk;s gq, Fks rks jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us Q+jek;k% D;k otg gS\ eSa ns[k jgk gwaW
fd rqe csd+jkj ?kksM+ksa dh nqe dh rjg+ vius gkFkksa dks mBkrs gks]
uekt+ esa lqdwu ls jgksA ¼lquus vcwnkÅn ckc fQ+Llyke g+nhl u0 1002]
fulbZ g+nhl u0 1193½
flg+kgs+ flRrk dh g+nhls et+dwj ls lkQ+ ekywe gqvk fd uekt+ esa
lqdwu ls jguk pkfg, vkSj rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok fdlh vkSj txg
gkFkksa dks u mBkuk pkfg,] D;ksfa d blls uekt+ esa lqdwu cjd+jkj ugha
jgrkA lyke ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu ls gqtj+w lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye
 53

dk euk Q+jekuk lg+h g+nhl ls lkfcr gS vkSj bldh otg uch;s

djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us [kqn ^^lqdwu bf[+r;kj djks^^ dg
dj c;ku Q+jekbZA blls mu vg+knhl dks rkbZn g+kfly gksrh gS
ftuesa rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds flok nwljh txg jQ+;s nSu ls euk fd;k
x;k gS D;ksfa d ;gkaW Hkh lqdwu dh otg gh ed+lwn gS] tks ckj&ckj
jQ+;s nSu djus ls Q+kSr gks tkrk gSA
g+t+jrs tkfcj fcu leqjg jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh g+nhls et+dwj esa
b¶rsrkg+ ds v+ykog uekt+ esa fdlh Hkh g+kyr esa jQ+;s nSu u djus
vkSj uekt+ esa lqdwu cjd+jkj j[kus dk gqDe gSA pqukaWps g+nhls tkfcj
fcu leqjg jft+;Yykg v+Ugks ds vyQ+kt+ esa x+kSj fd;k tk, rks ekywe
gksrk gS fd fdlh ekSd+s ij jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us
ckt+ lg+ck dks lyke ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu djrs gq, ns[kk rks mlls euk
Q+jek;k vkSj Q+jek;k fd lyke ds oD+r gkFk u mBkvks] cfYd vius
lkFkh dh rjQ+ eqM+dj lyke dg nks] gkFk ls b’kkjg u djksA
bldh ot+kg+r g+nhl ds bl VqdM+s ls gkrh gS% tc dksbZ lyke Qsjs rks
vius vlg+kc dh rjQ+ #[k+ djs vkSj gkFk ls b’kkjg u djsA g+t+jr tkfcj
jft+;YYkgks v+Ugks dh fjok;r ds vyQ+kt+ ;g Hkh gSa% rqeesa ls gj ,d dks
dkQ+h gS fd vius gkFk viuh jkuksa ij j[ks fQj vius nk,a vkSj ck,a rjQ+
okys HkkbZ ij lyke djsA
g+nhls et+dwj ds ;g nksuksa VqdM+s okt+gs + dj jgs gSa fd uekt+ esa
lyke ds oD+r gkFkksa ls b’kkjg ugha djuk gSA
uekt+ esa jQ+;
s nSu u djus cfYd lqdwu
bf[+r;kj djus dk gqDe
vc t+jk g+t+jrs tkfcj fcu leqjg jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh
mu fjok;kr ds vyQ+kt+ esa x+kSj djsa ftuesa lyke dk ft+Ø ugha
cfYd rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds flok dgha jQ+;s nSu u djus vkSj uekt+ esa
lqdwu ls jgus dk gqDe fn;k x;k gSA
 54

g+t+jrs tkfcj jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh fjok;kr

jQ+;s nSu u djus dh vVBkjgoha g+nhl
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us Q+jek;k% D;k otg gS eSa
rqEgsa ns[krk gwWa fd rqe vius gkFkksa dks mBkrs gks ,sls tSls csd+jkj ?kksM+ s nqe
fgykrs gSa] uekt+ esa lqdwu ls jgksA ¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck 2@370 ½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh mUuhloha g+nhl
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye efLtn esa nkf[k+y gq, rks
ns[kk fd yksx uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu dj jgs gSa rks vkius Q+jek;k% bUgsa
D;k gqvk gS! fd vius gkFkksa dks ,sls mBkrs gSa tSls og csd+jkj ?kksM+ksa
dh nqe gks]a uekt+ esa lqdwu bf[+r;kj djksA ¼eqlUuQ+s v+CnqjZTt+ +kd+ 2@252]
g+nhl u0 3252½
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh chloha g+nhl
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye gekjs ¼ g+t +jrs tkfcj vkSj lg+kc;s
fdjke jft+;Yykgks v+Ugqe d s½ ikl r’kjhQ+ yk, vkSj ge uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu
dj jgs Fks] vkius Q+je;k% bUgsa D;k gqvk gS] uekt+ esa gkFkksa dks ,slS mBkrs
gSa tSls og csd+jkj ?kksM+ksa dh nqe gks]a uekt+ esa lqdwu j[kksA ¼ avLlquuqy
dqcjk fyUulbZ 1@197] ckcqy vez fcLlqdw u fQ+Llykr½
bekess fulbZ us bl g+nhl ds ckn ^^uekt+ esa dyke dh #[k+lr^^ dk
ckc d+k;e Q+jek;k gSA blls igys ^^uekt+ esa lqdwu ds gqDe dk^^ ckc
d+k;e Q+jek;k gSA blls b’kkjk feyrk gS fd ftl rjg+ bfCrnk esa uekt+
ds vUnj dyke dh #[k+l r Fkh ckn esa uekt+ esa dyke ls euk dj fn;k
x;k blh rjg+ vkag+t+jr lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us bCrsnkvu uekt+
esa rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds v+ykog ckt+ txgksa ij jQ+;s nSu Q+jek;k Fkk
ysfdu ckn esa blls euk Q+jek fn;k FkkA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh bDdhloha g+nhl
uch;s djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye efLtn esa nkf[k+y gq,
yksxksa dks jQ+;s nSu djrs gq, ns[kk rks Q+jek;k% bUgsa D;k gqvk gS fd
 55

uekt+ esa vius gkFkksa dks cs d+jkj ?kksM+ksa dh nqe dh rjg+ mBk jgs gSa]
uekt+ esa lqdwu ls jgksA ¼vyekste fyfRrcjkuh 2@284] g+nhl 1709]1797½
t+y
S esa ge ,d btekyh Q+gs fjLr ntZ djrs gSa fd fdruh dqrcq s
vg+knhl esa lyke ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu u djus vkSj fdruh dqrcq s
vg+knhl esa rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok eqryd+u uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu u
djus cfYd lqdwu ds lkFk uekt+ vnk djus dk ft+Ø gSA eqykg+t+k
Q+jek;s a%&
og dqrqcs vg+knhl ftuesa rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok eqryd+u
uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu ls euk Q+jek;k gSA
1- eqlUuQsa bCus vch ‘kSck [k0 2 iz0 370
2- eqlUuQ+s v+CnqjZT+t+kd+ [k0 6 iz0 252 g+nhl u0 3252
3- vLlquuqy dqcjk fyUulbZ [k0 iz0 197 g+nhl u0 552] 1107
4- vyeksteqy dchj fyfRrcjkuh [k0 2 iz0 284 g+nhl u0 1795]
1797] 1798] 1800] 1801] 1822
5- eqLr[+kjt vch v+okuk [k0 3 iz0 425 g+nhl 1233] 1825] 1826]
1827] 1828
6- eqluns vch ;kyk [k0 15 iz0 280 g+nhl u0 7306] 7314
7- lg+h bCus fg+Ccku [k0 8 iz0 246 ckc flQ+frLlykr g+nhl u0
1878] 1879] 1910] 1911
8- eqluns vRr;kylh [k0 2 iz0 362 g+nhl u0 815
9- eqf’dyqy vklkj fyRrg+koh [k0 13 iz 137 g+nhl u0 5178
10-tkesmy vg+knhl [k0 19 g+nhl u0 20281
11-vLlquuqy dqcjk fyycSgd+h [k02 iz0 362 ckcqy [kq’kw fQ+Llykr
g+nhl u0 3335] 3336] 3661] 3663
12- lg+hg+ eqfLye ckcqy vez fcLldwu fQ+Llykr g+nhl u0 996]
119]
13-lquus vcw nkÅn [k0 3 iz0 333 g+nhl u0 1002
14- eqluns vg+en g+nhl u0 21447] 21550] 21554] 21619
 56

og dqrqcs vg+knhl ftuesa lyke ds oD+r jQ+a ;nSu ls euk

fd;k x;k gSA
1- vLlquuqy dqcjk fyUulbZ [k01 iz0 354 g+nhl u0 1108
2- lg+hg+ bCus fg+Ccku [k0 5 iz0 198 g+nhl u0 119
eSaus dqrcq s vg+knhl esa g+t+jrs tkfcj fcu leqjg jft+;Yykgksa
rv+kyk v+Ukgks dh g+nhls et+dwj dks ryk’k fd;k rks 14 dqrcq s
vg+knhl esa g+nhls et+dwj esa rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok eqryd+u uekt+
esa jQ+;s nSu u djus vkSj ldwu bf[r;kj djus dk ft+Ø gSA ysfdu
lyke ds oD+r dh d+nS ds lkFk jQ+;s nSu u djus dh ljkg+r nks
fdrkcksa esa eq>s feyhA
g+t+jr tkfcj jft;Yykgks v+Ugks dh g+nhl esa jQ+;s nSu u djus vkSj
uekt+ esa lqdwu ls jgus dk gqDe ;g b’kkjg dj jgk gS fd jQ+;s nSu
djus dk gqDe eUlw[k+ gks pqdk gSA bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs
v+ySgs ds ut+nhd og reke vg+knhl ftuesa jQ+;s nSu djus dk ft+Ø gS
vxjps muesa dqN vg+knhl lg+hg+ gSa fQj Hkh blfy, d+kfcys v+ey ugha
fd og jQ+;s nSu u djus dh vg+knhl ds eqd+kcys esa eUlw[k+ o ejtwg+ gSaA
blfy, mUgksua s jQ+;s nSu djus dh vg+knhl dks d+kfcys v+ey ugha le>kA
cjf[k+ykQ+ bekess ‘kkQ+bZ jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs ds fd muds ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu
djus dh vg+knhl T+;knk jktsg+ gSa og ejtwg+ ;k eUlw[k+ ughaA blfy,
mUgksaus jQ+;s nSu okyh vg+knhl ij v+ey fd;kA ysfdu bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z us
jQ+;s nSu u djus ij bekess vkt+e bcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs v+ySg ij
eq[k+kyQ+rs g+nhl dk byt+ke ugha yxk;k] u gh jQ+;s nSu djus okyksa dks
cqjk Hkyk dgkA ysfdu fQ+jd+;s x+jS eqd+Yysnhu ¼ ogkfc;g½ tks [kqn dks
vgys g+nhl dgrk gS og u tkus D;ksa bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k
jg+erqYykgs v+ySg dks yku&rku djrk gS vkSj muij lg+hg+ g+nhl dh
eq[k+kyQ+r djus dk byt+ke yxkrk gSA g+kykafd bekess vcw g+uhQ+k rkcsbZ
gSaA mudk eqRrcs;s lqUur gksuk vkSj mudk tqgnks rd+ok eqlYye gSA
mUgsa tEgwjs eqg+Ìslhu us fld+g g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl dgk gSA vki bekess
cq[k+kjh ds mLrkt+ ds mLrkt+ bekess bCus eqckjd ds mLrkt+ gSaA vkids
 57

ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu u djus ds lqcwr ij lg+hg+ vg+knhl ekstwn gSaA fygkt+k
vki ij eq[k+kyQ+rs g+nhl dk byt+ke yxkuk ;k rks ftgkyr gS ;k
buknks gV/kjehA vYykg rv+kyk fQ+jd+;s ogkfc;k [k+okfjts t+ekuk dks
fgnk;r ulhc Q+jek;s A vkehuA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh ckbloha g+nhl
eksg+Een fcu v+ez bCus v+rk lg+kc;s fdjke dh ,d tekv+r ds lkFk cSBs
gq, Fks ogka uch;s djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ dk rt+fdjk
gqvk rks lg+kfc;s jlwy g+t+jrs vcw gqeSn lkbnh jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us
Q+jek;k fd eSa rqeesa lcls T+;knk vYykg ds jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye
dh uekt+ dks ;kn j[kus okyk gwWaA fQj vcw gqeSn lkbnh jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks us
Q+jek;k fd eSaus vkag+t+jr lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dks uekt+ i<+rs gq, ns[kk
vki rdchjs rg+jhek dgrs oDr nksuksa gkFkksa dks nksuksa ‘kkuksa ds eqd+kfcy ys x;s
vkSj tc #dw fd;k rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks vius nksuksa ?kqVuksa ij tek fn;k fQj
viuh iq’r dks >qdk fn;k] #dw ls lj mBk;k rks lh/ks [kM+s gks x;s vkSj gÏh
dk gj tksM+ viuh txg vk x;kA fQj ltnk fd;k rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks t+ehu
ij j[kk] gkFkksa dks fcNk;k ugha] nksuksa gkFkksa dks igyw ls vyx j[kk] nksuksa
d+neksa dh maxfy;ksa dks fd+cyk dh rjQ+ j[kk] fQj tc nks jdv+r ij cSBs rks
ck;s a iSj ij cSBs vkSj nkfgus dks [kM+k fd;kA ¼ cq[k+kjh ckcks lqUufry tqywl
fQ+Rr’kggqn [k0 1 iz0 165 g+nhl u0 828 ½
lg+kch;s jlwy g+t+jrs vcw gqeSn lkbnh jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks us ,d
tekv+rs lg+kc;s fdjke dks eqroTtsg djrs gq, iwjs ,grseke ds lkFk
jlwys vdje lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ dk rjhd+k crk;k
fd vkag+t+jr lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds
oD+r gkFkksa dks mBk;kA #dw esa tkrs oD+r #dw ls mBrs oD+r gkFkksa ds
mBkus dk ft+Ø ugha Q+jek;kA ,d tekv+rs lg+kcg ds lkeus g+t+jrs
vcw gqeSn lkbnh jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dk ;g Q+jekuk fd eSa
rqeesa lcls T+;knk vYykg ds jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh
uekt+ dks ;kn j[kus okyk gwaW vkSj fQj mudk flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek
ds oD+r gqtwj lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye ds jQ+;s nSu dks ft+Ø djuk
 58

vkSj lg+kc;s fdjke dh tekv+r dk ml oD+r [k+keks’k jguk D;k bl

ckr dh et+cwr nyhu ugha fd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye
dh uekt+ dk rjhd+k ;gh Fkk fd vki flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r
jQ+;s nSu Q+jekrs Fks\
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh rsbloha g+nhl
bCus vch ‘kSck us Q+jek;k% gels g+nhl c;ku dh bCus bnjhl us
mUgksaus v+kfle fcu dqySc ls mUgksaus vius okfyn ls mUgksaus g+t+jrs
okby fcu g+tj jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks ls mUgksua s Q+jek;k% eSa enhuk vk;k
rks eSaus dgk eSa t+:j uch;s djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh
uekt+ ns[kwxa k] mUgksaus Q+jek;k fd gqtwj lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us
rdchj dgh vkSj nksuksa gkFkksa dks mB;k eSuas vkids vaxwBs dks vkids
nksuksa dkuksa ds d+jhc ns[kkA ¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck 1@1214] g+nhl u0
2410½ lquus vcw nkÅn esa Hkh g+t+jr okby dh fjok;r gS] mlesa
uch;s djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ dk rjhd+k ft+Ø
djrs gq, flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu dk ft+Ø gSA ¼ vcw
nkÅn 1@193½
g+t+jrs okby bCus g+tj jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh bl g+nhl esa flQ+Z
rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us
jQ+;s nSu Q+jek;kA blds v+ykok dgha jQ+;s nSu djuk lkfcr gksrk rks
g+t+jr okby fcu g+tj jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks t+:j c;ku djrsA
D;ksfa d og vkaWg+t+jr lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye ds jQ+;s nSu dks ,grseke
ds lkFk c;ku dj jgs gSa] vkSj mlwy ;g gS fd fdlh pht++ dks c;ku
djus dh txg ij c;ku u djuk mlds u gksus dh nyhy gSA fygkt+k
bl g+nhl es rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds flok uekt+ ds nwljs ed+kekr esa
jQ+;s nSu dk ft+Ø u djuk jQ+;s nSu ds lkfcr u gksus dh nyhy gSA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh pkSchloha g+nhl
gels g+nhl c;ku dh vcwcØ fcu vch ‘kSck us] mUgksua s dgk gels
g+nhl c;ku dh v+cng bCus lqySeku us] mUgksua s g+kfjlk bCus vfcjZt ky ls]
mUgksua s v+ejg ls] mUgksua s Q+jek;k fd eSaus g+t+jrs v+kb’kk jft+;Yykgks v+Ugk ls
 59

iwNk fd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye uekt+ fdl rjg+ i<+rs Fks\
mUgksua s tokc fn;k% tc vki oqtw Q+jekrs rks viuk gkFk cjru esa Mkyrs]
fcfLeYykg i<+rs vkSj iwjk oqtw Q+jekrs] fQj fd+cyk dh rjQ+ eqag djds [kM+s
gksrs] rdchjs rg+jhek dgrs oD+r da/kksa rd nksuksa gkFk mBkrs] fQj #dw djrs
oD+r vius gkFkksa dks ?kqBus ij j[krs vkSj gkFkksa dks QSykrs] fQj lj mBkrs rks
ihB viuh txg ij vk tkrhA rqEgkjs bl d+;ke ls dqN yEck d+;ke gksrk
Fkk] fQj ltnk djrsA ¼lquus bCus ektk 1@75 ½
g+t+jrs v+kb’kk flÌhd+k jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugk ls gqtwj uch;s
djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ dk rjhd+k iwNs tkus ij
vkius uekt+ dk rjhd+k crk;k rks flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r
jQ+;s nSu dk ft+Ø Q+jek;kA vxj x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu ds dgus ds
eqrkfcd+ #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu t+:jh
gksrk rks g+t+jrs v+kb’kk flÌhd+k jft+;YYkgks rv+kyk v+Ugk mldks t+:j
c;ku Q+jekrhaA
luns gnhl%
g+nhls et+dwj dh lun g+lu gSA blds reke jkoh fld+g lnwd+
gSaA bCus bch ‘kSck cq[k+kjh] eqfYle ds mLrkt+ gSa] vcng bCus lqySeku
flg+kg+s flRrk ds jkoh gSa] g+kfjlk bCus vfcjZtky ds lnwd+ o v+kfny
gksus esa fdlh dk bf[+rykQ+ ugha] ckt+ ukd+ns hus g+nhl us muds
g+kfQ+t+k esa dyke fd;k gSA g+kfde us Q+jek;k fd bekess ekfyd
g+kfjlk ls jkt+h ugha Fks ysfdu muds eqv+kfljhu vbEe;s g+nhl muls
jkt+h FksA
bCus lv+n us fy[kk gS%
^^g+kfjlk bcknr xqt+kj vkSj lkfg+cs fjok;r FksA enhus esa 148 fg0
esa oQ+kr ikbZ] d+yhyqyg+nhl Fks ysfdu lcr ¼et+crw ½ FksA
bekess frjfet+h vkSj vcw v+yh rkslh us mudh g+nhl r[k+jht
djus ds ckn fy[kk gS% muds g+kfQ+t+k esa dyke fd;k x;k gSA
b+tyh us dgk% muesa dksbZ ,sc+ ughaA ¼bdeky rgt+hcqydeky
3@334½
 60

bekess cq[k+kjh vkSj ckt+ eksg+Ìls hu us mUgsa equfd#y g+nhl fy[kk

gSA bldk ;g eryc ugha fd g+kfjlk bCus vfcjZtky dh dksbZ
fjok;r ed+cwy ughaA mudh ckt+ fjok;kr equdj gSa vkSj fdlh jkoh
dh ckt+ fjok;kr equdj gksus ls mldh gj fjok;r dk uked+cwy
gksuk ykft+e ughaA
v+ejg fcUrs v+CnqjZg+eku bCus lkn valkfj;g ¼oQ+kr% 98 ;k 106 fg0½
g+t+jrs v+kb’kk jft+;Yykg rv+kyk v+Ugk dh ijojng vkSj mudh
fryeht+ Fkha] enuh Q+d+hg [k+krwu FkhaA muds okfyn lg+kch vkSj nknk
vdkfcjs lg+ck esa ls FksA bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k% ^^fld+g] gqTtr]
dlh#y bYe vkSj [k+jS okyh FkhaA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh iPphloha g+nhl
bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy us Q+jek;k% gels g+nhl c;ku dh vcqUuT+kz
us] mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh v+Cnqy g+ehn bCus cgjke Q+t+kjh
us] mUgksua s ‘kgj fcu g+kS’kc ls] mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh
v+CnqjZg+eku bCus x+ue us fd vcw ekfyd v’kv+jh jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks us
viuh d+kSe ¼v’kv+jh½ dks tek djds Q+jek;k% v’kv+fj;ks! tek gks tkvks
vkSj viuh vkSjrksa vkSj cPpksa dks Hkh tek dj yks rkfd eS a rqEgsa uch;s
djhe lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ crkÅaW tks vkag+t+jr
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye gesa enhu;s equOojg esa i<+k;k djrs FksA
lcls igys ejnksa us lQ+ cka/kh] fQj cPpksa us] fQj vksjrksa us] fQj fdlh
uekt+ ds fy, bd+ker dgh xbZA vki lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye uekt+
i<+kus ds fy, vkxs c<+]s rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu fd;k] fQj
lwj;s Q+krsg+k vkSj ,d lwjr vkfgLrk i<+h] fQj rdchj dgdj #dw fd;k
vkSj ^lqcg+ku o csg+efngh^ rhu ckj dgk] fQj ^lesv+Yykgks yseu g+esng^
dgdj lh/ks [kM+s gks x;s A fQj rdchj dgdj ltnk fd;k] fQj
rdchj dgdj [kM+s gq,A vkidh rdchjsa igyh jdv+r esa N% gks xbZaA
tc nwljh jdv+r ds fy, [kM+s gq, rks rdchj dghA tc uekt+ i<+ pqds
rks yksxksa dh rjQ+ eqag djds Q+jek;k% esjh rdchjksa dks ;kn dj yks vkSj
esjs #dw o lqtwn dks lh[k yksA ;g g+t+jrs jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs
 61

olYye dh fnu dh uekt+ gS tks vkius gesa i<+kbZ FkhA ¼ eqluns vg+en
5@112 ½
g+t+jrs vcw ekfyd v’kv+jh jft+;Yykg rv+kyk v+Ugks us viuh
d+kse dks tek djds iwjs ,grseke ds lkFk jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks
v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ dk rjhd+k c;ku Q+jek;kA vxj vki
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ ds rjhd+s esa jQ+;s nSu crkSjs
nkbeh lqUur lkfcr gksrk rks g+t+jrs vcw ekfyd v’kv+jh jft+;Yykg
rv+kyk v+Ugks mldks t+:j djds fn[kkrsA
luns g+nhl% g+nhls et+dwj dh lun lg+hg+ gSA
g+nhls et+dwj ds jkfo;ksa ds g+kykr
vcqUuT+kz blg+kd+ fcu bczkghe ¼oQ+kr% 237 fg0 ½% cq[k+kjh] vcwnkÅn vkSj
fulbZ ds jkoh gSaA fld+g lnwd+ gSaA v+Cnqy g+ehn bCus cgjke Q+t+kjh enkbuh]
‘kgj fcu gkS’kc ds ‘kkfxnZ gSaA bekess nkÅn ox+jS g us bUgsa fld+g dgkA
;g+;k fcu ebZu us fld+g dgkA fulbZ us dgk% buesa dksbZ ,sc ughaA
vcwg+kfre us dgk% ‘kgj fcu g+kS’kc ls mudh vg+knhl lg+h gSaA bekess vg+en
bCus g+Ecy us Q+jek;k% ‘kgj fcu g+kS’kc dh fjok;r esa og eqd+kjscqy g+nhl
¼ed+cwy½ gSaA t+gch us dgk% ‘kgj fcu g+kS’kc us ,d mEng uqL[k+ ;s vg+knhl
dk flek fd;k gSA ¼fl;js vkykeqUuqcyk 7@334 ½
‘kgj fcu g+kS’kc% ¼oQ+kr% 112 fg0½% vdkfcjs rkcsbZu esa ls FksA g+t+jrs
vcwgqjSjg] vcwlbZn [kqnjh] tqUnqc bCus v+CnqYykg] vkSj v+CnqYykg bCus v+ez ls
flek fd;k gS vkSj g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus v+Cckl jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls
dqjvku i<+k gSA tEgwjs eksg+Ìslhu ds ut+nhd fld+g] lcr gSaA ¼ fl;js
vkykeqUuqcyk 4@372 ½
v+CnqjZg+eku bCus x+ue v’kv+jh ¼oQ+kr% 78 fg0½% cbRrsQ+kd+s
vdkfcj rkcsbZu es ls FksA buds lg+kch gksus esa bf[+rykQ+ gSA lkfnd+]
Q+kft+y vkSj v+t+heqy ejrcr FksA muls ‘kke ds QqD+gk;s rkcsbZu us
bYes fQ+Dg+ g+kfly fd;k gSA gt+jrs ev+kt+ bCus tcy] mej bCus
[k+Rrkc] vcwt+j fx+Q+kjh] vcw ekfyd v’kv+jh vkSj vcqÌjnk ox+Sjgqe
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugqe ls flek;s g+nhl fd;k gSA ¼ fl;js
vkykeqUuqcyk 4@45½
 62

ekywe gqvk fd g+t+jrs vcw ekfyd v’kv+jh dh ;g g+nhl lg+h

gSA blesa gqtwjs vdje lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ dks
,grseke ds lkFk ft+Ø fd;k gS vkSj blesa flQ+Z rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds
oD+r jQ+;s nSu djus dk ft+Ø gS tks rjds jQ+;s nSu ds lqUur gksus dh
nyhy gSA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh NCchloha g+nhl
lkfye vy&cjZkn us dgk% ge g+t+jrs vcw elÅn vUlkjh
jft+;YYkgks rv+kyk v+Ukgks ds ikl vk,] geus muls uekt+ ds ckjs esa
loky fd;k] vkius Q+jek;k% D;k rqEgsa og uekt+ u i<+kÅaW tks
jlwyqYykg lYykgks v+ySgs olYye i<+k djrs Fks\ fQj g+t+jrs vcw
elÅn jft+;YYkkgksa rv+kyk v+Ugks [kM+s gq, rdchjs rg+jhek dgrs oD+r
jQ+;s nSu fd;k] fQj #dw fd;k] #dw esa nksuksa gFksfy;ksa dks ?kqVuksa ij
j[kk] vius cktqvksa dks igyw ls vyx j[kk] fQj bl rjg+ [kM+s gq,
fd gj tksM+ viuh txg ij vk x;kA blh rjg+ vkius pkj jdv+r
iwjh Q+jekbZA ¼eqluns vg+en 4@105½
g+t+jrs vcw elÅn vUlkjh jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls
jlwyqYykg lYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ dk rjhd+k iwNk x;k rks
vkius uekt+ i<+dj fn[kkbZ vkSj flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r
jQ+;s nSu fd;kA vxj jQ+;s nSu vkidh lqUurs nkbek gksrh rks mldks
t+:j ft+Ø Q+jekrsA
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh lRrkbloha g+nhl
g+t+jrs v+Cckn fcu tqcSj jft+;YYkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh g+nhl
f[k+ykfQ+;krs cSgd+h esa gS%&
g+t+jrs v+Cckn bCus tqcSj jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls fjok;r gS
fd jlwyqYYkg lYykgks v+ySgs olYye tc uekt+ ‘kq: djrs Fks rks
nksuksa gkFkksa dks uekt+ ds ‘kq: esa mBkrs Fks fQj uekt+ ls Q+kfjx+ gksus
rd dgha gkFkksa dks u mBkrs FksA ¼f[k+ykfQ+;krs cSgd+h cg+oky;s vfÌjk;k
1@152½
 63

jQ+s;nSu u djus ij vklkjs lg+kc;s fdjke

¼[kqyQ+k;s jk’ksnhu ds v+ey ls jQ+;s nSu u djus dk lqcwr½
g+t+jrs vcwcØ flÌhd+ jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+;s nSu ugha
djrs Fks
[k+yhQ+;s vOoy g+t+jrs vcwcØ flnnhd+ jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks ds ihNs g+t+jrs vCnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;YYkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks
us uekt+ i<+h rks g+t+jrs vcwcØ flnnhd+ us flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds
oD+r jQ+;s nSu fd;kA ¼lquus nkjs dqRuh iz0 111] g+nhl u0 1144½
,rsjkt+% bl g+nhl dh fjok;r esa eksg+Een fcu tkfcj rUgk gSa vkSj og
t+bZQ+ gSaA
Tkokc% eksg+Een fcu tkfcj lnwd+ gSaA mudh ;g fjok;r fld+g
jkfo;ksa ds f[k+ykQ+ ughaA
muds ckjs esa bCus v+nh us dgk% EkksgE+ en fcu tkfcj ls vdkfcj
eksg+Ìls hu us vg+knhl fjok;r dh gSaA vxj eksg+Een fcu tkfcj bl
ejrcs esa u gksrs rks og eksg+Ìls hu muls fjok;r u djrsA ckoqtwn
blds fd ckt+ yksxksa us mudh ckt+ vg+knhl dh eq[k+kyQ+r dh gS
vkSj muij dyke fd;k gS] mudh g+nhl fy[kh tkrh gSA
¼vydkSdcqUu¸;sjkr ysbfCuy d¸;ky [k0 1 iz0 495½
bCus vch g+kfre us dgk% esjs okfyn vcw g+kfre ls eksgE+ en fcu
tkfcj vkSj bCus yg+;k ds ckjs esa iwNk x;k rks mUgksaus dgk fd
eksg+Een fcu tkfcj esjs ut+nhd bCus yg+;k ls T+;knk eg+cwc gSaA
¼vy&tjg+ oRrknhy [k0 7 iz0 219½
eksg+Een fcu tkfcj dh ;g fjok;r fld+g jkfo;ksa ds f[k+ykQ+ u
gksus dh otg ls ed+cwy gSA bldh rkbZn esa ejQw vkSj ekSdwQ+
vg+knhl gksus dh otg ls ;g g+nhl g+lu ds ntsZ esa gSA
g+t+jrs mej jQ+s;nSu ugha djrs Fks
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us g+t+jrs
mejs Q+k:d+ jft+;YYkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds ihNs uekt+ i<+h rks g+t+jrs
 64

mejs Q+k:d+ jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r

nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBk;kA
fjok;r ds vyQ+kt+ ;g gSa% g+t+jrs vCnqYykg bCus elÅn
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls fjok;r gS Q+jek;k fd eSusa uch;s djhe
lYykgks v+ySgs olYye] vcwcØ vkSj mej jft+;YYkgks rv+kyk v+Ugqek ds
ihNs uekt+ i<+h rks mUgksua s flQ+Z rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ¼rdchjs rg+jheg ½ ds
oD+r nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBk;kA ¼nkj dqRuh [k0 1 iz0 111] g+nhl u0 1144 ½
g+t+jrs vlon dk c;ku gS fd eSaus g+t+jrs mej jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks dks ns[kk mUgksua s igyh rdchj ds oD+r gkFkksa dks mBk;k fQj
nksckjk ugha mBk;kA
fjok;r ds vyQ+kt+ ;g gSa%
eSaus ¼g+t+jrs vlon us½g+t+jrs mej bCus [k+Rrkc jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks dks ns[kk mUgksua s igyh rdchj ds oD+r nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBk;k fQj
nksckjk ugha mBk;kA
¼’kjg+s ev+kfu;qy vklkj fyybekfeRrg+koh fdrkcqLlykr ckcqRrdchjkr½
bekess rg+koh us bldh lun ;g is’k dh gS%
gels g+nhl c;ku dh g+ekuh us mUgksaus dgk gels g+nhl c;ku
dh ;g+;k bCus vkne us mugksaus g+lu bCus v+¸;k’k ls og vCnqy
efyd bCus vcg+j ls og tqcSj bCus v+nh ls og bczkghe ls og
vlon ls vlon us dgk fd eSaus g+t+jrs mej jft+;YYkkgks v+Ugks dks
ns[kk mUgksaus rdchj ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu fd;k fQj ¼iwjh uekt+ es½a nksckjk
jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA
bl g+nhl ds ckjs esa bekess rg+koh us Q+jek;k% ;g lg+h g+nhl gSA
¼’kjg+s ev+kfu;q vklkj 1@227½
g+kfQ+t+ bCus g+tj v+ld+ykuh us Qjek;k% bl g+nhl ds lc jkoh
fld+g gSaA ¼vfÌjk;k iz0 152½
vYykek bCus vRrqjdekuh us fy[kk% ;g lun Hkh lg+h ‘krsZ
eqlfye ij gSA ¼vytkSg#Uud+h [k0 2 iz0 75½
 65

vgys g+nhl dk ,rsjkt+% ‘kS[k+ eqckjdiqjh us ^^vcdk#y feuu^^ esa bl

g+nhl ij ;g ,rsjkt+ fd;k gS fd bl lun esa bczkghes u[k+bZ eqnfYyl jkoh
gSa vkSj mUgksua s ^^vu^^ ls fjok;r dh gSA vkSj eqnfYYkl dh fjok;r v+u ds
lkFk ed+cwy ughaA
,rsjkt+ dk tokc% x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu vg+ukQ+ ij ,rsjkt+ djrs
oD+r tks’k esa viuk gks’k [kks cSBrs gSaA eqckjdiqjh lkg+c dks ,rsjkt+
djrs oD+r ;g [+;ky ugha jgk fd bczkghes u[k+bZ lg+h cq[k+kjh ds jkoh
gSaA cq[k+kjh esa mudh vg+knhl Ms<+ lS ls t+k;n vg+knhl yQ+ts+ ^^vu^^
ds lkFk gSaA D;k bczkghes u[k+bZ dh og lkjh vg+knhl cq[k+kjh ‘kjhQ+ esa
t+bZQ+ gSa\ vxj ugh arks bczkghes u[k+bZ dh ;g fjok;r ^^v+u^^ ds lkFk
t+bZQ+ D;kaas\ blfy,s fd blls vg+ukQ dk ekSfd+Q+ lkfcr gksrk gS\
tks rqEgkjk tokc gksxk ogh gekjk tokc gksxkA
bCus vch ‘kSck us bl g+nhl dks viuh lun ds lkFk ;wWa ft+Ø
fd;k gS%
gels ;g+;k bCus vkne us g+nhl c;ku dh mUgksaus g+lu bCus
v+¸;k’k ls mUgksaus vCnqy efyd bCus vcg+j ls mUgksua s tqcSj bCus v+nh
ls mUgksaus bczkghe ls mUgksua s vlon ls mUgksaus dgk eSaus g+t+jr mej
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds lkFk uekt+ i<+h rks mUgksaus uekt+ esa
rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds flok dgha is jQ+;s nSu ugha fd;kA ¼ eqlUuQ+s bCus
vch ‘kSck 1@237½
g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;YYkgks rv+kyyk v+Ugks jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks
dqySc vytjeh tks g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds
vlg+kc esa ls Fks mudk c;ku gS fd g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;YYkkgks rvkyk
vUkgks flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks vkSj iwjh
uekt+ esa dgha ,slk ugha djrs FksA
bekess eksg+Een us Q+jek;k% gesa [k+cj nh vcwcØ bCus vCnqYykg
ug’kyh us mUgksaus v+kfle fcu dqySc vy tjeh ls mUgksua s vius
okfyn ls vkSj og g+t+jrs v+yh fcu vcwrkfyc ds vlg+kc esa ls Fks]
og uekt+ ‘kq: djrs oD+r igyh rdchj esa nksuksa gkFk mBkrs Fks fQj
 66

uekt+ ds fdlh fg+Lls esa ugha mBkrs FksA ¼ eksvRrk bekess eksg+Een
1@118]ckc 33 g+nhl u0 109½
gqDes g+nhl% ;g g+nhl lg+h gSA
bekess bCus vch ‘kSck bldh fjok;r ;wWa c;ku djrs gSa%
v+kfle fcu dqySc vytjeh vius okfyn ls fjok;r djrs gSa vkSj
muds okfyn g+t+jrs v+yh ds vlg+kc esa ls FksA muds okfyn dk
c;ku gS fd g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks flQZ+ uekt+ ‘kq:
djrs oD+r nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks fQj iwjh uekt+ esa dgha jQ+;s nSu
ugha djrs FksA ¼iz0 95½
bl g+nhl dh lun ds reke jkoh lg+h cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds gSaA
fygkt+k blds lg+h gksus esa vgys g+nhl dks Hkh dyke ugha gksuk
pkfg,A ¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck 1@213] g+nhl u0 2440½
odh% cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds jkoh gSaA muds g+kykr xqt+j pqdsA
vcwcØ fcu vCnqYykg ug’kyh% lg+h eqlfye ds jkoh gSaA mUgsa
bekess vg+en] ;g+;k bCus ebZu vkSj v+tyh us fld+g dgk gSA
bekess tg+ch us dgk% og g+luqy g+nhl lnwd+ gSaA ¼ eht+kuqy ,rsnky [k0 4
iz0 996 ½
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks
jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks
eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck g+nhl 2452 esa g+t+jrs eqtkfgn ls ejoh gS
fd g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds
flok uekt+ esa dgha jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA bekess rg+koh ¼ ekSr% 321
fg0½ us Q+jek;k fd g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dk
jQ+;s nSu u djuk bl ckr dh nyhy gS fd mUgksua s jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dks ns[kk Fkk fd vkius jQ+;s nSu rdZ Q+jek
fn;k FkkA fygkt+k ;g mlds mUlw[k+ gksus dh nyhy gSA ¼ ’kjgs
fe’dkrqy vklkj 10@35½
bekeqy eksgÌslhu bekess rg+koh us viuh lun ds lkFk ft+Ø fd;k%
 67

gels g+nhl c;ku dh bCus vcw nkÅn us mUgksaus dgk gels g+nhl
c;ku dh vcwcØ bCus v+¸;k’k us mUgksua s gqlSu ls mUgksaus eqtkfgn ls]
eqtkfgn us dgk % eSaus bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks v+Ugks ds ihNs uekt+
e<+h] vki flQ+Z uekt+ ds rdchjs Åyk esa jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA ¼’kjg+s
ev+kfuy vklkj 1@163½
bCus vch nkÅn ds flok bl lun ds lc jkoh lg+h cq[+kkjh ds
gSaA vkSj bCus vch nkÅn dks bCus g+tj v+ld+ykuh us gq¶+Q+kt+s g+nhl
esa ‘kqekj fd;k gSA ¼fylkuqy eht+ku 1@276½
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus tqcSj jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks ds ut+nhd jQ+S;nSu dh vg+knhl eUlw[k+ gSa
‘kkjsg+s cq[k+kjh] eksgfÌlks Q+d+hg vYykeg cn#Ìhu ,suh us g+t+jrs
v+CnqYYkkg bCus tqcSj jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh ;g fjok;r uD+y
dh gS%
g+t+jrs v+CnqYYkkg bCus tqcSj jft+;YYkkgks rv+ kyk v+Ukgks ls fjok;r gS
fd mUgksua s ,d vkneh dks #dw djrs vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu
djrs gq, ns[kk rks mlls Q+jek;k fd rqe ;g u djks D;ksfa d bl pht+
dks vYykg ds jlwy lYyYYkkgks rv+kyk v+ySgs olYye us fd;k Fkk fQj
mls rdZ dj fn;kA ¼mEnrqy d+kjh 2@7 ½
x+jS eqd+fYyn flÌhd+ g+lu ds cd+kSy jQ+;s nSu eUlw[k+ gS
x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu ds beke uokc flÌhd+ g+lu [k+ka Hkksikyh us fy[kk%
jQ+;s nSu djus vkSj u djus esa vk[k+jh Q+y
s jQ+;s nSu u djuk gS vkSj
rdZ dk t+ekuk ekywe ughaA gks ldrk gS fd vki lYyYykgks rv+kyk
v+ySgs olYYke us et+Zs oQ+kr ds t+ekus esa rdZ fd;k gksA
¼vjkSZt+rqUufn;g eqy[[k+lu iz0 95½
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus v+Cckl jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks jQ+s;nSu ugha djrs Fks
eksg+fÌl bCus vch ‘kSck us ;g fjok;r ft+Ø dh gS% g+t+jrs v+CnqYYkkg
bCus v+Cckl jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us Q+jek;k fd flQ+Z lkr txgksa esa
 68

gkFk cqyUn fd, tk;sxa sA uekt+ ‘kq: djrs oD+r] cSrqYykg ‘kjhQ+ ns[krs
oD+r] lQ+k o ejog ij] vjQ+kr es]a eqt+nysQ+k vkSj jfe;s ftekj ds
oD+rA ¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck 1@214] g+nhl u0 2450 ½
v’kj;s eqc’’kjg jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugqe jQ+;s nSu ugha
djrs Fks
v’kj;s eqc’’kjg jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugqe ;kuh og nl lg+kc;s
fdjke ftUgsa jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us nqfu;k gh esa tUur
dh [kq’k[kcjh nh gS og Hkh uekt+ esa flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r
jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA og nl lg+kc;s fdjke ;g gSaA g+t+jrs vcwcØ
flÌhd+] g+t+jrs mejs Q+k:d+] g+t+jrs mlekus x+uh] g+t+jrs v+yh eqjrt+k]
g+t+jrs ryg+k bCus mcSnqYYkg] g+t+jrs tqcSj bCus vOoke] g+t+jrs v+CnqjZg+eku
bCus v+kSQ+] g+t+jrs lv+n fcu vch oD+d+kl] g+t+jrs lbZn bCus t+nS vkSj
g+t+jrs vcwmcSng bCus vytjkZg+ jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+UgqeA
‘kkjsg+s cq[k+kjh v+Yykek ,suh jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs us Q+jek;k% og nl
g+t+jkr ftUgsa jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks rv+kyk v+ySgs olYYe us tUur dh
[kq’k[k+cjh lqukbZ gS og uekt+ esa flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r gkFkksa dks
mBkrs FksA ¼mEnrqy d+kjh 5@272] cnk;s vLluk;s 1@207 ½
g+t+jrs vcwgjq Sjg jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+;s nSu ugha
djrs Fks
bekess ekfyd Q+jekrs gSa fd eq>s uq,se eqtej d+kjh us [kcj nh
fd g+t+jrs vcw gqjSjg jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks mUgsa uekt+ i<+krs Fks
rks gj ckj mBrs vkSj >qdrs oD+r rdchj dgrs vkSj gkFkksa dks rdchjs
b¶rsrkg+ ds oD+r mBkrs FksA ¼eksvRrk bekess eksg+Een 90] fdrkcqy gTt
vyk vgfyy enhuk 1@95½
muds v+ykog dlhj lg+kc;s fdjke ls jQ+;s nSu u djuk lkfcr gSA
 69

bekess frjfet+h us Q+jek;k% jQ+;s nSu u djus ds d+k;y uch;s

djhe lYyYykgks rv+kyk v+ySgs olYYe ds dlhj vgys bYe lg+kc;s
fdjke gSaA ¼lquuqfRrjfet+h 2@240] g+nhl 257½
og rkcsbZu fdjke tks jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks
bczkghe bCus ;t+hn bCus mej o u[k+bZ ¼ekSr% 95 ;k 96 fg0½
jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA
bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k fd og tyhyqy d+nz rkcsbZ] Q+d+hg]
fld+g] eksg+fÌl vkSj myek ds ljnkj FksA ¼vydkf’kQ+ rjtek 22½
bekess u[k+bZ [kqn uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks vkSj nwljksa dks mlls euk
Q+jekrs FksA
eksg+fÌl bekess bCus vch ‘kSck us ;g fjok;r ft+Ø dh gS% g+t+jrs
bczkghes u[kbZ Q+jekrs Fks fd tc rqe uekt+ esa rdchjs rg+jhek dgks
rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBkvks fQj ckd+h uekt+ esa gkFkksa dks u mBkvksA
¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck 1@264½
jkfo;ksa ds g+kykr
g+t+jrs gSlqe% cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds jkoh gSaA
bekess bCus fg+Ccku us mUgsa fld+kr esa ft+Ø djrs gq, rg+jhj Q+jek;k
gS fd gSlqe bCus vch lklku vcw v+yh dwQ+h rc;s rkcsbZu esa ls FksA
¼av fLld+kr 7@569 ½
g+t+jrs gqlSu% cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds jkoh gSa] rc;s rkcsbZu esa ls
Fks] mudk ‘kqekj vgys dwQ+k esa gksrk Fkk] bekess bCus fgCcku us mUgsa
fld+kr esa ft+Ø fd;k gS vkSj bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k fd og tkbtqy
g+nhl gSaA ¼vfLld+kr 9@169] vydkf’kQ+ rjtek 5584½
bekess vke’k us mUgsa bYes g+nhl dk ljkZQ+ ¼[kwc tkap us okyk½ dgkA
¼rcd+krqy gq¶+Q +kt½+
g+t+jrs bczkges u[k+bZ dh fjok;rs et+dwjg ds lc jkoh fld+g
eksrcj gSaA lc cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds jkoh gSaA v+ykog vt+ha bekess bCus
 70

