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Production of Biodiesel from Palm Oil and Performance Test with Diesel in CI
Engine

Conference Paper · December 2016

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International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering 2016
26-27 December, 2016, Khulna, BANGLADESH

ICMIEE-PI-160160
Production of Biodiesel from Palm Oil and Performance Test with Diesel in CI Engine
Md. Rafsan Nahian 1*, Md. Nurul Islam 1, Shaheen Mahmud Khan 2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
Biodiesel from palm oil has significant potential as an alternative fuel in compression ignition (CI) engine. Early investigations
report that biodiesel which is extracted from palm oil by transesterification method has similar properties like diesel fuel.
Transesterification is a process of using an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide
to break the molecule of the raw renewable oil with glycerol as a byproduct. It has been reported that for 0.35% sodium hydroxide
and 20% methanol biodiesel production is maximum. Experimental studies are conducted on a single cylinder, four stroke, water
cooled, naturally aspirated diesel engine fuelled with two different blends, 10% palm oil and 90% diesel (B-10), 20% palm oil
and 80% diesel (B-20). The brake thermal efficiency of B-10 is slightly lower than diesel and higher than B-20. Besides Brake
specific fuel consumption of B-10 blend is very close to the specific fuel consumption of diesel and slightly lower than B-20.
The emission of CO and NOx are slightly lower than conventional diesel fuel. Besides there is no sulphur content. The main
concern of this paper is to produce biodiesel from palm oil by transesterification method and test the performance for different
blends to analyze the fuel properties.

Keywords: Palm oil, Transesterification, Biodiesel, Performance test.

1. Introduction sulfur-di-oxide (SO2) & butadiene. The main advantage of


The non-renewable nature and limited resources of using biodiesel in diesel engine is to reduce CO2 emissions
petroleum fuels have become a matter of great concern. [6]. At present, 100% biodiesel is not used in place of
Bangladesh is an under developing country. Its energy diesel fuel to run the engine. Because 100% biodiesel
demand is increasing day by day. Her daily demand of cause significant reduction of brake thermal efficiency,
diesel fuel is about 109 thousand barrels [1]. The higher specific fuel consumptions and excessive NOx
combustion of these fuels in IC engines causes pollution. formation. This problem can be greatly minimized by
All these aspects have drawn the attention to conserve and using diesel-biodiesel blend. The most widely used blend
stretch the oil reserves by way of alternative fuel research. is B-10. Diesel- biodiesel blend doesn’t cause significant
Enhanced energy security, depletion of conventional fuel increase of NOx and reduction of brake thermal efficiency.
and climate change mitigation are the main drivers for the Meanwhile the other performance parameter of the engine
transformation of the energy system from fossil to is like as diesel fuel [7].
renewable sources. As a renewable energy source, the use
of palm oil in diesel engines is nearly as old as diesel itself.
Many researchers have found that using raw palm oil in 2. Materials and Methods
diesel engine can cause numerous problems. Palm oil has To produce biodiesel from palm oil the following
increased viscosity, low volatility, cold flow properties and materials and methods are used.
cetane number that causes injector cocking, piston ring
sticking, fuel pumping problem and deposit on engine. 2.1 Materials
However, the above limitations can be greatly minimized  1 liter palm oil
by converting the palm oil into ester through  200 ml methanol (99% pure)
transesterification method which is named as biodiesel [2].  3.5 gm NaOH (Lyn catalyst)
Biodiesel is a biodegradable, nontoxic, and clean  Blender machine
renewable fuel with properties similar to conventional  Measuring beakers for methanol and oil
diesel. It is produced from renewable resources and has  Thermometer
low emission profiles [3]. Biodiesel is still not commonly  Heater
used in daily life mostly due to the high production cost
involved, though this fuel has been developed for about 2.2 Methods
three decades [4]. A cheaper raw material for biodiesel Palm oil is extracted or pressed to obtain crude oil. This
production could be a solution. The raw materials for crude oil usually contains free fatty acids (FFA), water,
biodiesel production now mainly include biological sterols, phospholipids, odorants and impurities. Using
sources such as vegetable seed oil, soybean oil and some this oil in diesel engines can cause numerous problems.
recovered animal fats [5]. As biodiesel is biodegradable, The increased viscosity, low volatility and poor cold flow
they do not contain any sulfur, benzene group. As a result, properties of palm oil leads to severe engine deposits,
the products of combustion of the biodiesel do not produce injector coking, piston ring sticking etc. However

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +88-01737967964


E-mail address: samsrafsan@gmail.com
converting this crude palm oil into diesel may eliminate 1 liter of palm oil is poured into a bowl. Then it is put on
these problems. Biodiesel may be produced by following the heater and allowed to heat. Oil is heated up to 70oC.
four ways: Then the heated oil is allowed to decrease its temperature
1. Pyrolysis to 55oC. During this time, it is checked that the blender is
2. Micro emulsification clean and dry and the blender components are tightly
3. Dilution fitted.
4. Transesterification
200 ml of methanol is measured and poured into 1 liter
Transesterification: It is the process of using an alcohol container by a funnel. Methanol absorbs water from the
(e.g. methanol, ethanol or butanol) in presence of a atmosphere. So it is done quickly and the lid of the
catalyst such as sodium hydroxide or potassium methanol container is replaced tightly.
hydroxide to break the molecule of the raw renewable oil
chemically into methyl or ethyl esters of the renewable After that, NaOH is carefully added to the container via
oil with glycerol as a byproduct. Transesterification funnel. The container is shaken for a few times. It is
process of palm oil is given in figure 1 [8]. swirled round rather than shaking it up and down. The
mixture gets hot from the reaction. It is swirled
thoroughly until NaOH completely dissolved in the
methanol, from sodium meth-oxide.

