Introduction

In this era English has become necessary, some of people in the world can speak
english fluency and some of people cannot speak english because English is not they mother
tongue and for the country who is not english as a mother tongue, they are still learning
english, even though they are always mixing they mother tongue and english. People in this
country especially teenagers always mixing english language with they mother tongue. We
can see in some of social media like youtube,instagram etc the influencer or public figure
always mixing two language.
We can call this code switching. Code-switching(CS)refers to the mixing,by bilinguals (or
multilinguals), of two or more languages in discourse, often with no change of interlocutor or
topic. Such mixing may take place at any level of linguistic structure, but its occurrence
within the confinesofasinglesentence,constituent,or even word, has attracted most linguistic
attention. Though Code-Switching is apparently a hallmark of bilingual communities world-
wide, it has only begun to attract serious scholarly attention in the last few decades.
Bilingualism can be perceived as a subtractive or an additive language process. In the
subtractive aspect, as fluency and vocabulary grow in one language, fluency and vocabulary
decrease in the other, replacing the original language as the “primary” language.
Since code switching is studied from so many perspectives, this paper will necessarily seem
to omit important elements of the literature. Much of the work labeled “code switching” is
interested in syntactic or morphosyntactic constraints on language alternation (e.g. Poplack
1980; Sankoff and Poplack 1981; Joshi 1985; Di Sciullo and Williams 1987; Belazi et al.
1994; Halmari 1997 inter alia).
Practically all work on “code-switching,” or changing codes, has been based on a strict
identification between the notions of “code” and “linguistic variety,” be that a language,
dialect, style, or prosodic register. However, this structural focus fails to convincingly explain
certain conversational phenomena relative to the relevance or significance (or lack of
relevance) of alternations between contrasting varieties. [Alvarez-Cáccamo 2000:112; my
translation]
In the analysis of four different types of code-based switching on Hoffmann (2014) inter-
sentential switching, intra-sentential switching, tag switching, and establishing correlation
with the previous speaker. After the novel has been read thoroughly, we have seen the
phrases and sentences which were changed and further categorized them into a framework. A
simple percentage formula is the least frequent type of code switching in the data

Results and Discussion

The data showed that all types of code switching were proposed by Hoffimann (2014) are
found in the novel displayed in Table 1 switching was clearly employed the most (623%) in
the Autumns.novel The next sub-sections discuss findings in more From Table 1, we can
conclude that inter-sentential detail.

Inter-sentential Switching

theiroccurs at sentence boundaries. The language switch tween fluent bilingual speakers,
Kebeya (2007) has also been interreated with inter-sentential code switching as something
that has the most time when researchers take their time to foundread thoroughly
Consequently, in this novel, this ofcent of occurrences. This was similar to the dominant type
found, constituting 623 Siregar (2011) and Yiiani (2014) who also found this type of the
code-switching to include Indonesian English code switching, In this study, we found inter-
sentential switching both in the narrated text and the convulsions between the charad ters, as
shown by the example below

Intra sentential Switching

The second dominant type found in the novel is intra-sentential switching, with 20.9 percent
occurrences in the novel. This switching occurs in a sentence within a sentence. Saville
Troike (2008) says the switching occurs within a single sentence. An example found in the
novel is shown in E8:

Tag Switching
The next type with an occurrence of 124 percent in the novel was tag switching, also known
as emblematic switching, which tags certain set of phrases in one language and they are
inserted into an utterance which is entirely in another language (Appel & Muysken, 2006)
This type of code-switching normally occurs at boundaries as an intensifying strategy
emphasize the utterance, hold the listeners' attention, and move the action forward
(Ariffin&Establish Rafik Galea, 2009).The following are some examples found in the novel:
One of the motivations behind switching codes is for establishing resemblances between
interlocutors because of the trigger effect. People continue to speak the language
meaninglast used by the previous speaker because of the trigger discourseeffect (Cheng,
2003). Moreover, in E18, we can conclude removingthat the way Keara establishes
continuity in replying to Harris is because they are close friends (i.e. social distance). com-As
suggested by Holmes (2008), when both participants share more than one variety, then
other factors will presentcontribute to the appropriate choice. The social distance
dimension is relevant because how well the speakers know xplanationeach other while
conversing is one of the most important resumpfactors affecting the way they talk Similarly,
in E19, the character, Keara is also establishing continuity in replying to the other character's
(Dinda). question. From social distance, we can determine that they bisaare good friends.
This can be seen from the way they were talking about a man that they both knew and both
described him in one word "asshole". As suggested by Lipski (1985), by choosing one or two
or more languages in one's linguistic repertoire, a speaker reveals and defines his Sub-or her
social relationship with other people. Both E18 and E19 illustrate how the Indonesian char-
acters in the story conduct switches to continue the utter- ace of the previous speaker, as
when one character speaks