‘kSck us fjok;rs et+dwjg dks ntZ t+y S vlukn ds lkFk Hkh ft+Ø
fd;k gS%
vcwcØ bCus v+¸;k’k gqlSu o eqx+hjg ls og bczkghe ls ¼fjok;r
djrs gSa fd½ mUgksaus dgk rqe vius nksuksa gkFkksa dks uekt+ esa flQ+Z
igyh rdchj] rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds oD+r mBkvksA
g+t+jrs vcwcØ bCus v¸;k’k%
bekess bCus fgCcku us fy[kk fd vcwcØ bCus v¸;k’k rc;s rkcsbZu
vkSj dwQ+k ds bcknr xqt+kj yksxksa esa ls FksA 192 fg0 esa oQ+kr gqbZ
¼vfLld+kr 7@668½
vcw g+kfre jkt+h us Q+jek;k fd vcwcØ bCus v¸;k’k vkSj ‘kqjSd
u[k+bZ dk g+kfQ+t+k cjkcj FkkA ¼vy&dkf’kQ+ 6553½
vcwcØ bCus v¸;k’k Hkh cq[k+kjh ds jkoh gSaA ‘kqjSd vkf+[kjh mez esa
lw, fg+¶+t+ dk f’kdkj gq, FksA ;gh g+ky vcwcØ bCus v¸;k’k dk FkkA
ysfdu vcwcØ bCus v¸¸kk’k ‘kqjSd dh rjg+ lnwd+] fld+g Fks vkSj
bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy us Q+jek;k fd bekess bCus g+tj v+ld+ykuh
us Q+jek;k fd vcwcØ bCus v¸¸kk’k lPps] d+kfcys ,rsekn vkSj t+kfgn
FksA cq<+kis esa mudk g+kfQ+t+k fcxM+ x;k Fkk vkSj ml g+ky esa
dHkh&dHkh x+yrh djrs Fks ysfdu mudh dqrcq s vg+knhl lg+h gSaA ,sls
jkoh dh fjok;r g+lu cfYd eqrv+fÌn rq#d+ dh cqfu;kn ij ^lg+h
ysxj+S sgh^ Hkh gks tkrh gSA ckd+h jkoh gqlSu] eqx+hjg vkSj bczkghe ds
g+kykr xqft+’rk lQ+g+kr esa eqykg+t+k Q+jek ysaA
g+t+jrs [kSlqek jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks
g+t+jrs [kqlSeg vkSj bczkghes u[k+bZ flQ+Z uekt+ dh bfCrnk esa
vius nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBkrs FksA ¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘ksck 1@214] gnhl u0
2448½
vcwcØ bCus v¸;k’k% fld+g] v+kfcn vkSj t+kfgn FksA g+kykr
fiNys lQ+g+kr esa ns[ksAa
 71

g+Ttkt fcu v+kfle% rc;s rkcsbZu] vgys dwQ+k esa ls eksg+fÌl]

Q+d+hg vkSj dwQ+k ds d+kt+h FksA ¼vfLld+kr 6@105½
bCus g+tj v+ld+ykuh o t+gch us dgk fd mudh vg+knhl ysus esa
dksbZ g+jt ughaA ¼vRrd+jhc rjtek 1249] vy&dkf’kQ+ rjtek½
ryg+k% vcw g+Eekn dwQ+h rc;s rkcsbZu esa ls FksA
bekess bCus fg+Ccku us mUgsa fld+kr esa ft+Ø fd;k gSA ¼ vfLld+kr
6@489½
[kSlqek tksQh+ dwQ+h% rkcsbZu esa ls FksA bekess t+gch us mUgsa
bekess fld+g fy[kkA Q+¸;kt+ vkSj myek uokt+ FksA ojklr esa nks
gt+kj nhukj feys Fks] lcdks myek ij [k+pZ dj fn;k FkkA
¼vy&dkf’kQ+ rjtek% 1428½
bekess bCus vch ‘kSck us g+t+jrs bczkghes u[k+bZ dh fjok;r dks pkj lunksa
ds lkFk ft+Ø Q+jek;k gS] ftu ij dksbZ dyke ugha vkSj lkjs jkoh fld+g]
lnwd+ eksrcj gSaA
g+t+jrs d+lS ¼ekSr% 84 ;k 86 fg0½ jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks
d+lS bCus vch g+kft+e v+kSQ+ fcu g+kfjl dwQ+h rkcsbZu esa ls FksA
bekess bCus g+tj us mUgsa fld+g fy[kkA bekess t+gch us fy[kk fd
vdkfcjs rkcsbZu esa ls FksA flQ+Z N% fnuksa ds Q+klys us jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh ft+;kjr ls ‘kjQ+;kc gksus dk ekSd+k u
fn;kA ¼vy&dkf’kQ+ rjtek 4856½
bCus ebZu us mUgsa fld+g dgkA bLekbZy bCus [k+kfyn us lcr dgkA
eqv+kfo;k bCus lkysg+ us fy[kk fd d+lS tqgjh ls T+;knk fld+g FksA
t+gch us dgk fd muds d+kfcys gqTtr gksus ij btek gSA ftlus mu
ij dyke fd;k gS [kqn dks eqlhcr esa MkykA ¼ vy&bxfrckr] yseu jek
feu#Zokr fcyb[rsykr½
g+t+jrs dSl Hkh flQ+Z rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu djrs Fks]
mlds flok iwjh uekt+ esa dgha jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA
 72

bekess bCus vch ‘kSck us mudh fjok;r dks ntZ t+yS lun ds lkFk ft+Ø
fd;k gS%
gels g+nhl c;ku dh ;g+;k bCus lbZn us og fjok;r djrs bLekbZy ls
mUgksua s dgk fd g+t+jrs d+lS ¼ tyhyqy d+n z rkcsbZ½ uekt+ ‘kq: djrs oD+r
jQ+;s nSu djrs Fks fQj iwjh uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA ¼eql UuQ+s bCus vch
‘kSck 1@214] my yksxksa dk ckc tks vius nksuksa gkFkksa dks vOoys rdchj esa mBkrs Fks
fQj ugha mBkrs Fks]gnhl u0 2449 ½
jkfo;ksa ds g+kykr
;g+;k bCus lbZn% ;g+;k bCus lbZn d+Rrku ¼oQ+kr% 198 fg0½
‘kq;[w k+% lyekus rSeh] fg’kke bCus mjog] vke’k vkSj bLekbZy
bCus vch [k+kfyn ox+SjgA
Rkykfet+g% lqQ+;ku] ‘kksck] vCnqjZg+eku bCus esgnh] eqlÌn vkSj
vcwcØ fcu vch ‘kSck ox+jS gA ¼fl;jks vkykfeUUkqcyk 9@176½
Tk+gch us mUgsa veh#y ekseus hu fQ+y g+nhl dgkA
bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy us dgk fd esjh vka[kksa us ;g+;k fcu
lbZn d+Rrku dh rjg+ fdlh dks ugha ns[kkA
;g+;k fcu ebZu us dgk fd eq>ls v+CnqjZg+eku fcu esgnh us dgk
fd rqEgkjh vkaW[kksa us ;g+;k fcu lbZn dh rjg+ fdlh dks ugha ns[kk
gksxkA
v+yh fcu enhuh us dgk fd eSaus ;g+;k fcu lbZn ls c<+dj
fjtky dk v+kfye ugha ns[kkA
bCus [kqte+S k us dgk fd eSaus cqUnkj dks dgrs gq, lquk fd eSaus ;g+;k fcu
lbZn ds ikl chl lky vkuk tkuk fd;k] eSa ugha le>rk fd mUgksua s dHkh
fdlh pht+ esa vYykg dh ukQ+jekuh dh gksA
bCus v+okuk us dgk fd vxj rqe g+nhl dk bYe g+kfly djuk
pkgrs gks rks ;g+;k d+Rrku dks ykft+e idM+ yksA
bCus lbZn us dgk fd ;g+;k fld+g] ekewu] cqyUn #rck vkSj
g+nhl esa gqTtr FksA ¼fl;js vkykeqUuqcyk 9@180½
 73

reke ukd+ns hus g+nhl ds ut+nhd ;g+;k fcu lbZn d+Rrku fld+g]
v+kfny vkSj gqTtr fQ+y g+nhl Fks] fdlh us muij ftjg+ ugha dh gSA
bLekbZy fcu vch [k+kfyn% okfyn dk uke fgjeqt+ ;k lv+n FkkA
¼oQ+kr% 146 fg0 ½
‘kq;[w k+% bLekbZy fcu v+CnqjZg+eku lqnh] v’kvl fcu vch [k+kfyn]
g+dhe fcu tkfcj vg+elh] tqcSj fcu v+nh vkSj d+lS fcu vch g+kft+e
ox+SjgA
Rkykfet+k% bczkghe fcu g+ehn joklh] tjhj fcu v+Cnqy g+ehn]
tkQ+j fcu vkSu] g+¶l fcu x+;kl] g+de fcu mRkSck] lqQ+;kus lkSjh]
lqQ+;ku fcu m;Suk] v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd vkSj vcw eqvkfo;k eksg+Een
fcu [k+kft+e vT+t+jhj ox+js gA
Tkjg+ o rknhy% v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd us dgk fd gq¶+Q+kt+s
g+nhl rhu gSa 1- bLekbZy fcu vch [k+kfyn 2- v+Cnqy efyd fcu vch
lqySeku 3- ;g+;k fcu lbZn vUlkjhA og ‘kkch dh fjok;r dks lcls
T+;knk tkuus okys vkSj mudh fjok;r esa lcls T+;knk et+cwr FksA
¼rgt+hcqy deky 3@73½
Ekjoku fcu eqvkfo;k us dgk% bLekbZy dks bYes g+nhl dh eht+ku dgk
tkrk FkkA
vg+en bCus g+Ecy us dgk fd ‘kkch dh lcls T+;knk lg+h
vg+knhl bCus vch [k+kfyn ds ikl Fkha
vCnqjZg+eku fcu esgnh] bCus ebZu vkSj fulbZ us fld+g dgkA
;kdwc fcu ‘kSck us fld+g lcr dgkA ¼fl;jks vkykfeUuqcyk 3@74½
Lkkfcr gqvk fd ;g fjok;r lg+h gSA tyhyqy d+nz rkcsbZ g+t+jrs
d+lS fcu vcw g+kft+e uekt+ esa rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok dgha jQ+;s nSu
ugha djrs FksA
 74

g+t+jrs v+kfej ‘kkch jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks

g+t+jrs v+kfej bCus ‘kjg+chy bCus v+Cnq’’kkch ¼ ekSr% 109 fg0½ dwQ+k
ds jgus okys tyhyqy d+nz rkcsbZ FksA ,d lkS ipkl lg+kc;s fdjke
ls vg+knhl lquhaA vt+he Q+d+hg vkSj ‘kk;j FksA
bekess g+tj v+ld+ykuh us Q+jek;k fd og fld+g] e’kgwj Q+d+hg vkSj
Q+kft+y FksA
bekess t+gch us Q+jek;k fd ‘kkch dk d+kSy gS fd eSaus ikap lkS
lg+kc;s fdjke ls eqykd+kr dh gS] eSaus viuh c;kt+ esa tks dqN
fy[kk vkSj tks g+nhl Hkh lquh gS mls eg+Qwt+ j[kk gSA
edgwy Q+jekrs gSa fd eSaus ‘kkch ls cM+k Q+d+hg fdlh dks ugha
ns[kkA
vkSj ,d us dgk fd v+kfej ‘kkch vius t+ekus esa g+t+jrs bCus
v+Cckl jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh rjg+ FksA ¼vfLld+kr 5@185]
vRrd+jhc rjtek% 3417] vydkf’kQ+ rjtek 2531½
d+kjbZus fdjke! x+kSj Q+jek;sa vxj jQ+;s nSu u djuk lqUurs jlwy
vkSj lqUurs lg+kck ds f[k+ykQ+ gksrk rks bekess v+kfej ‘kkch jg+erqYykgs
v+ySgs tks vius t+ekus esa g+t+jrs v+CnqYYkkg bCus v+Cckl jft+;Yykgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks dh rjg+ eqtrfgn] Q+d+hg Fks mUgksua s 500 lg+kc;s
fdjke ls eqykd+kr dh Fkh vSj 150 lg+kc;s fdjke ls vg+knhl lquh
Fkha ftuesa ls pUn g+t+jkr ds uke ;g gSa%
mlkek bCus t+nS bCus g+kfjlk] v’kv+l bCus d+ls dUnh] vul bCus
ekfyd] cjk bCus v+kft+c] cqjSnk bCus gqlSu vlyeh] tkfcj fcu
leqjg] tkfcj fcu v+CnqYykg vy&fctyh] g+kfjl fcu v+CnqYykg
vkoj] g+kfjl fcu ekfyd fcu cjlk] g+c’kh fcu tuknk] g+lu fcu
v+yh fcu vch rkfyc] [kkfjtk fcu lYr cjteh] jch fcu [kSlqe]
t+j fcu gqcS’k] T+;kn fcu v+¸;k’k v’kv+jh] t+nS fcu vjd+e] t+nS fcu
lkfcr] lv+n fcu vch oD+d+kl] lbZn fcu t+nS fcu v+ez fcu uqQy +S ]
leqjg fcu tqUnqc] lqoSn fcu x+Q+yk] mcknk fcu lkfer] v+CnqYykg
fcu vch vkSQ+k] v+CnqYykg fcu t+cq Sj] v+CnqYykg fcu v+Cckl]
 75

v+CnqYykg fcu mej] v+yh fcu vch rkfyc jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugqe
vtebZuA
D;k ;g eqefdu gS fd bu lg+kc;s fdjke us muls uekt+ esa
jQ+;s nSu djus dh vg+knhl ft+Ø dh Fkha vkSj mUgksaus mudh ft+Ø
djnk vg+knhl dks ugha ekuk Fkk\ ,slk gj fxt+ ugha gks ldrkA
cfYd lg+h ;g gS fd ftu lg+kc;s fdjke ls mUgksua s vg+knhl lquha Fkha
muls ;gh lquk Fkk fd vYykg ds jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us
uekt+ esa igys jQ+;s nSu fd;k Fkk ckn esa vki us rdZ dj fn;k FkkA
fygktk+ bu lg+kc;s fdjke ds rjhd+s ij pyrs gq, g+t+jrs v+kfej
‘kkch jQ+s;nSu ugha djrs FksA
eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck esa gS fd ‘kkch uekt+ dh igyh rdchj esa
gkFkksa dks mBkrs FksA fQj ugha mBkrs FksA ¼mu yksxksa dk ckc tks igyh
rdchj esa gkFk mBkrs Fks 1@213] g+nhl 2424½
gt+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn vkSj g+t+jrs v+yh
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugqek ds vlg+kc jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks
bekess bCus vch ‘kSck us ;g fjok;r ft+Ø dh gS%
gt+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn vkSj g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;Yykgks v+Ugqek
ds vlg+kc flQ+Z uekt+ ‘kq: djrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA odh us
Q+jek;k fd fQj ;g g+t+jkr nksckjk jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA ¼eqlUuQ+s bCus
vch ‘kSc k 1@214% g+n hl 2426 ½
jkfo;ksa ds g+kykr
odh% muds g+kykr xqt+j pqdsA og fld+g] g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl FksA
vcw mekek% g+Eekn fcu mlkek fcu t+nS dwQ+h ¼foyknr% gqnwn 120
fg0 oQ+kr 201 fg0½
‘kq;[w k+% fg’kke fcu v+jok] vke’k] bCus vch [k+kfyn] cgt+ fcu
g+dhe] ‘kksck] lqQ+;ku ox+jS gA
 76

Rkykfet+k% v+CnqjZg+eku fcu esga nh] ‘kkQ+bZ] gqeSnh] vcw [kSlqek]

vcwcØ bCus vch ‘kSck] mleku fcu vch ‘kSck vkSj blg+d+
vy&dkSlt ox+SjgA cq[k+kjh o lesr flg+kgs+ flRrk ds jkoh gSaA
bekess vg+en fcu g+Ecy us mUgsa fld+g] lcr vkSj vkyeqUukl
dgkA
bekess t+gch us mUgsa g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl vkSj beke dgkA ¼ fl;jks
vkykfeUuqcyk 9@278 ½
vcw blg+kd+ lchbZ% vftYy;s rkcsbZu esa ls FksA mudk d+kSy gS
fd eSaus g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;Yykg rv+kyk v+Ugks dks [kqRck nsrs ns[kk gSA
mugksaus ntZ t+y S lg+kc;s fdjke ls vg+knhl yh gSa%
eqv+kfo;g] v+nh fcu g+kfre] vCnqYykg fcu v+Cckl] cjk fcu
v+kft+c] t+nS fcu vjd+je] v+CnqYykg fcu v+ez fcu v+kl vkSj vcw
tqg+Q
S +k vfLlokbZ ox+Sjgqe jft+;YYkgks v+UgqeA ¼fl;jks vkykfeUuqcyk
5@394½
brus tyhyqy d+nz lg+kck ls vg+knhl lquus okys rkcsbZ ds ckjs esa
;g xqeku fd;k tk ldrk gS fd og lg+kc;s fdjke ls jQ+;s nSu u
djus dh vg+nhl lquus ds ckoqtwn jQ+;s nSu ij v+kfey Fks\
vCnqjZg+eku fcu vch ySyk ¼oQ+kr% 83 fg0½ jQ+;s nSu ugha
djrs Fks
g+t+jrs v+CnqjZg+eku bCus vch ySyk rkcsbZ fld+g FksA muds vlg+kc
mudh ,slh rkt+he djrs Fks tSls veh#y eksesuhu dh rkt+he dh
tkrh FkhA ¼fdrkcqfLld+kr 5@101] vRrd+jhc rjtek 4456] vydkf’kQ+
3400½
g+t+jrs vCnqjZg+eku bCus vch ySyk uekt+ esa flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek
ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA mlds flok uekt+ esa dgha jQ+;S nSu ugha
djrs FksA
eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck dh fjok;r esa gS fd g+t+jrs v+CnqjZg+eku
bCus vch ySyk uekt+ esa igyh rdchj ¼ rdchjs rg+jheg½ ds oD+r gkFkksa
dks mBkrs FksA ¼eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck 1@214 g+nhl 2451½
 77

eqv+kfo;k bCus fg’kke ¼ekSr%204 ;k 205 fg0½ jQ+;s nSu ugha

djrs Fks
vcqyg+lu eqv+kfo;k bCus fg’kke rc;s rkcsbZu vkSj vgys dwQ+k esa
ls FksA
bCus g+tj v+ld+ykuh us mUgsa lnwd+ ¼lPpk½ fy[kk vkSj ;g dgk
fd muls dqN oge Hkh lkfnj gq, gSaA
t+gch us fy[kk fd eqv+kfo;k bCus fg’kke fld+g FksA
bCus fgCcku us mUgsa fld+g esa ft+Ø fd;k gS vkSj fy[kk fd muls
dHkh [k+rk Hkh gqbZ gSA og jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA ¼ vfLld+kr 9@166]
vRrd+jhc rjtek 628] vydkf’kQ+ rjtek 5535½
rUchg%
dHkh oge dk lqnjw gksuk ;k [k+rk gksuk jkoh dks et:g+ ugha
djrk tSlk fd vgys bYe ij iks’khnk ughaA
bekess ekfyd jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs ds ut+nhd
jQs;nSu ughaA
bekess nk#y fgtjk] bekess ekfyd jg+erqYygs v+ySgs efLtns ucoh
esa nlZ fn;k djrs FksA vius nkSj esa vgys enhuk ds mywe ds okfjl
FksA ;d+huu muds lkeus jQ+;nSu dh vg+knhl ekStwn Fkha fQj Hkh og
Q+jekrs gSa fd eSa ugha tkurk fd uekt+ dh rdchjs b¶rsrkg+ ds flok
fdlh rdchj ds lkFk >qdrs ;k mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu fd;k tk,xkA
bCuqyd+kfle us dgk fd jQ+;s nSu dk gqDe bekess ekfyd ds ut+nhd
t+bZQ+ FkkA ¼avyenwurqy dqcjk 1@28½
v+CnqYykg bCus j’kn ekysdh bekess ekfyd dk ekSd+Q+ c;ku djrs gq,
fy[krs gSa%
muesa ls og g+t+jkr gSa ftUgksua s jQ+;s nSu flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek rd gh
equ+flj fd;k gS D;ksfa d muds ut+nhd g+t+jrs vCnqYykg bCus elÅn vkSj
cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugqek dh fjok;r jktsg+ gSA ;gh bekess
ekfyd dk et+gc gS D;ksfa d vgys enhuk ds v+ey ds eqokfQ+d+ Hkh gSA
¼fcnk;rqy eqtrfgn1@144 ½
 78

bekess vgys enhuk g+t+jrs bekess ekfyd jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks

dk jQ+;s nSu rdZ djuk vkSj ;g dguk fd ge ugha tkurs fd
jQ+;s nSu vgys enhuk esa ls dksbZ djrk gks ;g bl ckr dh nyhy gS
fd muds nkSj esa vgys enhuk jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks D;ksfa d mudks
;g ekywe gks pqdk Fkk fd jQ+;s nSu gqtwj lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye
dk nkbeh v+ey ugha Fkk cfYd dHkh djds vkius mls rdZ Q+jek
fn;k FkkA
v+ykog vt+ha bekess vkt+e ds nkSj esa dwQ+k bYe dk ejdt+ FkkA vkidh
g+;kr esa Hkh cgqr ls lg+kck ogka ekStwn Fks vkSj f[k+ykQ+rs Q+k:d+h esa rks dwQ+k
Q+kSth Nkmuh Fkk ftlesa Ms<+ gt+kj ;k pkj gt+kj lg+kc;s fdjke tYok Q+jek
FksA muesa rhu lkS vlg+kc cS;rs fjt+oku vkSj lRrjg cnjh lg+kch Hkh FksA
v+gns mlekuh ds vkf[k+j rd g+t+jrs vCnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks dwQ+k ds eqv+fYye jgsA g+t+jrs ekSyk v+yh ds nkSjs f[k+ykQ+r esa
dwQ+k nk#yf[k+ykQ+r FkkA nkSjs Q+k:d+h ls ysdj g+t+jrs bekess vkt+e vcw
g+uhQ+k ds t+ekus rd QqD+gk, lg+kck o rkcsbZu dk jQ+;s nSu u djuk D;k bl
ckr dh okt+gs + nyhy ugha fd lg+kck o rkcsbZu fdjke ;g tkurs Fks fd
jQ+;nSu dk gqDe eUlw[k g+ks pqd k gS\
vycRrk ftu g+t+jkr dks mlds eUlw[k+ gksus dk bYes ;d+hu
g+kfly u gks ldk og jQ+;s nSu djrs jgs ysfdu ,sls g+t+jkr dh
rknkn de FkhA puqkaps bekess frjfet+h us eqrlfYyc ‘kkQ+bs Z eqg+fÌl
gksus ds ckotwn g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dks
uD+y djus ds ckn ;g rg+jhj Q+jek;k gS fd bCus elÅn dh
¼jQ+s;nSu u djus dh½ g+nhl g+lu gS vkSj ;gh d+kSy cgqr ls vgys bYe
lg+kc;s fdjke o rkcsbZu dk gS vkSj lqQ+;kus lkSjh vkSj vgys dwQ+k
dk Hkh ;gh ekSfd+Q+ gSA ¼frjfet+h 1@35½
okt+gs + jgs fd bekess frjfet+h dks ftl lun ds lkFk g+nhls bCus
elÅn feyh gS mls mUgksaus g+lu fy[kk vkSj u g+t+jrs bekess vkt+e vcw
g+uhQ+k dks ftl lun ds lkFk feyh og g+lu cfYd lg+hrj gSA tSl k
fd fiNys lQ+g+kr esa xqt+jkA
 79

QqD+gk, fdjke jQ+s;nSu ugha djrs Fks

g+t+jrs vcwcØ fcu v+¸;k’k jgerqYykgs vySgs dk c;ku%
tyhyqy d+nz eksgf+ Ìl o Q+d+hg] lqQ+;kus lkSjh] v+CnqYykg bCus
eqckjd bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy ds ‘kS[k+ vkSj bekess cq[k+kjh ds jkoh
‘kS[k g+t+jrs vcwcØ fcu v+¸;k’k rc;s rkcsbZu esa ls FksA bekess bCus
eqckjd Q+jekrs gSa fd eSaus vcwcØ fcu v+¸;k’k ls cM+k lqUurksa dk
v+kfey ugha ns[kkA og Q+jekrs gSa fd eSus fdlh Q+d+hg dks ugha ns[kk
fd mlus uekt+ esa rdchjs Åyk ds flok dgha jQ+;s nSu fd;k gksA
¼’kjg+s ev+kfuy vklkj 1@112½
D;k jQ+;s nSu ipkl lg+kck ls ejoh gS\
Ckkt+ g+t+jkr us ;g dguk ‘kq: fd;k fd #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj
#dw ls mBus ds ckn jQ+;s nSu djuk ipkl lg+kc;s fdjke ls cfYd
mlls Hkh T+;knk ls ejoh gSA ;g ckr x+yr gS] rdchjs rg+jhek ds
v+ykok nhxj ed+kekr ij jQ+;s nSu djuk ftl lg+kch ls Hkh ejoh gS
og rv+k#t+] t+ksQ+ ;k bf[rykQ+ ls [kkyh ughaA fygkt+k rdchjs
rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu okyh fjok;kr ds eqd+kcys esa bf[rykQ+h
jQ+;s nSu okyh fjok;kr is’k djuk cgj g+ky eg+Yys ut+j gSA
g+t+jrs g+lu cljh jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs ds ,d d+kSy ^^ jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye ds vlg+kc uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA ^^^
dk x+yr eQ+gwe ckoj djk;k x;kA vxj g+lu cljh ds d+kSy dk
;g eryc gS fd lg+kck #dw djrs vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu
djrs Fks rks D;k fcyk bfLrLuk lkjs lg+kc;s fdjke ,slk djrs Fks \
vxj gkaW dgk tk, rks x+yr gksxk D;ksfa d dlhj vklkjs lg+kck vkSj
ejQw vg+knhl jQ+;s nSu dh uQ+h djrh gSaA g+t+jrs g+lu cljh us
eqryd+ Q+jek;k fd lg+kc;s fdjke uekt+ esa gkFkksa dks mBkrs FksA
;gka eqjkn ;g gS fd reke lg+kck rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r gkFkksa dks
mBkrs Fks D;ksfa d ;g jQ+;s nSu eqRrQ+d+ v+ySg gS vkSj #dw djrs vkSj
#dw ls mBrs oD+r cfYd nks ltnksa ds njfe;ku vkSj rhljh jdv+r
 80

ds fy, mBrs oD+r] ltns esa tkrs oD+r vkSj gj rdchj ds oD+r
jQ+;s nSu djuk bf[+rykQ+h gSA bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k us Q+jek;k fd
rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok dgha jQ+;s nSu ugha djuk gSA D;ksfa d og
jQ+;s nSu [k+nq lg+kc;s fdjke esa bf[+rykQ+h Fkk vkSj rdchjs rg+jhek
okyk jQ+;s nSu lg+kck dk bRrsQ+kd+h FkkA v+ykok vt+ha dqOors vLukn
ds fygkt+ ls jQ+;s nSu u djus dh fjok;kr T+;knk d+oh gSaA uht+
dqjvku ds Q+jeku ^^vYykg ds fy, [k+kdlkjh ls lkFk d+;ke
djks^^¼vy&cd+jg vk;r u0 238½ vkSj g+nhls lg+hg+ ^^viuh uekt+ esa
lqdwu bf[r;kj djks^^ Hkh jQ+;s nSu u djus dh rkbZn djrh gSaA vkSj
bf[+rykQ+s vg+knhl o vklkj ds oD+r mu vg+knhl o vklkj dks
rjthg+ nh tk,xh tks uLls dqjvkuh dh eq+okQ+d+r djrs gksaA fygkt+k
jQ+;s nSu u djus dh fjok;kr dks uLls dqjvkuh ds eqokfQ+d+ gksus dh
otg ls eq[k+kfyQ+ fjok;kr ij rjthg+ g+kfly gksxhA
D;k jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks vySgs olYye us ft+Unxh
Hkj jQ+;s nSu fd;k\
jQ+;s nSu ds d+k;syhu ,d fjok;r dks cM+s t+ksj&’kksj ds lkFk is’k
djrs gSa fd vYykg ds jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us rk oQ+kr
jQ+;S nSu Q+jek;k gSA og gt+jkr cSgd+h dh fjok;r is’k djrs gSa fd
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus mej ls fjok;r gS fd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks
v+ySgs olYye tc uekt+ ‘kq: Q+jekrs Fks rks nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks
vkSj tc #dw ls lj mBkrs oD+r vkSj ltns esa ,slk ugha djrs FksA
vkidh ;g uekt+ ges’kk jgh ;gka rd fd vkius vYykg ls eqykd+kr
dh ¼oQ+kr ikbZ½A
rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok dgha jQ+;nSu u djus dh vg+nhls
lg+hg+k g+t+jrs bCus elÅn] g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c] g+t+jrs bCus mej
vkSj g+t+jrs vcw gqjSjg ox+Sjgqe vkSj lg+kc;s fdjke jft+;Yykgks
rv+kyk v+Ugqe ds vklkjs lg+hg+k igys ft+Ø fd, x, fd jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye] g+t+jrs vcwcØ flÌhd+]+ g+t+jrs mej]
g+t+jrs v+yh] [kqyQ+k, jk’ksnhu o nhxj lg+kck flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek
 81

esa jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA uht+ g+nhls lg+h eqlfye ds g+okys ls igys
xqt+jh fd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us Q+jek;k fd uekt+
esa gkFkksa dks csd+jkj ?kksM+ksa dh nqe dh rjg+ u mBkvks cfYd lqdwu ls
uekt+ vnk djksA ;g vg+knhl lkfcr djrh gSa fd jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us rdchjs rg+jhek okys jQ+s;nSu ds flok
uekt+ esa gj jQ+;s nSu dks rdZ Q+jek fn;k Fkk vkSj lg+kc;s fdjke
dks Hkh gqDe Q+jek fn;k FkkA g+t+jrs bCus elÅn o g+t+jrs cjk bCus
v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugqek dh vg+knhls lg+hg+k uht+ lg+h
eqlfye dh g+nhl ds eqd+kcys esa cSgd+h dh ;g fjok;r ejtwg+ gSA
v+ykog vt+ha [kqn g+t+jrs bCus mej dk v+ey bl g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+
Fkk tSlkfd lg+h fjok;r ls lkfcr gSA uht+ v+Yykek uSoh us bl
fjok;r dks t+bZQ+ cfYd ekStw d+jkj fn;k gSA og fy[krs gSa fd blds
nks jkoh vCnqjZg+eku bCus dqjS’k bCus [kqt +eS k gjoh vkSj vlek bCus
eksg+Een vy&vUlkjh dks oT+tk+, g+nhl ¼ g+nhl x<+us okyksa½ esa ‘kqekj
fd;k x;k gSA ¼eht+kuqy ,rsnky½
jQ+s;nSu djus dh pkj lkS fjok;kr&& ,d fd+Llk
d+k;syhus jQ+;s nSu esa ls ‘kS[k+ etnqÌhu Q+hjkst+kcknh us rks g+n gh dj
nhA ckt+ cqtqj xksaZ us fy[kk Fkk fd jQs;+ nSu djus dh fjok;kr 50 lg+kc;s
fdjke ls ejoh gSA Q+hjkst+kcknh lkg+c us cM+h ÅaWph mM+ku fn[kkbZ vkSj
#dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj mBrs oD+r ds jQ+;s nSu dks rdchjs rg+jhek okys
jQ+;s nSu esa ‘kkfey djds ;g fy[k ekjk%
^^rhu txgksa esa jQ+;s nSu lkfcr gS vkSj jkfo;ksa dh dljr dh
otg ls eqrokfrj ds eq’kkcsg gSA bl elvys esa pkj lkS lg+h g+nhlsa
vkSj vklkj vk, gS vkSj v’kj;s eqc’’kjg us fjok;r fd;kA vkag+t+jr
lYyYykgks vySgs olYye dk v+ey ges’kk blh dSfQ+;r ij jgkA
;gkaW rd fd bl nqfu;k ls jsgy + r Q+jek x;s A blds v+ykog dksbZ
pht+ lkfcr ughaA ¼lQ+#Llv+kng iz0 13 ‘kjg+ iz0 64½
Q+hjkst+kcknh lkg+c us ;gka ikap cqyUn ckax nkos fd;s gSa ftudk
ge t+y S esa rg+d+hd+h tk;t+k is’k djrs gSaA
 82

Ikgyk nkok% bu rhu txgksa ¼rdchjs rg+jheg] #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj
#dw ls mBrs oD+r½ jQ+;s nSu lkfcr gSA
nkos dk rg+dh+ d+h dk tk;t+k% vxj rhu txgksa esa j+Q;+s nSu lkfcr
gS rks mu vg+knhls lg+hg+k ejQwv+g vkSj vklkj dk D;k tokc gksxk ftuls
;g lkfcr gksrk gS fd rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok dgha jQ+;s nSu lkfcr ugha \
g+nhls g+t+jrs bCus elÅn] cjk bCus v+kft+c] bCus mej] vcw gqjSjg vkSj vklkjs
[kqyQ+k, jk’ksnhu dk D;k tokc gksxk fd jQ+;s nSu flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek esa
lkfcr gS\ eSaus xqft+’rk lQ+g+kr esa 27 ejQw vg+knhl dlhj vklkjs lg+kck o
rkcsbZu ls lkfcr fd;k fd rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok uekt+ esa dgha jQ+;s nSu
ughaA uht+ g+nhls bCus elÅn o g+nhls cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk
v+Ugqek ftuesa jQ+;s nSu u djus dk ft+Ø gS og jQ+;s nSu ds lqcwr dh
vg+knhl ls T+;knk d+oh gSaA dksbZ ‘k[+l fdlh lg+h eg+Qwt+] eqvkjt+k ls [k+kyh
fjok;r ls lkfcr djds fn[kk, fd rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok uekt+ esa fdlh
vkSj txg Hkh jQ+;s nSu jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us ges’kk fd;k
gS\ gjfxt+ lkfcr ugha dj ldrkA flQ+Z ;g dg nsuk dkQ+h ugha fd bu
rhu txgksa esa jQ+;s nSu lkfcr gSA fQj lg+h g+nhl ls rhu txgksa esa jQ+;s nSu
lkfcr gS dguk x+yr gS D;ksfa d lg+h g+nhl ls nks ltnksa ds njfe;ku vkSj
nks jdv+r ls mBrs oD+r Hkh jQ+;s nSu djuk lkfcr gS rks equfdjhu bu
txgksa esa jQ+;s nSu dks ykft+e D;ksa ugha dgrs\
nwljk nkok% Q+hjkst+kcknh lkfg+c us nwljk nkok ;g fd;k gS fd
jQ+;s nSu esa pkj lkS vg+knhl o vklkj vk, gSAa
nkok dk rg+d+hd+h tkbt+k% ;g nkok Hkh eg+t+ nkok gS tks
bfUrgkbZ ntkZ eqckyx+k ij ecuh gSA g+t+kj dksf’k’kksa ds ckotwn vkt
rd d+k;yhus jQ+;s nSu pkj lkS D;k eqv+kjt+k ls eg+Qwt+ pkj lgh
fjok;kr Hkh u yk ldsA bekess cq[kkjh o eqlfye dks viuh ‘krZ ds
eqrkfcd+ tks vg+knhl feyha og Hkh v+ey ds fyg+kt+ ls eqt+rfjc vkSj
g+nhls bCus elÅn o cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugqek ds
eqd+kfcys esa ejtwg+ gSaA vxj pkj lkS lgh vklkj o vg+knhl jQ+;s nSu
 83

ds lqcwr ij ekStwn gSa rks bekess cq[k+kjh o eqlfye us rv+k#t+ o

bf[+rykQ+ ls [k+kyh nl chl vg+knhl gh ud+y D;ksa ugha dha vkSj
Q+hjkst+kcknh lkg+c us Hkh flQ+Z nkok D;ksa fd;k\ mUgsa rks de ls de
opkl vg+knhl ft+Ø djuk pkfg, FkkA g+d+hd+r ;g gS fd eg+t+ ÅaWps
ÅaWps nkos gSa fd jQ+;s nSu ds lqcwr ij pkj lkS vg+knhl o vklkj gSa]
ipkl lg+kck ls fjok;kr gS] bu nkoksa ds ihNs dksbZ et+cwr nyhy
ughaA
rhljk nkok% jkfo;ksa dh dljr dh otg ls eqrokfrj ds eq’kcsg gSA
nkos dk rg+d+hd+h tk;t+k% Q+hjkst+kcknh lkg+c ds ut+nhd pkj
lkS vg+knhl o vklkj fey tkus ds ckotwn jQ+;s nSu dh fjok;r
eqrokfrj u gks ldh] eqrokfrj ds eq’kcsg gh jghA vkf[k+j muds
ut+nhd eqrokfrj gS D;k\ vkSj jkfo;ksa dh dljr ds D;k ekuk\
tc pkj lkS fjok;kr dh ckr gh ckfry gS rks eqrokfrj ds
eq’kkcsg gksus dh cqfu;kn gh fgy xbZA fQj Q+hjkst+kcnh lkg+c fdl
cqfu;kn ij dgsxa s fd jQ+;s nSu dh fjok;r eqrokfrj ds eq’kkcsg gS\
pkSFkk nkok% v’kj;s eqc’’kjg us c;ku fd;k gS fd vkaWg+t+jr
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye ges’kk jQ+;s nSu djrs jgs ;gka rd fd
nqfu;k ls #[k+lr gq,A
nkos dk rg+d+hd+h tk;t+k% ;g nkok Hkh x+yr gS fd v+’kj;s
eqc’’kjg us ;g c;ku fd;k gSA flQ+Z bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks dh fjok;r ftlesa ;g ckr gS vkSj Hkh eqt+rfjc o t+bZQ+ gS
cfYd v+Yykeg uSeoh ds eqrkfcd+ ekStw gSA D;ksfa d g+t+jrs bCus mej
dk v+ey [kqn mlds f[k+ykQ+ FkkA tSlk fd lgh lun ds lkFk
mudk g+okYkk xqft+’rk lQ+g+kr esa xqt+jkA
fQj ;g fd vxj v’kj;s eqc’’kjg ;g c;ku Q+jekrs gSa fd gqtwj
lYyYykgks v+ySsgs olYye dk nkbeh v+ey jQ+;s nSu jgk rks loky
;g gS fd ;g tkurs gq, g+t+jrs vcwcØ flÌhd+] g+t+jrs mej] g+t+jrs
v+yh vkSj nhxj v+’kj;s eqc’’kjg rdchjs rg+jhek ds v+ykok iwjh
 84

uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu D;ksa ugh djrs Fks\ D;k Q+hjkt+kcknh lkg+c bu
g+t+jkr ds d+kSy o v+ey esa rt+kn ekusxa s\ vkSj mUgsa rkfjds lqUur
d+jkj nsxa s\
lgh+ ;g gS fd jlwys [k+nq k lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us tks
jQ+;s nSu rk mez fd;k gS og rdchjs rg+jhek okyk jQ+s;nSu gS u fd
dksbZ vkSj jQ+;s nSuA
ikapoka nkok% blds v+ykog dksbZ pht+ lkfcr ughaA
nkos dk rg+d+hd+h tk;t+k% blds v+ykog ;kuh jQ+;s nSu ds
v+ykok dqN lkfcr ughaA vxj bl ckr dks eku fy;k tk, rks mu
vg+knhls lg+hg+k ejQwv+g o vklkjs lg+hg+k dk D;k tokc gS ftu ls
lkfcr gksrk gS fd flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu djuk gS\
fiNys lQ+g+kr esa geus lg+h ejQw vg+knhl o vklkj ud+y fd,
tks jQ+;s nSu u djus ds ckjs esa okt+gs + vkSj cgqr et+cwr gSa] mu
fjok;kr ds gksrs gq, ;g nkok djuk fd jQ+;s nSu ds f[+kykQ+ dksbZ
fjok;r lkfcr ugha] lwjt dh jkS’kuh dk budkj djuk gSA
bekess eksg+Een jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs ij bYt+ke
,d x+jS eqd+fYyn v+kfye us fdckr fy[kh vkSj mlesa bekess eksg+Een
jg+erqYyg v+ySg ds ckjs esa ;g fy[kk fd ^^jQ;nSu muds ut+nhd lqUurs
lg+hgk ls lkfcr gS rks cjknjkus vg+ukQ+ dks Hkh ;g lqUur viuk ysuh
pkfg,A^^ ¼lykrqjZlwy iz0 242 ½
bekess eksgE+ en jg+erqYykg v+ySg ij ;g bYt+ke gSA vkius
jQ+;nSu dks dgha Hkh lqUur ugha fy[kkA nsf[k, vki D;k Q+jekrs gSa%
^^ lqUur ;g gS fd vkneh viuh uekt+ esa mBrs cSBrs vYykgks vdcj
dgsA tc igys ltns esa tk, rks vYykgks vdcj dgs] tc nwljs ltns esa tk,
rks vYykgks vdcj dgs vkSj uekt+ esa nksuksa gkFkksa ds mBkus dk elvyk ;g gS
fd ,d ckj ‘kq: djrs oD+r nksuksa gkFkksa dks dkuksa dh ykS rd mBk, fQj mlds
ckn uekt+ esa dgha nksuksa gkFkksa dks u mBk,A ;gh bekess vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykg
v+ySg ds ut+nhd gS vkSj bl flyflys esa dlhj vklkj ekStwn gSaA^^ ¼eksvRrk
bekess eksg+Een iz0 90½
 85

bekess eksgE+ en jg+erqYykg v+ySg us bf[+rykQ+h jQ+;s nSu dks lqUur

ugha fy[kk cfYd ljkg+r ds lkFk ;g fy[kk fd ,d ckj rdchsj
rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu fd;k tk,xk] fQj iwjh uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu
ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
g+t+jrs x+ksls vkt+e ds uke dk x+yr bLrseky
,d x+Sj eqd+fYyn v+kfye vg+ukQ+ dks /kksdk esa Mkyus ds fy, ;g
fy[kk fd xqfu;rqRrkyschu esa gS fd ‘kS[k+ v+Cnqy d+kfnj thykuh uekt+
esa jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA bl ckr ls d+r;s ut+j fd xqfu;rqRrkyschu
dh bluknh gSfl;r D;k gS] ;gka ;g ckr crkuk t+:jh gS fd x+kSls
vkt+e thykuh jgerqYykg v+ySg g+Ecyh et+gc ds eqtrfgn vkSj
Q+d+hg Fks vkSj g+Ecfy;ksa ds ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu lkfcr gSA ysfdu
vktrd fdlh g+Ecyh us fdlh g+uQ+h dks jQ+;s nSu u djus dh otg
ls rkfjds lqUur ugha dgk] u gh fdlh g+uQ+h et+gc okys us fd;h
‘kkQ+bs Z ;k g+Ecyh dks jQ+;s nSu djus dh otg ls rkfjds lqUur d+jkj
fn;k cfYd pkjksa vbEek ds ekuus okys cjg+d+ gSa dksbZ fdlh ij rkuk
o r’kuh ugha djrkA ysfdu x+jS eqd+Yysnhu tks pkjksa vbEek dh
rd+yhn dks f’kdZ dgrs gS]a og fdlh bekess dh rd+yhn dks f’kdZ
le>us dh otg ls [kqn ls elkby fudkyus dh dkf’k’k djrs gSa
vkSj viuh Q+ges ukfd+l ds eqrkfcd+ vg+knhl o dqjvkuh vk;kr ds
t+kfgj dks ns[kdj tks le> esa vkrk gS ogh viuk ekSfd+Q+ cuk ysrs
gSa fQ+jd+;s t+kgfj;k dh ‘kqÅjh ;k yk’kqÅjh rkSj ij rd+yhn djrs
gSa] og vius flok pkjksa vbEek ds ekuus okyksa dks eq’kfjd Bgjkrs gSa
vkSj [kqn vbEe;s vjcv+k ds flok cs’kqekj ogkchs ‘kq;w[k+ dh vU/kh
rd+yhn djds vius cuk;s gq, mlwy ds eqrkfcd+ ,d ugha cs’kqekj
f’kdZ ds nyny esa Qals gq, gSaA muds ut+nhd ‘kS[k+ bCus v+Cnqy
oggkc utnh] d+kt+h ‘kkSdkuh] ‘kS[k+ vyckuh] bCus ckt+ vkSj ‘kS[k+
lkysg+ mlSehu ox+Sjg beke o eqtrfgns v+lz gSa mudk gj d+kSy o
v+ey fxjksgs vgys g+nhl ds fy, ukd+kfcys rjnhn lun gSA fQj og
vU/kh rd+yhn okys ugha vkSj x+jhc g+uQ+h] ‘kkQ+bs Z] ekfydh vkSj
g+Ecyh x+Sj eUlwl fQ+d+gh elkby esa pkj vbEe;s etkfgc dh
rd+yhn djus dh otg ls eq’kfjd gSa] vkf[k+j D;ksa\ blfy, u fd
vbEe;s vjcv+k dh rd+yhn djus okys ogkch ughaA vxj ;g otg
 86

ugha rks fQj otg D;k gSA fQjd+;s vgys g+nhl dk vbEe;s vjcv+k
ds eqd+Yysnhu dks [kqlwlu vg+ukQ+ dks vius rUt+ o rku cfYd bukn
dk fu’kkuk cukuk vkSj mUgsa jQ+;s nSu djus dh otg ls rkfjds lqUur
o eq[k+kfyQ+ dguk mudk tqYes vt+he ugh arks vkSj D;k gS\
,d x+jS eqd+fYyn v+kfye us x+kSls vkt+e dk g+okyk is’k djrs gq,
tks fy[kk gS fd jQ+;s nSu djrs Fks rks D;k og ;g dg ldrs gSa fd
bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k cfYd dlhj lg+kck o rkcsbZu jQ+;s nSu u djds
lqUur rdZ djrs Fks\ vkSj x+kSls vkt+e ds eqrkfcd+ og lcds lc rkfjds
lqUur Fks\ x+kSls vkt+e dk uke bLrseky djds nj vLy yksxksa dks /kksds
esa Mkyuk gSA ojuk x+jS eqd+Yysnhu x+kSls vkt+e cfYd reke vkSfy;k;s
fdjke ds xqLrk[k+ gSa vksj ^^;k x+kSl^^ dgus dks f’kdZ dgrs gSaA cfYd
y¶+t+s x+kSl bLrseky djus dks Hkh f’kdZ dgrs gSaA vc vUnkt+k yxk;sa fd
x+kSls vkt+e ls mudh eg+Ccr o vd+hnr dk D;k g+ky gS \
nqjsZ eq[+rkj dh bckjr ls /kksdk
x+Sj eqd+fYyn v+kfye us viuh fdrkc ^^lykrqjZlwy^^ esa nqjsZ eq[+rkj
o ‘kkeh ds g+okys ls fy[kk fd ^^jQ+;s nSu ls uekt+ Q+kfln ugha gksrh^^
bl bckjr ls ;g /kksdk nsuk pkgrs gSa fd ckt+ g+uQ+h Qqd+gk ds
ut+nhd uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu lkfcr gSA g+kykafd lkfgcs nqjsZ eq[+rkj o
‘kkeh us ;g dc fy[kk gS fd uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu djuk pkfg,\ mudk
ekSfd+Q+ rks ogh gS tks bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dk gS fd uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu
ugha djuk pkfg,A vc jgh ckr ;g fd blls uekt+ Q+kfln gksxh
;k ugh arks t+kfgj gS fd uekt+ es eqQ+flnkrs uekt+ esa ls dksbZ ik;k
tk, rks uekt+ Q+kfln gksxh vkSj bekess vkt+e ds ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu
djuk eqQ+flnkrs uekt+ esa ls ughaa bekess ‘kkQ+bZ jg+erqYykg v+ySg ds
ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu djuk pkfg, vkSj jQ+;s nSu u djuk eqQ+flnkrs
uekt+ esa ls ughaAa tSlk fd bekess eqlfye us ckc d+k;e Q+jek;k gS
^^jQ+;s nSu dk eqlrg+c gksuk^^ ekywe gqvk fd jQs;+ nSu esa vbEek ds
njfe;ku bf[+rykQ+ bLrsgc+ kc esa gSA ysfdu eqd+Yysnhus et+gc ds
fy, fcyk nyhy viuh rchv+r ls rd+yhns bekess ls gVuk nq#Lr
ughaA D;ksfa d ;g xqejkgh vkSj u¶+l ijLrh esa fxjus dk lcc gS A
 87

tSlk fd x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu rdsZ rd+yhn dh cqfu;kn ij t+ykyr esa