Then heated oil is poured into the blender. When the


blender still switched off, sodium meth-oxide is carefully
poured from the container into the oil. The blender lid is
tightly fitted and then switched on for at least 20 minutes.
Fig.1 Transesterification of fatty acid and typical chain During the blending, the jar is covered with a wetted cloth
structure of fatty acid methyl ester (cold water) to decrease the heat of the jar.

The conversion of component triglyceride to simple alkyl After completion the process, the mixture is poured from
esters with various alcohols reduces high viscosity of oils the blender into a 2 liter pet bottle for settling and
and fats. Base catalysis of the transesterification with screwed on the lid tightly. It is allowed to settle for 24
reagents such as sodium hydroxide is preferred over acid hours. Darker colored glycerin as byproduct is collected
catalysis because the former is more rapid. in a distinct layer at the bottom of the bottle, with a clear
Transesterification is a reverse reaction. Methyl esters are line of separation from the pale liquid above, which is the
the most popular esters for several reasons. One reason is Biodiesel.
the low price of methanol compared to other alcohols.
Besides, esters have significantly lower viscosities than 3.2 Washing of Biodiesel
the parent oils and fats. They improve the injection Biodiesel should be washed to remove soap, catalyst and
process and ensure the better atomization of the fuel in other impurities. If it passes the wash test, then the rest of
the combustion chamber. Another advantage of the esters biodiesel should be washed. For washing, the biodiesel is
is possibly more benign emissions. poured into one of the wash bottles and half liter fresh
water is added for each four wash required. The cap is
3. Preparation of Biodiesel screwed tightly. The bottle is turned on its side and rolled
Biodiesel from palm oil is prepared by the following it with the hands until oil and water is well mixed and
steps. homogeneous.

3.1 Biodiesel manufacturing process 4. Economic of Biodiesel production from palm oil
It is estimated that the cost of biodiesel production from
Palm Oil palm oil by transesterification process is slightly higher
than the conventional diesel fuel. 1 liter palm oil is
needed to obtain 1 liter biodiesel. After the
Methyl Transesterification NaOH transesterification process, the amount of the byproduct
Alcohol (Catalyst) in form of glycerin is up to 0.40 ml.
Heating

Crude Biodiesel Separation

Glycerin Pure Biodiesel

Fig.2 Steps of biodiesel manufacturing process from


palm oil

ICMIEE-PI-160160-2
Table 1 Cost analysis of biodiesel Brake thermal efficiency: The percentage of brake
Materials Cost (BDT) thermal efficiency of the engine is related to engine brake
1 liter palm oil 61 power and total energy input to the engine.
200 ml methanol 100
3.5 gm NaOH 3.5 Brake power× 3600
Efficiency=
Raw glycerin (Salable) (-8) Fuel consumption rate× Higher calorific value
Net cost for 1 liter biodiesel 156.5
6.2 Experimental setup
The cost will be reduced significantly when it will be The experiment is conducted with conventional diesel
produced in large scale. fuel, palm oil methyl ester. The rpm is measured directly
by the tachometer. Fuel consumption is measured by a
5. Properties of Biodiesel burette attached to the engine fuel. A stopwatch is used
The engine performance greatly depends upon the to measure the fuel consumption time for every 10 cc of
chemical reaction between induced air and the fuel in the fuel. The engine is electrically loaded. The full
combustion chamber, which permits the release of heat experimental setup is given in Fig 3.
energy. For this reason a fuel should possess a number of
properties for using it in diesel engine. The main Fuel
Burette
properties are given in Table 2. Fuel
Tank
Temperature
Table 2 Properties of diesel, biodiesel, palm oil and
diesel. Cooling Exhaust
Name of Density Calorific Pour water in Gas
the sample (kg/m3) value (kJ/kg) point (oC)
Diesel 830 42418.48 -10
Palm oil 883 34294.68 17.2 Air Box Electric
Heater
B 100 862 38356.58 11.7
B-20 840 41606.10 -5
Manometer
B-10 838 42014.38 -6.8 RPM