Q+ls gq, gSa vkSj reke vbEe;s et+kfgc ij rku o r’kuh djrs gSaA
reke vbEe;s nhu ls vyx gVdj x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu jQ+;s nSu dks
okftc ;k Q+t+Z ds ntsZ esa j[krs gSa vkSj jQ+;s nSu u djus okyksa dks
rkuks r’kuh dk fu’kkuk cukrs gS vkSj mUgsa xqejkg] eq[k+kfyQ+s lqUur
dgrs gSaA vYykg bUgsa fgnk;r vrk Q+jek;s A
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks ij ful;ku ¼Hkwyus½ dk byt+ke
ckt+ yksxksa us rv+Llqc dh fcuk ij jQ+;s nSu u djus dh lg+h
vg+knhl ij cstk rku fd;k gSA jQ+;s nSu djus okys og yksx tks
jQ+;s nSu u djus okyksa dks equfdjhus lqUur ds [k+kus esa Mkyrs gSa
muds f[k+ykQ+ g+t+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks v+Ugks dh fjok;r
ukd+kfcys rjnhn gqTtr gSA muls bl g+nhl dk dksbZ tokc ugha
curk rks b/kj m/j dh gkadus yxrs gSa vkSj g+n ;g gS fd g+t+jrs
v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ij Hkwy vkSj
ful;ku dk byt+ke j[kus esa Hkh [k+kSQ+ eg+lwl ugha djrsA
mUgksaus ;gka rd fy[k fn;k fd g+t+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks dks ful;ku ¼Hkwyus dk ejt+½ gks x;kA mUgksua s Hkwy ls ;g
fjok;r ft+Ø dj nh fd jlwyqYykg lYyYYkkgks v+ySgs olYye
rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks vkSj fQj iwjh uekt+ esa
nksckjk dgha jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA tgkaW rd ful;ku dk rv+Yyqd+
gS rks fdlh ds fy, ;g nkok ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd mlls
ful;ku ugha gqvkA ysfdu fcyk nyhy fdlh ij fdlh eqv+keys esa
ful;ku dk byt+ke j[kuk tqeZ gSA g+t+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks jlwys vdje lYYkYYkkgks rvk+yk v+ySgs olYye ds
pghrs lg+kch] [k+k+ l [k+kfne] lQ+j o g+t+j esa vki ds lkFk jgus okys]
ges’kk jlwys vdje ‫ﷺ‬ds lkFk uekt+ uekt+ i<+us okys] uekt+ esa
igyh lQ+ esa jgus okys] lkcsd+hus vOoyhu vkSj x+t+o;s cnz esa ‘kjhd
 88

gksu okys lg+kc;s fdjke esa ls FksA vki mu [k+kl QqD+gk;s lg+kck esa
ls Fks ftudh ekStwnxh esa nwljs lg+kck Q+Rok ugha fn;k djrs FksA
[kqyQ+k;s jk’ksnhu ds ckn lg+kc;s fdjke esa vkils cM+k dksbZ Q+d+hg
ugha FkkA ,sls Q+d+hg eqtrfgn lg+kch;s jlwy gh gqtwj ‫ﷺ‬dh
uekt+ Hkwy tk;sxa s rks fQj dkSu ;kn j[ksxk\ fQj g+t+jrs bCus elÅn
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jlwys ikd ‫ﷺ‬dh uekt+ dksbZ ljljh
vankt+ esa ugha crk jgs gSa cfYd igys lg+kc;s fdjke dks viuh rjQ+
eqroTtsg djus ds fy, Q+jekrs gSa fd ^^D;k eSa vki yksxksa ds lkeus
gqtqj vySfgLlykrks oLlyke dh rjg+ uekt+ i<+dj u fn[kkÅaW \^^
fQj uekt+ i<+us esa rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok dgha nksuksa gkFkksa dks u
mBkuk cfYd g+t+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dk okt+gs +
y¶+t+ksa esa ;g Q+jekuk fd jlwyqYykg ‫ﷺ‬flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds
oD+r gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks vkSj nksckjk ugha mBkrs Fks] ;g lkfcr ugha
djrk fd gqtwj vdje ‫ﷺ‬dh uekt+ ;gh Fkh fd vki flQ+Z
rdchjs rg+jhed ds oD+r gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks\ bekess frjfet+h us
Q+jek;k fd jQ+ls nSu u djuk cgqr ls lg+kck dk et+gc gS rks D;k
cd+kSy fQ+jd+;s vgys g+nhl mu reke lg+kck us Hkwy dj jQ+;s nSu
rdZ fd;k Fkk\ ckt+ fjok;kr esa ;g tks feyrk gS fd vki
‫ﷺ‬#dw djrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu djrs Fks rks
;g v+ey ges’kk vki us ugha fd;k cfYd dHkh fd;k vkSj fQj rdZ
dj fn;kA g+t+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks tSls Q+d+hg
eqtrfgn lg+kch ij fcyk nyhy ful;ku dk bYt+ke j[k nsuk cM+h
tqjvr dh ckr gSA fQj ;g bYt+ke flQ+Z g+t+jrs bCus elÅn ij gh
ugha vkrk cfYd jQ+;s nSu u djus okys lg+kck g+t+jrs vcwcØ flÌhd+]
g+t+jrs mej Q+k:d+s vkt+e] gt+jrs v+yh] g+t+jrs vcw gqjSjg vkSj
g+t+jrs cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ygqe ij v+k;n gksxk
vkSj eg+t+ t+Uuks bg+res ky dh cqfu;kn ij vftYYk;s lg+kc;s fdjke
ij bl rjg+ dk xqeku j[kk tk;s rks fQj ‘kjbZ vg+dke dk [kqnk gh
 89

g+kfQ+t+! cfYd fljs ls nhu ls ,rsekn gh mB tk;sxkA ^^vYykg dh

iukg^^
fQ+jd+;s vgys g+nhl ds ,rsjkt+kr ds tokckr
,rsjkt+% ,d g+nhl ‘kjhQ+ ftldks bekess cq[k+kjh us viuh fdrkc
tqT+, jQ+;s nSu esa ft+Ø fd;k gS mlls ;g lkfcr gksrk gS fd g+t+jrs
v+CnqYykg bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks tc fdlh vkneh dks
cx+Sj jQ+ls nSu ds uekt+ i<+rs gq, ns[krs Fks rks mls dadjh Qsd a dj
jQ+s+;nSu djus dks dgrs FksA ekywe gqvk fd g+t+jrs bCus mej
jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA
Tkokc% eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck esa gS fd g+t+jrs bCus mej
jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks flQ+Z rdchjs b¶+rsrkg+ ds oD+r gkFk mBkrs FksA
fjok;r lun ds lkFk ;g gS%
gels g+nhl c;ku dh vcwcØ fcu v+¸;k’k us og fjok;r djrs
djrs gSa gqlSu ls og eqtkfgn ls fd mUgksua s Q+jek;k fd eSaus g+t+jrs
bCus mej jft+;Yykgks rv+yk v+Ugks dks uekt+ esa rdchjs b¶+rrs kg+ ds
ls flok dgha jQ+;s nSu djrs gq, ugha ns[kkA ¼ eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck
1@214] g+nhl 2452½
fjok;rs et+dwjk ds reke jkoh fld+g gSaA ;g fjok;r ;g lkfcr djrh
gS fd g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks rdchjs b¶+rsrkg+ ds flok
dgha jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks vkSj nkj dqRuh dh fjok;r ls ekywe gqvk fd
vki jQ+;s nSu dk gqDe nsrs FksA rks bl rt+kn dks [k+Re djus dh lwjr ;gh gS
fd tc rd g+t+jrs bCus mej dks ekywe ugha gqvk Fkk fd vYykg ds jlwy us
igys jQ+;s nSu fd;k Fkk fQj ckn esa rdZ Q+jek fn;k Fkk ml oD+r rd
g+t+jrs bCus mej jQ+;s nSu dk l[k+rh ls gqDe nsrs jgs vkSj tc mUgs ekywe
gqvk fd vYykg ds jlwy ‫ﷺ‬us jQ+;s nSu rdZ Q+jek fn;k Fkk ¼tSl k fd
g+t +jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;YYkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh lg+h g+nhl ls ekywe gqvk
vkSj g+t +jrs vCnqYykg bCus tqcSj jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh fjok;r mEnrqy d+kjh ds
g+okys ls igys xqt +jh uht+ lg+h eql fye] vcwnkÅn ox+jS g dh fjok;r ls ekywe gqvk fd
 90

jlwyqYykg ‫ ﷺ‬us uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu djus ls euk Q+jek fn;k vkSj lqdwu ls uekt+
vnk djus dk gqDe fn;k ½ tc g+t+jrs bCus mej dks jQ+;s nSu ds eUlw[k+ gksus dk
bYe gqvk rks mUgksua s Hkh jQ+;s nSu rdZ Q+jek fn;kA
,d gSjku dqu ckr
bekess cq[k+kjh dh fdrkc ^^ dqjZrqy,suSu csjQ+by;nSu fQ+LLkykr^^
¿ukf’kj nk#y vjd+e fyUUk’j oRrkSt+h dks;r rc;s vOoy 1404 fg0 Àesa gS fd
eqtkfgn us tks ;g Q+jek;k fd eSaus bCus mej dks rdchjs b¶+rrs kg+ ds
flok uekt+ esa dgha jQ+;s nSu djrs gq, ugha ns[kk rks bCus mej
jft+;YYkkgks rv++kyk v+Ugks us Hkwy dj jQ+;s nSu ugha fd;k FkkA tSlk
fd g+t+jrs mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks uekt+ esa fd+jvr Hkwy x,
FksA D;k rqe ugha ns[krs fd g+t+jrs bCus mej jQ+;s nSu u djus okys
dks iRFkj Qsd a rs Fks rks ;g dSls gks ldrk gS fd g+t+jr bCus mej
ftldk gqDe nwljs dks nsrs Fks og [kqn u djrs vkSj ftls jlwyqYykg
‫ ﷺ‬dks djrs gq, ns[kk og [kqn NksM+ nsrsA
yhft, vc fd+Llk gh reke gks x;kA vHkh lg+kch;s jlwy g+t+jrs
bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ij ful;ku dk bYt+ke Fkk
vc rks g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk +v+Ugks dh tkfuc Hkh
[k+rk eUlwc gks xbZA vc eq[k+kysQ+hu dks cM+h et+cwr nyhy gkFk vk
xbZ fd ftu lg+kck o rkcsbZu us flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r
jQ+;s nSu fd;k vkSj mlds v+ykok jQ+;S nSu djus ls euk fd;k mu
lc us [k+rk o ful;ku ls ,slk fd;k FkkA fygkt+k bekess frjfet+h dk
;g dguk gh yX+o ¼csdkj½ gks x;k fd flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r
jQ+;s nSu djuk cgqr ls lg+kck o rkcsbZu dk et+gc gS! bQ+jkrks
rQ+jhr dh ,slh felkysa tc lkeus vkrh gSa rks l[+r vQ+lksl Hkh
gksrk gS vkSj rv+Ttqc HkhA d+r, ut+j blls fd ^ful;ku okys nkos^
esa fdruh et+cwrh gS] bruh ckr rks t+:j lkfcr gks xbZ fd bekess
cq[k+kjh ds ut+nhd eqtkfgn dh ;g fjok;r lg+h gSA D;ksfa d mUgksaus
mldh lun esa dksbZ dyke ugha fd;kA
 91

,rsjkt+kr o tokckr
,rjkt+% g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh bl g+nhl ¼lkr
txgksa esa jQ+;s nSu djus½ dks g+t+jrs ukQ+s us fjok;r fd;k gS vkSj g+t+jrs bCus
v+Cckl jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh fjok;r dks edfle us fjok;r fd;k
gSA ‘kksck us dgk gS fd edfle ls bl g+nhl dks g+de us fjok;r fd;k gS
vkSj g+de us edfle ls flQ+Z pkj vg+knhl lquh gSa ftu esa ;g g+nhl ugha
vkSj bCus mej ls ukQ+s us bl rjg+ ls fjok;r fd;k gS gkykafd ukQ+s ds
vlg+kc us bl ds f[k+ykQ+ fjok;r fd;k gSA
Tkokc% vxjps g+de ds okLrs ls g+t+rs bCus v+Cckl jft;Yykgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks dh fjok;r eqjly gS ysfdu ;g eqjly lg+h gSA
v+ykok vt+ha g+t+jrs bCus v+Cckl jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh fjok;r
dks eksgfÌl bCus vch ‘kSck us ftl lun ds lkFk ft+Ø fd;k gS og
eqjly ugha cfYd eqRrfly gSA eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck dh fjok;r
lun ds lkFk ;g gS%
^^gels gnhl bCus Qqty+S us og fjok;r djrs gSa v+rk ls og lbZn
bCus tqcSj ls og v+CnqYykg bCus v+Cckl jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls
mUgksua s Q+jek;k fd gkFkksa dks flQ+Z lkr txgksa esa mBk;k tk;sxk] tc
uekt+ ds fy;s [kM+k gks] vkSj tc [k+ku;s dkck dks ns[ks] lQ+k o ejok
ij] vjQ+kr es]a tek es]a ftekj ds oD+rA^^
g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh fjok;r tks ukQ+s us ft+Ø
dh gS og blfy, eksrcj gS fd [kqn g+t+jrs bCus mej dk Hkh ;gh v+ey Fkk
fd og uekt+ esa flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA tSlkfd
eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck esa g+t+jrs eqtkfgn ls ejoh gS mUgksua s Q+jek;k fd eSaus
g+t+jrs bCus mej dks flQ+Z rdchjs b¶+rsrkg+ djrs gq, ns[kkA ¼ eql UuQ+s bCus vch
‘kSck 1@214 g+nhl 2452 ½
,rsjkt+% g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dks x+Sj
eksrcj d+jkj nsrs gq, ckt+ yksx g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd dk
,d d+kSy is’k djrs gSa fd mUgksua s bl g+nhl ds ckjs esa Q+jek;k fd
 92

;g g+nhl lkfcr ughaA fygkt+k mldks jQ+;s nSu u djus dh nyhy

ugha cuk ldrsA
Tkokc% lcls igyh ckr rks ;g gS fd g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus
eqckjd us [kqn g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh
ftlesa jQ+;s nSu u djus dh ljkg+r gSA ¼ g+okyk NVh lun ls lkFk xqt+jk]
ogkaW eqykg+t+k dhft,½
blds vykok Q+Uus g+nhl ds ryck dks ;g ckr ekywe gS fd
dksbZ g+nhl fdlh eksg+fÌl ds ikl lkfcr ugha gksrh ysfdu ogh g+nhl
nwljs eksg+fÌl ds ikl lkfcr lg+h cfYd T+;knk lg+h gksrh gSA vxj
g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+yk v+Ugks dh g+nhls
et+dwj ds ckjs esa bCuqyeqckjd jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us Q+jek;k
gS fd ^^;g lkfcr ugha ^^ rks gks ldrk gS fd ;g d+kSy vl oD+r dk
gks tc mUgsa ;g g+nhl ugha igqaWph Fkh ojuk bldk D;k tokc gksxk
fd [kqn bCuqy eqckjd dh fjok;r ls g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks
rv+yk v+Ugks bekess fulbZ dh ^vLluuqLlqx+jk ^ esa ekStwn gS vkSj
mlds lkjs jkoh fld+g gSaA bekess vcwg+uhQ+k fjt+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks
ftuds ‘kkfxnksZa esa bekess v+CnqYykg bCuqyeqckjd gSa muds ut+nhd rks
gt+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kykÌÌ v+Ugks dh g+nhl lkfcr
lg+h cfYd lg+hrj gSA fQj vxj fdlh eksg+fÌl dks dksbZ g+nhl mlds
eqrv+¸;u fd;s gq, es;kj ds eqrkfcd+ u feyh vkSj mlus mlds ckjs
esa ;g dgk fd lkfcr ugh arks blls g+nhls et+dwj dk x+Sj eksrcj
gksuk lkfcr ugh gksrk vkSj mlls ;g lkfcr ugha gksrk fd og g+nhl
fdlh eksg+fÌl o Q+d+hg ds ut+nhd lkfcr ughaA
vxj bekess bCuqy eqckjd ds d+kSy dk ;g eryc fy;k tk, fd
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks fdlh lun ds lkFk fdlh
ds ut+nhd lkfcr ugh arks bl loky dk D;k tokc gksxk fd bekess
frjfet+h us bl g+nhl dks ft+Ø djus ds ckn mls g+l u fy[kk gS vkSj
mUgksua s g+nhls et+dwj ds ,d ^ eqrdYYe Q+hg^ jkoh v+kfle fcu dqySc dh
otg ls mls njt;s g+l u esa j[kk gS g+kykafd v+kfle fcu dqySc ls [kqn
 93

bekess cq[k+kjh us ^tqT+my fd+jkvr^ esa fjok;r yh gS vkSj eqlfye us viuh

lg+h esa muls fjok;r yh gS uht+ vlg+kcs lquu us muls fjok;r dh gSA
bekess nkjd+rq uh us ^lquus nkj dqruh^ esa ft+Øs ul[kqRrrchd+ esa v+kfle
fcu dqySc dh fjok;r ft+Ø djus ds ckn fy[kk fd ;g blukn lkfcr
lg+h gS] v+kfle fcu dqySc dh fjok;r ogka lgh gS vkSj rdsZ jQ+;s nSu esa
lg+h D;ksa ugh\ g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks bekess
vcwnkÅn] bekess fulbZ] bekess v+CnqjZT+t+kd+] bekess bCus vch ‘kSck] bekess
vg+en bCus g+Ecy bekess vcqy ;kyk vyewlyh] bekess rg+koh] bekess
frcjkuh] bekess nkj dqruh] bekess cSgd+h] bekess md+yS h] bekess bCus gtj
v+ld+ykuh vkSj lqQ+;kus lkSjh ds ut+nhd lkfcr gS vxjps ckt+
eksg+Ìslhu us vius mlwy o t+okfcr ds eqrkfcd+ mls viuk eqlrnYy
d+jkj ugha fn;kA fdlh eksg+fÌl ds ut+nhd fdlh lun ds fygkt+ ls
g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks x+jS lg+h gks ldrh gS
ysfdu blls ;g ykft+e ugha vkrk fd reke eksg+Ìslhu ds ut+nhd
g+nhl bCus elÅn jft+Yykgks rv+yk v+Ugks x+jS lg+h gSA vxj v+kfle fcu
dqySc dh otg ls bl g+nhl dks x+jS lg+h dgk tk, rks blls vg+ukQ+
ij dqN Q+d+Z ugha iM+rk D;ksfa d g+t+jrs bekess vcwg+uhQ+k dks ;g g+nhl
ftl lun ds lkFk igqaWph gS mles a v+kfle fcu dqySc jkoh ekStwn ughaA
bekess vkt+e rd g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+yk v+Ugks ds tqeyk
jkoh fld+kgr] v+nkyr vkSj fg+¶+t o fQ+d+g esa cgqr vkyk ntsZ ds gSaA
;gh otg gS fd bl lun dh rd+fo;r dh nyhy ds lkeus vkSt+kbZ
tSls eksg+fÌl o Qd+hg us [k+keks’kh bf[r;kj dh FkhA
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj bekess vkSt+kbZ dk eqckglk
g+tjrs lqQ+;ku fcu m,suk dk c;ku gS fd ,d ekSd+s ij eDd;s
eqdjZek esa ^^nkjs g+ukrhu^^ esa vcwg+uhQ+k vkSj vkSt+kbZ dh eqykd+kr gks xbZ rks
ntZ t+yS xq¶rxw gqbZ%
vkSt+kbZ% D;k otg gS fd vki yksx #dw djrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls
mBrs oD+r gkFkksa dks ugha mBkrs\
 94

vcwgu+ hQ+k% bl fy, fd jQ+;s nSu djus ij dksbZ lg+h g+nhl

ekStwn ughaA
vkSt+kbZ% dSls ekStwn ugha\ eq>ls tqgjh us fjok;r dh] mUgksaus
lkfye ls] mUgksaus vius okfyn ¼v+CnqYykg bCus mej½ ls mUgksaus
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye ls fd vkag+t+jr lYyYykgks
v+ySgs olYye uekt+ ‘kq: djrs oD+r] #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls
mBrs oD+r gkFkksa dks mBkrs FksA
vcw guhQ+k% gels g+nhl c;ku dh g+Eekn us] mUgksua s bczkghes u[k+bZ
ls] mUgksaus v+yd+ek vkSj vlon ls vkSj mUgksua s g+t+jrs vCnqYykg bCus
elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls fd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs
olYye flQ+Z uekt+ ‘kq: djrs oD+r gkFkksa dks mBkrs Fks vkSj iwjh uekt+
esa nksckjk ugha mBkrs FksA
vkSt+kbZ% eSa vkids lkeus ¼et+cwr½ lun is’k dj jgk gwaW] tqgjh]
lkfye] vCnqYykg bCus mej vkSj vki mlds eqd+kfcy esa ;g lun
is;k dj jgs gSaA g+Eekn] bczkghe esjh lun ds eqd+kcys esa vkidh
lun et+cwr dgka\
vcw g+uhQ+k% esjh lun vkidh lun ls T+;knk et+cwr gSSA esjh
lun esa g+Eekn vkidh lun ds tqgjh ls T;knk g+nhl dh fQ+d+g o
le> j[kus okys gSaA esjh lun esa bczkghes u[k+bZ vkidh lun ds
lkfye ls cM+s Q+d+hg gSaA esjh lun esa v+yd+ek vkSj vlon og Hkh
fQ+d+g esa de #rck j[kus okys ugha vkSj esjh lun esa g+t+jrs
vCnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks rks fQj v+CnqYykg
gh gSa ¼muds #rcs dks g+t+jrs bCus mej dgka igqaWp ldrs\½
vkSt+kbZ% [k+keks’kA
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj bekess vkSt+kbZ jgerqYykgs v+ySfgek ds
eqckgls dks ;gka ft+Ø djus dk ed+ln ;g gS fd g+nhls bCus elÅn
jft+;Yykgks rvkyk v+Ugks g+t+jrs bekess vkSt+kbZ ds ut+nhd lun ds
fygkt+ ls gnhls bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds eqd+kcys esa
 95

et+cwr ughs Fkh ysfdu bekess vcwg+uhQ+k us nykby ls lkfcr fd;k

g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgkss rv+kyk v+Ugks ftles jQ+;s nSu u djus
dk gqDe gS og g+nhls bCus mej ls dgha T+;knk d+oh vkSj et+cwr gSA
rks ekywe gqvk fd ftl eksg+fÌl o Q+d+hg dks tks g+nhl feyrh gS
og vius mlwy o t+okfcr ds es;kj ij mls tkapus ds ckn d+cwy
djrk gS vkSj viuh fQ+Ø o Q+ge ds eqrkfcd+ g+nhl ls elkby dk
bfLr[kjkt djrk gSA pqukaps bekes vkSt+kbZ us viuh lun dks cqyUn
blukn dh cqfu;kn ij d+oh d+jkj fn;k vkSj bekess vcw g+uhQ+k us
jkfo;ksa ds rQ+Dd
+ qg dh T+;knrh dh otg ls T+;knk d+oh d+jkj fn;kA
vius vius es;kj ds eqrkfcd+ nksuksa nq#Lrxh ij gSaA
vxj eku fy;k tk, fd g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+yk
v+Ugks g+t+jrs bCus eqckjd ds ut+nhd lkfcr ugha rks blls ykft+e
ugha vkrk bekess vcw g+uhQ+k o nhxj eksgÌ+ slhu ds ut+nhd Hkh lkfcr
ughaA bCus g+T+e ds ut+nhd g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks lgh gSA frjfet+h ij rg+d+hd+ o rkyhd+ fy[kus okys vg+en
‘kkfdj lkg+c fy[krs gSa%
^^bl g+nhl dks bCus g+T+e ox+Sjg gq¶+Q+kt+s g+nhl us lgh dgk gSA
;g lgh g+nhl gS vkSj blds t+bZQ+ gksus dh tks b+Yyr ckt+ us ft+Ø
dh gS og dksbZ eksrcj ughaA ¼frjfet+h rg+d+hd+ o rkyhd+ vg+en ‘kkfdj
2@41½
blds v+ykok bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy] nkj dqRuh ] bCus d+Rrku]
bCus nd+hdqybZn ekfydh] bCus rSfe;k g+Ecyh vkSj bekess fulbZ ds
ut+nhd Hkh ;g g+nhl lgh gS ;gka rd fd x+jS eqd+fYyn v+kfye ‘kS[k+
vyckuh ds ut+nhd Hkh lgh gSA ¼d’Q+qy ekst+ykr iz0 179½
,rjkt+% g+nhls cjk bCus v+kftc jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh lun
esa ,d jkoh ;t+hn fcu vch ft+;kn t+bZQ+ gSa bl fy, ;g g+nhl
ukd+kfcys bfLrnyky gSA
Tkokc% blds tokc esa ;g dgk tk;sxk fd ;t+hn bCus vch
ft+;kn eq[k+ryQ+ Q+hg jkoh gSaA ckt+ ukd+ns hus g+nhl us mUgsa g+kfQ+t+k
 96

ds fyg+kt+ ls t+bZQ+ dgk gS vkSj ckt+ us mUgsa fld+g] lcr] tkbtqy

g+nhl dgk gSA
bekess v+tyh us Q+jek;k% ;t+hn fcu vch ft+;kn dwQ+h fld+g
tkbtqy g+nhl gSaA ¼ekjsQ+rqfLld+kr fyyv+tyh 2@342½
bCus ‘kkghu us mUgsa fld+kr esa ft+Ø fd;k gSA ¼ vfLLd+kr jd+e
1561½
vg+en bCus lkysg+ us mUgsa fld+g dgkA
v+yh bCus v+kfle dgrs gSa fd bekess ‘kksck us eq>s dgk fd tc eSa
;t+hn fcu vch ft+;kn ls g+nhl fy[k ywa vkSj fdlh vkSj ls u fy[kwa
rks eq>s dksbZ ijokg ughaA ¼fjtkyqy eqaft+jh ev+Rrjx+hc 4@362½
vcw nkÅn us mUgsa lcr Q+jek;kA
bCus [kqte+S k us muls viuh lgh esa fjok;r yhA
bekess eqlfye us vudh fjok;r dks viuh lg+h esa ft+Ø fd;kA
bekess cq[k+kjh us ‘kokfgn esa ft+Ø fd;kA ¼vyfcuk;k 2@296½
vkSj ckt+ eksgÌ+ slhu ds cd+kSy bl lun dks t+bZQ+ eku Hkh fy;k
tk, rks vg+ukQ+ ds fy, dqN uqd+lku ns; ughaA D;ksfa d bekess
vcwg+uhQ+k jg+erqyYkkgs v+ySg dks ftl lun ds lkFk ;g fjok;r
feyh gS mlesa ;t+hn fcu vch ft+;kn ekStwn ughaA bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
jg+erqYykgs v+ySg us bldks v+kfej ‘kkch ls fjok;r fd;k gS vkSj
v+kfej ‘kkch tegwj eksgÌ+ slhu ds ut+nhd fld+g Q+d+hg gSaA bekess
edgwy us mUgs vius t+ekus dk bCus v+Cckl d+jkj fn;k gSA mUgksua s
Ms<+ lkS lg+kc;s fdjke ls eqykd+kr dh Fkh fygkt+k g+nhls cjk bCus
v+kft+c jft+;Yykgks rv+yk v+Ugks bekess vcwg+uhQ+k ds vkyk njts dh
lgh gSA
,rsjkt+% vgys g+nhl g+t+jkr vg+ukQ+ ij ,rsjkt+ djrs gq, ;g
dgrs gSa fd g+nhls tkfcj bCus leqjg jft+;YYkkgs rv+kyk v+Ugks #dw esa
tkrs vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;S nu djus ls euk dh nyhy ugha cfYd
blesa lyke ds oD+r gkFk mBkus ls euk fd;k x;k gSA tSlk fd g+t+jrs
tkfcj fcu leqjg jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh ckt+ fjok;kr esa lkQ+
 97

vyQ+kt+ esa ekStwn gS fd ge uekt+ esa tc lyke Qsjrs Fks rks gkFkksa dks
mBkdj vLlykeks v+ySdqe dgk djrs FksA jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs
olYye us gesa ,slk djrs gq, ns[kk rks mlls euk Q+jek;k vkSj dgk fd
D;k ckr gS rqe lyke ds oD+r vius gkFkksa dks bl rjg+ mBkrs gks fd
og csd+jkj ?kksM+ksa dh nqe gksAa ekywe gqvk fd g+nhls et+dwj dks vg+ukQ+
#dw ls igys vkSj #dw ds ckn jQ+;s nSu u djus ds lqcwr esa is’k ugha
djrsA
Tkokc% d+kjsbZus fdjke dks ekywe gks fd dHkh dksbZ g+nhl ,d gh
jkoh ls eq[rfyQ+ vyQ+kt+ ds lkFk ejoh gksrh gS vkSj dHkh dqN
vyQ+kt+ ds bRrsg+kn ds lkFk eqrv+fÌn dqrqcs vg+knhl esa eq[rfyQ+
vcokc ds rg+r et+dwj gksrh gSA dHkh ,slk gksrk gS fd ,d gh jkoh
dh fjok;r dh gqbZ nks g+nhslsa dqN yQ+t+h bf’rjkd dh cqfu;kn ij
ljljh ut+j esa ,d gh ekSd+k vkSj eg+y dh ekywe gksrh gSa g+kykafd
og eqrv+fÌn eokds+ dh gksrh gSa bldh dbZ felkysa dqrcq s vg+knhl esa
fey tk;sxa hA g+t+jrs vCnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks
dh g+nhl ^ySyrqyftUu^ bldh ,d felky gSA
g++nhls tkfcj fcu leqjg jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh g+kyr Hkh
,slh gh gSA eksg+fÌl bekess v+yh d+kjh Q+jekrs gSa fd t+kfgj ;g gS fd
g+t+jrs tkfcj fcu leqjg dh g+n hl nks ekSd+ksa lsa eqrv+fYyd+ gSA
¼fejd+kr 1@498½ lyke ds ekSd+s ij jQ+;s nSu u djuk vkSj rg+jhek ds
flok reke eokd+s ij jQ+;s nSu u djuk cfYd lqdwu bf[r;kj djuk
tSlk fd ^^aviuh uektksa esa ldwu bf[r;kj djks^ ds vyQ+kt+ ;g crkrs
gSaA g+nhls tkfcj fcu leqjg jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks lyke dh d+nS
ds cx+jS 14 dqrqcs vg+knhl esa vkSj lyke dh d+nS ds lkFk nks dqrqcs
vg+nhl esa gSA tSlk fd xqft+’rk lQ+g+kr esa bldh rQ+lhy ft+Ø dh
xbZA
,rsjkt+% g+t+jrs vcwcØ flÌhd+ jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds
vlj ij ;g ,rsjkt+ fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g t+bZQ+ gS D;ksfa d bldh
lun esa eksgE+ en fcu tkfcj tbZQ+ gSa vkSj mUgksaus gh bl vlj dks
 98

g+Eekn ls ejQ+wv+u fjok;r fd;k gS vkSj g+Eekn ds v+ykok nhxj yksxksa

us bls bczkghes u[k+bZ ls fjok;r fd;k gS rks g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus
elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls ekSdQ +w +u fjok;r fd;k gSA
fygkt+k bl vlj dks jQ+;s nSu u djus ij nyhy ugha cuk ldrsA
Tkokc% bekess nkj dqRuh us bldh lun ;g ft+Ø dh gS% ^^eksg+Een
fcu tkfcj g+Eekn ls og bczkghe ls og v+yd+ek ls og v+CnqYYkkg ls
¼mUgksua s½ dgk fd eSaus jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYYke ds lkFk
uekt+ i<+h vkf[kj g+n hl rd^^
igyh ckr rks ;g fd bl vlj dh fjok;r esa eksgE+ en fcu
tkfcj rUgk ugha vfYd g+Eekn v+u bczkhe dh lun ls bekess vcw
g+uhQ+k us Hkh fjok;r fd;k gSA ¼fdrkcqy vklkj bekess eksg+Een½
nwljh ckr ;g gS fd vxj eksgE+ en fcu tkfcj dks bl fjok;r
esa rUgk eku Hkh fy;k tk, rks mldh otg ls jQ+;s nSu u djus esa
;g ukd+kcsys gqTtr u gksxh D;ksfa d mudh fjok;r fld+g jkoh ds
f[k+ykQ+ ughaA blds v+ykok g+nhls bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk
v+Ugks bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds ut+nhd cgqr lgh gS ;gka rd fd ekt+h
d+jhc ds vgys g+nhl ds v+kfye ‘kS[k+ vyckuh ds ut+nhd Hkh lgh
gSA gokyk igys xqt+jkA
vxj eksg+Een fcu tkfcj dh otg ls bl lun dks t+bZQ+ ekuk
tk, rks Hkh ukdkfcys gqTtr ugha D;ksfa d dksbZ fld+g jkoh eksg+Een
fcu tkfcj ds f[k+ykQ+ jQ+;s nSu djus dk ft+Ø djrs rks fld+g dh
eq[k+kyQ+r dh otg ls ;g fjok;r ukd+kfcys gqTtr gksrh vkSj vxj
eku fy;k tk, fd ;g fjok;r g+t+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;Yykgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks ij ekSdwQ+ eqjly lgh gS rks Hkh g+nhl ekSdwQ+ eqjly
lgh gqTtr gksrh gS vkSj tc ekSdwQ+ g+nhl esa tks gqD+r et+dwj gks og
x+Sj ekdwy o x+jS d+;klh gks rks og g+nhls ejQw ds gqD+e esa gksrh gSA
dksbZ lg+kch;s jlwy viuh jk; ls jQ+;nSu rdZ ugha dj ldrs Fks
D;ksfa d jQ+;s nSu ds lqcwr ij vg+knhl Hkh ekStwn gSaA rks ekywe gqvk
fd g+t+jrs vCnqYykg bCus elÅn dks ;g fjok;r fey pqdh Fkh fd
 99

jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye us igys uekt+ esa jQ+;S nSu

fd;k ysfdu ckn esa NksM+ fn;k tSlk fd nwljh lgh fjok;r esa
ljkg+r gS fd g+t+jrs bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us c;ku
Q+jek;k fd vYykgs ds jlwy lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ esa
rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok dgha jQ+;nSu ugha gksrk FkkA g+t+jrs
vCnqYykg bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us lg+kc;s fdjke ls
;g Q+jek;k fd eSa rqedks jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh
uekt+ i<+dj crk jgk gwaWA blls ;g irk pyk fd g+t+jrs bCus
elÅn jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us gqtwj lYyYykgks rv+kyk vySgs
olYye dks ,d ckj ugha cfYd ckjgk jQ+;s nSu u djrs gq, ns[kk
FkkA ojuk ;g dSls dgk tk ldrk gS fd jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks
v+ySgs olYye us vk+f[kjh mez rd uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu fd;k ysfdu
g+t+jrs bCus elÅn vkSj dlhj lg+kc;s fdjke jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk
v+Ugqe us viuh jk; ls bls NksM+ fn;kA
vgys g+nhl ds dgus ds eqrkfcd+ vxj jQ+;s nSu u djuk g+t+jrs
bCus elÅn jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dk viuk Qsy gks rks ;g
dguk nq#Lr gksxk fd mUgksaus uekt+ esa jQ;nSu u djds jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye ds Qsy dh eq[k+kyQ+r dh FkhA vkSj ;gh
ugha cfYd bl Qsy ds eqjrfdc g+t+jrs vcwcØ flÌhd+] g+t+jrs
Q+k:d+s vkt+e] g+t+jrs v+yh vkSj g+t+jrs v+Cckn bcus tqcSj ox+Sjg
lg+kc;s fdjke Hkh Fks vkSj mUgksua s bl Qsy ls mUgsa jksdkA D;k vgys
g+nhl ds ut+nhd ;g lg+kc;s fdjke uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu u djds
jlwyqYygk lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYYke dh lqUur ds eq[k+kfyQ+ gq,A
,rsjkt% g+t+jrs vCnqYykg bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds
ckjs esa vg+ukQ+ ;g tks dgrs gSa fd og jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs Fks og
x+yr gSA D;ksafs d lgh cq[k+kjh esa gS fd g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks #dw esa tkrs vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;nSu djrs FksA
Tkokc% g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls rhu fd+Le
dh fjok;kr eudwy gSaA ¼1½ rdchjs rg+jhek ds v+ykok #dw esa tkrs
 100

vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;nSu djuk ¼2½ #dw esa tkrs oD+r] #dw ls
mBrs oD+r vkSj nks jdv+r iwjh djds mBrs oD+Rk jQ;nSu djuk ¼3½
flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu djukA
Lkgh cq[k+kjh g+nhl 735 esa #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs
oD+r jQ+;s nSu djuk eudwy gS vkSj lgh cq[k+kjh g+nhl 739 esa #dw esa
tkrs oD+r] #dw ls mBrs oD+r vkSj nks jdv+r ls [kM+s gksrs oD+Rk
jQ+;s nSu djuk eudwy gSA
eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck g+nhl 2452 esa g+t+jrs eqtkfgn ls ejoh gS
fd g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks rdchjs rg+jhek ds
flok iwjh uekt+ esa jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs FksA
vg+knhl ls bfLr[kjkts elkby dk ,d mlwy ;g Hkh gS fd
vxj fdlh jkoh ls fdlh elvys esa fjok;kr eq[rfyQ+ eudwy gksa rks
,d fjok;r dks nwljh fjok;r ij rjthg+ nsus dh ,d lwjr ;g Hkh
gS fd jkoh dk viuk v+ey ns[kk tk;sxk] mlds v+ey dh cqfu;kn
ij mldh fdlh fjok;r dks rjthg+ nh tk;sxhA ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd
g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls jQ+;s nSu ds rv+Yyqd+
ls eq[rfyQ+ fjok;kr eudwy gSaA
,d fjok;r esa gS fd #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+Rk
jQ+;s nSu djuk vkSj nwljh fjok;r esa gS nks jdv+r ij mBrs oD+Rk Hkh
jQ+;s nSu djuk] bu nksuksa fjok;rksa dks mUgksaus gqtwj uch;s djhe
lYyYykgks rv+kyk v+ySgs olYYke dh rjQ+ eUlwc fd;k gS ysfdu
[kqn mudk v+ey ;g Fkk fd og flQ+Z rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r
jQ+;s nSu djrs FksA tSlk fd bekess cq[k+kjh us ^tqT+, jQ+s;nSu^ esa bldks
uD+y Q+jek;k gS vkSj mldh lun ij dksbZ dyke ugha fd;k gSA
g+t+jrs bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dk [kqn jQ+;s nSu u djuk
bl ckr dh nyhy gS fd muds ut+nhd jlwyqYYkkg lYYkYYkkgks
v+ySgs olYye dh og g+nhl ftlesa jQ+;s nSu u djus dk ft+Ø gS
jktsg+ gSA
 101

EkksgfÌlks eqtrfgn bekess rg+koh ¿ ekSr% 321 fg0 À us Q+jek;k fd g+t+jrs

bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dk jQ+;s nSu u djuk bl ckr dh
nyhy gS fd mUgksua s jlwyqYYkkg lYyYYkkgks v+ySgs olYye dks ns[kk Fkk
fd vkius jQ+;s nSu NksM+ fn;k Fkk fygkt+k ;g jQ+;s nSu ds eUlw[k gksus
dh nyhy gSA ¼eqf’dyqy vklkj 10@35 ½
EkksgfÌlks Q+d+hg bekess eksgE+ en ¿ekSr% 189 fg0À us viuh eksrcj
lun ds lkFk g+t+jrs bCus mej dk v+ey uD+y Q+jek;k%
g+t+jrs vCnqy v+t+ht+ bCus g+dhe us Q+jek;k fd eSaus g+t+jrs bCus
mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dks ns[kk vki uekt+ esa flQ+Z rdchjs
b¶rsrkg+ ds oD+r nksuksa gkFkksa dks dkuksa dh ykS rd mBkrs Fks vkSj
mlds v+ykok uekt+ esa dgha ugha mBkrs FksA ¼vygqTtr vyk vgfyy
enhuk 1@96½
,rsjkt+% rsbZloha g+nhl ls ;g tks lkfcr fd;k x;k fd vcw
gqeSn lkbnh jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks
v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ dk rjhd+k lg+kc;s fdjke dh ,d tekv+r
ds lkeus c;ku fd;k rks mlesa #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs
oD+r jQ+;s nSu dk ft+Ø ugha fd;k] blls jQ+;s nSu u djuk lkfcr
ugha gks ldrk] D;ksfa d vcw gqEkSn lkbnh dh ;gh g+nhl lgh bCus
fgCcku esa gS rks mlesa #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r
jQ+;s nSu djus dk ft+Ø gSA
Tkokc% g+t+jrs vcw gqeSn lkbnh jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh
g+nhl tks lgh cq[k+kjh esa gS mlesa #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls
mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu dk ft+Ø ugha ysfdu lgh bCus fg+Ccku esa
jQ+;s nSu dk ft+Ø gSA vc ge vgys g+nhl ds myek ls iwNrs gSa fd
lgh bCus fg+Ccku vkSj lgh cq[k+kjh dk rd+kcqy gks rks cq[k+kjh dh
g+nhl dks rjthg+ nh tk;sxh ;k lgh bCus fg+Ccku dh g+nhl dksA tc
vius eryc dh ckr lgh cq[k+kjh esa feyrh gS rks iwjh vgys g+nhl
cjknjh xys QkM+&QkM+ dj dgrh gS fd vYykg dh fdrkc ds ckn
lcls lgh fdrkc cq[k+kjh gS vkSj tc eryc ds f[+kykQ+ dksbZ pht+
 102

gks rks mls fcYdqy ut+j vUnkt+ dj nsrs gSa] lgh cq[k+kjh ds rv+Yyqd+
ls ;g nksgjk es;kj D;ksa\
,rsjkt+% bekess cq[k+kjh us jQ+;s nSu dks lgh vg+knhl ls lkfcr fd;k
gS fygkt+k mldks ekuuk t+:jh gSA mldks u ekuuk lgh g+nhl dk
bUkdkj djuk gSA
Tkokc% ;g loky x+Sj bYeh gSA bldk ,d tokc bYt+keh gS
vkSj nwljk tokc rg+d+hd+hA bYt+keh tokc ;g gS fd vxj bekess
cq[k+kjh ds ut+nhd jQ+;s nSu lgh vg+knhl ls lkfcr gS blfy,
jQ+;s nSu djuk gj ‘k[+l ds fy, t+:jh gS rks bekess cq[k+kjh ds
mLrkt+ bekess gqeSnh us Hkh jQ+;s nSu u djus dh g+nhl dks g+t+jrs
vCnqYykg bCus mej jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v++Ugks dh lgh lun ds lkFk
eqluns gqeSnh esa ft+Ø fd;k gSA D;k otg gS fd ,d ckr ij lgh
g+nhl bekess cq[k+kjh ds mLrkt+ bekess gqeSnh is’k djsa rks ekuuk t+:jh
u gks vkSj mlds f[kYkkQ+ ij bekess cq[k+kjh lgh g+nhl is’k djsa rks
mldks ekuuk t+:jh gks\ g+kykfd [kqn x+jS eqd+fYyn vkfye ekSykuk
v+CnqjZg+eku eqckjdiqjh fy[krs gSa fd bekess cq[k+kjh tc dksbZ g+nhl
vius mLrkt+ bekess gqeSnh ls ikrs Fks rks b/kj m/kj tkus dh t+:jr
eg+lwl ugha djrs FksA ¼rksg+Q+rqy vg+ot+h 3@269½
Rkg+d+hd+h tokc ;g gS fd bekess cq[k+kjh dks lgh lun ds lkFk
jQ+;s nSu dh g+nhl feyh blfy, og jQ+;s nSu ds d+k;y gq, ysfdu
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dks bekess cq[k+kjh dh lun ls T+;knk lgh lun ds
lkFk jQ+;s nSu u djus g+nhl feyh blfy, mUgksaus jQ+;s nSu u djus
dk d+kSy fd;kA fQj bekess cq[k+kjh u rkcsbZ Fks u rc;s rkcsbZA vkidh
oQ+kr 256 esa gqbZA bekess vcwg+uhQ+k rkcsbZ Fks mudh oQ+kr 150 fg0
esa gqbZA bekess cq[k+kjh 194 fg0 esa iSnk gq, vkSj bekess vcwg+uhQ+k 80
fg0 esa iSnk gq,A bekess cq[k+kjh bekess vcwg+uhQ+k ds 44 lky ds ckn
iSnk gq,A bekess vcw g+uhQ+k us jQ+;s nSu u djus dh g+nhl jlwyqYykg
lYyYykgks v+YkSgs olYYke ls flQ+Z ,d okLrk lg+kch;s jlwy g+t+jrs
cjk bCus v+kft+c jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls lquh vkSj bekess cq[k+kjh
 103

dh dksbZ g+nhl jQ+;s nSu dh ,slh ugha tks mUgksaus flQ+Z ,d okLrs ls
fdlh lg+kch ls lquh gksA fygkt+k bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh g+nhl T+;knk
lgh gS mlds eqd+kcys esa de ntsZ dh lgh g+nhl ij v+ey djokus
dh ft+n djuk dkSulk mlwy gS\
,rsjkt% g+t+jrs okby bCus gtj jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh
g+nhl esa gS fd eSaus jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dks uekt+
i<+rs gq, ns[kk rks vkius #dw djrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+Rk
jQ+;s nSu fd;kA
Tkokc% lcls igyh ckr rks ;g gS fd g+t+jrs okby bCus gtj
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ds eqd+kfcys esa g+t+jrs bCus elÅn
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh g+nhl jktsg+ gSA D;ksfa d bCus elÅn
jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks Qqd+gk;s lg+kck esa ls Fks vkSj g+t+jrs okby
bCus gtj jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls T+;knk g+t+jrs bCus elÅn
jft+;YYkkgks rv+ky v+Ugks us uch;s djhe lYyYykgks rv+kyk v+ySgs
olYye dh uekt+ dk eq’kkgnk Q+jek;k FkkA vki lYyYykgks rv+kyk
v+ySgs olYye ds lkFk T+;knk uektsa vnk Q+jekbZa FkhaA
nwljh ckr ;g gS fd vxj g+t+jrs okby bCus gtj jft+;YYkkgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks dh fjok;r dh cqfu;kn ij eq[k+r yQ+ Q+hg jQ+;s nSu dks
t+:jh eku fy;k tk, rks og lg+kc;s fdjke ftuesa [kqYQ+k;s jk’ksnhu
Hkh gSa ftUgksua s jQ+;s nSu ugha fd;k og lc cd+kSys vgys gnhl
eq[k+kfyQ+s lqUur FksA tks bYt+ke fQ+jd+;s vgys g+nhl dk vg+u kQ+ ij
gS mldh t+n esa rks Qqd+gk, fdjke vk tkrs gSaA bldk muds ikl
D;k tokc gS\ dqN cbZn ugha fd og ;g dg nsa fd ge mu lg+kck
dh ckr ugha ekursA Q+d+hj jkfd+e dk viuk eq’kkgnk gS fd dbZ ,sls
vgys g+nhl vaxzst+hnka ukStoku feys ftUgksua s cM+h csckdh ds lkFk ;g
dg fn;k fd ‘kS[k+! mu lgkck dk ;g v+ey lqUur ds f[k+ykQ+ gS
blfy, ge mldks ugha ekursA nj vLy ;g cksy mu uknku uks
tokuksa dk ugha cfYd mu ‘kq;w[ks+ ogkfc;k dk gS ftudh xqejkgh ds
tky esa ;g ukS toku Q+la s gq, gksrs gSa vkSj ftudh [kqfQ+;k fiykfuax
 104

g+n hl dh vkM+ esa equfdjhus g+nhl dh ,d Vksyh r¸¸kkj djuk gS rkfd

bLyke ds f[k+ykQ+ ex+fjch lkft+’k dks dke;kc cuk;k tk ldsA
,rsjkt% g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls fjok;r gS fd
jlwyqYykg lYyYykgks rv+kyk v+ySgs olYYe tc Q+t+Z uekt+ ds fy,
[kM+s gq, rks rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;s nSu fd;k vkSj #dw esa tkrs
oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu fd;kA
Tkokc% vg+ukQ+ us dHkh ;g ugha dgk fd jlwyqYYkkg lYyYykgks
rv+kyk v+ySgs olYYe ls #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r
jQ+;s nSu dh dksbZ fjok;r eudwy ugha] vg+ukQ+ dk dguk ;g gS fd
gqtwjs vdje lYyYykgks rv+kyk v+ySgs olYye dh ;g lqUurs nk;ek
eksg+dek ugha jgh D;ksfa d ftu lg+kc;s fdjke ls jQ+;s nSu dh
fjok;r eudwy gS muls jQ+;s nSu u djus dh fjok;r Hkh eudwy gSA
cfYd ckt+ lg+kck ls flQ+Z rdsZ jQ+;s nSu dh fjo;kr eudwy gSA
vg+ukQ+ ds ut+nhd rdchjs rg+jhek okyk jQ+;s nSu bRrsQ+kd+h gS vkSj
mlds v+ykok jQ+;s nSu b[rsykQ+h gSA flQ+Z #dw djrs oD+r vkSj #dw
ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu djus ij lgh g+nhl ugha vkbZ gS cfYd ckt+
lgh g+nhl esa gj rdchj ds oD+r ckt+ esa nks ltnksa ds njfe;ku vkSj
ckt+ esa nks jdv+r ls mBrs oD+r Hkh jQ+;s nSu djuk lkfcr gSA rks
D;k nks ltnksa ds njfe;ku Hkh jQ+;s nSu djuk lqUur gS\ vxj gS rks
vgys g+nhl bl ij v+ey D;ksa ugha djrs\ vxj g+t+jrs v+yh
jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dh bl fjok;r ls jQ+;s nSu dks gqtwj
lYyYykgks rv+kyk vYkSgs olYye dh lqUurs nkbek ekuk tk, rks
bldk D;k tokc gS fd [kqn g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;YYkkgks rv+kyk v+Ugks
vkSj vkids vlg+kc rdchjs rg+jhek ds flok dgha jQ+;s nSu ugha djrs
Fks\ tSlk fd xqft+’rk lQ+g+kr esa eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck] bekess
ekfyd vkSj eksvRrk bekess eksgE+ en ds g+okys ls xqt+jkA ;g dSls gks
ldrk gS fd g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks jQ+s;nSu dks gqtwj
lYyYykgks rv+kyk v+ySgs olYYke dh lqUurs nkbek le>rs gksa vkSj
fQj [kqn gh mlds f[k+ykQ+ v+ey fd;k gks\ g+t+jrs v+yh jft+;YYkkgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks dk viuh fjok;r ds f[k+ykQ+ [kqn v+ey djuk bl
fjok;r ds ejtwg+ o eUlw[k+ gksus dks lkfcr djrk gSA
 105

X+kyr Q+gfe;ksa dk bt+kyk

Ikgyhs x+yr Q+geh% bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k jgerqYykgs
rv+kyk v+ySgs dk d+kSy gS ^^tc lgh g+nhl esjs et+gc ds f[k+ykQ+ gks
rks esjs et+gc dks NksM+ nks vksj lgh g+nhl ij v+ey djks^^ blls
ekywe gqvk fd bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds tks vd+oky lgh g+nhl ds
f[k+ykQ+ gSa mUgsa NksM+ fn;k tk,sA tSlkfd uekt+ esa #dw esa tkrs oD+r]
#dw ls mBrs oD+r vkSj rhljh jdv+r ds fy, mBus ds ckn nksuksa
gkFkksa dks mBkuk lgh g+nhl ls lkfcr gS] vkSj bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dk
d+kSy gS fd flQ+Z rdchsjs rg+jhek ds oD+r nksuksa gkFkksa dks mBk;k tk,
vkSj iwjh uekt+ esa dgha ij u mBk;k tk,A ;g d+kSy lgh g+nhl ds
f[k+ykQ+ gS fygkt+k mldks NksM+ nsuk pkfg, vkSj lgh g+nhl ij v+ey
djrs gq, #dw esa tkrs oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r nksuksa gkFkksa dks
mBkuk pkfg,A
X+kyr Q+geh dk bt+kyk% ^^tc lgh g+nhl esjs et+gc ds f[k+ykQ+
fey tk, rks lgh g+nhl ij v+ey djks^^ ;g d+kSy flQ+Z bekess vcwg+uhQ+k
dk ugha cfYd lkjs vbEe;s eqtrgsnhu bekess ekfyd o bekess vg+en
bCus g+Ecy dk Hkh gSA cfYd gj eqlyeku ;gh dgsxk fd pkgs dksbZ
fdruk cM+ vkneh D;ksa u gks vxj mldh ckr lgh g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ gks
rks og uked+cwy gksxh vkSj lgh g+nhl ij v+ey gksxkA ysfdu fdlh
bekess eqtrfgn Q+d+hg ds rv+Yyqd+ ls ;g ckr dguk fd Qqyka eqtrfgn
dh ckr lgh g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ gS fdldk g+d+ gS \ D;k gj dlks ukdl
gj i<+k fy[kk vkSj vui<+ dks ;g g+d+ g+kfly gS fd og fdlh bekess o
eqtrfgn dh fdlh ckr dks lg+h g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ ikdj mls jÌ dj ns
vkSj ;g dgrk fQjs fd Qqyka bekess dh Qqyka ckr lg+h g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+
gS fygkt+k bldh ckr u ekuks cfYd lg+h g+nhl ekuks vkSj vgys g+nhl
¼ogkch x+jS eqd+fYyn ½ cu tkvks\ vktdy ,slk gh ns[kus dks fey jgk gSSA
vgys g+nhl ds fxjksg dk gj ,sjk x+jS k ;g dgrk gqvk ut+j vkrk gS fd
#dw esa tkrs oD+r] #dw ls mBrs oD+r vkSj rhljh jdv+r ds fy, mBus
 106

ds ckn jQ+;s nSu djuk cq[k+kjh dh lg+h g+nhl ls lkfcr gS vkSj bekess vcw
g+uhQ+k dgrs gSa jQ+;s nSu ugha djuk gS] mudk d+kSy lg+h g+nhl ds
f[k+ykQ+ gS fygkt+k mldks NksM+uk t+:jh gSA
Tkc fdlh bekess dk d+kSy lg+h g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ ut+j vk, rks
v+keh x+Sj eqtrfgn dk ;g ;d+hu dj ysuk x+yr gS fd og okd+vs +ru
lgh lg+h g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ vkSj ukd+kfcys v+ey gSA ;g eUlc bekess
eqtrfgn Q+d+hg dk gS] ;g ogh dg ldrk gS fd Qqyka bekess dk
d+kSy lg+h g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ gS] fygkt+k og ukd+kfcys d+cwy gSA
D;ksfa d dksbZ d+kSy fdlh ,d lg+h g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ gks rks blls ;g
ykft+e ugha vkrk fd dksbZ nwljh lg+h g+nhl ml d+kSy dh rkbZn esa
ekStwn ughaA fQj ;g t+:jh ugha fd gj lg+h g+nhl d+kfcys v+ey
gksA D;ksfa d fdlh lg+h g+nhl dh dksbZ nwljh lg+h g+nhl eqv+kfjt+ gks
vkSj nwljh lg+h g+nhl bekess eqtrfgn ds ut+nhd v+ey ds fyg+kt+
ls jktsg+ gks ;k dksbZ lg+h g+nhl mlds fy, ukfl[k+ gksA ;k fdlh g+h
g+nhl esa dksbZ bYyrs [k+fQ+¸¸kk ¼iks’khnk otg½ gks ftldh otg ls og
d+kfcys v+ey u gks vkSj bekess eqtrfgn us ml lg+h g+nhl ds
f[k+ykQ+ d+kSy fd;k gks rks ,slh lwjr esa dkSys beke ct+kfgj ,d lg+h
g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ gksrk gS ysfdu nj g+d+hd+r og nwljh jktsg+ lg+h
gnhl ds eqokfQ+d+ gksrk gS ;k d+kSys beke ds eqd+kfcys esa dksbZ
eqv+kfjt+ g+nhls lg+h xks lunu lg+h gksrh gS ysfdu d+usZ vOoy gh ls
og ekewycsgh ugha gksrhA ;kuh ‘kw: t+ekus gh ls ml ij v+ey tkjh
ughaA bldh cgqr lh felkysa dqrqcs fQ+d+gks mlwy esa ekStwn gSaA
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dk rdsZ jQ+;s nSu dk d+kSy lg+h vkSj jktsg+
vg+knhl o vklkj ij ecuh gSA pqukaps g+t+jrs v+CnqYYkkg bCus elÅn
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks ls fjok;r gS ftldh r[k+jht bekess vcw
nkÅn us dh gS% gels g+nhl c;ku dh mleku bCus vch ‘kSck us
mUgksaus dgk gels g+nhl c;ku dh odh us og lqQ+;ku ls og v+kfle
;kuh bCus dqySc ls og v+CnqjZg+eku fcu vlon ls og v+yd+ek ls
mUgksaus ¼vyd+ek½ us dgk fd g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCus elÅn
 107

jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks us Q+jek;k fd D;k eSa rqEgsa jlwyqYykg

lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh uekt+ u i<+kÅaW\ fQj mUgksaus uekt+
i<+h rks gkFkksa dks flQ+Z ,d ejrck mBk;A ¼lquus vch nkÅn] mu yksxksa
dk ckc ftUgksua s #dw ds oD+r jQ+s;nSu dk ft+Ø ugha fd;k g+nhl 748 ½ ;g
g+nhl eqluns vcw g+uhQ+k] avLlquuqy dqcjk fyycSgd+h] vLlquuqy
dqcjk fyUulbZ] eqluns vcqy ;kyk vyewlyh] lquus frjfet+h]
vLlquuqLlqx+jk fyUulbZ] eq[k+rlqj vg+dke fyRrwlh] eqluns vg+en
bCus g+Ecy vkSj eqlUuQ+s bCus vch ‘kSck esa Hkh ekStwn gSA bl g+nhl
dh r[k+jht ntZ t+y S dqrqc esa Hkh dh xbZ gSA
1- brg+kQqy [k+#S fry esgjk cst+ok;fny elkuhfny v+’kjg
fyydukuh v’’kkQ+bs Z ¼ekSr% 840 fg0½
2- brg+kQqy esgjk ysbCus g+tj] vrjkQqy eqlun vyeqrv+Yyh
csvrjkfQ+y eqlun vyg+Ecyh ysbCus gtjA
3- vy cn#y equhj Q+h r[k+jhfty vg+knhl oy vklkj
vykokdsv+ rs Q+h ‘kjfg+y dchj ysbfCuy eqyD+d+uA
4- vRrg+d+hd+ Q+h elkbfyy f[k+ykQ+ ysbCus tkSt+hA
5- vRry[k+hlqy [k+chj ysbCus gtjA
6- vytkSg#Uud+h v+yk lquuqy cSgd+h ysbCus vRrqjdekuhA
7- vfÌjk;k Q+h r[k+jhts vg+knhflfÌjk;kA
8- verkyscqy vkfy;k cst+ok;sfny elkuhfnLlekfu;k ysbCus gtjA
9- rksgQ + +rqy v’kjkQ+ csekjsQ+fry vrjkQ+ fyyeqt+hA
10- r[kjhts vgknhls ,g+;kby mywe fyT+tqcSnhA
11- ru+d+hgqRrg+d+hd+ Q+h vg+knhflRrkyhsd+ ysbCus v+fCny gknh
vyg+EcyhA
12- rud+hgqRrg+d+hd+ fyT+t+gchA
13- Tk+y
S qyd+kSfyy eqlÌn fQ+Tt+Cc v+fuyeqlun vg+en fyyd+kt+h
fQ+yeqyfdy enjklh vyfgUnh v’’kQ+bs ZA
14- dUtqy m+Eeky ysv+yh eqRrd+h vyfgUnA
15- ulcqjZk;k fyyoSybZA
 108

gqDes g+nhl% bekess vcwg+uhQ+k jg+erqYYkkgs v+ySgs ds ut+nhd ;g

g+nhl vkyk ntsZ dh lgh gSA blds reke jkoh fld+g] v+kfny]
fg¶t+ks brd+ku okys gSa bCus gt+e us Hkh bl g+nhl dks lg+h dgk vkSj
bekess frjfet+h us viuh lun ds lkFk bls g+lu dgk] bCus
nd+hdqybZn] t+y S bZ vkSj bCus vRrjdekuh us g+nhls et+dwj dks d+oh
dgk gS vkSj x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu ds bekess ‘kS[k+ ukfl#Ìhu vyckuh us Hkh
bldks gkf’k;s vcwnkÅn o frjfet+h esa fy[kk gS fd ^^gd+ ;g fd og
g+nhls lg+h gS^^ x+Sj eqd+Yysnhus t+ekuk bl ij ,rsjkt+kr djrs gSa ba’kk
vYykg vxys lQ+g+kr esa mlds tokckr fn;s tk;sxa sA
d+kjsbZus fdjke! felkys et+dwj dks ft+Ø djus d ed+ln ;g gS
fd dHkh ,slk gksrk gS fd bekess eqtrfgn dk et+gc ct+kfgj fdlh
g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ ekywe gksrk gS ysfdu nj g+d+hd+r ml d+kSy dh
iq’r ij nwljh jktsg+ o d+oh g+nhl ekstwn gksrh gSA ysfdu mldks
v+ke v+kfye ;k ekewyh i<+k fy[kk vkneh le> ugha ikrkA ;gh otg
gS fd gj ,sjs x+Sjs x+Sj eqtrfgn v+kfye dks ;g g+d+ ugha igqaprk fd
og vbEe;s nhu o Qqd+gk, mEer ds vd+oky dks vg+knhls lg+hg+k ds
f[k+ykQ+ d+jkj nsA
eksg+fD+d+d+ ‘kS[k+ vOokek viuk ,d okd+svk rg+jhj djrs gSa tks nkSjs
g+kft+j ds x+jS eqd+Yysnhu ds fy, nlsZ bcjr o p’e dq’kk gS%
^^esjs ikl ,d ukStoku vk;kA og gekjs ‘kgj ^gYc^ ds fdlh
diM+s ds dkj[k+kus esa eSdsfud FkkA og tkM+s dh yEch jkr esa ckn
uekt+s b’kk vk;k vkSj ckjg cts rd jgk] og ljnh ls dkaWi jgk Fkk]
vkSj eq>ls ckr dj jgk FkkaA mlds lkFk bruh yEch xq¶rqxw djus ds
ckn Hkh eSa mls fdlh urhts ij ugha igqaWpk ldkA D;ksfa d og ,d
tkfgy vkneh FkkA dksbZ bYeh t+kCrk mldh le> ls ckgj FkkA vxj
vYykg rv+kyk dh ckjxkg esa viuh ft+Eesnkjh ls eqr v+fYyd+
tokcnsgh dk ,g+lkl u gksrk rks eSa mlls bruh yEch nsj rd
xq¶rqxw ugha djrkA^^
 109

ml vkneh ds gkFk esa ,d dkx+t+ Fkk ftl ij lg+h eqlfye dh

,d g+nhl fy[kh gqbZ FkhA og g+nhl Fkh ÅaWV dk xks’r [kkdj oqtw ds
okftc gksus ds flyflys esaA uht+ mlesa bekess ukSoh ds g+okys ls ;g
fy[kk Fkk fd lg+h g+nhl vxj et+gc ds f[k+ykQ+ gks rks ml ij
v+ey fd;k tk;sxk vkSj ;gh ckr bCuqy gqeke vkSj v+Cnqy g¸¸k
y[kuoh ds g+okys ls fy[kh gqbZ FkhA
Q+DS Vjh dk og ^eqykft+e v+kfye^ bekess vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z
ij ;g bYt+ke j[k jgk Fkk fd tc nksuksa bekeksa us ;g Q+jek;k gS fd
lg+h g+nhl fey tk, rks ogh gekjk et+gc gS rks lg+h g+nhl ls lkfcr
gS fd ÅaWV dk xks’r [kkdj oqtw djuk t+:jh gS] fygkt+k bekess vcw
g+uhQ+k vkSj bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z dk et+gc ;g gksuk pkfg, fd ÅaW V dk xks’r
[kkdj oqtw djuk okftc gS D;ksfa d lg+h g+nhl ls lkfcr gSA gkykafd ml
eqykft+e ds ecyx+s bYe dk g+ky ;g Fkk fd og esjs lkeus bCuqygqeke
dks bCuqygeke vkSj y[kuoh dks ydUoh i<+ jgk FkkA
d+kjsbZus fdjke! [kqnk ds okLrs t+jk crk,a fd D;k bl rjg+ ds
tkfgy yksx tks vius vki dks eqtrfgn le>us dh dksf’k’k djrs gSa
vkSj ukStokuksa dks jkS’ku [k+;kyh ds uke ij xqejkg djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa
/kksdk nsrs gSa og g+d+ ij gSa ;k og vbEe;s eqtrgsnhu o Qqd+gk tks
fdrkc o lqUur ls vius btfrgkn ds t+fj;s nhuh vg+dke
eqLr[jt djrs gSa vkSj nhu dks lg+h rkSj ij le>rs gSa] og g+d+ ij
gSa\
¼vl#y gnhfl’’kjhQ+ Q+h b[rsykfQ+y vbEefry Qqd+gk iz0 9½
vkt x+Sj ed+Yysnhus t+ekuk g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ tSls ekSyoh
vkSj muds tkfgy v+oke cM+h tqjvr ds lkFk vbEe;s nhu ij rkuks
r’uh djrs gq, ;g dgrs gSa fd Qqyka Qqyka beke dk d+kSy lg+h
g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ gS fygkt+k mudks uk ekuks] lg+h g+nhl dks ekuksA
bl rjg+ dh /kksdk nsgh ls nj vLy mudk ed+ln ;g gS fd v+ke
eqlYekuksa dks vbEe;s nhu o eqtrgsnhus mEer ls cst+kj dj fn;k
tk,A muls ,rsekn dk fj’rk dkV fn;k tk,A fQj nhu dh rkchj o
 110

r’jhg+ esa [kwc euekuh dh tk, vkSj ;gwnks ulkjk dh rjg+ nhu o
vg+dkes nhu dh r’jhg+ rt+knkr o eqxky+rkr dk etewv+k cudj jg
tk,A oy v+;kt+ fcYykfgy v+t+heA ;g ;gwnh o bZlkbZ lkft+’k
ftlds fy, ogkfc;r o x+jS eqd+Yyfn;r lcls csgrj gfFk;kj gSaA
nwljh x+yr Q+geh% vkt dy ds ogkch x+Sj eqd+Yysnu v+ke
yksxksa esa ;g ckr QSykrs gSa fd g+uQ+h yksx cq[k+kjh o eqlfye dh
cgqr lh lg+h vg+knhl ij v+ey ugha djrsA gkykafd ‘kkg oyhmYykg
eksgfÌl nsgyoh us viuh fdrkc gqTtrqYykfgy ckysx+k esas fy[kk gS
fd tks bu ¼lg+hg+uS ;kuh cq[k+kjh o eqlfye½ dh vt+er u djs og
fcnv+rh gS] eqlyekuksa ds f[k+ykQ+ jkg pyrk gSA ¼ gqTtrqYykfgy ckysx+k
iz0 242½ pqukaps g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ x+Sj eqd+fYyn ogkch] vbEe;s
vg+ukQ+ o eqd+Yysnhus bekess vkt+e ij rhj pykrs gq, fy[krs gSa fd
^^exj fdls ekywe Fkk fd ,d ,slk nkSj vkus okyk gS tc eqlyekuksa
dh jkg ds f[k+ykQ+ pyus okys fcnv+rh lg+hg+uS ¼cq[kkjh o eqlfye½
dh vg+knhl vkSj jkfo;ksa ij va/kk/kq/k geys djsxa sA^^ ¼uw#y ,su Q+h
blckrs jQ+s;nSu iz0 32½
xyr Q+geh dk bt+kyk% ‘kkg oyhmYykg eksg+fÌl nsgyoh dh
ckr nq#Lr gSA ;d+huu tks lg+hg+uS dh v+t+er u djs og fcnv+rh
gSA ysfdu D;k g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ ogkch eqd+fYyn vkSj ge
[k+;kyksa ds ut+nhd lg+hg+uS ds flok ckd+h dqrcq s vg+knhl elyu
lquus vcwnkÅn] lquus fulbZ] lquus bCus ektk] tkes frjfet+h] lg+h
bCus [kqte+S k] eqLrnjd fyyg+kfde ox+Sjg dh rkSghu djus okyk iDdk
vgys lqUur vkSj ogkch r’jhg+ ds eqrkfcd+ [k+kfyl ^vgys g+nhl^ gS \
lg+h cq[k+kjh o eqlfye dh v+t+er muesa ekStwn lg+h vg+knhls jlwy
lYyYykgks v+ySgs olYye dh cqfu;kn ij gS rks D;k bl v+t+er ls
nhxj dqrcq s vg+knhl [k+kyh gSa\ lg+h vg+knhl dh rknkn o lun ds
fygkt+ ls dqrcq s vg+knhl esa rQ+koqr gksuk vyx ckr gS ysfdu reke
dqrqcs vg+knhl g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ x+Sj eqd+fYyn ogkch ds
ut+nhd v+t+er okyh gS ;k ugha\ vkSj mudh vt+er dks u ekuus
 111

okyk fcnv+rh] eqlyekuksa dh jkg ds f[k+ykQ+ pyus okyk gS ;k ugh\

muds g+keh bl loky dk tokc nsa rks fQj ba’kk vYykg mUgsa vkbZuk
fn[k tk,sxkA
rhljh x+yr Q+geh% g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ lkg+c us bekess vcw
eksg+Een v+CnqYykg fcu eksgE+ en fcu ;kdwc g+kjslh cq[k+kjh vyek:Q+
c ^vCnqYykg mLrkt+^ dks ¼tks bekess vcw g+uhQ+k fyy[+okjt+eh ds jkoh g Sa½
ckt+ ukd+ns hus g+nhl ds g+okys ls t+bZQ+ cfYd ^eqRrfge fcy ot+k^
fy[kk gSA og fy[krs gSa fd ml ‘k[+l dh rkSlhd+ fdlh us ugha dhA
¼uw#y ,suSus iz0 230½
x+yr Q+geh dk bt+kyk% ‘kS[k+ vcw eksg+Een v+CnqYykg fcu
;kdwc g+kjslh cq[k+kjh dks ekgsjhus g+nhl elyu ;g+;k bCus ebZu] vcw
g+fre jkt+h] v+yh fcu en;uh ox+S#gq us eqRrfge d+jkj ugha fn;k gSA
t+yS esa ge ekgsjhu dks vd+oky uD+y djrs gSaA
vcw eksgE+ en v+CnqYykg fcu ;kdwc g+kjslh cq[k+kjh ij vd+okys
tjg+ dk rud+hnh tk;t+k
 vcw t+jv+k vg+en fcu gqlSu us mUgsa ^t+bZQ+^ dgk exj ;g tjg+
eqcge gS tks x+jS eksrcj gSA
 g+kfde us dgk fd og lkfgcqy vtkbc v+fuLld+kr gSa exj
fdlh jkoh dks ^lkfg+cs vtkbc^ ;k ^bUngw vtkbc^ dgus ls
mldk et:g+ gksuk ykft+e ugha vkrk tc rd fd nyhy ls
mldk x+Sj fld+g gksuk lkfcr u gks tk,A ¼ rg+jhjs mywfey g+nhl
1@205] ysv+fCnYykg bCus ;wlqQ+ vytnh cS:r 1424 fg0½
elyu mLeku fcu v+CnqjZg+eku rjkbQ+h ¼ ekSr% 202 fg0½ vcw nkÅn]
fulbZ] bCus ektk ds jkoh gSaA mudks bCuqytkSt+h us vcw v+:ck ds
g+okys ls ^bUngw vtkbc^ fy[kk muds ;gka dqN vthc fjok;kr gSa
bCus uqeSj us rks ^dTt+kc^ rd dg Mkyk ¼vT+t+ksv+Q+k oy er:dwu
2@169½ exj ckotwn blds bekess t+gch us mUgsa fld+g dgk] ;g+; k
fcu ebZu us lnwd+ dgk] vcw v+:ck us dgk fd muesa dksbZ ,sc ughaA
 112

og dqN etgwy yksxksa ls dqN v+tkbc fjok;kr djrs gSaA bCus vch
g+kfre us dgk fd esjs okfyn us dgk fd cq[k+kjh us mUgs
fdrkcqT+t+ksv+Q+k esa ft+Ø fd;k gSA ysfdu eq>s ;g ckr ilUn ugha]
vg+en bCus v+ez bCus vch v+kfle uqcSy us dgk fd mleku fcu
v+CnqjZg+eku yksxksa ds ut+nhd lPps FksA bCus ‘kkghu us muds rv+Yyqd+
ls fdrkcqfLld+kr esa fy[kk fd og fld+g gSa exj d+oh o t+bZQ+
jkfo;ksa ls fjok;r ysrs gSaA
¼fl;jks vkykfeUuqcyk 9@426] rkjh[kqYk bLyke fyT+t+gch 5@120] bdeky rgt+hcqy
deky 9@465 ½
d+kjsbZu eqykg+t+k Q+jek;sa fd mleku fcu v+CnqjZg+eku rjkbQ+h
flg+kgs+ flRrkds jkfo;ksa esa gSa ftUgsa ckt+ eksg+Ìls hu us lkfg+cs v+tkbc
dgk ckotwn blds tEgwjs eksg+Ìls hu us mUgsa ^lnwd+] fld+g vkSj muesa
dksbZ ,sc ugha^ dgk gS vkSj tEgwj ds eqd+kfcys esa bCus uqeSj dk d+kSy
fd og dT+t+kc gSa jÌ dj fn;k x;kA blh rjg+ vcw eksg+Een g+kjslh
cq[k+kjh ij oT+, g+nhl dk bYt+ke cs nyhy vkSj tEgwjs eksgÌ+ slhu ds
f[k+ykQ+ gSA vxjps mUgsa ckt+ us lkfg+cs vtkbc dgk ysfdu blls
muds fld+g o lnwd+ gksus ij dksbZ Q+dZ+ ugha iM+rkA
 [k+rhc us dgk ^yk ;ksgr+ Ttks fcgh^ ¼fl;jks vkykfeUuqcyk
15@424½ ;g Hkh tjg+ eqcge gSA
Ukkd+ns hu ds ;gka vlckcs tjg+ eq[krfyQ+ gSaA ckt+ vlckc ls
jkoh d+kfcys gqTtr gksrk gS vksj ckt+ vlckc ls d+kfcys gqT tr ugha
gksrkA blfy, myek us Q+jek;k gS fd tc rd tjg+ eqQ+LLkj u gks
ed+cwy ughaA
bCus nd+hdqy bZn fy[krs gSa fd yksxksa ds ;gka vlckcs tjg+
eq[krfyQ+ gSa blhfy, ekgsjhu us Q+jek;k gS fd flQ+Z tjg+s eqQ+Llj
gh ed+cwy gSA ¼vy bd+frjkg+ Q+h c;kfuy bfLrykg+ 1@57½
vcw eksgE+ en g+kfjl cq[k+kjh dh gSfl;r
eqluns vcw g+uhQ+k ds jkoh vcw eksgE+ en g+kjslh cq[k+kjh dk et:g+
gksuk lkfcr ughaA ftu yksxksa us mu ij tjg+ dh gS og tjg+ eqcge
 113

vkSj fcyk nyhy gS] fygkt+k ed+cwy ughaA ;gh otg gS fd bekess
t+gch us vd+okys ftjg+ dks uD+y djus ds ckotwn muds rv+Yyqd+ ls
fy[kk gS fd ^^‘kS[k+] beke] Q+d+hg] v+Yykek] eksg+fÌl] v+kfyes
ekojkmUugj vcw eksg+Een mLrkt+ v+CnqYykg bCus eksgE+ en fcu ;kdwc
fcu g+kfjl fcu [k+yhy g+kjslh cq[k+kjh mUgksusa s v+CnqYygk bCus okfly]
v+CnqLlen bCus Q+T+y] g+enku fcu ft+Uuwu] vcw ek’kj g+enks;k bCus
[k+Rrkc] eksg+Een fcu ySl lj[k+lh] bejku fcu Q+jhuke] vcqy ekstg
eksg+Een fcu vez e:t+h] Q+T+y fcu eksg+Een ‘kkjkuh] eksg+Een fcu
v+yh vLlkbx+] vcw gqeke eksg+Een fcu [k+yQ+ ulQ+h] ewlk fcu
gk:u g+Eeky] vg+en bCuqT+TkkS vkSj ,d tekv+r ls fjok;kr yh gSa
vkSj muls fjok;kr ysus okyksa esa vcqRrf¸¸kc v+CnqYykg fcu eksg+Een]
eksg+Een fcu g+lu fcu eUlwj uhlkiqjh] vg+en fcu eksg+Een fcu
;kdwc Q+kjlh] vcw v+CnqYykg fcu eUnk vkSj nwljs gSaA
t+gch mudh et+hn rkjhQ+ o rg+lhu djrs gq, fy[krs gSa fd
e’kkb[k+ esa ls vcqyv+Cckl fcu md+nk us muls g+nhl yh gS vkSj bCus
eUnk ¼ftudks t+gch us bYe dk [kk+t+kuk dgk gS½ muds ckjs esa vPNh ckr
dgrs FksA ¼fl;js vkykeqUuqcyk 15@424½
g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh lkfg+c us fy[kk gS fd bl ij ‘knhn tjg+ksa ds
fy, nsf[k, eht+kuqy ,rsnky] fylkuqy eht+ku vkSj vyd’kQqy g+lhlA
¼uw#y ,suSu iz0 230 ½
g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh lkfg+c ds e’kojs ij v+ey djrs gq, d+kjsbZu t+jk
eht+kuqy ,rsnky] fylkuqy eht+ku vkSj vy d’kQqy g+lhl ns[k ysAa
eht+kuqy ,rsnky 2@496] jd+e 4571 esa vYykek t+gch us fy[kk gS%
^^v+CnqYYkkg fcu eksg+Een fcu ;kdwc vyg+kjslh vycq[kkjh
vyQ+d+hg ¼mLrkt+ ls e’kgwj½ vcw v+CnqYykg fcu eUnk us vdlj muls
fjok;r yha gSa vkSj mrdh dqN rlkuhQ+ Hkh gSaA^^
T+kgch dh iwjh bckjr esa g+kjslh ij fdlh tjg+ dh rjQ+ gYdk
lk b’kkjk Hkh ugha cfYd fl;jks vkykfeUuqCyk esa t+gch us mUgsa beke]
‘kS[k+] eksg+fÌl] Q+d+hg] v+Yykek] v+kfyes ekojkmUugj fy[k dj mudh
 114

eng+ dh gSA vycRrk bCuqytkSt+h dk d+kSy uD+y fd;k gS fd

vcwlbZn vjZOokl us mUgsa eqRrfge csot+by g+nhl dgk vcw lbZn
vjZOokl ds g+okys ls bCuqy tkSt+h us ;gh ckr ^vTt+ksQ+kvks oy
er:dwu^ esa bCus vteh us ^vyd’kQ+yq glhl^ esa vkSj v+Yykek bCus
gtj v+ld+ykuh us mUgha ds g+okys ls ^fylkuqy eht+ku^ esa Hkh fy[kk
gS vkSj vg+en lqySekuh ds g+okys ls Hkh ;gh uD+y fd;k x;k gSA
[kqyklk ;g gS fd vCnqYYkkg g+kjslh dks eqRrfge dgus okys flQ+Z
nks vkneh gSa% 1- vcwlbZn vjZOokl 2- vg+en lqySekuhA
vcwlbZn vjZOokl% vcwlbZn vjZOokl dkSu gSa\ mudh fld+kgr o
v+nes fld+kgr dk D;k g+ky gS\ blds ft+Ø ls dqrcq s rcd+kr vkSj
rjkfte ds lQ+g+kr [k+kyh gSaA ;g ‘k[l etgwyqy ,su Hkh gS vkSj
etgwyqy g+ky HkhA fygkt+k ,sls dh ckr fdlh fd rv+Yyqd+ ls
[kqlwlu oT+, g+nhl ds bYt+ke esa D;ksd a j eksrcj gks ldrh gS\
nwljs ‘k[l vgen lqySekuh Hkh x+jS eqrv+¸¸ku gSaA D;ksfa d bl uke ds
dbZ v’[kkl gSaA elyu ¼1½ vg+en fcu vyd+kfle fcu lqySeku fcu
eksg+Een vyvk;qu lqySeku ls e’kgwj] mudh ekSr 391 ;k 300 fg0 esa gSA
vxj vg+en lqySeku ls ;g ‘k[l eqjkn gS rks ,d rks mldh rkSl hd+
ekywe ugha blds v+ykok ;g g+kjslh ds eqv+klsjhu esa ls gSaA blfy, fcyk
nyhy mudh ckr x+jS eksrcj gksxh tc rd fd mls tEgwjs eqv+klsjhu dh
rlnhd+ g+kfly u gks tk,A eg+t+ vg+en vLlqySekuh dh ckr ij
,rsekn djrs gq, beke] eqg+fÌl] Q+d+hg] v+Yykek v+CnqYykg g+kjslh cq[k+kjh
ij oT+, g+nhl dk bYt+ke x+jS elew o uked+c+ wy gksxkA
vg+en lqySekuh% ;g vg+en fcu v+yh fcumej vy g+kfQ+t+ vcqy
Q+T+y lqySekuh csdUnh cq[k+kjh gSaA budh oQ+kr 440 fg0 esa gSA vxj vg+en
lqySekuh ls eqjkn ;g gSa rks tyhyqy d+nz eksg+fÌl vkSj lkgscs rlkuhQ+ gksus
ds ckoqtwn eqrd+Ìsehu ij mudh tjg+ ml oD+r rd ed+cwy ugha gksxh tc
rd ml ij dksbZ nyhy o cqjgku ekStwn u gksA v+CnqYykg g+kjslh dh oQ+kr
340 fg0 esa gqbZ gS] vg+ne lqySeuh dh mez 93 lky FkhA blls irk pyrk gS
fd vg+en lqySekuh dks v+CnqYykg vy g+kjslh dh eqv+kljr g+kfly gSA
 115

eqv+kflj dh tjg+ ml oD+Rk rd ed+cwy ugha tc rd fd ml ij et+cwr

nyhy u gksA fQj vg+en lqySekuh [kqn ukd+kfcys ,rsekn Fks rks mudh ckr
D;ksda j eksrcj gksxh\
vYykek t+gch us muds rv+Yyqd+ ls fy[kk gS fd eSaus lqySeku dh
,d fdrkc ns[kh ftlesa mugksaus vdkfcj dh ‘kku esa rUkd+hl dh gSA
fygkt+k mudh og ckr x+Sj elew gS ftlesa og rugk gksaA ¼al;jks
vkykfeUUkqcyk 17@202½
v+CnqYykg vyg+kjslh ij oT+, g+nhl dk bYt+ke j[kus esa lqySekuh
rugk gSa blfy, mudh ckr bekess t+gch ds Q+jeku ds eqrkfcd+
uked+cwy vkSj x+Sj elew gS vkSj ;g le>uk fd bCuqy tkst+h us
mudks eqRrfge dgk gS x+yr gSA bCuqy tkSt+h us jOokl vkSj lqySekuh
dk d+kSy uD+y fd;k gSA jOokl rks etgwyqy,su vkSj etgwyqyg+ky gSa
D;ksfa d jOokl yd+c ds eqrv+fÌn v’[kkl gSa ftuesa ckt+ ij oT+,
g+nhl dk Hkh bYt+ke gSA elyu vyv+yk bCus eqlysek vjZOokl bekess
frjfet+h ds ‘kS[k+ gS muds rv+Yyqd+ ls bekess t+gch us fy[kk gS fd
mu ij g+nhl x<+us dh rksger gSA ¼vyeqx+uh fQ+T+t+ksQ+k 2@440½
muds rv+Yyqd+ ls bCus fg+Ccku us dgk fd jOokl bjkfd+;ksa ls
myV iyV dh xbZ fjok;kr c;ku djrs gSa vkSj fld+kr ls ekStw
fjok;kr uD+y djrs gSaA fdlh g+ky esa muls ,gfrtkt nq#Lr ughaA
¼vyet:g+hu ysbCus fg+Ccku 2@185½
vg+en lqySekuh cq[k+kjh ¼ekSr% 404 fg0½ bekess t+gch ds d+kSy ds
eqrkfcd+ vdkfcj dh rud+hls ‘kku ds eqjrfdc FksA mudh ckr x+Sj
eksrcj gSA ekywe gqvk fd v+CnqYykg g+kjslh ij vg+en lqySekuh dk
yxk;k gqvk oT+, g+nhl dk bYt+ke x+Sj elew o uk eksrcj gSA ckd+h
[k+rhc dk muds rv+Yyqd+ ls ^yk ;ksgr+ TTkks fcgh^ g+kfde dk ^
v+tkbc^ vkSj vcw t+jv+k vg+en fcu gqlSu dk ^t+bZQ^ dguk vkSj
[k+yhy dk ^yhu^ dguk tjg+s x+Sj eqQ+Llj gSA vxj bu tjg+ksa dks
fcyk nyhy rlyhe dj fy;k tk, vkSj mldh cqfu;kn ij
v+CnqYykg g+kjslh dks uked+cwy o t+bZQ+ d+jkj fn;k tk, rs cgqr ls
 116

fld+g ed+cwy jkfo;ksa cfYd lg+hg+uS ds ckt+ jkfo;ksa dks Hkh uked+cwy
Bgjkuk ykft+e vk;sxkA D;ksfa d lg+hg+uS ds ckt+ jkfo;ksa ds rv+Yyqd+
ls Hkh ekgsjhu o ukd+ns hus g+nhl dh tjg+s auked+cwy gSaA elyu%
¼1½ c’khj fcu vyeqgkftj vyx+uoh vy dwQ+h% lg+h
eqlfye ds jkoh gSaA gkykafd mudks bCus fg+Ccku us dlh#y[k+rk dgk
gSA lkth us equfd#y g+nhl dgk gSA md+Syh vkSj bekess vg+en bCus
g+Ecy us eqRrfge] eqjtsbZ vkSj equds#y g+nhl dgkA ¼bdeky rgt+hcqy
deky 8@317½ D;k bu tjg+ksa dk ,rsckj djrs gq, ;g dguk nq#Lr
gksxk fd lg+h eqlfye ds jkoh c’khj fcu vyeqgkftj eksRrfge]
equfd#y g+nhl gSa blfy, lg+h eqlfye esa mudh fjok;r equdj o
u ed+cwy gS\
¼2½ v+Cnqy efyd fcu meSj fcu lqoSn g+kjslk vyd+j’kh%
;g lg+h cq[+kkjh ds jkoh gSaA bUgsa ;g+;k bCus ebZu us eq[k+fYyr
¼fjok;r esa [kyr eyr djus okyk½ dgkA vcw g+kfre us dgk fd mudk
g+kfQ+t+k fcxM+ x;k FkkA bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy us dgk fd og
equfd#y g+nhl gSaA eSaus ikap lkS vg+knhl muds ikl ikbZa ftuesa ls
vdlj esa mUgksaus x+yrh dh gSA blg+kd+ vydkSlt us bekess vg+en
ds g+okys ls fy[kk fd og cgqr T+;knk t+bZQ+ FksA gq¶+Q+kt+s+ g+nhl
mudh fjok;r esa b[rsykQ+ djrs FksA ¼fl;jks vkykeqUuqcyk fyT+t+gch
5@440½ D;k bu ekgsjhus g+nhl dh ‘knhn tjg+ksa dks eksrcj d+jkj nsrs
gq, ;g dguk nq#Lr gksxk fd lg+h cq[k+kjh dh og fjok;kr tks
v+Cnqy efyd fcu meSj ls ejoh gSa og lg+h ugha cfYd equdj o
uked+cwy gSaA
¼3½ v+Cnqy efyd bCus vLlckg eqLesbZ vcw eksg+Een
luv+kuh cljh% ;g cq[k+kjh] eqlfye] fulbZ vkSj bCus ektk ds jkoh
gSaA ysfdu [kyhyh us muds rv+Yyqd+ ls dgk fd mu ij vg+knhl
pksjh djus dh rqger yxkbZ xbZ gSA ¼bdeky rgt+hcqy deky
fyyeqx+YyrkbZ 8@317½
 117