Eddy Current Engine Flywheel


Dynamometer
6. Engine performance, Results and Discussions
The performance of the engine at different operating Engine
conditions are given below. torque Manual
Cranking
6.1 Performance parameters Cooling
Engine performance indicates the effect of a fuel in the water out
engine. It is necessary to determine engine brake power,
brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal
Fig.3 Schematic arrangement of experimental setup
efficiency. The performance parameters can be
calculated by following equations [9].
6.3 Engine specifications
Performance of oil is carried out through PETTER diesel
Engine Brake power: Engine brake power (P) is
engine.
delivered by engine and absorbed load. It is the product
Table 3 Engine specifications
of torque and angular engine speed where P is engine
brake power in kW; N is angular speed of the engine in Engine type 4- stroke diesel engine
rpm as: Bore × Stroke 80×110 mm
Swept volume 553 cc
2πNT Compression ration 16.5:1
P= Rated power 4.476 kW (at 1800 rpm)
60×1000
14 MPa (at low speed,
Brake specific fuel consumption: Brake specific fuel 900-1099 rpm)
consumption (BSFC) is the comparison of engine to Fuel injection pressure
20 MPa (at high speed,
show the efficiency of the engine against with fuel 1100 to 2000 rpm)
consumption of the engine in kg/kW/hr. where (mf) is the Fuel injection timing 24o BTDC
fuel consumption rate in kg/hr. as:
Three test fuels have been taken for the performance test.
Fuel consumption rate
BSFC= These are 100% diesel fuel, 90% diesel with 10%
Engine brake power biodiesel (B-10), 80% diesel fuel with 20% biodiesel (B-
20).

ICMIEE-PI-160160-3
Table 4 Performance data of diesel engine with diesel, diesel and it increases as blending is increased from B-10
B-10 and B-20. to B-20. This is because of higher calorific value of diesel
Brake than the other blends. On increasing the biodiesel
Brake proportion in the blend, BSFC increases due to the
Efficiency specific fuel
Sample power
(%) consumption reduced calorific value of these blends. So, B-10 shows
(kW)
(Kg/kW/hr.) lower BSFC than B-20 because of its higher calorific
0.294 11.3 0.750 value.
Diesel 0.406 15.5 0.546
0.508 18.3 0.456
0.294 10.5 0.820 7. Conclusion
B-10 0.406 14.2 0.600 In the presented study, it is found that biodiesel which is
0.508 17.3 0.490 extracted from palm oil has almost similar properties like
0.294 10.2 0.850 diesel fuel and able to replace diesel fuel in small engine.
B-20 0.406 14.0 0.640 Blends of B-10 gives better results than B-20. Following
are the conclusions based on the experimental results
0.508 16.9 0.550
obtained while operating in a single cylinder diesel
engine with diesel-biodiesel blends.
Efficiency Vs Brake Power
19 I. B-10 blends can be utilized directly in diesel
Diesel engine without any engine modification.
17 II. The brake thermal efficiency of B-10 is slightly
Efficiency (%)

15 lower than diesel fuel but higher than B-20.


B-10 III. Brake specific fuel consumption of B-10 blend
13 is very close to the specific fuel consumption of
diesel but slightly lower than B-20.
11 B-20
9 So it is advisable to use B-10 rather than B-20 in CI
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 engines.
Brake Power (kW)
Fig.4 Variation of efficiency with respect to brake power
NOMENCLATURE
The effect of blending on brake thermal efficiency for B-10 : 90% diesel+ 10% biodiesel
various fuel combinations is depicted in figure 4. The B-20 : 80% diesel+ 20% biodiesel
brake thermal efficiency of engine is low at low load as Gm : Gram
compared to the engine running at higher load. This is hr. : Hour
due to relatively less portion of the power being lost with BSFC: Brake specific fuel consumption, Kg/kW/hr.
increasing load. The efficiency of diesel is higher than cc : Cubic centimètre
the other blends. This is because of fuel properties such MPa : Méga Pascal
as viscosity and density is lower than the blends. The rpm : Révolution per minute
efficiency of B-10 is higher than B-20 due to its lower mm : Milli meter
density, viscosity and higher calorific value. kW : Kilo watt
BSFC Vs Brake Power BDT : Bangladeshi Taka
0.9
0.8 Diesel
BSFC (kg/kW/hr.)

REFERENCES
0.7
[1] Bangladesh oil consumption, retrieved 2013, from
0.6 B-10
www.theglobaleconomy.com/Bangladesh/oil_cons
0.5 umtion
0.4 B-20 [2] Pullaggura, G. Kumar, K.R. Verma, P.C. Jaiswal, A.
0.3 Prakash and S. Murugan, “Experimental
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 investigation of hydrogen enrichment on
Brake Power (kW) performance and emission behavior of CI engine”,
Fig.5 Variation of BSFC with respect to brake power IJEST, Vol. 4, pp.1223-1232, 2012
[3] S. Tiwari, R. Arnold, A. Saxena, P. Singh, N. Pathak
Figure 5 shows the effect of blending on brake specific and A. S. Tiwari, “Optimization of
fuel consumption (BSFC) for various fuel combinations.
transesterification process for biodiesel production
The BSFC is observed to decrease sharply for all fuels at
higher load. For a certain brake power, the specific fuel from waste oil”, IJPLCP, Vol. 4, pp.2701-2704,
consumption is found to be the lowest in case of pure June, 2013

ICMIEE-PI-160160-4
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“Predicting the viscosity of biodiesel fuels from
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ICMIEE-PI-160160-5

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