D;k [k+yhyh ds d+kSy dh cqfu;kn ij v+Cnqy efyd bCus vLlckg+

tks cq[k+kjh o eqlfye vkSj fulbZ o bCus ektk ds jkoh gSa mudks
uked+cwy o et:g+ d+jkj fn;k tk;sxk\
g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ vkSj muds g+keh cjknjku vgys g+nhl dks
;g Q+Uuh mlwy Q+jkeks’k ugha djuk pkfg, fd fdlh jkoh ij vxj
ukd+ns hus g+nhl dh tjg+as ekstwn gSa rks mldk ;g eryc ugha fd
;d+huh rkSj ij og jkoh et:g+ gSA D;ksfa d ;g pkht+ t+Uu ij ecuh
gSA ,d gh jkoh ckt+ ukdsn+ hu ds ut+nhd eqRrge gksrk gS vkSj nwljs
ckt+ ds ut+nhd lnwd+ fld+g gksrk gSA tSlk fd ekd+cy dh rhu
felkyksa ls t+kfgj gSA
bekess fryfelkuh Q+jekrs gSa fd fdrus ,sls gSa ftu ij rqger j[kh
xbZ gS vkSj fdlh dks ,sc dk tkek iguk;k x;k gS gkykafd og mlls
cjh vkSj [k+kyh gksrs gSaA ¼vt+gk#fjZ;k+t+ Q+h v[k+ckjs d+kt+h v+;kt+ 1@85 ½
dHkh ,slk gksrk gS fd fdlh eksg+fÌl dks fdlh eksg+fÌl ls cqX+t+ gksrk
gS ;k mldh ekywekr esa og eksg+fÌl et:g+ gksrk gS ;k mlds ut+nhd
dksbZ vez ftjg+ dk lcc gksrk gS ysfdu nhxj eksg+Ìslhu ds ut+nhd og
ftjg+ dk lcc ugha gksrk rks og eksg+fÌl ml ij ftjg+ dj nsrk gSA
gkykafd nwljksa ds ut+nhd og et:g+ ugha gksrkA elyu ucht+s rej
ihuk ckt+ eksg+Ìslhu ds ut+nhd g+jke gS vkSj ckt+ ds ut+nhd g+jke
ughaA ftuds ut+nhd g+jke gS muds ;gkaW ucht+s rej ihus okyk Q+kfld+ks
et:g+ gS vkSj ftuds ut+nhd mldk ihuk eqckg+ gS muds ut+nhd ;g
ftjg+ dk lcc ughaA ;g+;k bCus ebZu dk d+kSy gS fd ^^ucht+ dks g+jke
dguk lg+h gSA ysfdu eSa mlesa roD+dQ+q + djrk gwWa] mls g+jke ugha dgrkA
D;ksfa d ,d lkysg+ d+kSe us mldks fi;k gS lg+h vg+knhl dh cqfu;kn ij]
vkSj lkysg+ d+kSe us mls g+jke d+jkj fn;k gS lg+h vg+knhl dh cqfu;kn
ijA ¼fl;kjks vkyke 11@88½
bldh ,d felky ;g gS fd vg+en bCus lkysg+ tEgwjs ukd+ns hus
g+nhl ds ut+nhd g+kfQ+ty +q g+nhl eqrfd+u lcr gSa ysfdu mUgsa
e’kgwj ukfd+n ;g+;k bCus ebZu us g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl dgus ds ckotwn
 118

et:g+ d+jkj fn;k vkSj dgk fd muesa rdCcqj FkkA uht+ mUgsa bekess
fulbZ us dgk fd og fld+g ugha gSa D;ksfa d vg+en bCus lkysg+ us
bekess fulbZ dks viuh etfyl ls fudky fn;k Fkk ftlls mUgsa
rdyhQ+ igqaWph FkhA ysgkt+k mUgksaus mu ij ftjg+ dj nh gSA ¼ fl;jks
vkykfeUuqcyk 9@120½
g+kflys dyke ;g gS fd ekgsjhus g+nhl elyu ;g+;k bCus ebZu ]
v+yh fcu en;uh] vcw g+kfre jkt+h ox+jS g us v+CnqYykg vy g+kjslh ij
tjg+ ugha dh gSA bekess t+gch us mudh rkjhQ+ esa ‘kS[k] bekess]
eksg+fÌl] Q+d+hg] v+Yykek vkSj ekojkmUugj tSls vyQ+kt+ Lrseky fd;s
gSa vkSj bCus eUnk us mUgsa vPNk dgk gSA mu ij tjg+ djus okyk vcw
lbZn vjZOokl etgwy o uked+cwy ‘k[+l gSA vg+en lqySekuh x+jS
eqv+¸¸ku gSA vxj vg+en lqy Sekuh cq[k+kjh ¼ekSr% 440½ eqjkn gSa rks bekess
t+gch ds cd+kSy og vdkfcj dh ‘kku esa rud+hl djus okys gSa mudh
dksbZ equQ+fjn ckr uked+cwy gSA [k+rhc us dgk fd g+kjslh ukd+kfcys
gqTtr gSa ysfdu mldh otg ft+Ø ugha dhA vcw t+jv+k us t+bZQ+
dgk ysfdu mldk dksbZ lcc c;ku ugha fd;kA ;g eqcge tjg+
uked+cwy gSA fygkt+k lkfcr gqvk fd eqluns bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
vyg+kjslh ds jkoh v+CnqYykg g+kjslh eqRrge] et:g+ vkSj uked+cwy
ughaA vxj muls ckt+ v+tkbc fld+kr ds f[k+ykQ+ eud+yw gSa rks [k+kl
rkSj ls og v+tkbc uk ed+cwy gksxa s u fd mudh reke fjok;kr
uked+cwy o ejnwnw gksxa h tSlkfd ;g ckr vgys bYe ls e[+Q+h ughaA
glu bCus ft+;kn yksyqbZ ij tjg+ dk tokc
ekgsjhus Q+Uu bl g+d+hd+r ls ck[k+cj gSa fd ckt+ eksg+Ìls hu Qqd+gk
fcy[kqlwl Qqd+gk, vg+ukQ+ ls g+n ntkZ rv+Llqc j[krs FksA ;gkard
fd mudk rv+Llqc cqX+t+ o bukn rd igqaWpk gqvk FkkA bldh otg
og x+yr Q+geh Fkh tks Qqd+gk, vg+ukQ+ fcy[kqlwl bekess vkt+e ds
rykfet+k vkSj muds rykfet+k ds rykfet+k ds rv+YYkqd+ ls
eqrv+Llschu o eqr’kÌsnhu us QSyk j[kh Fkh fd myek, dwQ+k ¼ Qqd+gk,
vg+ukQ+½ vg+knhl dks NksM+ dj d+;kl o jk; dks rjthg+ nsrs gSa vkSj
 119

vg+knhl ds f[k+ykQ+ d+;kl o jk; ij v+ey djrs gSaA bl x+yr

Q+geh ds f’kdkj ckt+ vPNs Hkys eksg+Ìls hu Hkh gks pqds FksA ftUkesa
fdrus ,sls Fks tks blh x+yr Q+geh ds cks> rys ncs gq, nqfu;k ls
xqt+j x, vkSj dqN ,sls Hkh Fks ftUgksua s g+d+hd+rs g+ky ekywe gksus ds
ckn vius euQ+h [k+;kykr o vd+oky ls #tw dj fy;k vkSj mUgsa
;d+hu gks x;k fd ftl bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dk ;g d+kSy gks fd
^^g+nhls lg+h tc vk tk, rks ogha esjk et+gc gS^^ vkSj ftl beke ds
ut+nhd t+bZQ+ g+nhl ds eqd+kfcys esa d+;kl dks NksM+ fn;k tk;sxk og
vkSj mlds rykfet+k vg+knhls lg+hg+k ds eqd+kfcys esa gj fxt+ viuh
jk; vkSj d+;kl dks rjthg+ ugha ns ldrsA blh rv+Llqc o x+yr
Q+geh dk ‘kk[+lkuk gS fd ckt+ ukd+ns hus g+nhl us bekess vkt+e ds
vftYyk rykfet+k elyu bekess eksg+Een] bekess tqQ+j vkSj glu bCus
ft+;kn ox+Sjg g+Rrk fd [kqn bekess vkt+e ij Hkh ftjg+ dj nh gSA
tEgwjs mEer us ,sls yksxksa dh euQ+h t+gfu;r dks dHkh roTtksg ds
d+kfcy ugha le>k D;ksfa d bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj vkids e’kgwj
rykfet+k eqtrgsnhus mEer tyhyqy d+nz eksg+Ìls hu vkSj Qqd+gk dh
Q+gs fjLr esa ‘kkfey gSaA mudks et:g+ o uked+cwy Bgjkuk fnu esa
lwjt dh jkS’kuh ds budkj ds eqrjkfnQ+ gSA
nkSjs ekd+cy es flQ+Z bruk gh Fkk fd ckt+ yksxksa us fcyk rg+d+hd+ks
rQ+rh’k vbEe;s vg+ukQ+ ds rv+Yyqd+ ls eqokfQ+d+ks eq[k+kfyQ+ nksuksa fd+Le ds
vd+oky tek dj fn,A bl [kqlwl esa [k+rhcs cx+nknh dk uke ek:Q+ gSA
ysfdu mUgksua s mu vbEe;s fdjke ij t+ckus yku ruk dks njkt+ ugha
fd;kA exj ekt+h;s d+jhc ds vkSj nkSjs g+kft+j ds ogkchs x+jS eqd+Yysnhu tks
dHkh vius vki dks vgys g+nhl dgrs gS] dHkh lyQ+h dgrs gSa vkSj dHkh
eksg+Eenh dgrs gSa] bekess vkt+e vkSj vkids rykfet+k dks gnQ+s eyker cukrs
gSa vkSj mu ij tjg+ o d+ng+ djus esa gj fd+Le ds jRcks ;kfcl dks viuh
fdrkcksa esa uD+y djrs gSaA blh dks og nhu dh lcls cM+h f[k+ner rlOoqj
djrs gSaA ^^vkSj v+ud+jhc t+kfye tku ysxa s fd og fdl djoV iYkVk [kk;s
xa \s ^^ ogkch x+jS eqd+Yysnhu ds tqYeks flre dh bUgha felkyksa esa ls ,d
 120

felky ;g gS fd mUgksua s bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs ds

tyhyqy d+nz fryeht+ bekess g+lu bCus ft+;kn yksyqbZ ij jÌks d+ng+ ds vkjs
pyk, gSaA vkSj ckt+ ukd+ns hus g+nhl ds g+okys ls mu ij tjgs+ uD+y dh gSaA
tS+y esa ge mldk ,d rg+d+hd+h o rud+hnh tk;t+k d+kjsbZus fdjke dh ut+z
dj jgs gSaA o fcYykfgyRrkSQ+hd A+
e’kgwj vgys g+nhl ogkch v+kfye g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ us
bekess g+lu fcu ft+;kn yksyqbZ ds rv+Yyqd+ ls fy[kk fd bCus ebZu us
mUgsa dT+t+kc dgk gSA bl ij jkfd+e dgrk gS fd ;g+;k bCus ebZu
dk ;g d+kSy ,d rks fcyk lun gS nwljs ;g+;k bCus eb+u us bl
d+kSy esa eksg+Een fcu v+CnqYykg bCus uqeSj ij brsekn fd;k gS vkSj
mUgha ls uD+y fd;k gSA bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy vkSj ;g+;k bCus
ebZu nksuksa dwQ+h ‘kq;w[k+ ds rv+Yyqd+ ls eksg+Een fcu uqeSj ij ,rsekn
fd;k djrs FksA ¼ekSlwv+rks vd+okfyy bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy 3@282½
eksg+Een fcu uqeSj dh oQ+kr 234 fg0 vkSj glu bCus ft+;kn
yksyqbZ dh oQ+kr 204 fg0 gSA g+lu bCus ft+;kn dwQ+h ‘kq;w[k+ esa Fks
vkSj ;g+;k bCus ebZu dwQ+h ‘kq;w[k+ ds eqv+keys esa bCus uqeSj ij ,rsekn
fd;k djrs Fks fygkt+k bcus uqeSj us g+lu bCus ft+;kn ij fdT+c dk
bYt+ke j[kk rks ;g+;k bCus ebZu us muij ,rsekn djrs gq, mUgsa
dT+t+kc dg fn;kA vcw nkÅn us Hkh dT+t+kc dgk ysfdu bCus uqeSj
ds gh g+okys lsA ¼eht+kuqy ,rsnky 1@491½
nkj dqRuh us er:d dgk rks ;g+;k bCus ebZu ij ,rsekn djrs
gq,A et+hn ;g fd ;g d+kSy fcyk nyhy gSA glu bCus ft+;kn ij
bYt+kes fdT+c dk enkj eksg+Een fcu uqeSj dk d+kSy gS vkSj eksg+Een
fcu uqeSj g+lu fcu ft+;kn ds eqv+klsjhu esa ls gSaA eqv+kflj vius
fdlh eqv+kflj dks dT+t+kc dgs ;k ml ij ftjg+ djs rks mldh
cqfu;kn eqv+kljkuk p’ed Hkh gks ldrh gSA fygkt+k tc rd tEgwjs
ukd+ns hus g+nhl ds vd+oky ls mldh tjg+ dh rlnhd+ g+kfly u gks
d+cwy ugha dh tk;sxhA fygkt+k bCus uqeSj dh tjg+ g+lu bCus ft+;kn
ij uked+cwy gS D;ksfa d tEgwjs ukd+ns hu us mUgsa dT+t+kc ugha dgkA
 121

v+yh bCus en;uh us dgk fd ^^mudh g+nhl ugha fy[kh tk;sxh^^

rks bl d+kSy dh cqfu;kn Hkh g+lu bCus ft+;kn dk eqRrge fcyfdT+c
gksuk gS vkSj ;g cqfu;kn et+cwr ugha d;ksfa d ,d eqv+kflj us mu ij
fdT+c dk bYt+ke j[kk gS tks fcyk nyhy uk eksrcj gSA vcw g+kfre
us dgk ^^og u fld+g gSa u ekewu gS^^ ;g d+kSy Hkh fcyk nyhy gS
blfy, uked+cwy gSA ¼eht+kuqy ,rsnky 1@491½
glu bCus ft+;kn yksyqbZ ds rv+Yyqd+ ls ,d eu
x<+r fd+Llk
okt+gs + jgs fd ;g fd+Llk eht+kuqy ,rsnky esa cs lun et+dwj gSA
cqoSrh us dgk fd eSaus ‘kkQ+bs Z dks ;g dgrs lquk fd eq>ls Q+T+y fcu jch
us dgk fd eSa pkgrk gwWa fd vkidk vkSj g+lu bCus ft+;kn yksyqbZ dk
equkt+jk ns[kwWa rks eSa ¼’kkQ+bs Z½ us dgk fd g+lu fcu ft+;kn bl ed+ke ij
ugh arks Q+T+y bCus jch us dgk fd esjh [okfg’k gSA esjh [+okfg’k gSA
Q+t+y dgrs gSa fd fQj gekjs lkeus [kkuk g+kft+j fd;k x;k] geus [kkuk
[kk;k fQj gekjs ,d lkFkh us g+lu bCus ft+;kn ls dgk fd vki ml
vkneh ds ckjs esa D;k dgrs gSa ftlus g+kyrs uekt+ esa fdlh ikjlk vk+jS r
ij rqger yxkbZ\ rks g+l u bCus ft+;kn us dgk mldh uekt+ ckfry gks
xbZA esjs s lkFkh us dgk vkSj otw\ dgk oqtw vius g+ky ij jgkA esjs lkFkh
us dgk fQj rks g+kyrs uekt+ esa csxqukg v+kSjr ij rqger yxkuk g+kyrs
uekt+ esa d+gd+gk yxkus ls vklku gSA ;g ckr lqudj g+lu bCus
ft+;kn us viuh twrh cx+y esa nck yh vkSj Hkkx [kM+s gq,A eSa ¼ ’kkQ+bs Z½ us
Q+t+y ls dgk eSaus rqels dgk Fkk fd og bl ed+ke ij ugha gSaA
¼eht+kuqy ,rsnky 1@491½
gj ‘kqÅj okyk x+jS tkfucnkj lkfg+cs bYe ftlds bYe dks fQ+Dg+ o
g+nhl ls okLrk gS ckvklkuh ;g Q+lS yk dj ldrk gS fd ;g okd+;s k
eux<+r vkSj >wV gSA blds >wV gksus ds pUn ‘kokfgn ekStwn gSaA
¼1½ cqoSr h vxjps bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z ds fld+g ‘kkfxnZ gSa ysfdu cqoSr h
ls bl okds;+ s dks fdlus ud+y fd;k gS\ vYYkek t+gch ¼ekSr% 748
 122

fg0½ ls cqoSrh ¼ekSr % 231 fg0½ rd njfe;ku esa ikap lkS lRrjg ¼517½
lky dk oDQ+k gSA bl Q+klys esa tks jkoh gSa muds uke o vg+oky
ekywe ughaa fd mudh fld+kgr o lnkd+r dk irk yxk;k tk;s vkSj
bl okd+;s s dh lsg+r dk gqDe yxk;k tk,A
¼2½ bl okd+;s s ds jkoh Q+t+y fcu jch ds ckjs esa bekess t+gch us
Q+jek;k gS fd mudh g+nhl equdj gSA ¼nhokuqT+t+ksQ+k fyT+t+gch 1@319½
md+Syh us dgk fd mudh g+nhl dh dksbZ eqrkcs ugha feyrhA ;kuh
mudh g+nhl uk ed+cwy gksrhs gSA ¼fylkuqy eht+ku 6@339½ ekgsjhus
g+nhl esa ls mudh rkSlhd+ edcwy ughaA fygkt+k bl okd+;s s dh
lsg+r cgj g+ky e’dwd gSA
¼3½ Q+t+y fcu jch us dgk fd esjk lkFkh ,d vkneh Fkk] mlus
g+lu bCus ft+;kn ls loky fd;kA Q+t+y fcu jch ds lkFk og dkSu
vkneh Fkk tks g+lu fcu ft+;kn ls equkt+jk ds fy, r¸;kj gqvk\ bldk
dqN ft+Ø ughaa g+lu fcu ft+;kn tSls Q+d+hg ls equkt+jk djus okyk
dksbZ ekewyh vkneh ugha gksxkA ysfdu ,d v+ke etgwy vkneh dk ft+Ø
;g crk jgk gS fd okd+;s k esa lnkd+r ughaA
¼4½ bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z jg+erqYykgs vYkSg] bekess vkt+e vkSj vkids e’kgwj
rykfet+k dh tykyr o rQ+D+dg+q vkSj g+kft+j tokch o csnkj fnekx+h dk
g+ky vPNh rjg+ tkurs FksA D;ksfa d bekess vkt+e ds ‘kkfxnksaZ ls mudk
cM+k dqcZ FkkA bekess eksg+Een jgerqYykg vYkSg rks muds mLrkt+ gh FksA
g+lu bCus ft+;kn bekess vkt+e ds mu rykfet+k esa Fks tks viuh g+kft+j
tokch vkSj rQ+D+dg+q esa e’kgwj FksA bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z us ftldk ckjgk
eq’kkgnk fd;k FkkA fQj ;g D;ksda j eqefdu gS fd bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z Q+t+y
fcu jch dh [+okfg’k ij fd og bekess ‘kkQsb+ Z vkSj g+lu bCus ft+;kn ds
njfe;ku equkt+jk ns[kuk pkgrs gSa] ;g tokc nsa fd g+l u bCus ft+;kn
^^equkt+jk ds ykbd+ ugha^^ ;g tokc bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z dh fjQ+v+rs ‘kku vkSj
bYeh od+kj ds Hkh f[k+ykQ+ gSA fygkt+k bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z dh tkfuc bldh
fulcr lg+h ughaA
 123

bl tokc dk bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z dh ‘kf[+l;r ls esy u [kkuk [kqn

bl okd+;s s dh lnkd+r dk eqag fp<+krk ut+j vkrk gSA
¼5½ vykok vt+ha ^equkft+js etgwy^ ds ^,rsjkts+ csfelky^ ij g+lu
fcu ft+;kn dk viuh twrh cx+y esa nck dk Hkkx [kM+k gksuk okd+;s k
dk ;g tqt+ iwjs okd+;s s dks tkyh lkfcr djus ds fy, dkQ+h gSA
d+kjsbZu ,d ckj fQj equkft+js etgwy dk ,rsjkt+ vkSj mldk
tokc eqykg+t+k dj ysA ^^glu bCus ft+;kn us equkft+js etgwy ds
loky ij tokc fn;k Fkk fd uekt+ esa d+gd+gk yxkus okys dh
uekt+ Hkh ckfry gks xbZ vkSj otw Hkh VwV x;kA t+kfgj gS ;g tokc
dksbZ d+;klh jk; ij ecuh u FkkA cfYd bldh cqfu;kn og g+nhls
ikd Fkh ftldks nkj dqruh us viuh lquu esa vkSj bCus vch ‘kSck us
viuh eqlUuQ+ es]a bekess vcw g+uhQ+k us viuh eqlun ¼ cfjok;rs vcw
uq,se½ es]a bekess eksg+Een us vy vklkj es]a bekess vcw ;wlqQ+ us
fdrkcqy vklkj esa vkSj bcuqy vkjkch us viuh ekste esa fjok;r
fd;k gS fd uch;s djhe lYyYykgks rv+kYkk v+ySgs olYYe us bj’kkn
Q+je;k fd ftu yksxksa us gkyrs uekt+ esa d+gd+gk yxk;k og otw
vkSj uekt+ nksckjk ykSVk;sAa
;g ckr bYes fQ+d+g dk rkfycs bYe tkUkrk gS fd dksbZ fQ+d+gh
elvyk vxj f[k+ykQ+s d+;kl g+nhl ls lkfcr gks rks g+nhl dks mlh
ekSfjnks eg+y esa [k+kl j[kk tk;sxkA mldh ut+hj nwljs elvyk dks
ml ij d+;kl ugha fd;k tk;sxkA g+kyrs uekt+ esa d+gd+gk yxkdj
galus ls uekt+ dk VwV tkuk eqokfQ+d+s g+nhl Hkh gS vkSj eqokfQ+d+s
d+;kl HkhA D;ksfa d d+gd+gk yxkdj galuk equkfQ;s lykr gS
fygkt+k uekt+ dk VwV tkuk d+;kl ds eqrkfcd+ gSS ysfdu mlls oqtw
dk VwV tkuk f[k+ykQ+s d+;kl g+nhl ls lkfcr gSA fygkt+k mldks
mlds ekSfjn ¼#dw o lqtwn okyh uekt+½ ds lkFk [k+kl ekuk tk;sxk
D;ksfa d gqtwj lYyYykgks rv+kyk v+ySgs olYye dk Q+jeku ftl
uekt+ ls eqrv+fYyd+ gS og #dw o lqtwn okyh FkhA fygkt+k uekt+s
tukt+k esa vxj d+gd+gk yxk, rks uekt+ ckfry gksxh oqtw ughaAa
 124

equkft+js etgwy dks ,d bYes fQ+Dg+ ds rkfycs bYe dh le> esa vkus
okyh ;g ckr le> esa ugha vkbZ vkSj mUgksaus g+lu bCus ft+;kn ls
loky dj fn;k fd vxj g+kyrs uekt+ esa d+gd+gk yxkus ls oqtw VwV
tkrk gS rks gkyrs uekt+ esa fdlh ikjlk v+kSjr ij rqger yxkus ls
Hkh oqtw VwV tkuk pkfg, D;ksfa d g+kyrs uekt+ esa fdlh ikjlk v+kSjr
ij rksger yxkuk g+kyrs uekt+ esa d+gd+gk yxkus ls T+;knk cqjk gSaA
tc equkft+js etgwy dh ftgkyr dk ;g v+kye g+lu bCus ft+;kn us
ns[kh rks ogka ls mB [kM+s gq,A c’krZs flnd+s okd+;s k g+lu bCus ft+;kn
dk equkft+js etgwy dks tokc u nsuk bl vk;r ij v+ey djuk Fkk
fd ^^tc tkfgy muls eq[k+kfrc gksrs gSa rks og lyke dgdj vkxs
c<+ tkrs gSaA^^ ysfdu eqrv+fLlc gkFkksa us ;gka ;g ckr x<+ yh fd
g+lu bCus ft+;kn twrh cx+y esa nckdj Hkkx [kM+s gq,A ;kuh g+lu
bCus ft+;kn yktokc gks x;s A fQj ml ij jax p<+krs gq, ;g fy[k
ekjk fd ;g lc ns[kdj bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z us dgk fd D;k eSaus ugha dgk
Fkk fd g+lu bCus ft+;kn equkt+jk ds ykbd+ ughaAa ;g lc rv+Llqc
dh dkj Q+jekb;ka gSaA gkykafd rv+Llqc ls gVdj dksbZ ns[ks rks bl
elvys ruktqj esa vg+ukQ+ dh v+ey fcyg+nhl ij l[k+rh dk lqcwr
lkQ+ >ydrk gS fd muds ;gka g+nhl ds eqd+kfcys esa [+okg og t+bZQ+
gh D;ksa u gks d+;kl dks rjthg+ ugha nh tk;sxhA cfYd g+nhl ij
v+ey fd;k tk;sxkA balkQ+ dh uTk+j esa ;g [k+cw h dh ckr Fkh fd
ysfdu cqjk gks rv+Llqc o rax ut+jh dk fd ;g [k+cw h Hkh ,sc ut+j
vkus yxh vkSj bekess ‘kkQ+bs Z dh rjQ+ ealwc djds ;g okd+;s k Hkh x<+
fy;k x;k vkSj ;g [+;ky u jgk fd >wV pkgs fdruk gh eqt+¸¸ku
djds is’k fd;k tk;s mldk inkZ Q+k’k t+:j gks tkrk gSA g+lu bCus
ft+;kn ds rv+Yyqd+ ls et+dwjk okd+;s k ds tkyh o >wV lkfcr gksus
ds ckn d+kjsbZus fdjke ds fy, ;g le>uk vklku gks x;k fd g+lu
bCus ft+;kn dks ckt+ g+t+jkr ds dT+t+kc o er:dqy g+nhl ox+Sjg
dgus ds ihNs D;k jkt+ fiUkgka gks ldrk gS\ eqv+kfljkuk p’ed]
fQ+d+gh btfrgkn ;k bl rjg+ dk vkSj dksbZ lccA
 125

Ckgj g+ky tks Hkh gks g+lu bCus ft+;kn ij tkjsgh+ u dh tjg+ uk
ed+cwy o ejnwn gSA t+y S esa ge e’kgwj vbEe;s nhu o ekgsjhus Q+Uu
ds vd+oky ls lkfcr djrs gSa%
 vYykek t+gch us ukd+ns hu dh tjg+ dks ft+Ø djus ds ckn rg+jhj
Q+jek;k fd g+lu bCus ft+;kn ds rv+Yyqd+ ls bu lc tjg+ksa ds ckoqtwn vcw
v+Ookuk us viuh eqLr[k+jt esa vkSj g+kfde us viuh eqLrnjd esa mudh g+nhl
yh gSA
 eksg+fÌl eqlfyek fcu d+kfle us Q+jek;k fd g+lu bCus
ft+;kn fld+g FksA ¼fylkuqy eht+ku 3@48½
 eksg+Een fcu lekv+k us Q+jek;k fd g+lu bCus ft+;kn us dgk fd
eSaus bCus tqjSg+ ls ckjg gt+kj vg+knhl fy[kh gSa ftudh Qqd+gk dks g+ktr
FkhA ¼vRrcd+krqLlqfUu¸¸kg Q+h rjktsfey g+ufQ+¸¸kg ysrd+hbfÌu vy xT+Tkk vRreheh
ekSr% 1010 fg0 1@225½
 vg+en vCnqy gqeSn g+kjslh us dg fd eSaus g+lu bCus ft+;kn
ls T+;knk gqlus v[k+ykd+ okyk] muls T+;knk dqcZ ls jguqekbZ djus
okyk vkSj muls T+;knk ueZ fny fdlh dks ugha ns[kk ckoqtwn blds
fd og v+t+he Q+d+hg] v+kfye vkSj tqgnks ojk ds g+kfey FksA
 vg+en fcu v+Cnqy gqeSn gkjslh us ;g Hkh dg fd g+lu bCus
ft+;kn [kqn tks fyckl igurs Fks vius xqykeksa dks Hkh iguk;k djrs
Fks] jlwyqYykg lYYkkgks rv+kyk v+ySgs olYye dh bl g+nhl ij
v+ey djrs gq, fd rqe xqykeksa dks ogh igukvks tks rqe igurs gksA
¼vRrcd+krqLlqfUu¸¸kg Q+h rjtsfey g+ufQ+¸¸kg 1@225½
 bekess lev+kuh us Q+jek;k fd g+lu bCus ft+;kn vcw g+uhQ+k
dh fjok;kr fd v+kfye vkSj gqLus [kqyd+ okys FksA ¼
vRrcd+krqLlqfUu¸¸kg Q+h rjtsfey g+ufQ+¸¸kg 1@226 ½
 ;g+;k bCus vkne us Q+jek;k fd eSaus glu bCus ft+;kn ls
cM+k Q+d+hg ugha ns[kkA ¼vRrcd+krqLlqfUu¸¸kg Q+h rjtsfey g+ufQ+¸¸kg
1@226½
 126

 EksgE+ en fcu ‘ktk vLlyth tks fld+g] v+kfny] lkfgcs ojk o

rd+ok] eksg+fÌl o Q+d+hg Fks og Q+jekrs gSa fd eSaus g+lu bCus ft+;kn
dks ;g dgrs gq, lquk fd esjs pkj lky bl g+ky esa xqt+js fd jkr
dks dqrcq s vg+knhlks fQ+d+g vkSj bcknr esas xqt+kjus dh otg ls fpjkx+
esjs lkeus gqvk djrk FkkA
 fQ+d+g o g+nhl ds nlZ ds nkSjku rkfycs bYe dh x+Q+yr dks
gjfxt+ cjnk’r u djrs FksA pqukaps ‘kS[k+ bczkghe bCuqYYkSl vÌg+d+ku
us vius ckt+ vlg+kc ls uD+y fd;k gS fd [k+yhQ+k gk:u j’khn us
g+lu bCus ft+;kn ls dg Fkk fd gj g¶rk ,d fnu ekewu ds lkFk
eqt+kfdj;s fQ+Dgks g+nhl fd;k djsAa ;g ml t+ekus dh ckr gS tc
g+lu bCus ft+;kn #d+k esa FksA ,d jkr eqt+kfdj;s fQ+d+gks g+nhl esa
e’kxwy Fks fd ekewu dks vksa?k vkus yxh] g+lu bCus ft+;kn us dgk
vkius lquk ,s! vehj ekewu us pkSd dj vka[ksa [kksyha exj mlh oD+r
g+lu bCus ft+;kn us mUgsa viuh etfyl ls fudky fn;kA tc j’khn
dks ;g [k+cj igqaWph rks mUgksua s ;g ‘ksj i<+k%&
rjtek% [k+Rrh ust+k jxs nj[+r dh rjg+ xqFkk gqvk gh gksrk gS] [ktwj
dk nj[+r mxus dh txg gh yxk;k tkrk gSA
¼v[+kckjs vch g+uhQ+k o vlg+kcsgh 1@137½
bl okd+;s k ls g+lu bCus ft+;kn ds bYeh jkscks nkc dk tgka lqcwr
Q+jkge gksrk gS ogha bYes g+nhlks fQ+Dg+ ds vncks ,g+rjs ke dk vankt+k
gksrk gSA
 eksg+Een fcu ;g+;k vyg+tjh d+kt+h;s enk;u us dgk fd g+lu
bCus ft+;kn g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl FksA mUgsa dwQ+k esa m+gn;s d+t+k fn;k x;k
ysfdu og ft+Ees nkjh u mBk lds vkSj eql rkQ+h gks x;sA ¼v[kckj#y
d+Tq k+kr fybCus fg+Ccku 3@188 ½
 bCuqy vlhj us g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh fjok;r ls ckt+
vg+knhl dks ft+Ø fd;k vkSj mu ij dksbZ tjg+ ugha dhA
 127

 g+kfQ+tqy g+nhl bCus v+Cnqy cjZ us g+lu bCus ft+;kn yksyqbZ

dh fjok;r ls bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh tkfuc eUlwc ,d okd+;s k uD+y
djds ml ij dksbZ tjg+ ugha dh gS cfYd mldks bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
ds Q+t+kby esa eqlrnYy vkSj d+kfcys ,g+rstkt ekuk gSA ¼ vy bfUrQ+k
Q+h Q+t +kbfyLlyklfry vbEefry Q+d q +gk 1@153 ½ ekywe gqvk fd g+kfQ+t+
bCus v+Cnqy cjZ ds ut+nhd g+lu bCus ft+;kn eqRrge ugha vkSj mudh
fjok;r equdj o uked+cwy ughaAa
 bCus fg+Ccku us fld+kr esa g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh ,d fjok;r
v+u tqjSg+ dh lun ls fcyk tjg+ ds ft+Ø dh gSA ekywe gqvk fd
muds ut+nhd glu bCus ft+;kn eqRrge ugha cfYd fld+g gSaA
¼vfLld+kr 8@168 g+nhl 12792½
 ;g+;k bCus vkne dk d+kSy gS fd glu bCus ft+;kn lqUur
dks cgqr T+;knk ilan djrs vkSj lqUUkr ds iSjksdkj dks HkhA ¼ vy
tokfg#y eft+¸¸kg Q+h rcd+kfry g+ufQ+¸¸kg 1@193½
;g+;k bCus vkne ds rv+Yyqd+ ls t+gch us fy[kk fd lqQ+;kus lkSjh ds
ckn ;g+;k bCus vkne lcls cM+s eksgf+ Ìl FksA ¼fl;jks vkykfeUUkqcyk
5@175½
 vcqy ev+kyh vy g+ych us g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh cs uQ+lh
vksj muds tT+c;s bRrsck;s g+d+ dh nyhy esa mudk ;g d+kSy ft+Ø
fd;k gS fd ftl x+Sj eUlwl elvys esa geus d+;kl ls dgk gS fd
;g jk; g+lu gS mldk eryc ;g gS fd geus gRryed+nwj dksf’k’k
dh gS rks ;g jk; lcls vPNh ekywe gqbZ gSA vxj dksbZ blls mEnk
jk; ys vk;s rks og gekjh jk; ls T+;knk nq#Lr gSA ¼ cvytokfg#y
eft+¸¸kg 1@472½
glu bCus ft+;kn ds rd+os dk ,d ukfnj okd+;s k
v+Yykek v+T+Tk+h us ud+y Q+jek;k gS fd bekess g+lu bCus ft+;kn
dh nhunkjh vkSj ojk dk ;g g+ky Fkk fd ,d ejrck fdlh lkby us
muls dksbZ elvyk nj;k¶r fd;k] mugksaus tokc esa [k+rk dh tc
 128

lkby pyk x;k rks g+lu bCus ft+;kn ds lkeus g+d+ t+kfgj gqvkA
lkby dks ryk’k fd;k x;k exj u feyk rks g+lu bCus ft+;kn us
,d equknh dks fdjk;s ij fy;k vkSj iwjh vkcknh esa funk djkbZ fd
g+lu bCus ft+;kn ls Qqyka elvyk iwNk x;k Fkk] mUgksua s tokc esa
[krk dh gS fygkt+k lkby nksckjk muds ikl tkdj lg+h tokc
g+kfly dj ysA equknh ;g ,yku djrk jgk ;gka rd fd lkby
vk;k vkSj g+lu bCus ft+;kn us mldks lg+h tokc nsdj okil fd;kA
bl okd+;s k dks fld+kr dh lun ds lkFk v+Yykek lSejh us ^ v[k+ckjs
vcw g+uhQ+k^ esa Hkh uD+y fd;k gSA ¼vRrcd+drqLlfu¸¸kg 1@226½
dqN g+klsnhu o eqrv+Llschu] Qqd+gk;s vg+ukQ+ dks d+¸¸kkl
¼d+;kl djus okys½ dgrs Fks vkSj d+;kl djus dks ,sc le>rs FksA
g+kykafd d+;kls ‘kjbZ ‘kjhv+r ds nykbys vjck esa ls ,d nyhy gS
tks fdrkcks lqUur vkSj btek o lg+kck ls eqLrQ+kn gksrk gSA blls
,d ugha gt+kjgk elkby eqLr[k+jt gq, gSaA bl fygkt+ ls d+¸¸kkl]
eqtrfgn Q+d+hg dgk tkrk gSA ysfdu g+klsnhu o eqrv+Llschu bl
dks x+yr ekuk esa Lrseky djrs FksA og Qqd+gk;s eqtrgsnhu dks
d+¸;kl bl ekuk esa dgrs Fks fd og g+nhls jlwy ij viuh jk;s o
d+;kl dks rjthg+ nsus okys gSaA
fdlh vkneh us vkidks vkSj vids vlg+kc dks d+¸¸kkl dgk rks
vkius l[+r cjgeh dk bt+gkj fd;k vkSj Q+jek;k fd gekjs vlgkc bYes
g+nhlks fQ+D+g ds [k+t+kus gSaA ge g+nhl ds f[k+ykQ+ djus okys ughaA
¼vRrcd+krqLlfu¸¸kg 1@277 ½
g+lu bCus ft+;kn Q+jekrs Fks fd fdrkcqYykg ;k lqUurs jlwy dh
dksbZ uLLk ;k btek ds gksrs gq, fdlh eqtrfgn dks ;g g+d+ ugha
igqaprk fd og viuh jk; ls dqN dgsA tc fdlh elvys esa lg+kc;s
fdjke ds vd+oky eq[k+rfyQ+ gksa rks ge muesa ls ml d+kSy dks
bf[+r;kj djrs gSa tks fdrkcks lqUur ds T+;knk d+jhc gksrk gS D;ksfa d
Qqd+gk;s lg+kck us Hkh btfrgkn fd;k gS btfrgkn dk g+d+ Qqd+gk dks
gSA mlh dks tks bf[rykQ+s vd+oky dk bYe j[krk gks vkSj vPNk
 129

d+;kl dj ldrk gksA lg+kc;s fdjke bl rjhd+s ij FksA ¼ vytkSg#y

eft+¸¸kg 2@472½
g+lu bCus ft+;kn dk gh d+kSy gS fd tks vYykg o mlds jlwy
dh rjQ+ ls gks ge mlls ljs ew bugs+jkQ+ ugha djrs vkSj ftl esa
lg+kc;s fdjke dk bf[rykQ+ gks rks ge muds d+kSys eq[k+rkj dks ysrs
gSa vkSj tks d+kSy muds flok rkcsbZu ox+Sjg ls eud+wy gks rks ge
vg+ukQ+ mls fcyk nyhy ugha ysrsA ¼vytkSg# eft+¸¸kg 2@473½
d+kjsbZus fdjke! vkius eqykg+t+k Q+jek;k fd vYykek t+gch] vcw
v+Ookuk] g+kfde] eql fyek fcu d+kfle] vg+en fcu v+Cnqy g+ehn g+kjslh]
lev+kuh] ;g+;k bCus vkne ¼bekess cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds nknk mLrkt+½]
eksg+Een fcu ‘ktk lyth ¼ bUgsa bekess t+gch us bYe dk leUnj dg] lkB ls
t+k;n ftynksa esa fdrkcqy eukfld fy[kh gSA bcknr xqt+kj vkSj frykors dqjvku
esa e’kxwy jgus okys Fks] ltns dh g+kyr es 266 fg0 esa oQ+kr gqbZ ½] bCus fg+Ccku
vkSj bCus v+Cnqy cjZ lesr ,d njtu ls t+kbn myek;s g+nhlks fQ+Dg+ o
fjtky us g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh rkjhQ+ o rkslhQ+ dh vkSj mudks lkfg+cs
ojk o lkfg+cs rd+ok dgk gSA lkFk gh lkFk muds rd+ok o ojk dk
ukfnjs jkst+xkj okd+;s k Hkh vkius eqykg+t+k Q+jek;k vkSj muds vd+oky Hkh
i<+ pqds fd og ‘kjhv+r ds vg+dke vkSj bRrsck;s lqUur esa fdl d+nz
eksg+rkr Fks vkSj fdl d+nz [k+kSQ+s [kqnk mu ij x+kfyc Fkk fd ,d Q+rok
x+yr nsus ds urhts esa vius eUlc dks ils iq’r Mkyrs gq, [k+kSQ+s [kqnk
ds tT+cs ls ex+ywc gksdj viuh x+yrh dk ml oD+r rd ,yku djrs jgs
tc rd fd Q+Rok ryc djus okyk nksckjk vkidh f[k+ner esa g+kft+j
gksdj lg+h Q+Rok ysdj okil ugha ykSVkA ,d rjQ+ vkids rd+ok o
v+nkyr ij ‘kokfgnks nykby gSa vkSj nwljh rjQ+ tkjsg+hu dh eqcge o
x+jS eqnYyy tjg+s gSaA D;k bUlkQ+ ;gh dgrk gS fd tkjsg+hu dh x+jS
eqnYyy tjg+ksa dks eku fy;k tk, vkSj ,d lkfg+cs rD+ok eksg+fÌl]
eqtrfgn] Q+d+hg dks dT+t+kc g+Rrkfd x+jS v[k+ykd+h vQ+v+ky dk
eqjrfdc d+jkj fn;k tk,\ cfYd mlds eql yeku gksus dks e’dwd
Bgjk;k tk,\
 130

vbEe;s vg+ukQ+ ds f[k+ykQ+ ogkchs x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu dks cqX+t+ks

bukn ij ecuh d+chg+ vd+oky feyrs gSa rks og mugsa vius fy,
:gk+uh fx+t+k rLkOoqj djds cM+h ygd ds lkFk d+cwy djrs gSa fQj
[kwc Madk ihV&ihV dj ,yku djrs gSaA
nsf[k, ogkfc;k ds e’kgwj odhy g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ ukd+ns hu
ds vd+oky dks vkM+ cuk dj g+lu bCus ft+;kn yksyqbZ tSls eksg+fÌlks
Q+d+hg ij dSlh eqx+Yyt+kr dh NhaVkd’kh dh gSA
bCus ebZu us dgk gS fd ^^og dT+t+kc gS^^A jkfd+e us ekd+cy es
bldk rud+hnh tk;t+k is’k fd;kA bCus ebZu dk ;g d+kSy x+Sj
eqlrun gS bldh dksbZ eksrcj lun ekStwn ughaA
eksg+Een fcu v+CnqYykg bCus uqeSj us dgk fd ^^bCus tqjSg+ ij >wV cksyrk
gS^^ bCus uqeSj dk ;g d+kSy tEgwjs ukd+ns hus g+nhl ds f[kYkkQ+ gSA fygkt+k
rugk mudk ;g d+kSy gqTtr ugha gks ldrkA
vcw nkÅn us ^dT+t+kc^ dgkA vcw nkÅn dk ;g d+kSy ,d rks
fcyk lun gS vkSj nwljs rugk bCus uqeSj ds d+kSy ij ecuh gSA
fygkt+k uked+cwy gSA
eksg+Een fcu jkQ+s uhlkiqjh us dgk fd ;g ‘k[l beke ls igys
lj mBkrk Fkk vkSj beke ls igys ltnk djrk FkkA
rcljk% eksg+Een fcu jkQ+s uhlkiqjh dk ;g d+kSy ,d rks fcyk
lun gS nwljs ;g fd eksg+Een fcu jkQ+s uhlkiqjh bCus uqeSj ds ‘kkfxnZ
gSa rks t+kfgj gS fd bCus uqeSj dk ut+fj;k g+lu fcu ft+;kn ds
rv+Yyqd+ ls mlh fd+Le dk gS rks D;k cbZn fd ‘kkfxnZ dk Hkh ogh
utfj;k gksA blds v+ykok g+lu bCus ft+;kn eksg+fÌl Q+d+hg
eqtrfgn FksA t+gch us Hkh mudh rkjhQ+ dh gSA beke ls igys ltnk
djuk] lj mBkuk rks ykbYeh dh otg ls gksxkA ,d Q+d+hg
eqtrfgn ls v+knru ;g lwjr eqefdu ugha vkSj tku cw> dj ,slk
djuk ,d ,sls Q+d+hg eqtrfgn ls D;ksd a j eqefdu gS ftlus ,d
x+yr elvyk c;ku djus ij viuh x+yrh dk ml oD+r rd ,yku
djok;k tc rd fd lkby us nksckjk g+kft+j gksdj lg+h tokc
 131

g+kfly u dj fy;kA uht+ ftlds t+gq nks ojk dh rkjhQ+ tyhyqy

d+nz eksgÌ+ slhu elyu ;g+;k bCus vkne] bekess t+gch] eqlfyek fcu
d+kfle ox+Sjg us dh gS vkSj bCus v+Ookek vkSj g+kfde us mudh g+nhl
dh r[k+jht dh gSA
;g ‘kokfgn ;g lkfcr dj jgs gSa fd bl d+kSy esa lnkd+r ughaa eksg+Een
fcu jkQ+s dks ;k rks ;g x+yr ckr igqaph gS ;k mudh rjQ+ fdlh us x+yr
eUlwc fd;k gSA pwfa d ;g d+kSy fylkuqy eht+ku esa eudwy gS vkSj v+Yykek
bCus gtj v+ld+ykuh ls eksg+Een fcu jkQ+s rd bldh dksbZ lun et+dwj
ughaA vxj g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ lkfg+c ds geuok viuh bl ckr esa lPps
gSa fd fdlh dh dksbZ ckr fcyk lun ed+cwy ugha rks ogkch cjknjh feydj
g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh tkfuc eUlwc bl uktkbt+ Q+ys dh dksbZ lg+h lun
is’k djsa ojuk ,yku djnas fd vbEe;s vg+ukQ+ ds f[k+ykQ+ fdlh ckr ds
lqcr ds fy, muds ;gka lun dh t+:jr ughaA
g+kfQ+t+ t+cq Sj v+yh t+bZ us et+hn fy[kk%
^^ g+lu bCus g+yokuh us crk;k fd eSaus mls ns[kk fd mlus ltns
dh g+kyr esa ,d yM+ds dk ckslk fy;kA vcw lkSj us dgk fd eSaus
mlls T+;knk >wVk ugha ns[kkA uekt+ dh g+kyr esa og ,d ukS mez
yM+ds ftldh nk<+h eksaN ugha Fkh ds #[k+lkj ij gkFk Qsjrk FkkA
;t+hn fcu gk:u us rv+Ttqc ls dgk fd D;k ;g eqlyeku gS\
mlkek mls [k+chl dgrs FksA ;kdwc fcu lqQ+;ku] md+Syh vkSj
vLlkth us dgk ^dT+t+kc^ gSA^^ ¼ eqy[[klu feu fylkfuy eht+ku
1@208&209] uw#y ,suSu iz0 39 tqcSj v+yh t+bZ½
;g lc fy[kus ds ckn g+kfQ+t+ lkfg+c vius fny dh HkM+kl
fudkyrs gq, fy[krs gS%
^^ ,slk xUnk ‘k[+l Msjoh lkg+c ¼ dksb Z nsocUnh g+uQ+h eksyoh gS ftlus tqcSj
v+yh t+bZ dks eq[kkrc fd;k Fkk ½ dk ^g+t+jrs bekes^s gSA ¼,st +u½
tqcSj v+yh t+bZ lkfgc dks g+lu bCus ft+;kn ds rv+Yyqd+ ls
d+chg+ vd+oky rks ut+j vk x;s vkSj Q+lS yk Hkh lquk fn;k fd glu
bCus ft+;kn tks g+ufQ+;ksa dk g+t+jrs beke gS ^xUnk ‘k[+l^ gS ysfdu
 132

;gka g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ lkfg+c ds g+kfe;ksa ds tT+c;s v+nyks

balkQ+ ¼vxj gS½ dks nkors fQ+Ø nsuk pkgrk gwaW fd g+kfQ+t+ lkfg+c ds
t+kSd+s tqLrqtw esa vkf[k+j og dkSu lh fQ+Ø dkj Q+jek Fkh fd ,d
ntZu ls t+k;n myek o eksgÌ+ slhu ds vd+oky ftuls g+lu bCus
ft+;kn dk tyhyqy d+nz eksgf+ Ìl] Q+d+hg vkSj eqtrfgn gksuk] lkfg+cs
gqLus [kqYd+ gksuk] lkfgcs ojk o rD+ok gksuk vkSj d+kfcys eng+ gksuk
lkfcr gksrk gS] g+kfQ+t+ lkfgc dh ut+j ls vks>y D;ksa jg x;s \
D;k mUgsa ut+j ugha vk;k fd g+lu bCus ft+;kn ls bekess cq[k+kjh o
eqlfye ds mLrkt+ ‘kS[k vcw v+okuk us viuh fdrkc ^ eqlr[k+jt^ esa
g+nhl yh gS\ D;k ;g ut+j ugha vk;k fd bekess g+kfde us
^eqlrnjd^ esa muls fjok;r yh gS\ D;k ;g ut+j ugha vk;k fd
tyhyqy d+nz eksgf+ Ìl eqlfyek fcy d+kfle us g+lu bCus ft+;kn dks
fld+g dg\ ¼eqefdu gS dksbZ x+jS eqd+fYyn dg ns fd mUgsa vgys r’kchg esa
ls dgk x;k gS rks ml ij vt+Z gS fd ;g d+kSy ejnwn gSA bekess t+gch us
Q+jek;k gS fd ;g tyhyq d+nz vkneh gSa bUgsa buds nq’euksa us vgys r’chg
dgk gSA jt+k 12½
D;k g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh lkfg+c dks ut+j ugha vk;k fd bekess
cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds nknk mLrkt+ ;g+;k bCus vkne us g+lu bCus
ft+;kn dh eng+ djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd eSaus muls cM+k Q+d+hg fdlh
dks ugha ns[kkA et+hn rvLlqjkr fiNys lQ+g+kr ij eqykg+t+k djsAa
brus lkjs eksg+Ìls hu o vbEek fd vd+oky g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh
tykyrs ‘kku] rQ+Dd + +ks] bYes g+nhl esa egkjr vkSj muds rD+ok o ojk
ij ekstwn gksus ds ckoqtwn D;k vg+ukQ+ dks ;g g+d+ g+kfly ugha fd
mUgsa viuk ^g+t+jr beke^ dgsa\ bekess g+lu bCus ft+;kn ds rv+Yyqd+
ls g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ dk brus lkjs vbEek o eksg+Ìls hu o Qqd+gk
ds vPNs vPNs vd+oky ds ils iq’r Mky dj muds f[k+ykQ+
eqv+kusnhu ds x+jS eqlrun vd+oky dks d+cwy djds g+lu bCus ft+;kn
dks ^xUnk ‘k[+l^ dguk ;d+huu g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ ds [kqCls
ckfru dh nyhy gSA jg x;s muds rv+Yyqd+ ls ckt+ vbEek dh
 133

tjg+ ds vd+oky ud+y djuk rks uD+ys vd+oky pwfa d eg+t+ crkSj
uD+y gSa tEgwjs eksg+Ìslhu us mUgsa dT+t+kc o eqRrge ugha dgk gSA
cfYd uD+ys vd+oky ds ckn viuh gqLus jk; dk bt+gkj fd;k gSA
blfy, og bl ij ek[kwt+ ugha gksaxsA ba’kk vYYkkg rv+kykA
vc g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ ds g+kfe;ksa dh ft+;kQ+rs rck ds fy,
ge g+lu bCus ft+;kn ds f[k+ykQ+ ft+Ø fd, x, vd+okys d+chg+k dh
bluknh gS+fl;r dk tk;t+k ysrs gSaA
¼1½ g+lu fcu v+yh g+yokuh ds g+okys ls tks d+chg+ ckr uD+y dh
xbZ gS mlds x+jS eksrcj o ejnwn gksus dh nyhy ds fy, ;gh dkQ+h gS
fd g+lu fcu v+yh g+yokuh mu yksxa ksa esa ls Fks tks elvy;s [k+Yd+s
dqjvku ds eqv+keys esa mu yksxksa ds l[+r eq[k+kfyQ+ Fks tks dqjvku ;kuh
eqlg+Q+s dqjvku elyu uqd’+w k] vyQ+kt+ ox+jS g ds e[k+ywd+ gksus ds
fygkt+ ls dqjvku dks e[k+ywd+ dgrs FksA g+lu bCus ft+;kn vkSj bekess
vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj vkids nhxj ‘kkfxnksaZ dks blh cqfu;kn ij gnQ+s
eyker cuk;k x;k gSA gkykafd bu vbEek ds ut+nhd Hkh dqjvku
dykeqYykg x+jS e[k+ywd+ gSA ;g ,d yQ+t+h bf[rykQ+ Fkk ysfdu blus
tks fQ+Ruk o Q+lkn dk ckt+kj xje fd;k Fkk mlls gj vgys bYe
ck[kcj gSA dqjvku ds uqdw’k o vyQ+kt+ dks e[k+ywd+ dgus okyksa dks
fQ+jd+;s tgfe;k esa nkf[k+y djds mu ij fcnv+rks xqejgh dh eqgj
yxkbZ xbZ FkhA ;g ,d vge lcc Fkk eqtrgsnhu o eksg+Ìslhus vg+ukQ+
ij tjg+ d+ng+ ds rhj cjlkus dkA ;gh otg gS fd ftu g+t+jkr dks
g+d+hd+rs g+ky ekywe gqbZ fd bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj muds vlg+kc
dqjvku dks x+jS e[k+ywd+ ekurs gSa vkSj fQ+jd+;s tgfe;k ls dksbZ rv+Yyqd+
ugh arks mUgksua s bekess vkt+e vkSj vkids vlg+kc dh rjQ+ ls lQ+kbZ Hkh
nh vkSj mudh [kwc eng+ o luk dhA g+l u fcu vyh vyg+yokuh g+lu
bCus ft+;kn ds rv+Yyqd+ ls ,sl h gh x+yr Q+geh ds f’kdkj FksA fygkt+k
mudh rjQ+ g+lu bCus ft+;kn ds rv+Yyqd+ ls tks d+kSy eUlwc gS og
uked+cwy gS D;ksfa d eq[k+kfyQ+ dk d+kSy vius g+jhQ+ ds g+d+ esa fcyk
nyhy uked+cwy gSA
 134

blds v+ykok g+lu fcu v+yh g+yokuh ds rv+Yyqd+ ls bekess

vg+en bCus g+Ecy ds lkfg+c t+kns v+CnqYykg us ;g uD+y fd;k gS fd
^esjs okfyn ¼bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy½ us g+lu fcu g+yokuh dks vPNk
ugha dgk vkSj dgk fd eq>s muds ckjs esa dqN ukilan ckrsa igqaph gSa]
fQj dgk vgys ljg+n muls jkt+h ugha gSaA ¼ vy byy 1616 ekslwv+rq
vd+okfyy bekess vg+en fcu g+Ecy 1@260 ½
;gka ij dksbZ vgys g+nhl ;g dg dj /kkSal tekus dh dksf’k’k u
djs fd g+yokuh lkg+c rks cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds jkoh gSa fQj mu ij
tjg+ dSlh\ ;g ckr blfy, ugha pysxh ge cjknjkus vgys g+nhl
dks ;gh le>kuk pkgrs gSa fd dksbZ jkoh fdlh ukfd+ns g+nhl ds
ut+nhd et:g gks rks ;g ykft+e ugha vkrk lkjs eksg+Ìls hu ds
ut+nhd et:g+ gks D;ksfa d tjg+ks rknhy ds mlwy lcds ;gka vyx
vyx gSaA fQj myek;s g+nhl Hkh rks ;g ckr ekurs gSa fd dHkh
fld+g jkoh Hkh x+yr ckr uD+y dj nsrk gSA pqukaps x+Sj eqd+fYyn
ogkch ekSyoh fdQ+k;rqYykg lukfcyh us fy[kk gSA
¼2½ jg xbZ ;t+hn fcu gk:u dh tjg+ rks og Hkh uked+cwy gSA
D;ksfa d rv+Ttqc ls ;t+hn fcu gk:u dk ;g dguk ^^D;k ;g
eqlyeku gS^^\ bl ckr dk b’kkjg nsrk gS fd og g+lu bCus ft+;kn
dks ;k dkfQ+j le>rs Fks ;k xqejkg o Q+kfld+ vkSj bl ij dksbZ
‘kjbZ nyhy ughaA ;t+hn fcu gk:u] g+yokuh ds ‘kS[k+ gSa blfy,
x+kfycs xqeku ;gh gS fd g+yokuh dh rjg+ ;t+hn fcu gk:u Hkh
dqjvku dykes yQ+t+h dks e[k+ywd+ dgus dh otg ls g+lu fcu
ft+;kn vkSj muds vlg+kc dks tgfe;k esa ls rlOoqj djrs Fks fygkt+k
;g dg fn;k fd D;k og eqlyeku gS\
g+kykafd g+d+hd+r ;g gS fd ;g ckr ljklj x+yr Q+geh ij
ecuh gSA g+lu fcu ft+;kn vkSj muds vlg+kc dqjvku dykeqyykg
dks e[k+ywd+ ugha dgrs cfYd vYQ+kt+ o uqdw’k dks e[kywd+ dgrs gSaA
tc tjg+ dh cqfu;kn gh ckfry gS rks tjg+ Hkh ckfry o ejnwn
BgjhA
 135

¼3½ vcw lkSj g+lu bCus ft+;kn ds eqv+kflj Fks vkSj mudh oQ+kr
240 fg0 esa gSA fygkt+k vcw lkSj dh tjg+ g+Lku fcu ft+;kn ds
rv+Yyqd+ ls fcyk nyhy x+jS eksrcj gSA
¼4½ vcw mlkek dh tjg+ Hkh x+Sj eqQ+Llj gS fdlh dks dksbZ [k+chl
dgs rks mldh rkSt+hg+ o lqcwr dh ‘kgknr ds cx+Sj xkyh rlOoqj dh
tkrh gSA ;g tjg+ eqcge gS fygkt+k ejnwn gSA
¼5½ ;kdwc] md+Syh vkSj vLlkth dk dT+t+kc dguk fcyk nyhy
o fcyk ‘kokfgn gS fygkt+k ejnwn gSA
,d v+jc eksg+fD+d+d+ eksg+Een g+lu bLekbZy] v+Yykek ,suh dh
fdrkc ^ev+kfu;qy v[k+;kj Q+h ‘kjg+s mlkeh;s fjtkys ev+kfuy
vklkj^ ds g+kf’k;s esa fy[krs gSa%
^^rcd+krqy d+kjh esa g+lu fcu ft+;kn dks bl mEer ds eqtÌsnhu
esa ‘kqekj fd;k x;k gSA ,slk gh bCuqy vlhj dh fdrkc ^eq[krlj
x+jhc vg+knkfly dwrqfcfLLkRrk^ esa gSA eSa dgrk gwa fd mEehn ;gh gS
fd glu fcu ft+;kn ij tjg+as lg+h ugha vkSj gksa Hkh rks vOoys g+ky
esa eqv+keyk ,slk gks ldrk gS fQj #tw gks x;k gksxkA ,sls g+t+jkr ds
ckjs esa bl rjg+ dh rkohy t+:jh gS] ojuk vgys lqUur o tekv+r
ds fld+g o et+cwr jkfo;ksa dh ,d cM+h rknkn gekjs gkFk ls fudy
tk;sxhA^^
¼6½ g+lu g+yokuh dh rjg+ eksgE+ en fcu gqeSn fcu g+¸¸kku jkt+h
¼ekSr% 248 fg0½ dk d+kSy ^^eSaus g+lu fcu ft+;kn ls T+;knk cqjh uekt+
i<+us okyk fdlh dks ugha ns[kk^^ Hkh ejnwn o uked+cwy gSA D;ksfa d
eksg+Een fcu gqeSn jkt+h [kqn eksg+Ìls hu ds ;gka l[+r et:g+ gSaA
T+kgch us mUgsa equfd#y g+nhl] lkfg+cs vtkbc dgkA
Ckq[k+kjh us dgk ^^blesa ut+j gS^^ ;kuh muls fjok;r ysuk tkbt+
ughaA
fulbZ us dgk ^^fld+g ugha gSaA^^ ¼fl;jks vkykfeUuqcyk 11@504&506½
vcw t+jv+k vkSj bCus okjk us dgk ^^gekjs ut+nhd lg+h ;g gS fd
og >wV cksyrk FkkA^^
 136

;kdwc bCus ‘kSck us dgk ^^og T+;knk equdj fjok;kr ykus okys gSaA^^
¼ekSlwv+rks vd+okfyy bekess vg+en Q+h fjtkfyy g+nhl o byysgh 2@255 ½
dkSlt us dgk ^^eSa xokgh nsrk gwa fd og dT+t+kc gSA^^
lkysg+ tT+jk us dg ^^ eSaus muls T+;knk vYykg ij tjh ugha
ns[kkA yksxksa dh vg+knhl ysrk Fkk vkSj ckt+ dks ckt+ ij myV Qsj
dj nsrk FkkA^^
bCus [kjkZ’k us dgk ^^gels g+nhl c;ku dh bCus gqeSn us vkSj
oYykg og >wV cksyrk FkkA^^ ¼eht+kuqy ,rsnky 3@531] nhokuqT+t+kQ+k
fyT+t+gch 1@348½
lkysg+ fcu eksg+Een us dgk ^^eg bCus gqeSn dks eqRrge dgrs FksA^^
vcqy v+;kl us dgk% ^^eSaus ^Q+t+yd^ dks ;g dgrs gq, lquk fd
eSa bCus gqeSn ds ikl vk;k rks ns[kk fd og vlkuhn dks eqrwu ij
fQV dj jgk FkkA^^
t+gch dgrs gSa fd ;gh eryc gS g+nhl pksjh djus dkA
lkysg+ eksg+Een vyvlnh us dgk% ^^eSaus lqySeku ‘kkt+dksuh vkSj
eksg+Een fcu gqeSn ls T+;knk >wV dk ekfgj ugha ns[kkA^^
vcw v+yh uhlkiqjh us dgk% ^^bCus [kqte+S k ls dg x;k fd vg+en fcu
g+Ecy rks bCus gqeSn dh rkjhQ+ djrs Fks rks bCus [kqte+S k us dg fd og
¼vg+en bCus g+Ecy½ bCus gqeSn dks ugha tkurs Fks vxj tkurs tSlk fd ge
tkurs gSa rks dHkh mldh rkjhQ+ u djrsA
vcw blg+kd+ tkSt+tkuh us dgk% ^^og fld+g ughaA^^
brus eqg+Ìsl hu us eksg+Een fcu gqeSn jkt+h dks et:g+] equfd#y
g+nhl] x+jS fld+g g+Rrkfd dT+t+kc vkSj oT+t+k dgk gS rks g+l u bCus
ft+;kn tSls bekess eqtrfgn eksg+fÌl ds f[k+ykQ+ mudh ckr fcyk nyhy
o lun D;ksa eksrcj gksxh\
v+jc eksg+D+dd
+s +hu ds ut+nhd g+lu bCus ft+;kn fld+g gSa
e’kgwj v+jc eksg+fD+d+d+ ‘kS[k+ ‘kq,sc vjuÅr dh fuxjhuh esas
eksg+D+d+d
s +hu dh ,d Vhe us bekess t+gch dh fdrkc fl;jks
vkykfeUuqcyk ij rg+dhd+ o rg+f’k;k dk dke vatke fn;k gS ftls
 137

eksvLLklrqfjZlkyk cS:r us 25 ftynksa esa nwljh ckj 1405 fg0@1985

bZ0 esa ‘kk;s fd;k gSA bl fdrkc dh ftYn u0 9 iz0 544 ds
g+kf’k;k u0 9 esa ;g fy[kk gS%
^^g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh ,d ek:Q+ eqlun gS tks vcw g+uhQ+k
jg+erqYykgs v+ySgs dh ejfo;kr ij eq’krfey gSA ;g eqlun bekess
vcw g+uhQ+k dh 17 elkuhn esa ls ,d gSA mu lc dh vlkuhn
g+kfQ+t+ fcu rwywu dh fdrkc ^vyQ+gjLrqy vkSlr^ e]sa g+kfQ+t+
eksg+Een fcu ;wlqQ+ vLlkfyg+h dh fdrkc ^md+nw qy teku^ es]a ‘kS[k
v¸;wc fcu vg+en vfÌe’kd+h vy[k+ywrh dh fdrkc ^lcrqy eqlun^
esa vkSj ‘kS[k+ lunh dh ^gL#’’kkfjn Q+h vlkuhns eksgE+ en bCus v+kfcn^
esa et+dwj gSaA g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh eqlun dh lun dks eksg+fÌl
v+yh fcu v+Cns eksg+flu nqoSfych g+Ecyh us vius uqL[k+s esa ft+Ø fd;k
gSa tks fne’d+ ds dqrcq [k+kus esa Q+Uus g+nhl esa 285 u0 ds rg+r
eg+Qt +w + gS fQj g+kf’k;k u0 3 vkSj iz0 u0 545 ds g+kf’k;s ij fy[kk%
^^bekess t+gch us rkjh[kqy bLyke es lkQ+ fy[kk fd bCus dklk
u[k+bZ us dgk gels c;ku fd;k vg+en fcu v+Cnqy gqeSn g+kfjslh us]
mUgksaus dgk eSaus g+lu bCus ft+;kn ls T+;knk gqLus [kqYd+ okyk] muls
T+;knk rokt+ks okyk vkSj muls T+;knk ueZ fny ugha ns[kkA og cgqr
T+;knk bYeks fQ+Dg+ okys vkSj t+ksgnks ojk okys FksA vius xqykeksa dks
ogh igukrs Fks tks [kqn igurs FksA v+Yykek lSejh us viuh fdrkc
^v[k+ckjs vch g+uhQ+k o vlg+kcsgh^ ds iz0 131 ij] [k+rhc cx+nknh us
viuh rkjh[k+ ds Hkkx u0 7 iz0u0 314& 315 ij ;gh fy[kk vkSj
;g+;k bCus vkne us dgk eSaus g+lu bCus ft+;kn ls T+;knk cM+k Q+d+hg
fdlh dks ugha ns[kkA tks ‘k[+l ;g+;k bCus vkne dks tkurk gS vkSj
;g tkurk gS fd bYe esa mudk D;k ejrck gS\ vkSj Qqd+gk esa ls
ftUgksua s mudks ns[kk gS og ;g tkusaxs fd ;g+;k bCus vkne dh g+ lu
bCus ft+;kn ds g+d+ esa xokgh dh D;k vgfe;r gS\ fQj ;g fd vcw
v+Ookuk us g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh g+nhl dks viuh eqlr[k+jt v+yk
lg+h eqlfye esa r[kjht dh gS vkSj g+kfde us Hkh viuh eqlrnjd esAa
 138

nksuksa dk ;g v+ey g+lu bCus ft+;kn dh rkSlhd+ dk ‘kkfgn gS vkSj

eqlfyek fcu d+kfle us mudks fld+g dgk gSA bCus fg+Ccku us fld+kr
esa ft+Ø fd;k tSlk fd lkfg+cs d’kQ+y q vLrkj v+u fjtkys ev+kfuy
vklkj us ft+Ø fd;k gSA ckoqtwn blds fd ;g bekess g+lu bCus
ft+;kn tyhyq d+nz v+kfyes nhu] dlh#fjZok;r eksg+fÌl] bekeqy
fQ+Dg+ ] v+kyh uQ+l] cqyUn fdjnkj vkSj eqRrcs;s lqUur FksA ckt+
g+klsnhu o eqrv+Llschu us t+Yq eks ljd’kh dh cqfu;kn ij mu ij rku
o r’uh dh ,slh ckrsa pLika djus ls xqjst+ ugha fd;k ftuds ft+Ø
djus ls g+;k vkrh gSA mUgksaus ;g ckrsa ,slh ‘kf[+l;r ij x<+h gSa tks
muls ikd gSA g+kykafd uksdn+s hu ij ykft+e Fkk fd og viuh fdrkcksa
dks rku dh bu ckrksa ls vkywnk djus ls ikd j[krs vkSj vYykg
rv+kYkk dk [k+kSQ+ djrs ;k de ls de bruk djrs fd mUgsa uD+y
djds muds det+ksj vkSj tkyh gksus dks c;ku dj nsrs rkfd
ukd+ns hu ij Hkjkslk djus dh otg ls d+kjsbZu /kksds esas u iM+rsA vkSj
t+Uus x+kfyc ;g gS fd t+gch us mu d+chg+ ckrksa ds ft+Ø ls ,jkt+
fd;k gS D;ksfa d mUgsa irk Fkk fd ;g lc ckfry gSa tks g+lnks
rv+Llqc ds isV ls iSnk gqbZ gSaA pqukaps mUgksaus rkjh[kqy bLyke Hkkx
11 esa g+lu fcu ft+;kn ds rjtesa esa fy[kk gS fd [k+rhc us muds
rv+Yyqd+ ls ,slh ckrsa uD+y dh gSa ftudk ft+Ø djuk equkflc ughaA
v+Yykek dkSljh us viuh fdrkc ^vybefruk^ iz0 36&50 esa rkjh[k+s
cx+nk] dkfey bCus v+nh] md+Syh dh vT+t+ksQ+k ds g+okys ls mu ckrksa
dks uD+y djds mudk jÌ fd;k gS vkSj muds ckfry o u ed+cwy
gksus dks oktsg+ + rkSj ij c;ku fd;k gSA
myek;s vgys g+nhl tokc nsa
¼1½ cq[k+kjh ds jkoh lkfye fcu vfcy tkn dks eqnYyslhu esa ‘kqekj
fd;k x;k gSA
 t+gch us dgk% ^^og eqnfYyl FksA ¼vyeqnYyslhu ysbfCuy b+jkd+h
1@51½
 139

 bCus g+tj vld+ykuh us mudks ^rcd+krs eqnYyslhu^ esa ft+Ø

fd;k gSA ¼,st+u 1@31½
 flCrs bfCuy vteh us vlek;s eqnYyslhu esa ft+Ø fd;k gSA
¼vRrc;hu ysvLek;s eqnYyslhu 1@25½
cq[k+kjh esa g+nhl 266 ckc ^eu vQ+jx+ fc;ehfugh v+yk f’kekfygh
fQ+yx+Lq y^ esa lkfye fcu vfcy tkn dh lun ;wwa gS%
^^lkfye fcu vch vytkn ls og dqjSc ekSyk bCus v+Cckl ls og
bCus v+Cckl ls og eSewuk fcUrs g+kfjl ls^^
myek;s vgys g+nhl tokc nsa fd lkfye fcu vch vy tv+n
eqnfYyl gSa vkSj mUgksua s dqjSc ls fjok;r djus esa flek dh ljkg+r
ugha dh gS cfYd y¶+t+s ^v+u^ ls fjok;r fd;k gS vkSj eqnfYyl dh
^v+u^ okyh fjok;r lg+h ugha tSlk fd g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ us
fy[kk ^g+nhls eksv+Eey^ eksv+fEey dh otg ls t+bZQ+ ugha cfYd
lqQ+;kus lkSjh dh rnyhl dh otg ls t+bZQ+ gSA ¼ uekt+ esa gkFk ckU/us
dk gqDe o eqd+ke iz0 20½
g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ lkfg+c lqQ+;ku dh rnyhl dh otg ls
g+nhl dks t+bZQ+ dg jgs gSa rks lkfye fcu vfcy tv+n dh rnyhl
dh otg ls cq[k+kjh dh g+nhl t+bZQ+ D;ksa ugha\
¼2½ dqySg fcu lqySeku cq[k+kjh o eqlfye ds jkoh gSaA muds
rv+Yyqd+ ls ukd+ns hu dh vkjk eqykg+t+k djsAa
 ;g+;k bCus ebZu us dgk% ^^t+bZQ+ gS] d+oh ugha u gh d+kfcys
gqTtrA^^
 bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy us Q+jek;k fd ;g+;k bCus ebZu us dgk%
^^rhu vknfe;ksa dh g+nhl ls ijgst+ fd;k tk,A eksg+Een fcu
rYg+k fcu eqlfjQ+] v¸¸kwc fcu mRck vksj dqySg fcu lqySekuA^^
 vcwnkÅn us Q+jek;k fd eq>s irk pyk fd ;g+;k fcu ebZu
dqySg fcu lqySeku dh vg+knhl lqudj dkaWi mBrs FksA vcw
nkÅn us dgk dqySg d+kfcys ,g+rstkt ughaA
 140

 vcw mcSn vyvktqjh us dgk fd eSaus vcwnkÅn ls dgk fd ;g+;k

fcu ebZu us dgk fd v+kfle fcu mcSnqYykg] bCus v+d+hy vkSj
dqySg dh g+nhl d+kfcys ,g+rts kt ugha rks nkÅn us dg gkaW lp
gSA
 fulbZ us dgk fd dqySg t+bZQ+ gSA
 lkth us dgk% ^^mu ij lcls cM+h rksger og gS tks bCus ebZu us
vcw dkfey ls ft+Ø fd;k gSA mUgksaus dgk fd ge dqYkSg dks
eqRrge ¼fcyfdT+c½ ekurs Fks d;ksfa d lg+kck dks xkfy;ka nsrk FkkA
¼fl;jks vkykfeUuqcyk 7@354½
 nkjdqRuh us dgk fd vg+en fcu ‘kq,sc fulbZ us dgk fd eksg+Een
fcu bLekbZy cq[k+kjh us lqgSy fcu vcw lkysg+ dh g+nhl dks viuh
fdrkc ¼lg+h cq[k+kjh½ esa ft+Ø ugha fd;k vkSj bCus cØ] vcw lqySeku
vkSj dqySg dh g+nhl dks ft+Ø fd;kA bldh dksbZ otg esjh le>
esa ugha vkrh vkSj dksbZ mT+kz le> esa vkrk gSA ¼ekSlwv +rks vd+okfyy
bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy 2@521½
myek, vgys g+nhl tokc nsa fd dqySg fcu lqySeku dks et+dwjk
ckyk ekgsjhus g+nhl us t+bZQ+] x+Sj fld+g] ukd+kkfcys ,g+rt s kt vkSj
eqRrge dgk gS fQj Hkh bekess cq[k+kjh us lg+h cq[k+kjh esa ,d ugha 19
vg+knhl dqySg fcu lqySeku dh lun ls r[k+jht dh gSAa cq[k+kjh dh
;g vg+knhl lg+h gSa ;k ugha\ vxj lg+h gSa rks D;ksa\
¼3½ vlcx+ fcu vyQ+tZ ¼ekSr% 225 fg0½ cq[k+kjh ds mlrkt+ gSaA
muls cq[k+kjh us viuh lg+h esa g+nhl r[k+jht dh gSA ;g n;kjs felz
ds eq¶rh FksA bekess ekfyd ds d+kSy ij Q+Rok nsrs FksA
Tk+gch us fy[kk fd ;g ekfydh eq¶rh FksA
;g+;k fcu ebZu us dgk%
^^vlcx+ bekess ekfyd dh jk; ds lc ls cM+s v+kfye FksA muds
,d ,d elvys dk bYe j[krs Fks fd bekess ekfyd us og elvyk
dc c;ku fd;k\ vkSj fdl elvys esa bekess ekfyd dh fdlus
eq[k+kyQ+r dh\
 141

muds fld+g gksus ds ckoqtwn bekess t+gch fy[krs gSa fd vlcx+

vkSj v+Cnqy g+dhe nksuksa ds njfe;ku ,slh nwjh Fkh fd nkuksa ,d nwljh
ij cqgrku rjk’kh fd;k djrs FksA bCuqy ot+hj us vlcx+ dks
[k+chlqfYYklku dgk gSA eqrfjQ+ fcu v+CnqYykg vyvle us dgk fd
vlcx+] v+CnqYykg bCus v+Cnqy g+dhe ls cM+s Q+d+hg Fks ysfdu og
cntqcku Fks bUgsa dksbZ lyke ugha djrk FkkA og fctyh Fks ftlls
yksx Mjrs FksA ¼fl;jks vkykfeUuqcyk 10@657&658½
vgys g+nhl x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu myek tokc nsa fd cq[k+kjh ds jkoh
vlcx+ ij muds eqv+kflj dh tkfuc ls cqx+t+ks v+nkor dh otg ls
cqgrku rjk’kh gks ldrh gS cfYd gS rks bekess g+lu bCus ft+;kn ij
cqgrku rjk’kh dh cqfu;kn ij cqx+t+ks bukn o rv+Llqc D;ksa ugha gks
ldrk\ vkSj vlcx+ ckt+ yksxksa ds ut+nhd ^cntqcku^ ls eqRrge
gksus ds ckoqtwn cq[k+kjh ds fld+g jkfo;ksa esa ‘kqekj gks ldrs gSa rks
bekess g+lu bCus ft+;kn ckt+ ds ut+nhd eqRrge gksus ds ckoqtwn
bekess vkt+e ds fld+g jkfo;ksa esa D;ksa ugha gks ldrs\
bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k ij ,d laxhu byt+ke
dk tokc
[k+okfjts t+ekuk ¼ogkch x+jS eqd+Yysnhu½ bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
jg+erqYykgs vYkSg ij ,d laxhu byt+ke dk [kwc ppkZ djrs gSaA og
;g gS fd vcw g+uhQ+k dks dwQ+k esa dqÝ ls rkSck djkbZ xbZ
^^evkt+Yykg vlrx+fQ+#Yyk^^ ;g ,d >wVk bYt+ke gSA bldh
g+d+hd+r D;k gS\ tS+y esa ge mldks okt+gs + djrs gSa%
vcqyQ+t+y vyfdjekuh dgrs gSa fd [k+okfjt dwQ+k esa nkf[k+y
gq,A mudk ut+fj;k ;g Fkk fd xqukgs dchjk dk eqjrfdc dkfQ+j gS
vkSj mls tks dkfQ+j u dgs og Hkh dkfQ+j gSA tc mudks ekywe gqvk
fd bekess vcw g+uhQ+k eqjrfdcs dchjk dks dkfQ+j u dgus okyksa ds
‘kS[k+ gSa rks mUgksua s beke dk eqok[kt+k fd;k vkSj dgk fd vki
eqjrfdcs dchjk dks dkfQ+j u dgus dh otg ls dqÝ ds eqjrfdc gks
 142

pqds gSa] blfy, vius dqÝ ls rkSck dhft,A beke us iqj fg+der
tokc nsrs gq, Q+jek;k fd eSa gj dqÝ ls rkbc gwaW ¼gj dqÝ ls vyx
gksdj vYykg dh rjQ+ eqroTtsg gwWa½A vkidh ;g iqj fg+der ckr gj
,d dh le> esa u vk ldhA fdlh us ;g ckr le> yh vkSj muls
dgk fd ;g ‘kS[k+ dgrs gSa fd eSa rqEgkjs dqÝ ls rkbc ¼vyx½ gwWaA ;g
lqudj fQj mUgksaus vki dks idM+k vkSj tokc ryc fd;k rks vkius
muls iwNk fd eqjrfdcs dchjk dks rqe yksx bYeks ;d+hu ¼nyhys d+rbZ½
dh cqfu;kn ij dkfQ+j dgrs gks ;k t+UUk ¼nyhys t+Uuh½ dh cqfu;kn
ijA mUgksua s dgk fd t+UUk dh cqfu;kn ijA vkius Q+jek;k fd
dqjvku esa gS fd cs’kd ckt+ t+Uu vlEe ¼xqukg½ gSA blfy, rqe [kqn
eqjrfdcs xqukgs dchjk gks vkSj eqjrfdcs xqukgs dchjk rqEgkjs rt+nhd
eqjrfdcs dqÝ gS fygkt+k rqe vius dqÝ ls rkSck djksA mUgksaus dgk%
vki Hkh dqÝ ls rkSck dhft,A beke us Q+jek;k% eSa gj dqÝ ls rkbc
¼vyx½ gwaWA bekess fdjekuh Q+jekrs gSa fd ;gh okd+;s k gS ftldks x+yr
vankt+ esa eq[k+kysQ+hu us QSyk;k vkSj dgk fd bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dks
dqÝ ls rkSck djkbZ xbZA ¼vytkSg#y eft+¸¸kg Q+h rcd+fry g+ufQ+¸¸kg
1@486½
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds eqrv+fYyd+ ,d eux<+r okd+s;k
vgys g+nhl x+jS eqd+Yysnhu vkSj bekess vkt+e vcwg+uhQ+k ds
eqv+kusnhu ,d >wVs okd+;s s dks bekess cq[k+kjh ds g+okys ls cgqr T+;knk
ft+Ø djrs gSaA og okd+;s k ;g gS fd bekess v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd bekess
vkt+e ds igyw esa uekt+ vnk dj jgs FksA tc nksuksa uekt+ ls Q+kfjx+ gq,
rks bekess vcw g+uhQ+k us bekess bfCuqy eqckjd ls Q+jek;k% D;k ckr gS eSus
ns[kk fd uekt+ esa rqe rdchjs rg+jhek ds v+ykok ckj&ckj jQ+;s nSu djrs
jgs Fks D;k rqEgkjk mM+us dk bjknk Fkk\ blds tokc esa bCuqy eqckjd us
dgk fd tc vkius rdchjs rg+jhek ds oD+r jQ+;nSu fd;k rks D;k mM+us
dk bjknk Fkk\ bl ij bekess vkt+e yktokc gks x;s A
;g okd+;s k ljklj eux<+r vkSj >wV gSA bldks nykby ls ge lkfcr
dj jgs gSa%
 143

¼1½ bl okd+;s s ds x+yr gksus dh igyh nyhy ;g gS fd bekess

cq[k+kjh us v+CnqYykg bCuqy eqckjd ds g+oky ls bl okd+;s dks ^^tqT+,
jQ+;s nSu^^ es ft+Ø fd;k gS ysfdu cs lunA bekess vcw g+uhQ+k tSlh
v+t+he ‘kf[l;r ds rv+YYkqd+ ls ,slh det+ksj ckr dk bfUrlkc fcyk
lun o fcyk nyhy gj fxt+ eksrcj ugha gks ldrhA
[kqn g+t+jrs v+CnqYykg bCuqy eqckjd us Q+je;k%
blukn esjs ut+nhd nhu ls gSA vxj blukn u gksrh rks ftlds
th esa tks vkrk dg nsrkA ¼eqd+Ìe;s lg+h eqlfye½
g+t+jrs bCuqy eqckjd ds Q+jeku ds eqrkfcd+ mudh rjQ+ eUlwc
;g okd+;s k fcyk lun uked+cwy gSA
¼2½ et+dwjk okd+;s k ds ckfry gksus dh nwljh nyhy ;g gS fd
,d rjQ+ bCuqy eqckjd dh tkfuc eUlwc ;g okd+;s k gS vkSj nwljh
rjQ+ bCuqy eqckjd ds rv+Llqjkr bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds rv+Yyqd+ ls
;g gS%a
¼vfyQ+½ bCuqy eqckjd us bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds gqLus [kqYd+] fg+Yeks
cqncZ kjh vkSj od+kj dks ;ksa c;ku Q+jek;k%
^^,d fnu ge tkes efLtn esa Fks] vpkud ,d lkai Åij ls
vcw g+uhQ+k dh xksn esa fxj x;kA ;g ns[k dj yksx Hkkx [kM+s gq,
ysfdu vcwg+uhQ+k us flQ+Z nkeu dks >kM+dj lkai dks Qsd a fn;k vkSj
iqj od+kj vankt+ esa viuh etfyl esa cSBs jgsA^^ ¼v[k+ckjs vchg+uhQ+k
ovlg+kfcgh fyLlSfejh 1@87] rkjh[ks+ cx+nkn [krhc cx+nknh 15@459½
¼c½ bCuqy eqckjd ls iwNk x;k fd vkneh Q+Rok nsus vkSj eUlcs
d+t+k ds ykbd+ dc gksrk gS\ rks bCuqy eqckjd us Q+jek;k%
^^eq¶rh vkSj d+kt+h cuus ds ykbd+ ml oD+r gksrk gS tcfd g+nhl
dk v+kfye gks] lkfgcqjZk; ckclhjr gksA bekess vcwg+uhQ+k ds vd+oky
dk v+kfye gks vkSj mudks eg+Qt +w + j[kus okyk gksA ¼v[kckjs vcwg+uhQ+k
fyLlSfejh 1@87½
¼the½ dqN yksxksa us bekess bCuqy eqckjd ls dgk fd vcwg+uhQ+k
g+nhl dk bYe ugha j[krs rks mUgksua s tokc fn;k% rqe ;g dSls dg
 144

ldrs gks fd go g+n hl dk bYe ugha j[krs\ muls iwNk x;k fd jrc
dks rej ds cnys esa cspuk tkbt+ gS rks mUgksua s dgk dksbZ g+jt ughaA
yksxksa us dgk fd g+nhls lv+n rks mlds f[k+ykQ+ gS] rks vcw g+uhQ+k us
Q+jek;k fd go g+n hl ‘kkt+ gSA t+nS vch v+¸¸kk’k dh fjok;r ds
eqd+kfcys esa d+cwy ugha dh tk;sxh ftlus dgk fd vcw g+uhQ+k dks
g+nhl dk bYe ugh rks mls g+nhl dk bYe ughaA ¼ v[kckjs vch g+uhQ+k o
vlg+kfcgh fyLlSfejh 1@78 ½
¼nky½ bCuqy eqckjd us bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh g+kft+j fnekx+h vkSj
fg+der o nkukbZ dh rkjhQ+ djrs gq, ,d okd+;s k c;ku fd;k gS%
ge eDds ds jkLrs esa Fks] yksxksa us d+kfQ+ys okyksa ds fy, ,d
ÅaVuh dk cPpk ft+cg+ djds mldks Hkwuk fQ+j mUgksaus pkgk fd
mldks fljdk ls [kk,a] fljdk Fkk ysfdu mldks Mkyus ds fy, dksbZ
cjru ox+Sjg u FkkA vHkh og blh fQ+Ø esa Fks fd Q+kSju vcw g+uhQ+k
us jsr esa ,d x<+k+ [kksnk vkSj nlrj [+oku fcNk fn;k vkSj ml ij
fljdk maMsy fn;kA bl fg+der ls yksxksa us fljdk ds lkFk Hkquk
gvk xks’r [kk;kA yksxksa us ;g ns[kdj dgk vki gj pht+ mEnk
rjhd+s ls djrs gSaA ¼v[kckjs vchg+uhQ+k o vlg+kfcgh fyLlSfejh 1@32½
¼g½ v+yh fcu eqlfgj dk c;ku gS fd ge vcwg+uhQ+k jft+;YYkkgks
rv+kyk v+Ugks ds ikl FksA muds ikl v+CnqYykg bCus eqckjd vk;sA
mUgksaus vcwg+uhQ+k ls iwNk% vki D;k Q+jekrs gSa ml vkneh ds ckjs esa
tks gkaMh esa xks’r idk jgk FkkA ,d fpfM+;k mM+dj gkaMh esa fxj xbZ
vkSj ej xbZ\ bekess vcwg+uhQ+k us vius vlg+kc ls mudh jk;
nj;k¶r dh rks mUgksua s dgk fd bl ckjs esa rks g+t+jrs bCus v+Cckl
jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk vUgqek dh fjok;r gS fd ‘kksjck Qsd a fn;k tk,
vkSj xks’r /kksdj [kk;k tk,A bekess vcwg+uhQ+k us Q+jek;k esjh Hkh
;gh jk; gS ysfdu blesa ,d ‘krZ Hkh gSA og ;g gS fd vxj fpfM+;k
gkaMh esa ml oD+r fxjh gS tc tks’k esa Fkh rks ‘kksjck Hkh Qsd a fn;k
tk;sxk vkSj xks’r Hkh vkSj vxj gkaMh idus ds ckn fpfM+;k fxjh Fkh
rks ‘kksjck Qsd
a k tk;sxk vkSj xks’r /kksdj [kk;k tk;sxkA bCuqy eqckjd
 145

us iwNk fd vkius ;g dgka ls dgk\ bekess vcwg+uhQ+k us dgk% tc

fpfM+;k gkaMh ds tks’k ekjus ds oD+r fxjh rks fpfM+;k dk vlj
fljdk dh rjg+ ‘kksjck vkSj xks’r vkSj gkaMh dks igqaWpk] vkSj gkaMh
idus ds ckn fpfM+;k fxjh rks mlds vlj us flQ+Z ‘kksjcs esa uqQwt+
fd;k fygkt+k+ ‘kksjcs dks Qsd a fn;k tk;sxk vkSj xks’r /kks;k tk;sxk
D;ksfa d mldk vlj mlesa nkf[k+y ugha gqvkA ;g lqudj bCuqy
eqckjd us dgk% ;g iq[+rk jk; okys gSA ¼ v[kckjs vchg+uhQ+k o vlg+kfcgh
fyLlSfejh 1@38½
¼oko½ bCus ebZu us bCuqy eqckjd ds ckjs esa Q+jek;k%
^^v+CnqYykg bCuqy eqckjd vcwg+uhQ+k dh ftruh T+;knk [kwfc;ka
c;ku djrs Fks mruh [kwfc;ka c;ku djrs eSaus fdlh dks ugha ns[kkA^^
¼v[kckjs vchg+uhQ+k o vlg+kfcgh fyLlSfejh 1@41½
¼t+½ bCus eqd+kfry us dgk fd eSaus bCuqy eqckjd dks ;g dgrs
gq, lquk fd tc eSa lqurk gwaW fd dksbZ vkneh vcwg+uhQ+k ij ,sc
yxkrk gS rks eSa mldks ns[kuk xokjk ugha djrk vkSj mlds lkFk
mBuk cSBuk ilan ugha djrk] bl [k+kSQ+ ls fd dgha mlij vYykg
dk d+gj ukft+y u gks tk, vkSj mlds lkFk eSa Hkh mldh t+n esa vk
tkÅaWA ¼v[kckjs vchg+uhQ+k o vlg+kfcgh fyLlSfejh 1@44 ½
¼g+½ bCuqy eqckjd us g+lu fcu v+Eekjg dh bl ckr dh rkbZn
dh%
^^c[kqnk geus bYes fQ+Dg+ esa vki ¼vcwg+uhQ+k½ ls T+;knk cyhsx+
dyke djus okyk] x+Sjksa dh bZt+kjlkfu;ksa ij vkils T+;knk lcz djus
okyk vkSj vkils T+;knk g+kft+j tokc fdlh dks ugha ik;kA vki ij
,sc yxkus okys vkids g+kfln gSa^^ ¼v[kckjs vchg+uhQ+k o vlg+kfcgh
fyLlSfejh 1@65½
d+kjsbZus fdjke! T+kjk balkQ+ ls Q+lS yk djsa fd og v+CnqYykg bCus
eqckjd tks bekess vcwg+uhQ+k ds ckjs esa brus mEnk rvLlqjkr j[krs Fks
vkSj Q+jekrs Fks tks vcwg+uhQ+k ij ,sctksbZ djs eq>s mldk psgjk
ns[kuk Hkh xokjk ugha] og Q+jekrs Fks fd eSaus vcwg+uhQ+k tSlk g+kft+j
 146

tokc fdlh dks ugha ns[kk] eSaus vcwg+uhQ+k tSlk fQD+gy q g+nhl dk
v+kfye fdlh dks ugha ns[kk] og bCuqy eqckjd tks vcwQ+uhQ+k ds ckjs
esas ;g Q+jek;sa fd tc rqe ns[k yks fdlh d+kSy ij lqQ+;kus lkSjh vkSj
vcwg+uhQ+k dk bfRrQ+kd+ gS rks mldks bf[r;kj dj yksA ¼ vybRd+ku ]
bCus v+CnqycjZ 1@132½ og bCuqy eqckjd tks ges’kk bekess vcwg+uhQ+k dk
ft+Ø [k+jS ds lkFk djrs Fks] mudh rkjhQ+ djrs Fks] mudk fnQ+k djrs
Fks gRrkfd vcqy g+lu Q+jkt+h tks bekess vcwg+uhQ+k dks fny ls
ukilan djrs Fks ysfdu tc og bCuqyeqckjd ds lkeus gksrs rks
vcwg+uhQ+k dk ft+Ø [kSj gh ls djrs Fks vkSj cqjkbZ djus dh tqjvr
ugha gksrh Fkh] og bCuqy eqckjd fd muds lkeus fdlh us bekess vcw
g+uhQ+k ij rku fd;k rks mugksaus cjtLrk Q+jek;k% pqi jg vxj rw
vcwg+uhQ+k dks ns[k ysrk ljkik vD+yks t+dkor dks ns[k ysrkA
¼bybfUrQ+k 1@132½
og bCuqy eqckjd ftudk d+kSy gS fd vxj vYykg rv+kyk us
vcwg+uhQ+k vkSj lqQ+;kus lkSjh ds t+fj;s esjh enn u dh gksrh rks eSa
v+ke vknfe;ksa dh rjg+ gksrkA ¼rgt+hcqRrgt+hc 10@450½
HkYkk og vius eenwg+ ‘ks[k+ bekess vc wg+uhQ+k ds ckjs esa ,slk dSls
dg ldrs Fks fd jQ+;s nSu ds rv+Yyqd+ ls esjh ckr ij og yktokc
gks x;s A g+k’kk dYyk ,slk gjfxt+ ughaA cfYd bCuqy eqckjd dh
tkfuc et+dwjk okd+;s k x<+dj eUlwc fd;k x;k gSA
Ykxs gkFkksa bCuqy eqckjd ds pan v+jch v’kv+kj tks bCuqy eqckjd
us bekess vkt+e dh eng esa dgs gSa dk rjtek ut+js d+kjsbZu dj jgk
gwaW%
^^ eSaus ns[kk vcw g+uhQ+k dh t+dkor vkSj HkykbZ dk ppkZ jkst+
cjkst+ c<+rk tk jgk gSA og lg+h ckr dgrs vkSj mls eqUr[k+c dj
ysrs tc fd nwljs yksx nq#Lrxh ls ijs jg tkrsA mudk tks Hkh
d+;kl gksrk v+D+ys [k+kfyl ij ecuh gksrkA dkSu gS og ftls rqe
mudk ut+hj esa is’k dj ldks\ vcw g+uhQ+k us g+Eekn dh txg iqj
dj nh gkykafd mudh oQ+k+ r gekjs fy, cM+h eqlhcr FkhA eSaus ns[kk
 147

vcwg+uhQ+k ls dksbZ elvyk iwNk tkrk rks og bYe dk cg+js t+[+[kkj

lkfcr gksrs FksA tc myek ls bYeh b’dkykr g+y u gksrs Fks rks
vcwg+uhQ+k mudh rg rd igqaWp tk;k djrs FksA^^ ¼vy bfUrQ+k 1@33½
vcw g+uhQ+k dh ‘kku esa ,sls v’kv+kj dgus okyk [kqn dgs fd vcw
g+uhQ+k esjh g+kft+j tokch ds vkxs yktokc gks x;s] ;g ckr fugk;r
x+Sj ekdwy gSA ;d+huu bCuqy eqckjd dh tkfuc bldk barslkc x+yr
fd;k x;k gSA blh rjg+ muds g+okys ls tks Hkh vd+oky muds
et+dwjk ckyk rvLlqjkr ds f[k+ykQ+ is’k fd;s tk;sa og x+Sj eksrcj
gSa vkSj mudh tkfuc x+yr eUlwc gSAa
¼3½ et+dwjk okd+;s k ds x+yr gksus dh rhljh nyhy ;g gS fd
bl okd+;s k dks odh fcu tjZkg+ ds g+okys ls is’k fd;k x;k gS
gkykafd odh fcu tjkZg+ jQ+;s nSu ds elvys esa bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ds
d+kSy ij [kqn v+ey djus okys Fks vkSj vcw g+uhQ+k ds vd+oky ij
Q+Rok fn;k djrs FksA fdlh lg+h lun ls lkfcr ugha fd odh bCus
tjkZg+ elvy;s jQ+;s nSu esa bekess vcwg+uhQ+k ds f[k+ykQ+ Q+Rok fn;k
djrs FksA
[k+rhc cx+nknh us ;g+;k fcu ebZu dk ;g d+kSy uD+y fd;k gS%
^^eSaus odh ls vQ+t+y fdlh dks ugha ns[kkA og fd+cyk : gksdj
g+nhl ;kn djrs Fks] jkr Hkj tkxrs Fks] fnu esa eqlyly jkst+s j[krs
Fks vkSj d+kSys vcw g+uhQ+k ij Q+Rok nsrs FksA mugksaus vcw g+uhQ+ ls
cgqr lh pht+as lquh gSaA ¼rkjh[kss+ cx+nkn 15@647½
bCus ebZu ds bl d+kSy dks bCus v+lkdj us rjh[k+s fne’d+ es]a
bekess v+ld+ykuh us rgt+hcqRRkgt+hc es]a eqt+h us rgt+hcqy deky es]a
t+gch us rkjh[kqy blyke vkSj fl;jks vykfeUuqcyk es]a lq;wrh us
rcd+krqy gq+¶+Q+kt+ esa vkSj v+Yykek nkÅnh ekfydh us rcd+krqy
eqQ+Llsjhu esa uD+y fd;k gSA
;g ,d ukd+kfcys rjnhn g+d+hd+r gS fd bekess odh fcu tjkZg+
bekess vcwg+uhQ+k ds d+kSy ij Q+Rok nsrs FksA vxjps eqtrfgn fQ+y
et+gc Fks ysfdu mlwys blfrackr esa bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh rd+yhn
 148

djus okys Fks bl fygkt+ ls mUgs g+uQ+h dgk tkrk gSA D;ksfa d mlwy
esa eqd+fYyn Fks vxjps ckt+ Qq: esa bekess ls bf[rykQ+ Hkh djrs FksA
ysfdu x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu bYes fQ+Dg+ vkSj mlwys fQ+Dg+ ls ukcyn gksrs
gSa blfy, ;g ckr ,d x+Sj eqd+fYyn ‘kS[k+ v+CnqjZg+eku eqckjdiqjh
lkfg+cs rksgQ+ +rqy ,sgo+ t+h dh le> esa ugha vkbZ vkSj mUgksaus ;g fy[k
ekjk fd ckt+ g+uQ+h ;g dgrs gSa fd odh fcu tjkZg+ d+kSys bekess vcw
g+uhQ+k ij Q+Rok nsrs Fks vkSj og g+uQ+h eqd+fYyn Fks] ;g ckr x+yr
gSA ¼rksg+Q+rqy ,sg+ot+h 1@20½
Ckgj g+ky ;g ckr rS ‘kqnk gS fd odh fcu tjkZg+ bekess vkt+e ds
[k+kl rykfet+k esa ls Fks vkSj fQ+D+g esa muds vd+oky gh ij Q+Rok nsrs
FksA fygkt+k rdsZ jQ+;s nSu ds eqv+keys esa Hkh og bekess vkt+e ds d+kSy ls
eqRrfQ+d+ FksA fQj dSls gks ldrk gS fd og ;g dgsa fd bCuqy eqckjd
ds lkFk jQ+;S nSu ds lqcwr ij eqckg+lk esa bekess vkt+e yktokc gks x;s \
blls Hkh vankt+k gksrk gS fd bl okd+;s s ds jkoh dh gSfl;r ls odh
fcu vytjkZg+ dk uke x+yr rkSj ij tksM+k x;k gSA
¼4½ et+dwjk okd+;s s ds x+yr gksus dh pkSFkh nyhy ;g gS fd bekess
cq[k+kjh us bldh lun ft+Ø ugha dh ysfdu bekess cSfgd+h ‘kkQ+bs Z us
g+kfde ds g+okys ls tks lun ft+Ø dh gS og rkjhd o uked+cwy gSA t+yS
esa lun dk rud+hnh tk;t+k is’k fd;k tk jgk gS%
^^gedks [k+cj nh v+CnqYykg vy g+kfQ+t+ us mUgksua s dgk ges crk;k
vy g+lu fcu g+yhe vLlkbx+ vez us og dgrs gSa gels g+nhl c;ku
dh vcqy ewtg us mUgksaus dgk eq>s [k+cj nh vcw ulz eksg+Een fcu
vfcy [k+Rrkc vLlqyeh us vkSj og ,d lkysg+ ‘k[+l Fks] mUgksaus dgk
eq>s [k+cj nh v+yh fcu ;wuql us mUgksua s dgk gels g+nhl c;ku odh
us^^ ¼vLlquuqy dqcjk fyycSgd+h 2@117½
bl lun dk ,d jkoh ftldk uke vyg+lu fcu g+yhe lkbx+
fy;k x;k gS] ;g e>gwyqy ,su Hkh gS vkSj e>gwyqy g+ky HkhA dqrcq s
rjkfteks rcd+kr bl uke ds ft+Ø ls [k+kyh ut+j vkrh gSaA cjknjkus
vgys g+nhl esa ls dksbZ bl jkoh ds ckjs esa ekywekr Q+jkge djk nsa
 149

fd ;g dkSu gS\ vkSj ekgsjhus g+nhl esa ls fdl fdl us bldh

rkSlhd+ dh gS\ vcqy ekstg eksg+Een fcu v+ez vyQ+t+kjh dks bekess
t+gch vkSj nhxj ukd+ns hus g+nhl us flQ+Z bl gSfl;r ls ft+Ø fd;k
gS fd og ejks ds bekess eksgf+ Ìl gkfQ+tqy g+nhl Fks ysfdu mudh
fld+kgr o v+nes fld+kgr ds rv+Yyqd+ ls lc ekgsjhu [k+keks’k gSaA
ekgsjhus g+nhl ds vd+oky ls tcrd mudh rknhyks rkSlhd lkfcr
ugha dj nh tkrh mudh fjok;r esa roD+dQ +q + t+:jh gSA
luns et+dwj ds pkSFks jkoh vcqUulz vfcy [k+Rrkc Hkh etgwy gSaA
vcqy ekstg ds ^^og ,d lkysg+ ‘k[+; Fks^^ dgus ls mudh rkslhd+
lkfcr ugha gksxh D;ksfa d vcqy ekstg dk fld+g gksuk [kqn fr’u;s
nyhy gS rks mudh rkSlhd+ fdlh ds rv+Yyqd+ ls dc eksrcj gksxh\
igys ;g rks lkfcr gks fd ;g ^^’k[+l^^ gSa dkSu\ vkSj vlek;s
fjtky esa bl uke ds ‘k[l dk irk ugha rks fQj og ^^ lkysg+ ‘k[+l
^^ dgka ls fudy vk;s\
;g Fks luns et+dwj ds pkSFks jkoh tks etgwyqyg+ky cfYd
etgwyqy,su Hkh gSaA vc jgs v+yh fcu ;wlqQ+ rks muds rv+Yyqd+ ls
md+Syh us dgk ^^mudh g+nhl dh eqrkcs ugha feyrh ^^ ;kuh mudh
g+nhl ‘kkt+ o equdj gksrh gSA ¼fylkuqy eht+ku 6@40½
d+kjsbZus fdjke! T+kjk x+kSj djsa fd ,slk okd+;s k ftldh lun esa
ikap jkoh ft+Ø fd;s x;s gSa muesa rhu etgwy gSa vkSj pkSFks ,sls gSa
ftudh fjok;r ‘kkt+ o equdj ;kuh uked+cwy gksrh gS fQj Hkh bl
okd+;s s dks bekess vcwg+uhQ+k tSlh eqlYyeqLLkqcwr ‘kf[+l;r dh
rud+hl esa ogkch vgys g+nhl eqLrun o eksrcj ekurs gSa vkf[k+j
bldh otg D;k gS\ bekess cq[k+kjh dh fdrkc tqT+, jQ+;s nSu esa rks
;g okd+;s k fcyk lun uD+y fd;k x;k gS vkSj cSgd+h dh vLlquuqy
dqcjk esa lun ds lkFk uD+y fd;k x;k gS ysfdu mldh lun dk
tks g+ky gS og d+kjsbZu ds lkeus gSA
;g lun eqt+fye o rkjhd vkSj ‘kkt+ o equdj gS fQj Hkh ,d x+jS
eqd+fYyns t+ekuk vcw v+CnqjZg+eku ed+hy fcu gknh us ,d fdrkc
 150

^u’#LLkg+hQ+k Q+h ft+fØLlg+h feu vd+okys vbEefry tjg+s oRrknhy Q+h

vch g+uhQ+k ^ ds uke ls fy[kh gS mlds iz0 149 ij ;g fy[kk gS%
^^eSaus bl okd+;s s dks cSgd+h ls uD+y fd;k gS blfy, fd mUgksus
iwjs okd+;s k dks csgrj lun ds lkFk ft+Ø fd;k gSA^^
x+Sj eqd+fYyn v+kfye bl lun dks csgrj dg jgs gSa gkykafd
luns et+dwj rkjhd] equdj vkSj ‘kkt+ gSA uht+ eqlfUuQ+s fdrkc ds
[kqCls ckfruh dh nyhy gS fd mlus fdrkc ds ‘kq: es ;g fy[kk gS%
^^bekess vcwg+uhQ+k ds eqRrcsbZu us mudh ‘kku esa x+y q w fd;k gSA
pqukaps og yksx mUgsa bekess vkt+e ds yd+c ls ;kn djrs gSaA^^
¼u’#Llg+hQ+k 1@9½
eqlfUuQ+s fdrkc ds cqx+t+ks bukn vkSj [kqCls ckfruh dh pqx+yh [kkus
okyk ;g tqEyk eqlfUuQ+ ds ecyx+s bYe dks Hkh tx t+kfgj djus ds
fy, dkQ+h gSA eqlfUuQ+s et+dwj ds ut+nhd bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dks vxj
bekess vkt+e dguk muds eqRrcsbZu dk xqyw gS rks ntZ t+yS vlykQ+s
mEer ds ckjs esa D;k [+;ky gS ftUgksua s bekess vcwg+uhQ+k dks bekess vkt+e
rg+jhj Q+jek;k gS\ D;k bu lc vlykQ+ us bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dks bekess
vkt+e fy[kdj xqyw fd;k gS\ ogkch x+jS eqd+Yysnhu tokc nsAa bekess vcw
g+uhQ+k dks bekess vkt+e ds yd+c ls ;kn djus okys myek;s vlykQ+
ds uke ;g gSa%
1½ bekess vcqy g+lu v’kv+jh ¿ekSr% 324 fg0À ¼vybckuk Q+h mlwfyÌ;kuk
1@90½
2½ [k+rhc vcwcØ cx+nknh 1½ ¿ekSr% 463 fg0À¼rkjh[k+s cx+nkn 22@148½
3½ ‘kS[k+ vLlev+kuh vye:t+h ¿ekSr% 562 fg0À¼vy vUlkc 8@21@28½
4½ g+kfQ+t+ ‘kelqÌhu d+k;s ekt+ t+gch ¿ekSr% 748 fg0À ¼rt+fdjrqy
gq¶+Q+kt+ 1@126½
5½ ‘kS[k+ bczkghe vRrjrkslh ¿ekSr% 758 fg0À ¼vk;kuqy v+lz o vkokuqUulz
1@102½
6½ ‘kS[k+ lykgqÌhu vLlQ+nh ¿ekSr% 764 fg0À¼vyokQ+h fcy oQ+;kr
13@129½
 151

7½ ‘kS[k+ vg+en fcu v+yh vyQ+t+kjh ¿ ekSr% 821 fg0À ¼lqcgqy vk’kk Q+h
lukv+fry ba’kk 1@499½
8½ ‘kkjsg+ cq[k+kjh v+Yykek ,suh ¿ekSr% 855 fg0À ¼ex+kfu;qy v[k+;kj 3@504½
9½ v+Yykek bCuqy tT+kzh ¿ekSr% 832 fg0À ¼eukfd+cs vlfnYYkfgy x+kfyc+
1@83½
10½ v+Yykek bCuqy vlhj ¿ekSr% 630 fg0À ¼vy mdwnqYyksyqb;k Q+h
rkjhf[k+ÌkSyk 2@173½
;g uke crkSjs uewuk ft+Ø fd;s x, ojuk nks ntZu ls t+k;n
vlykQ+s mEer ds vlek ¼uke½ eSaus vius fjlkyk ^yd+cs bekess vkt+e
dk lqcwr^ esa ft+Ø fd;s gSaA bu vlykQ+s mEer us bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
dks bekess vkt+e ds yd+c ls ;kn fd;k gSA x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu ls loky
fd;k tk;s fd D;k ;g lc vlYkkQ+s mEer xqyw vkSj ft+;knrh djus
okys Fks\
vc t+jk x+Sj eqd+Yysnhus ogkfc;k muds ?kj rd igqaWpk fn;k tk;s
vkSj fn[kk fn;k tk, fd muds ?kj okyksa us dgka dgka bekess vcw
g+uhQ+k dks bekess vkt+e fy[kk gSA nsf[k,%
 ‘kS[k+ ukfl#Ìhu vyckuh us viuh fdrkc vy vk;krqy c¸¸ksukr
esa bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dks bekess vkt+e fy[kk gSA
 bCuqy d+f¸¸ke vytkSft+;k us vyd+lhnrqUuwfu;k esa bekess vcw
g+uhQ+ dks bekess vkt+e fy[kk gSA
 uokc flÌhd+ g+lu [kka us vÌqj#y cfg¸¸kg] vctnqy m+ywe vkSj
vy fg+Rrk esa bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dks bekess vkt+e fy[kk gSA
;g lc x+jS eqd+Yysnu ds is’kok gSaA D;k bu lcus bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
dks bekess vkt+e fy[kdj xqyw fd;k gS\ vkSj D;k ;g lc bekess vkt+e
ds eqRrcsbZu Fks\
T+kjk vkSj vkxs cf<+,! Okgkfc;ksa us ‘kS[k+ bCus rSfe;k dks bekess
vkt+e fy[kk gSA ¼vy mdwÌqÌqfjZ;g Q+h eukfd+cs ‘kSf[ky blyke bCus rSfe;g
fy’’kS[k+ vÌdwd+h 1@419½
 152

Okgkch x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu ls tokc ryc fd;k tk;s fd ‘kS[k+ bCus

rSfe;g vkSj ‘kS[k utnh dks bekess vkt+e dguk nhu esa xqyw gS ;k
ugha\
bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k jg+erqYykgs vYkSg dks bekess vkt+e dgus
ij iwjh vgys g+nhl cjknjh ds dSEi esa vkx yx tkrh gS vkSj fd+Le
fd+Le ds ,rsjkt+kr fd;s tkrs gSa ysfdu blh yd+c dks og vius
bekeksa ds fy, Lrseky djsa rks dksbZ ,rsjkt+ dh ckr ugha jkfd+e us
fcgfEngh rv+kyk yd+cs beke ds lqcwr ij fugk;r rg+d+hd+h fjlkyk
lathnk vkSj v+ke Qge mlyksc esa rg+jhj fd;k gSa bU’kk vYykg
mlds eqrkyvk ls balkQ+ ilan d+kjsbZu ds ‘kqdwdks ‘kqcgkr nwj gks
tk;sxa sA oYYkkgqy eqof¶+Q+d+A
jQ+s;nSu ds rv+YYkqd+ ls ,d x<+h gqbZ fjok;r
bekess cSgd+h us Q+jek;k% gesa [k+cj nh vcw v+CnqYykg vy g+kfQ+t+
¼vyg+kfde½ us] mUgksus dgk eq>ls c;ku fd;k vcw lbZn vg+en fcu
eksg+EEn fcu #eSg+ us] mUgksaus dgk gels c;ku fd;k vcw ulz vg+en
fcu eksg+Een fcu v+CnqYYkg ejkst+h us ejkS esAa mUgksua s dgk gels c;ku
fd;k eksgE+ Ekn fcu lbZn frcjh us] mUgksusa s dgk gels c;ku fd;k
eksg+Een fcu lqySeku fcu nkÅn ‘kkt+ dwQ+h us] mUgksaus dg eSaus
lqQ+;ku fcu m,suk dks dgrs gq, lquk vkSt+kbZ vkSj lkSjh nksuksa feuk esa
,d lkFk FksA vkSt+kbZ us lqQ+;kus lkSjh ls dgk fd vki #dw esa tkrs
oD+r vkSj #dw ls mBrs oD+r jQ+;s nSu D;ksa ugha djrs\ rks lqQ+;kus
lkSjh us dgk ¼blfy, fd½ gels g+nhl c;ku dh ;t+hn fcu vch
ft+;kn usA ml ij vkSt+kbZ us dgk% eSa vkids lkius lun c;ku dj
jgk gwaW tqgjh dh lkfye ls] mudh muds okfyn ls og uch;s djhe
lYyYykgks rv+kyk vySgs olYye ls vkSj bl eqd+kfcys esa ;t+hn fcu
vch ft+;kn dks is’k dj jgs gSa gkykafd ;t+hn t+bZQqy g+nhl gSaA
mudh gnhl lqUur ds f[k+ykQ+ gSA ;g lqudj lqQ+;kus lkSjh dk
psgjk lq[kZ+ gks x;kA rks vkSt+kbZ us dgk ‘kk;n vkidks ;g ckr
ukxokj gqbZ\ lkSjh us dgk gkaA vkSt+kbZ us dgk fd pfy, mfB, vkSj
 153

ed+kes bczkghe ds ikl py dj ge ,d nwljs ij ykur Hkstsa fd dkSu

g+d+ ij gS\ ;g lqu dj vkSt+kbZ eqldqjk iM+As D;ksfa d ns[kk fd
vkSt+kbZ cM+s tks’k esa vk x;s gSaA ¼vLlquuqy dqcj fyycSgd+h 2@117½
bl fjok;r dk rud+hnh tk;t+k ysus ls igys ekywe gksrk gS fd
;g fjok;r ekStw vkSj eux<+r gSA
;g fjok;r ds fygkt+ ls Hkh ckfry gS vkSj fnjk;r ds fygkt+ ls
HkhA
Lkun dk rud+hnh tk;t+k
bl fjok;r dh lun esa g+kfde ds flok ntZ t+y S ikap jkoh gSa%
¼1½ vcwlbZn vg+en fcu eksgE+ en fcu #eSg+% bl jkoh ij
eksg+Ìls hu dh tjgsa eqykg+t+k dhft,%
 vcw uq,se us bUgsa t+bZQ+ dgkA
 vcw t+jv++k d’kh us t+bZQ+ dgkA
 bekess bCus gtj vld+ykuh us mUgsa t+bZQ+ dgus dh otg ;g
c;ku dh gS%
mldks t+bZQ+ dgus dh otg ;g gS fd og t+nS h et+gc ls
rv+Yyqd+ j[krk Fkk vkSj viuh cnet+gch dk çpkj Hkh djrk FkkA
¼fylkuqy eht+ku 1@600½
 bCus rkfgj us dgk% og fjok;r ds eqv+keys esa t+bZQ+ gSA ¼ fylkuqy
eht+ku 1@600½
 nkj dqRuh us mldks t+bZQ+ dgkA ¼fylkuqy eht+ku 1@600½
 lgeh us dgk%
^^eSaus vcw t+jvk eksg+Een fcu ;wlqQ+ ls vg+en fcu eksg+Een fcu
#eSg ds ckjs esa iwNk rks mUgksaus bfUn;k fn;k fd og t+bZQ+ gS ;k
dT+t+kc gSA^^¼vyekSlwvrks vd+okys vfcy g+lu vÌkj dqRuh 1@84 ½
g+kfde vkSj [k+rhc us mUgs fld+g dgk gS ysfdu dlhj ekgsjhus
g+nhl dh tjg+ ds eqd+kcsy s s esa mudh rkSlhd+ ejtwg+ o ukedcwy gSA
 154

¼2½ vcqUUklz vg+en fcu eksgE+ en fcu v+CnqYykg

vye:t+h% ;g jkoh etgwy gSA jkfd+e us gRryed+nwj dksf’k’k dh
ysfdu bl uke ds jkoh ds ckjs esa ekywekr g+kfly u dj ldkA
vcqUulz dqfUUk;r ds jkoh lSadM+ksa dh rknkn esa gSaA ;gka ij eqrv+¸¸ku
ugha fd ;g vcqUulz dkSu gSa\ vg+en fcu eksg+Een fcu v+CnqYykg
uke ds lSdM+ksa jkoh gSa] ;g dkSu gS\ ekywe ughaA vg+en fcu eksgEen
fcu v+CnqYykg uke ds ,d jkoh ftldh dqfUu;r vcqUulz feyh
ysfdu og vye:t+h ughaA rkjh[ks cx+nkn esa mldk ft+Ø gS ysfdu
fld+g gS fd x+Sj fld+g bldk dqN ft+Ø ughaA
¼3½ eksgE+ Ekn fcu lbZn fcu vRrcjh% bl uke ds nks jkoh gSaA
¼vfyQ+½ eksgE+ en fcu lbZn fcu g+Llku vyelywc ¼ekSr% 141&150
fg0 ds njfe;ku½
¼c½ eksg+Een fcu lbZn vRrcjh vyvjt+d+ ¼ekSr% 291&300 fg0 ds
njfe;ku½
Uhps nksuksa dk g+ky eqykg+Tk+k djs%a
Ekksg+Een fcu lbZn fcu frcjh% ogh eksg+Een fcu vcqy d+lS
gS] ogh eksgE+ en fcu vfRrcjh gS] dqjS’kh] mjnwuh] e’kfjd+h gSA
bCuqfRrcjh ek:Q+ gSA dqfUu;r vcw v+CnqjZg+eku gSA
Ekdgwy] mcknk fcu ulh] ukQ+]s tqgjh] jch;k fcu ;t+hn ox+Sjgqe
ls fjok;r yh gSA blls fjok;r ysus okyksa esa lqQ+;kus lkSjh] cØ fcu
[kqulS vcwcØ fcu v+¸¸kk’k ox+S#ge gSaA muds rv+Yyqd+ ls ekgsjhus
g+nhl dh vkjk ;g gSa%
 bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy ox+# S gqe us dgk% mls vcw tkQ+j
eUlwj us ft+Unhd+ gks tkus dh otg ls d+Ry fd;k gSA
bekess cq[k+kjh us Q+jek;k% ft+Unhd+ gksus dh otg ls mldks
Qkalh nh xbZ gSA
 fulbZ us dgk% og x+Sj fld+g x+Sj ekewu gS vkSj ckjgk dgk fd
og dT+t+kc gSA
 155

 vcw g+kfde us dgk% og g+nhl x<+rk FkkA

 vcw t+jv+k fne’kd+h us eksgE+ en fcu [k+kfyn ds g+okys ls dgk fd
eSaus eksgE+ en fcu lbZn dks ;g dgrs gq, lquk fd vxj ckr
vPNh gks rks mldh lun x<+ ysus esa dksbZ xqukg ughaA
 bZlk fcu ;wuql us dgk% lqQ+;kus lkSjh eksg+Een fcu lbZn ds
ikl x;s A dqN nsj ckn gekjs ikl vk, rks dgus yxs ^og
dT+t+kc gS^ A
 bekess vg+en bCus gEcy us dgk% eksg+Een fcu lbZn dT+T+kkc
FkkA
 nkj dqRuh ox+jS g us dgk% og er:d gSA ¼rkjh[kqy bLyke
fyT+t+gch 3@961½
eksg+Een fcu lbZn vfRrcjh vyvjt+d+ ds ckjs esa ekgsjhus g+nhl
ds vd+oky%
 bCus v+nh us dgk% ;g ‘k[+l g+nhl x<+rk FkkA¼rkjh[kqy bLyke
6@1028½
 nkj dqRuh us etgwy dgk ¼ekSlwv+rks vd+okys vfcy g+lu vÌkj dqRuh
3@578½
 bCus v+nh us mldh ckt+ ekStw fjok;kr dks ft+Ø djus ds
ckn fy[kk% mldh et+dwjk fjok;kr ds v+ykok vkSj Hkh ekStw
fjok;kr gSaA ¼vydkfey fQ+Tt+ksv+Q+kbfjZtky 7@556½
 t+gch us fy[kk% irk ugha ;g dkSu gS\ ¼eht+kuqy ,rsnky 3@565½
ekywe gqvk fd fjok;rs et+dwjk dk rhljk jkoh eksgE+ Ekn fcu
lbZn vfRrcjh [okg frcjh ^vyvjt+d+^ gks ;k ^vyelywc^ dT+t+kc
o uked+cwy gSA
¼4½ lqySeku fcu nkÅn ‘kkt+ dwQ+h% buds rv+Yyqd+ ls
ekgsjhus g+nhl dh vkjk eqykg+t+k djs%a
 156

 bekess cq[k+kjh us dgk% og eqRrge fcyfdT+c gSA mlls g+nhl

ysuk nq#Lr ughaA
 vcw g+kfre us dgk% og er:dqy g+nhl gSA
 fulbZ us dgk% og fld+g ughaA
 lkysg+ fcu eksgE+ en vyg+kfQ+t+ us dgk% og g+nhl ds
eqv+kesys esa >wV cksyrk FkkA
 vg+en bCus g+Ecy us dgk% ‘kkt+dksuh us g+Eekn fcu t+nS ]
c’khj fcu eqQ+T+t+y vkSj ;t+hn fcu tqjS dh lqg+cr bf[r;kj dh
ysfdu vYykg us mls rhuksa ls dqN Q+k;nk ugha igqaWpk;kA
 cx+oh us dgk% vbEek us bls eqRrge fcyfdT+c d+jkj fn;k gSA
 ;g+;k bCus ebZu us dgk% ‘kkt+dksuh g+nhl x<+rk FkkA
 vcw t+jv+k us dgk% ‘kkt+dksuh us mUgsa ‘kjfeUnk djus ds fy,
Q+kSju ,d g+nhl x<+ dj is’k dj nh vkSj vcw t+jvk dks irk u
py ldkA ckn esa ekywe gqvk fd ;g x<+h gqbZ g+nhl gSA
¼fylkuqy eht+ku 4@142½
ekywe gqvk fd okd+;s s et+dwjk dk pkSFkk jkoh ekgsjhsus g+nhl ds
ut+n hd x+jS fld+g vkSj dT+t+kc o x+jS ekewu gSA mldh fjok;r
uked+cwy vkSj ejnwn gSA
okd+;s s edt+dwjk dk fjok;ru ekStw o eux<+r gksuk lkfcr gks
x;kA fnjk;ru Hkh ;g okd+;s k eux<+r gSA og blfy, fd bekess
vkSt+kbZ tSls Q+d+hg eksg+fÌl ls ;g ckr cbZn gS fd og lqQ +;ku lkSjh
dks jQ+;s nSu u djus dh cqfu;kn ij ed+kes bczkghe esa ^eqckgyk^ dh
nkor nsaA D;ksfa d eqckgyk dqÝ+ks bZeku vkSj g+d+ks ckfry ds njfe;ku
gksrk gSA jQ+;s nSu djus okys vbEe;s eksg+Ìls hu o eqtrgsnhu vkSj
muds eqRrcsbZu Hkh vgys g+d+ gSa vkSj jQ+;s nSu u djus okys eksg+Ìls hu
o eqtrgsnhu vkSj muds eqRrcsbZu Hkh g+d+ ij gSa rks fQj eqckgyk
fdl ckr ij\
 157

bekess vkSt+kbZ tSls tyhyqyd+nz eksg+fÌlks Q+d+hg jQ+;s nSu vkSj rdsZ
jQ+;s nSu ij vius eq[k+kfyQ+ dks nkors eqckgyk nsa og Hkh ed+kes
bczkghe es]a fnjk;ru bl ckr dk ekStw o eux<+r gksuk t+kfgj gSA
bl okd+;s s dks vxj lg+h eku fy;k tk, rks D;k x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu
ogkfc;k bl ckr dks nyhy o cjghus ‘kjbZ ls lkfcr dj ldsxa s fd
jQ+;s nSu djus okys eqlyeku dk jQ+;s nSu u djus okys eqlyeku ij
ykur dh cÌqv+k djuk nq#Lr gS\ tcfd okd+;s s et+dwjk esa ykur
djus dk ft+Ø Hkh gSA
fcyk ‘kqcg okd+;s s et+dwjk lunu Hkh ckfry vkSj fnjk;ru HkhA
bekess lqQ+;kus lkSjh vkSj bekess vkSt+kbZ dh tkfuc bldk bafrlkc >wV
gS tks rv+Llqc o rUx ut+jh vkSj cqx+t+ o bukn dk ‘kk[k+lkuk gks
ldrk gSA
g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ dh >wVh ckrsa
tqcSj v+yh t+bZ us fy[kkA
^^bekess vg+en viuh e’kgwj fdrkc ^eqlun^ esa bekess vcw g+uhQ+k
dk uke ysuk Hkh ilan ugha djrs FkA^^
fQj tqcSj v+yh t+bZ us fy[kk% ^^nsf[k, eqluns vg+en 5@357]
g+nhl 23415A^^ ¼uw#y,suSu iz0 351½
g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ ds >wV dk inkZ rks ge FkksM+h nsj ckn Q+k’k
djsxa s ysfdu vHkh d+kjsbZu dks ge fn[kkuk pkgrs gSa fd bekess vkt+e
vcw g+uhQ+k dh ‘kku esa bl rjg+ dh ckr fy[kus dk ed+ln gh ;g gS
fd muls yksxksa dks cnt+Uu fd;k tk;s vkSj yksx ksa ds t+guksa esa ;g
x+yr [k+;ky fcBk;k tk;s fd bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ,sls ukilanhnk vkneh
dk uke gS fd bekess vg+en mudk uke ysuk Hkh ilan ugha djrs FksA
vc vkb, ge tqcSj v+yh t+bZ vkSj mudh rjg+ bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ls
cqx+t+ks v+nkor j[kus okyksa dks vbEe;s eksg+Ìslhu ds lPps vd+oky dk
,d vkbZuk fn[kk nsrs gSA
 158

 bekess cq[k+kjh ds mLrkt+ g+¶+l fcu x+;kl ftuls cq[k+kjh esa

vg+knhl ejoh gSa og Q+jekrs gSa% bekess vcwg+uhQ+k dk dyke fQ+Dg+ esa
‘ksj ls T+;knk nd+hd+ gSA muij ,sctksbZ djus okyk tkfgy gh gSA
 bekess cq[k+kjh ds ‘kS[k+ ds ‘kS[k+ v+CnqYykg fcu nkÅn
vy[k+jhch us dgk% bekess vcw g+uhQ+k ij ,sc ugha yxkrk exj og tks
g+kfln gS ;k tkfgy gSA ¼rkjh[kqy bLyke fyT+t+gch 3@990½
 bekess cq[k+kjh ds mLrkt+ ds mLrkt+ bCuqy eqckjd us dgk%
tc ;g lqurk gwaW fd dksbZ vcw g+uhQ+k ij ,sc yxkrk gS rks eSa mldk
psgjk Hkh ns[kuk xokjk ugha djrk vkSj mlds lkFk mBuk cSBuk ilan
ugha djrkA bl [k+kSQ+ ls fd dgha ml ij vYykg dk d+gj ukft+y
u gks tk;s vkSj eSa Hkh mlds lkFk mldh t+n esa u vk tkÅaWA ¼ v[k+ckjs
vch g+uhQ+k o vlg+kfcgh fyLLkSfejh 1@44½
g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ vkSj muds g+kfe;ksa dk psgjk bekess cq[k+kjh
ds mLrkt+ ds mLrkt+ ds vd+oky ds vkbZus esa lkQ+ fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA
;g yksx ;k rks bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k dh tykyrs ‘kku ls tkfgy
gSa ;k fQj muls cqx+t+ks g+ln j[kus okys gSAa
g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ us bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy ds g+okys ls
fy[kk gS fd bekess vcw g+uhQ+k dh g+nhl vkSj mudh jk; dks t+bZQ+
dgrs FksA blds lqcwr esa mUgksaus ;g d+kSy is’k fd;k gS%
^^vcwg+uhQ+k dh g+nhl t+bZQ+ gS vkSj mudh fjok;r t+bZQ+ gS vkSj
g+okys esa md+yS h dh fdrkc ^vT+t+ksQ+k^ dks is’k fd;k gS vkSj fy[kk gS
fd ^^mudh lun lg+h gS^^A
bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy dh tkfuc eUlwc ;g d+kSy >wV gSA D;ksfa d
md+yS h dh fdrkc ^vT+t+ksQ+k^ ;k nhxj ukd+ns hu dh dqrqcs rjkfte esa vcw
g+uhQ+k uke ls eqrv+fYyd+ eqrv+kfjt+ vd+oky feyrs gSaA ckt+ vd+oky
rkSlhd+ks rknhy ds vkSj ckt+ rtjhg+ks rt+bZQ+ dsA cfYd ,d gh ‘k[+l ds
eqrv+kfjt+ vd+oky Hkh ekStwn gSaA bCuqy eqckjd] lqQ+;kus lkSjh] ;g+;k
bCus ebZu ox+#S gqe ds vd+oky vcwg+uhQ+k ls eqrv+fYyd+ rkSlhd ds Hkh gSa
 159

vkSj rt+bZQ+ ds HkhA bldh otg ;g gS fd vcw g+uhQ+k dqfUUk;r ds dbZ

vQ+jkn gSa cfYd vcw g+uhQ+k dqfUUk;r vkSj ukseku uke ds dbZ vQ+jkn gSa
ftuesa ckt+ l[+r t+bZQ+ vfYd dT+t+kc Hkh gSaA elyu%
¼1½ vcw g+uhQ+k eksgE+ en fcu g+ufQ+;k fcu gkeku vydqlS
vyoklsrh ¼oQ+kr% 291&330 fg0 ds njfe;ku½
buds rv+Yyqd+ ls nkjdqRuh us dgk% ^^d+oh ughaA^^ ¼ rkjh[kqy bLyke
fyT+t+gch 6@1022½
¼2½ vcw g+uhQ+k lye fcu eqx+hjg% budks nkjdqRuh us t+bZQ+ dgk
vkSj bCus vch g+kfre us dlh#y oge dgkA ¼eht+kuqy ,rsnky 2@186]
fylkuqy eht+ku 4@111½
¼3½ vcw g+uhQ+k vg+en fcu nkÅn vÌSujw h ¼ekSr% 28 ;k 29 fg0½
ug+o o yqx+r ds beke] fdckjs vg+ukQ+ esa ls Fks] lnwd+ FksA ¼ fl;jks
vkykfeUuqcyk 13@422½
¼4½ vcw g+uhQ+k dlhj fcu vyoyhn vyg+uQ+h% ;g etgwy gSaA
¼vybdeky Q+h jQ+by bjfr;kc ysbCus ekdwyk 22@463½
¼5½ vcw g+uhQ+k vy;ekeh % buds ckjs esa dqrqcs rjfte esa dqN ugha
feyk vycRrk muds yM+ds bczkghe dks bCus fg+Ccku us fld+kr essa ft+Ø
fd;k gS ysfdu vTk+nh us equ fd#y g+nhl dgk gSA
vfLld+kr ysbCus fgCcku esa gS% cgqr de fjok;r esa [krk djrs
FksA ¼7@545] fylkuqy eht+ku 1@269½
¼6½ vcw g+uhQ+k vUukseku fcu bLekbZy vfLlekyh% bUgsa Q+d+hg
lkysg+ dgk x;k gSA ¼vRrcg+hj fQ+yekstfey dchj fyLlev+kuh 2@346½
¼7½ vcw g+uhQ+k vg+en fcu vy eqlÌd+ fcu eksg+Een uhlkiqjhA
¼vytokfg#y eqt+h;k 1@126½
¼8½ vcw g+uhQ+k tkQ+j fcu vg+en fcu cgjke vyckfgyh
vyQ+d+hg vLlrjcknh ek:Q+ c’kghnA ¼vytokfg#y eqt+h;k 1@178½
¼9½ vcw g+uhQ+k v+Cnqy eksfeu vRrSeh vyg+uQ+hA ¼ vytokfg#y
eqt+h;k 1@332½
 160

¼10½ vcw g+uhQ+k d+lS fcu vlje v’’kSckuhA ¼vytokfg#y eqt+h;k

1@414½
v+Yykek lQ+nh us buds v+ykok eqrv+fÌn uke ‘kqekj djk;s gSa]
og fy[krs gS% ^^vcwg+uhQ+k yd+c dh ,d tekv+r gS ftuesa lkfg+cs
et+gc bekess vkt+e ukseku gSaA^^
fQj mUgksua s ntZ t+yS uke ft+Ø fd;s gSaA
vcw g+uhQ+k vLLkx+hj vcw tkQ+j eksg+Een fcu v+CnqYykgA
vcw g+uhQ+k vUukseku vyd+kt+h vy ex+jsch vyekfydh% budk
uke ukseku fcu eksgE+ en fcu eUlwj gSA
vcw g+uhQ+k [k+rhch eksg+Een fcu v+CnqYYkkg] eksg+Een fcu mlekuA
vcw g+uhQ+k vLlkych v’’kkbj] vcw g+uhQ+k d+gne vy vlokuhA
vcw g+uhQ+k eksg+Een fcu v+Cnqy x+uhA ¼ vyokQ+h fcy oQ+;kr 13@129½
buesa ls vcw g+uhQ+k ukseku fcu eksg+Een vyex+fjch ¼ ekSr% 363 fg0½
ds rv+YYkqd+ ls bekess bCus gtj v+ld+kykuh vkSj t+gch us fy[kk gS%
eqlcsgh us dgk% nhunkj cqyUn #Rck Q+d+hg FksA
eqlfcg+h ds v+ykok nwljksa us dgk% og ekysdh FksA fQj fj;klr ds
ykyp esa ‘khvk gks c;s Fks vkSj cuw mCkSn ds et+gc esa nkf[ky gks x;s FksA
vbEek ds jÌ esa fdrkcsa fy[kh gSaA mudh rlkuhQ+ ls ekywe gksrk gS fd
og ft+Unhd+ gks x;s Fks vkSj nhu ls fudy x;s Fks ;k equkfQ+d+ FksA
¼rkjh[kqy bLyke] fylkuqy eht+ku 8@286 ½
g+kflys dyke ;g gS fd ckt+ eksgÌ+ slhu us vcw g+uhQ+k uke ds
et:g+ yksxksa dh et+Eer esa tks vd+oky ft+Ø fd;s gSa mUgsa [k+yr
eyr djds bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k ij pLikaW dj fn;s x;s gSaA
blds v+ykok g+klsnhu o eqv+kusnhu dh rjQ+ ls Hkh ;g lkft+’k gqbZ gS
fd mUgksaus eqlrun eksg+Ìls hu ds g+okys ls bekess vkt+e ds rv+Yyqd+
ls >wVs vd+oky x<+dj fdrkcksa esa uD+y dj fn;s gSaA T+;knk rj
[kokfjtks jokfQ+t+ dh rjQ+ ls ,slh lkft+’k gqbZ gSA D;ksfa d bekess
vkt+e ds lcls cM+s nq’keu [kokfjt o jokfQ+t+ FksA dwQ+k esa ftl
t+ekus esa [kokfjt dk x+yck Fkk ml t+ekus esa bekess vkt+e ds
 161

f[k+ykQ+ cgqr T+;knk >wVh vQ+okgsa vkSj xyr fijksiSxaMs QSyk;s x;sA
elyu ;g fd%
vcw g+uhQ+k vkeky dks bZeku ds fy, t+:jh d+jkj ugha nsrAs
muds ut+nhd bZeku ?kVrk c<+rk ughaA eksgÌ+ slhu dk dguk gS fd
vkeky bZeku esa nkf[ky gSa vkSj bZeku ?kVrk c<+rk gSA nj vLy
bekess vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj vkids vlg+kc vkSj eqrdYysehu vkSj eksg+Ìls hu
ds njfe;ku ^yQ+t+h bf[rykQ+^ FkkA ysfdu ,d yQ+t+h bf[rykQ+
dks nq’eukus bLyke us [kqfQ+;k lkft+’k ls cM+h gok nhA urhtk ;g
gqvk fd mldh cqfu;kn ij mEer nks /kM+ksa esa rd+lhe gks xbZ vkSj
,d nwljs ij yku rku cfYd Tk+ykyrks xejgh ds Q+Ros Hkh fn, x,A
gkykafd bl bf[rykQ+ dh g+d+hd+r flQ+Z bruh Fkh fd bekess vcw
g+uhQ+k vkSj tks g+t+jkr ;g dgrs Fks fd vkeky bZeku dk tq t+ ugha]
mudh eqjkn ;g Fkh fd bZeku dh g+d+hd+r rlnhd+s d+ych gS vkSj
rlnhd+ bt+v+kuks ;d+hu dk uke gS ftldk eg+y d+yc ¼fny½ gS vkSj
vkt+k o tokjsg+ ls lkfnj gksus okys vkeky elyu uekt+] jkst+k] g+t]
t+dkr vkSj lnd+kr ox+Sjg bZeku dh g+d+hd+r ;kuh rlnhd+s d+ych
ds vtt+k ugha fd muesa ls dksbZ ,d u ik;k tk, rks bZeku gh u
ik;k tk,A pqukaps dqjvkus g+dhe esa bZeku dk eg+y fny dks dgk
x;k gSA vkSj dqjvkus g+dhe vkSj vg+knhls lg+hg+k esa eqrv+fÌn txgksa
esa vkeky dh uQ+h ds lkFk bZeku dks lkfcr ekuk x;k gSA fygkt+k
,slk gks ldrk gS fd vey u gks ysfdu bZeku gksA Q+kfld+ eksfeu gS
vxjps mldk bZeku dkfey ughaA vc loky ;g mBrk gS fd fQ+j
v+ey okys dk bZeku dkfey vkSj csv+ey dk bZeku ukfd+l dSls gS \
tcfd bZeku T+;knk vkSj de ugha gksrkA rks bldk tokc ;g gS fd
dSfQ+;rs bZeku dh deh vkSj T+;knrh eqjkn gS fd v+ey gksxk rks
bZeku dk uwj dkfey gksxk vkSj v+ey ugha gksxk rks uwj ukfd+l gksxkA
mlds cj f[k+ykQ+ nhxj eksg+Ìls hu dk dguk gS fd vkeky bZeku
dk tqt+ gSa] blls mudh eqjkn ;g ugha Fkh fd vxj v+ey ugha gksxk
rks bZeku okyk bZeku ls [k+kfjt gks tk;sxk cfYd eqjkn ;g Fkh fd
 162

bZeku okyk jgsxk ysfdu mldk bZeku ukfd+l jgsxkA ;kuh Q+kfld+ o
csv+ey eksfeu ds ekfeu gksus esa bekess vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj nhxj
eksg+Ìls hu dk dksbZ bf[rYkkQ+ ugha FkkA ysfdu [k+okfjt dk dguk Fkk
fd csv+ey Q+kfld+ eksfeu gh ugha jgrkA xqukg ds bfrZdkc ls og
bZeku ls [k+kfjt vkSj dkfQ+j gks tkrk gSA bekess vkt+e us Q+jek;k
fd ,slk ughaA bfrZdkcs dchjk ls eksfeu bZeku ls [k+kfjt ugha gksrkA
[k+okfjt ds eqd+kfcys esa reke vgys lqUur dk ;g ut+fj;k Fkk] [+okg
eksg+Ìls hu gksa ;k Qqd+gk ;k eqrdYysehuA ‘kq: ‘kq: esa ,sls yksxksa dks
tks eqjrfdcs dchjk dks dkfQ+j ugha dgrs Fks cfYd vgys futkr
dgrs Fks bUgsa vgys bjtk ¼eqjft;k½ dgk tkrk FkkA ;kuh ;g yksx
eqjrfdcs dchjk ds rv+Yyqd+ ls ex+fQ+jr dh fjtk vkSj mEehn j[kus
okys gSaA fygkt+k eqjth ;k vgys bjtk gksuk ,sc ugha Fkk cfYd ;g
vgys lqUur dh v+yker ds rkSj ij cksyk tkrk FkkA ysfdu nq’euksa
us lkft+’k dh vkSj vgys bjtk ds uke ij ,sls yksx iSnk gks x,
ftUgksua s vius vki dks eqjft;k dgk vkSj viuk ;g ut+fj;k is’k
fd;k fd vxj bZeku gS rks v+ey dh dksbZ t+:jr ughaaA fygkt+k
bZeku dh g+kyr esa pkgs ftruk xqukg fd;k tk, mlls bZeku dqN
eqrv+fLlj ugha gksxkA t+kfgj gS fd ;g ut+fj;k vgys lqUur ds
ut+fj;s ds f[k+ykQ+ FkkA fygkt+k vgys lqUur us mUgsa eqjft;k
xqejkg fQ+d+kZ d+jkj fn;kA ysfdu bl [kq+fQ+;k lkft+’k esa nq’euksa ds
lkFk eqv+kusnhu us bekess vkt+e vkSj muds vlg+kc ds f[k+ykQ+ ;g
fijksisxUMk QSyk;k fd ;g yksx eqjft;k gSaA gkykafd g+d+hd+r ls
bldk dksbZ rv+Yyqd+ ughaA bekess vkt+e vkSj vkids vlg+kc dks
eqjft;k dgus okys vkids nq’eu ;k rks [k+okfjt o jokfQ+t+ gSa ;k
vkids g+klsnhu o eqv+kusnhuA nq’euksa vkSj g+kflnksa ds fijksiSxUMs ds
tky esa Qal dj ckt+ eksg+Ìls hu us bekess vkt+e vkSj vkids vlg+kc
ij tjg+ks d+ng+ ds [kqc rhj cjlk, vkSj ‘kqÅjh ;k yk’kqÅjh rkSj ij
[k+okfjt ds fe’ku dks [kwc rd+fo;r igqapkbZ xbZ vkSj vkt Hkh
[k+okfjt dh :g+ x+Sj eqd+YYksnu vkSj vgys g+nhl ds ftLeksa esa
 163

nkf[k+y gksdj bUgsa mlh fe’ku dks rd+fo;r igqapkus ds fy, eqt+rfjc
o cspSu dj jgh gSA
bldh ,d felky g+kfQ+t+ tqcSj v+yh t+bZ vkSj muds geuok gSa
tks bekess vkt+e vcw g+uhQ+k vkSj vkids vlg+kc dks x+Sj fld+g] x+Sj
ekewu] t+bZQ+] equfdj] er:d cfYd eqjth xqejkg lkfcr djus esa
iwjh nkf[k+yh o [k+kfjth rkd+r lQ+Z dj jgs gSaA
bekess vkt+e ds rv+Yyqd+ ls ;g izksisxUMk Hkh QSyk;k x;k fd og
dqjvku dks e[kywd+ dgrs gSaA mldks vYykg dk dyke ugha ekursA
fygkt+k og fQ+d;+Z s ckfryk fQ+d;+Z s tgfe;k ls rv+Yyqd+ j[krs gSaA
D;ksfa d fQ+d;+Z s tgfe;k vYykg dh flQ+rs dyke dks ugha ekurkA
dqjvku ds e[k+ywd+ vkSj x+Sj e[k+ywd+ gkus dk elvyk Hkh cgqr
[k+rjukd FkkA ftlus mEers eqlfyek dks d+Ryks [kwjst+h rd igq+pk
fn;k FkkA gkykafd dqjvku ds e[k+ywd+ vkSj x+Sj e[k+ywd+ gksus dk
elvyk Hkh nj g+d+hd+r fut+kbZ ugha Fkk cfYd mlesa bf[rykQ+ flQ+Z
yQ+t+h FkkA vgys lqUur esa ls tks yksx mldks e[k+ywd+ dgrs Fks
mudh eqjkn ;g Fkh fd ;g dqjvku tks vyQ+kt+ o uqdw’k ds lkFk
ge frykor djrs gSa] tks dkx+t+ esa fy[kk gqvk gS] ftldks vyQ+kt+ks
lwjr ds lkFk ge frykor djrs gSa] og dqjvku ;kuh vyQ+kt+ks uqdw’k
vkSj [kqrwr ox+jS k dks e[k+ywd+ dgrs Fks vkSj dqjvku dykeqYykg tks
vYykg dh t+kr ds lkFk mldh flQ+rs ykft+ek nkbek gS og x+Sj
e[k+ywd+ gSA nkuksa Q+jhd+ eU’kk o eqjkn esa eqRrfQ+d+ gksus ds ckoqtwn
bl ckr ds cksyus esa bf[+rykQ+ j[krs Fks fd dqjvku dks e[k+ywd+
dguk nq#Lr gS ;k ughaA ckt+ mldks nq#Lr dgrs Fks vkSj ckt+
n#Lr ugha dgrs FksA fQj tks yksx bldks nq#Lr ugha dgrs Fks muesa
ckt+ eqr’kfÌn Fks vkSj ckt+ ,rsnky lian eqr’kÌsnhu us vius
eq[k+kfyQ+hu ij l[+r rud+hn dh vkSj mudh r¶+lhd+ o rt+yhy
cfYd rdQ+hj Hkh dj nhA ;kuh mUgs Q+kfld+] xqejkg vkSj dkfQ+j
rd dg MkykA ,sls gh eqr’kÌsnhu dh rjQ+ ls bekess vkt+e ij tjg+
o d+ng+ dh xbZ gS ftldk tokc ,rsnky o g+d+ ilan myek;s vgys
lqUur u fn;k gSA
 164

,d vge iSx+ke&tokukus vgys lqUur ds uke

vgys lqUur ds ukStokuksa dks ckfry xejkg fQ+d+kasZ ls eg+Qwt+ j[kus
ds fy, dqN t+:jh fgnk;kr is’k dh tkrh gSAa vxj mudks vius fnyks
fnekx+ esa clk ysa vkSj mu ij v+ey djsa rks ba’kk vYykg xqejgh o cn
v+d+hnxh ds nyny esa Qalus ls eg+Qwt+ jgsxa sA
 ;g ;kn j[ksa fd vgys lqUur ds flok lc ckfry o cn
v+d+hnk vkSj xqejkg fQd+Zs gSaA blfy, myek;s vgysl qUur ds flok
fdlh fQ+d+Zs ds v+kfye] eqcfYyx+ o nkbZ ls dqjvku o g+nhl dh
rkyhe g+kfly u djsaAs vxj dksbZ cn vd+hnk xqejkg dqjvku o
g+nhl ds g+okys ls dksbZ ckr dgs rks mldks myek;s vgys lqUur dh
tkfuc #tw fd;s cx+Sj vka[k can djds d+cwy u djsAa D;ksfa d dq jvku
o g+nhl dks vkM+ cuk dj ckfry fQ+dZ+s viuh cnv+d+hnxh dks v+ke
djrs gSaA bekess eqlfye us lg+h eqlfye ‘kjhQ+ ds ‘kq: esa tyhyqy
d+nz rkcsbZ g+t+jrs eksg+Een fcu lhjhu jg+erqYykgs vySg ds g+okys ls
fy[kk gS fd vgys lqUur ds flok fdlh ls dksbZ g+nhl u lquh tk,sA
 ;g ckr oktsg+ + jgs fd Qq:bZ o fQ+d+gh elkby esa vgys
lqUur g+uQ+h] ekysdh] g+Ecyh vkSj ‘kkQ+bs Z esa equg+flj gSaA pkjksa
et+kfgc ls gVdj dksbZ Hkh ckr djuk btek ds f[k+ykQ+ vkSj xqejgh
gSA pkjksa fQ+d+gh et+kfgc ds g+d+ gksus vkSj muds v+ykok ds xqejkg
gksus ij btek d+kbe gks pqdk gSA
vYykek rg+rkoh ¼eksr% 1231 fg0½ us g+kf’k;rqÌqjZ esa Q+jek;k gS fd
futkr okyh tekv+r ftls vgys lqUur o tekv+r dgk tkrk gS
vkt et+kfgcs vjck ds ekuus okyksa guQ+h] ekysdh] ‘kkQ+bs Z vkSj g+Ecyh
esa equg+flj gSA bl t+ekus esa tks tekv+r muls ckgj gS og vgys
fcnv+r ;kuh xqejkg vkSj vgys ukj gSA
 jQ+;s nSu] vkehu fcytgj ¼uekt+ esa t+ksj ls vkehu dguk½] beke
ds ihNs fd+jvr djuk ox+Sjg fQ+d+gh elkby esa pkjksa bekeksa esa ls
ftl bekess dh rd+yhn djrk gS mlds eqrkfcd+ v+ey fd;k djsA
 165

D;ksfa d pkjksa bekes vgys lqUur gSaA x+Sj eqd+Yysnhu] vgys g+nhl
ogkch ox+jS g fdlh ds dgus ij vius beke ds rjhd+s dks gjfct+ u
NksMA+s D;ksfa d g+uQ+h] ekysdh] ‘kkQ+bs Z vkSj g+Ecyh gh vgys lqUur gSa
ckd+h lc xqejkg o cn v+d+hnk gSaA vgyqy g+nhl fxjksgs eksg+Ìls hu
dks dgk tkrk gS] eksg+Ìls hu esa ckt+ [kqn eqtrfgn FksA ;kuh dqjvku
o vg+knhl ls elvyk fudkyrs FksA tSls bekess vg+en bCus g+Ecy
vkSj bekess ekfyd vkSj ckt+ eqd+fYyn Fks tSls bekess frjfet+h ‘kQ+bs Z
FksA tks eksg+fÌl eqtrfgn Fks og eqd+fYyn ugha Fks vkSj tks eqd+fYyn
Fks og eqtrfgn ugha FksA ysfdu nkSjs g+kft+j esa gj dlks ukdl ftls
dqjvku o g+nhl dh uqlwl ds enkfjt] mlwys bfLrackr] ukfl[k+ks
eUlw[k+] t+kfgj] uLl] eqQ+Llj] eksgd + e] eqf’dy] eqtey] eqrkg’kcsg]
eksvOOy esa reht+ djus dh lykfg+;r ugha] fjok;r o fnjk;r vkSj
lunks eru ds ,rsckj ls vd+lkes vg+knhl dk bYe ugha g+n ;g gS
fd ftls dqjvku o g+nhl dh bckjr [okuh ugha vkrh cfYd d+;ker
;g gS fd ftls v+jch t+cku dh fcYdqy igpku ugha og Hkh vius
vki dks ^^vgys g+nhl^^ cyQ+t+s nhxj eksgf+ Ìl dgykrk gSA vkSj
dqjvku o g+nhl ls [kqn fQ+d+gh vg+dke le>us dk nkok djrk gSA
,sls yksxksas ls lqUuh ukStoku nqj jgsa vkSj vius vkidks myek;s vgys
lqUur o tekv+r ls ges’kk tksM+s j[ksaA ba’kk vYYkg xqejkg fQ+d+kasZ dh
xqejkfg;ksa ls eg+Qwt+ jgsxa sA
vYykg rv+ky bLyke dks ckfry fQ+jd+ksa ds ‘kj ls cpk, vkSj
flokns vkt+e vgys lqUur o tekv+r dks dqOor o bLrsgdke o
btrsekb;r vrk Q+jek;s A
 166

ek[k+t+ o ejkts ¼ck,rckjs gq:Q+s rgTth½

fdrkc eksvfYyQ+ ekSr Ekrck Lku
vydqjvkuqy & & & &
djhe
vy vklkj bekess vcw ;wlqQ+ 182 fg0 nk#y dqrqc vy &
bfYe;k] cS:r
vklk#Llquu
vy bckuk v+u vcwy g+lu 324 fg0 nk#y valkj 1397 fg0
mlwfyfÌ;kuk v’kv+jh d+kfgjk
brg+kQqy [k+Sjfry ‘kgkcqÌhu fdukuh 840 fg0 nk#y orn 1999 bZ0
egjk ‘kQ+bs Z fyUu’kz
brg+kQqy egjk bCus gtj 852 fg0 Ektemy efyd 1994 bZ0
v+ld+ykuh Q+gn enhu;s
equOojk
vl#y ‘ks[k+ v+Ookek
g+nhfl’’kjhQ+---
v[kckjs vch glu fcu v+yh 436 fg0 vkfyeqy dqrqc] 1985 bZ0
g+uhQ+k o --- lSfejh cS:r
v[kc#y dqtk+ r Ekksg+Een fcu 306 fg0 vy edrck 1947 bZ0
[k+yQ+ fcu g+;ku vfRrtkfj;g felz
vncqy eqQ+jn Ekks0 fcu 256 fg0 nk#y c’kbfjy 1989 bZ0
bLekbZy cq[k+kjh bLykfe;k] cS:r
vybj’kkn Q+h vcqy ;kyk 446 fg0 Ekdrck v#Z’n] 1409 fg0
ekjQ+rs myekby [k+yhyh fj;kt+
g+nhl
vt+kg#fjZ;kt Q+h ‘kgkcqÌhu 1041 fg0 Ekrcv+rks 1939 bZ0
v[kckfjy d+kt+h fryfelkuh ytufrRrkyhQ+
v+;kt+ oRrjtek] d+kfgjk
vrjkQqy eqlun bCus gtj 852 fg0 nkjs bCus dlhj]
vyeksryh vld+ykuh fne’d+
vlnqy x+kck bCuqy vljh nk#ydqrqc 1994 bZ0
vytt+jh vybfYe;k] cS:r
vk;kuqy vlz o lykgqÌhu lQ+nh 764 fg0 nk#y fQ+Ø vy 1998 bZ0
vkokuqUulz eqvkflj
vybfX+rcs kr yseu cqjgkuqÌhu g+ych 841 fg0 nk#y gnhl] 1988 bZ0
jok feUkjksZokr--- d+kfgjk
vybd+frjkg+ Q+h bCus nd+hdqy bZn 702 fg0 nk#ydqrqc
 167

c;kfuy bfLrykg+ vybyfe;k]

cS:r
bdeky rgt+hcqy Eqkx+Yyrk fcu 762 fg0 vvQ+k:dqy 2001 bZ0
deky dqySg g+uQ+h g+nhlk fyRrckvg
oUu'kz
vybfUrd+k Q+h bCus v+Cnqy cjZ 463 fg0 nk#ydqrqc
Q+t+kbfyy vbEek- ekfydh vybyfe;k]
- cS:r
vyvUlkc v+Cnqy djhe 562 fg0 Ektfyls nk;jrqy 1962 bZ0
lev+kuh ev+kfjQ+
vymlekfu;k]
gSnjkckn
fcnk;rqy bCuks #’fny 595 fg0 nk#y g+nhl] 2004 bZ0
eqtrfgn g+Q+hn d+kfgjk
vy cn#y equhj bCuks eqyfD+du+ 804 fg0 nk#y fgtjk 2004 bZ0
‘kkQ+bs Z fyUu’kz oRrksth+ ]
fj;kt+
vy fcuk;k ‘kjg+s Ckn#Ìhu ,suh 855 fg0 nk#ydqrqc 2000 bZ0
fgnk;k vybyfe;k]
cS:r
Rkkjh[kqy bLyke ‘kElqÌhu t+gch 748 fg0 nk#y x+jfcy 2003 bZ0
bLykeh
Rkkjh[k+s cx+nkn bCus [k+rhc 463 fg0 nk#y x+jfcy 2002 bZ0
cx+nknh bLykeh] cS:r
vRrkjh[kqy dchj Ekks0 fcu 256 fg0 Ektfyls nk;jrqy
bLekbZy cq[k+kjh ev+kfjQ+
vymlekfu;k]
gSnjkckn
vRrcbZu cqjgkuqÌhu g+ych 841 fg0 nk#y x+jfcy 1986 bZ0
ysvleby bLykeh] cS:r
eqnYyslhu
vRrgchj fQ+y +v+Cnqy dkjhe 562 fg0 fj;klrks nhokfuy 1975 bZ0
ekstfey dchj lev+kuh vkSdk+ Q+] cx+nkn
Rkg+jhjks mywfey v+CnqYykg fcu Ekqv+kflj ekksvLlrqjZ¸;ku 2003 bZ0
g+nhl ;wlQq + tnh cS:r
Rkksg+Q+ry
q ,g+ot+h v+CnqjZg+eku 1353 fg-0 nk#ydqrqc
eqckjd iqjh vybyfe;k]
cS:r
 168

Rkksg+Q+ry
q v’kjkQ+ tekyqÌhu eqth+ 742 fg0 vyedcrqy 1983 bZ0
csekjsQ+fry bLykeh
vrjkQ+
vRrg+d+hd+ Q+h tekyqÌhu bCus 597 fg0 nk#ydqrqc
elkbfyy f[k+ykQ+ tkSth+ vybyfe;k]
cS:r
Rk[kjhts vg+knhls Tkekv+rqu nk#y v+kflek 1987 bZ0
bg+;kmy mywe feuymyek fyUUk’kz fj;kt+
Rkt+fdjrqy ‘kElqÌhu t+gch 748 fg0 nk#ydqrqc 1998 bZ0
gq¶+Q+kt+ vybyfe;k]
cS:r
vRrd+jhc ;g+;k fcu ‘kjQ+ 676 fg0 nk#y fdrkc 1985 bZ0
ukSoh vy v+jch] cS:r
vRRky[k+hlqy gchj bCus g+tj 852 fg0 nk#ydqrqc 1989 bZ0
vld+ykuh vybyfe;k]
cS:r
rUd+hgqRrg+d+hd+ bCuks v+fCny 744 fg0 vt+okmLLkyQ+] 2000 bZ0
Q+h gknh fj;kt+
vg+knhflRrkyhd+
RkUd+hgqRrg+d+hd+ ‘kElqÌhu t+gch 748 fg0 nk#y oru] 2000 bZ0
fj;kt+
Rkgt+hcqRrgt+hc bCus g+tj 852 fg0 nk;jrqy ev+kfjQ+ 1326 fg0
v+ld+ykuh vfUUkt+kfe;k]
gSnjkckn
Rkgt+hcqy deky tekyqÌhu eqth+ 742 fg0 eksLLkrqfjZlkyk] 1980 bZ0
cS:r
vfLLkd+kr Ekksg+Een fcu 354 fg0 nk;jrqy ev+kfjQ+ 1973 bZ0
fg+Ccku cqLrh vfUUkt+kfe;k]
gSnjkckn
Tkkfemy vg+knhl tykyqÌhu lq;wrh 911 fg0
Tkkes frjfet+h Ekksg+Een fcu 279 fg0 f’kjdrks edrck 1975 bZ0
bZlk frjfet+h o ercvk eqLrQ+k
vyckuh] felz
Tkkemy elkuhn Ekksg+Een fcu 665 fg0
eg+ewn [okjt+eh
vytjg+ oRrknhy bCuks vch g+kfre 327 fg0 nk;jrqy ev+kfjQ+ 1952 bZ0
jkt+h vfUUkt+kfe;k]
gSnjkckn
 169

Tkqt;+ s jQ+;s nSu Ekksg+Een fcu 256 fg0

bLekbZy cq[k+kjh
vytkSg#Uud+h v+ykmÌhu bCus 750 fg0 nk#y fQ+Ø
rqjdekuh
vytokfg#y v+Cnqy d++kfnj 775 fg0 Ekhj eksg+Een
eqt+hvg Q+h eksg+¸;qÌhu g+uQ+h dqrqc [kk+uk]
rcd+kfry djkph
g+ufQ+;g
y[k+Sjkrqy fg+lku vg+en fcu g+tj 973 fg0 nk#ydqrqc 1983 bZ0
gSlqeh eDdh vybyfe;k]
cS:r
vfÌjk;k bCus g+tj 852 fg0 nk#y ekjsQ+r]
vld+ykuh cS:r
vÌqj#LlqfUUk¸;g myek;s utn 1996 bZ0
fQ+y vtoscfry
utfn¸;g
nhokuqT+t+ksQ+k ‘kElqÌhu t+gch 748 fg0 edrcrqUUkgt+g 1967 bZ0
vy g+nhfl¸;g]
eDdrqy eqdjZeg
T+kSyqy d+kfS yy Ekksg+Een 1280 fg0 Ekdrck bCus 1401 fg0
eqlÌn flcx+rqYykg rSfe;g] d+kfgjk
vyenkjslh
fjtkyqy eqfUt+jh Tk+dhmÌhu 656 fg0 nk#ydqrqc 1417 bZ0
eqfUt+jh vybyfe;k]
cS:r
vy jkStr+ qy flÌhd+ g+lu [k+ka 1307fg0 nk#y ejsQ+r
ufn¸;g d+UukSth
lQ+#Llv+knk EkksgEen fcu 817 fg0
;kdwc
Q+hjkt+cknh
Lquus bCus ektk Ekksg+Een fcu 273 fg0 njks,g+;kby
;t+hn dt+ohuh dqrqfcy
bfYe¸;g] cS:r
Lqkuus vcw nÅn LkqySeku fcu 275 fg0 vyedrck
v’kv+l vylfj¸;g]
lftLrkuh cS:r
Lqkuus nkj dqRuh v+yh fcu mej 385 fg0 eksvLllg vy 2004 bZz0
nkj dqRuh fjlkyk] cS:r
 170

vLLkquuqLlqx+jk vg+ne fcu ‘kq,sc 303 fg0 Ekdrck 2004 bZ0

fulbZ vyercwv+kr vy
bLykfe;g] cS:r
vLlquuqy dqcjk v+en fcu gqlSu 485jfg0 njks,g+;kby 2003 bZ0
cSgd+h dqrqfcy
bfYe¸;g] cS:r
vLluuqy dqcjk vg+en fcu ‘kq,sc 303 fg0 EkksvLLklrqfjZlkyk 1421 fg0
fulbZ ] cS:r
lquuqfLlkbZ vg+en fcu ‘kq,sc 303 fg0 Ekdrcqy 1986 bZ0
fulbZ ercwv+kfry
bLykfe;g] g+yc
fl;jksvkfyeUuqcy ‘kElqÌhu t+gch 748 fg0 EkksvLLklrqfjZlkyk 1985 bZ0
k ] cS:r
‘kjg+s vchnkÅn Ckn#Ìhu ,suh 855 fg0 Ekdrck v#Z’n] 1999 bzZ0
fj;kt
‘kjgs ef’dfyy vg+en fcu 321 fg0 EkksvLLklrqfjZlkyk 1994 bZ0
vklkj eksg+Een fcu ] cS:r
lykek rg+koh
‘kjg+s eqluns vch v+yh fcu 1014 fg0 nk#y dqrqfcy 1985 bZ0
g+uhQ+k lqyrku vyd+kjh bfYe;k]cS:r
‘kjg+s ev+kfuy vg+en fcu 321 fg0 v+kfyeqy dqrqc 1994 bZ0
vklkj eksg+Een lykek
rg+koh
LkqCgqy vk’kk Q+h vg+en fcu v+yh 821 fg0 nk#y dqrqfcy
lukv+fry ba’kk Q+t+kjh bfYe;k]cS:r
Lkg+h bCus fg+Ccku Ekksg+Een fcu 354 fg0 EkksvLLklrqfjZlkyk 1988 bZ0
fg+Ccku ] cS:r
Lkg+h vch v+okuk
Lkg+hgqy cq[k+kjh EkksgEen fcu 256 fg0 nkjks RkkSfd+Uutkr 1422 fg0
bLekbZy cq[k+kjh+
Lkg+h eqlfye Ekqlfye fcu 261 fg0 nkjks
g+Ttkt dq’kSjh ,g+;kfrRrqjkl
vy v+jch
vT+T+kksQ+k oy vcqy Q+tZ bCuks 597 fg0 nk#y dqrqfcy 1406 fg0
er:dwu tkst+h bfYe;k]cS:r
Rkcd+krqy gq¶+Q+kt+ tykyqÌhu lq;wrh 911 fg0 nk#y dqrqfcy 1403 fg0
bfYe;k]cS:r
vRrcd+krqLlqfUUk; Rkfd+;qÌhu x+T+t+h 1010 fg0
 171

g Q+h rjkftfey
g+ufQ+;g
Rkcd+krqy bCus g+tj 852 fg0 Ekdrcrqy feukj] 1983 bZ0
eqnYyslhu vld+ykuh mEeku
md+wny q teku Q+h Ekksg+EEn fcu 942 fg0
eukfd+fcy bekess ;wlQ q + lkysg+h
vch g+uhQ+k fne’kd+h
vymd+wnqfjZ;g Q+h bCuks v+Cnqy gknh 744 fg0 nk#y dkfrfcy
eukfd+cs bCus v+jch] cS:r
rSfe;g
vy v+yh fcu gqlSu 812 fg0 Ekjdt+fq Ìjklkr 1983 bZ0
md+wnYq yksyqb;k Q+h tqcSnh oy cqgwlqy
rkjhf[k+ÌkSyfr ;euh] luvk
jZlfw y;g
vybyy bekess vg+en fcu 241 fg0 nk#y [kkuh] 2001 bZ0
g+Ecy fj;kt+
menrqy d+kjh Ckn#Ìhu ,suh 855 fg0 nkjks
,g+;kfrRrqjkl
vy v+jch] cS:r
vydkf’kQ+ ‘kElqÌhu t+gch 748 fg0 nk#y fd+cyk 1992 bZ0
fyLld+kQ+ry q
bLykfe;g] tÌk
vydkfey vcw vg+en fcu 365 fg0 vyedqrqcqy 1997 bZ0
fQ+Tt+ksQ+k v+nh bfYe;g] cS:r
fdrkcqy vklkj Ekksg+Eenfcu g+lu 189 fg0 nk#y dqrqfcy
‘kSckuh bfYe;k]cS:r
fdrkcqy gq+Ttg Ekksg+Eenfcu g+lu 189 fg0 vkfyeqy dqrqc] 1403 fg0
v+yk vgfyy ‘kSckuh cS:r
enkhuk
d’kQ+y
q eksv+Tt
+ +ykr
dUtqy mEeky v+yh eqRrd+h 975 fg0 EkksvLLklrqfjZlkyk 1981 bZ0
fgUnh ] cS:r
vydokdscUq Ukhjku Ckjdkr fcu 929 fg0 nk#y ekewu] 1981 bZ0
vg+en fcu vy cS:r
vd;ky
fylkuqy eht+ku bCus g+tj 852 fg0 nk;jrqy ev+kfjQ+ 1971 bZ0
v+ld+ykuh vfUut+kfe;g]
gSnjkckn
 172

vyet:g+hu Ekksg+Een fcu 354 fg0 nk#y obZ] g+Yc 1396 bZ0
feuy eksg+Ìslhu fg+Ccku
Ekq[krl#y g+lu fcu v+y 312 fg0 Ekdrcrqy xqjck 1415 fg0
vg+dke rkslh vy vlfj;g]
enhuk equOojg
vyeq[krysrhu [k+yhy fcu 761 fg0 Ekdrcrqy 1996 bZ0
dSdynh v+ykbZ [k+kUth] d+kfgjk
veqnYyslhu Okyh;qÌhu bCuks 826 fg0 nk#y oQ+k 1995 bZ0
bjkd+h
vyenwurqy dqcjk
fejd+krqy eQ+krhg+ v+yh fcu 1014 fg0 nk#y fQ+Ý] 2002 bZ0
lqyrku d+kjh cS:r
eqLr[kjts vch ;kdwc fcu 316 fg0 nk#y ekjsQ+k] 1998 bZ0
v+okuk blg+kd+ cS:r
lQ+jkbuh
Ekqluns vch v+CnqYykg fcu 340 fg0
g+uhQ+k eksg+Een g+kjslh
Ekqluns vch vg+en fcu 430 fg0 Ekdrcrqy dkSlj] 1415 fg0
g+uhQ+k v+CnqYykg vcw fj;kt+
u,se vlcgkuh
Ekqluns vch uq,se
Ekqluns vch ;kyk vg+en fcu v+yh 307 fg0 nk#yekewu 1404 fg0
vcqy ;kyk fyRrqjkl] fne’d+
ewflyh
Ekqlunqy bekess bekess vg+en 241 fg0 EkksvLLklrqfjZlkyk 1429 fg0
vg+en bCus g+Ecy ] cS:r
Ekqluns vfcy v+yh fcu tv+n 230 fg0 EkksvLLklrqfjZlkyk 1990 bZz0
tv+n vy cx+nknh ] cS:r
Ekqlunqy gqenS h v+CnqYykg fcu 219 fg0 nk#y fld+g 1996 bZ0
tqcSj gqeSnh fne’d+
Ekqlun lqySeku fcu 204 fg0 nkjs fgtz] felz 1999 bZ0
vRr;kfylh nkÅn r;kfylh
vyeqlUuQ+ vcwcØ fcu vch 235 fg0 Ekdrck v#Z’n] 1409 fg0
‘kSck fj;kt+
vyeqlUuQ+ v+CnqjZT+t+kd+ 211 fg0 vy edrcqy 1403 fg0
luv+kuh bLykeh] cS:r
vy erkyscy
q bCus g+tj 852 fg0 nk#y v+kflek] 1419 fg0
vkfy;k v+ld+ykuh lÅfn;k vjfc;k
 173

Rkkjh[kqfLLkd+kr vg+en fcu 261 fg0 nk#y ckt+ 1984 bZ0

v+CnqYykg vy
v+tyh
vyeksteqy dchj lqySeku fcu 360 fg0 Ekdrck bCus 1994 bZ0
vg+en frcjkuh rSfe;k] d+kfgjk
ekjsQ+rLq lquu oy vg+en fcu gqlSu 485 fg0 Tkkfe;k 1412 fg0
vklkj vcw cØ cSgd+h vfÌjklkfry
bLykfe;k]
ikfdLrku
Ekx+kfuy v[k+;kj Ckn#Ìhu ,suh 855 fg0 nk#y dqrqfcy 2006 bZ0
bfYe;k]cS:r
vyeqx+uh fQ+T+t+ksQ+k ‘kElqÌhu t+gch 748 fg0
Ekukfd+cs vch ‘kElqÌhu t+gch 748 fg0 vyev+kfjQ+
g+uhQ+k vUUkksekfu;k]
gSnjkckn
Ekukfd+cs bCuqy tT+jh 832 fg0
vlfnYykfgy
x+kfyc
Ekukfd+cqy bekess eqo¶+Qd
+s Ìq hu 567 fg0 gSnjkckn] ndu 1321 fg0
vch g+uhQ+k eDdkh
ekSlwv+rks Tkekv+r feuy v+kfyeqy dqrqc] 1997 bZ0
vd+okfyy bekess myek cS:r
vg+en
ekSlwv+rks vd+okys Ektewv+k feuy v+kyseqy dqrqc] 2001 bZ0
vfcy glu nkj eksvYysQ+hu cS:r
dqRuh
eqvRrk bekess Ekksg+Een fcu 189 fg0 vyedrcrqy
eksg+Een g+lu ‘kSckuh bfYe;k] cS:r
Ekht+uqy ,rsnky ‘kElqÌhu t+gch 748 fg0 nk#y ekjsQ+r 1063 bZ0
fyRrckv+k oUu’kz]
cS:r
Uk’k#Llg+hQ+k vcw v+fCnjZg+eku 1422 fg0 nk#y g+jeSu]
genkuh d+kfgjk
uLcqjZk;k tekyqÌhu t+SysbZ 762 fg0 eksvLllrqjZ¸;ku] 1997 bZ0
cS:r
vyokQ+h fcy lykgqÌhu lQ+nh 764 fg0 nkjks 2000 bZ0
oQ+;kr ,g+;kfrRrqjkl
vy v+jch] cS:r
 174

eqlfUUkQ+ dh fdrkcsa
1- vd+kbns vgys lqUur ¼dqjvku o g+nhl dh jkS’kuh esa½ ¼ercwv+k½
2- Q+t+kbys ‘kkcku o ‘kcs cjkv+r ¼ vg+knhls eksrcsjk dh jkS’kuh esa½
¼ercwv+k½
3- bZn ehyknqUuch dh ‘kjbZ gSfl;rA ercwv+k
4- Q+t+kbys ekgs jtc ¼ercwv+k½
5- ‘kcs cjkv+r dSls euk;s a\ ¼ercwv+k½
6- ex+fQ+jr dk lkeku ekgs jet+ku ekfjlkyk 20 jdv+kr rjohg+
¼ercwv+k½
7- d+Ookyh dk ‘kjbZ gqDe¼ercwv+k½
8- rt+fdj;s ekSykuk l¸¸kn vg+en v’kjQ+ dNkSNoh ¼ercwv+k½
9- ljdkjs dyka cgSfl;rs eqjf’kns dkfey ¼ercwv+k½
10- edrwckrs ljdkys dyka ¼ercwv+k½
11- [k+rq ckrs ljdkjs dyka ¼ercwv+k½
12- vknkcs lqg+cr o ft+;kjrs e’kkb[k+ ¼e[knwe v’kjQ+ fleukuh½ rjtek
o rg+f’k;k ¼ercwv+k½
13- uekt+ esa ukQ+ ds uhps gkFk cka/kuk ¼vg+knhl o vklkjs eksrcsjk dh
jkS’kuh esa½¼ercwv+k½
14- rdsZ jQ+;s nSu ¼vg+knhl o vklkjs lg+hg+k dh jkS’kuh esa½ ¼ercwv+k½
15- fQ+Ld+s ;t+hn ¼vg+knhl o vklkjs eksrcsjk ds g+okys ls½ ¼ercwv+k½
16- bekess g+lu jft+;Yykgks rv+kyk v+Ugks dks t+gj fdlus fn;k\ ¼x+jS
ercwv+k½
17- yd+cs bekess vkt+e ¼x+jS ercwv+k½
18- D;k rjkohg+ vkB jdv+r lqUur gS\ ¼baxfy’k½ ¼ercwv+k½
19- Ekskftt+;s jÌs ‘kEl ¼tykyqÌhu lq;wrh o ;wlqQ+ lkysg+h fne’d+h½
rjtek o rg+f’k;k ¼ercwv+k½
20- Q+t+kbys ft+Øks t+kdsjhu ¼tykyqÌhu lq;wrh½ rjtek ¼ercwv+k½