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Scour Analysis

• Introduction
• Definition
• Factors Contributing to Scour
• Estimation For MSD
• Other Estimation For Scour
• Types of Protection Works
• Erosive action of water in a watercourse resulting
in the excavation and transportation of materials
from the bed and banks
• The maximum scouring depth is a prerequisite in
the determination of the required foundation
depth and appurtenant foot protection of
structure
• Can be estimated either from actual survey and
by empirical formula
• Changes in average riverbed elevation
• River cross section (change in river width and
bend of river)
• Structures
• Sand bars
Sample of Scoured Bank Protection
Depth of water
surface to
scoured bed

Depth of
materials
removed below
normal bed level

Cross-section at a bridge waterway opening


• Natural and shifting of channels
• History of former and recent floods
• Accumulation of logs and other debris
• Constriction and/or realignment of flow due to bridge and its
approaches
• Layout and geometry of channel control works
• Geometry and alignment of bridge piers and alignment
• Placement of loss of riprap and other erosion protection materials
• Natural and man-made changes in patterns of flow or sediment
transport
• Proximity to other structures or facilities or to a river confluence
• Accidents such as dam breach or collapse of nearby structures
• Natural events and catastrophes such as landslides, volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes
Local pier scour
Channel Shift and General Scour
Exposure of Foundation by Channel Bed Degradation
Floating Debris Action on Superstructure
• General (Contraction) Scour
• Local Scour
• Natural Scour
• Channel Profile Degradation
• Occurs across a
controlled waterway
opening
• Due to constriction
of flood flows
through the opening
• Cyclic and/or related
to the passing of a
single flood
• Around piers,
abutments and
river control
works
no footing projecting footing
• May also result
from
inappropriate
placement of
materials
conical transition intended for
buried footing scour protection

Effects of Pier Footings on Local Scour


collar
Reasons of natural scour at uncontrolled crossings • Temporal
variations in flow
and channel
processes
including
sediment
transport, bed
form migration
and channel
shifting

• Floods in
particular tends
to cause
temporary scour
at narrows,
bends and
obstructions
• Method 1: Discharge-Intensity (or Regime)
Method using limited field data

• Method 2: Mean Velocity Method using


limited field data

• Method 3: Competent Velocity Method


• Assumes that the general scour will occur
until the mean velocity is reduced to a value
just competent to erode the bed material
exposed at the level of scour

• Assumes that the general scour occurs until


mean velocity < Competent or limiting
velocity for significant bed material
movement
Step 1:
• Compute the mean velocity through the un-
scoured waterway opening under design
discharge condition
• By backwater analysis or
• By rating curve for a representative cross-
section (By Manning’s Equation)
Step 2:
For granular
materials
• Compare computed
mean velocity with
the competent
velocity in the
Figure using the
appropriate depth
and median grain
size diameter
For cohesive
materials

• Compare computed
mean velocity with the
competent velocity in the
Figure using the
appropriate depth and as
a result of the N-blows of
the soil boring tests
• If the computed mean velocity
significantly exceeds the competent
velocity, (Vm > Vc) then general
scour is likely to occur.

• If Vm < Vc, then general scour is


unlikely to occur
Step 3:
• Assume a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape

• Determine the average general scour level that will


make the mean velocity through the opening equal
to the competent mean velocity

• Considers the grain size of the material and the


depth of flow after scour is being considered

• It implies trial and error


Step 4:

• Estimation of the deepest general scour from


the computed average level
Recommendations of local
scour at piers
Blench’s Fbo Factor versus Bed-Material Grain Size
• Estimation by Lacey’s regime formula (sandy
alluvial channels)
1
𝑄 3
𝑦𝑚 = 0.47
𝑓

𝑦𝑚 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑚


𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑠𝑒𝑐
1

𝑓 = 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑦 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.75
𝐷𝑚 2
𝐷𝑚 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑡′𝑙 (𝑚𝑚)
To estimate the maximum scoured depth, at a
point in the cross-section, a multiplying factor,
Z is applied to the mean depth
𝑦𝑠 = 𝑍 𝑦𝑚 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑦 𝑦𝑠 = 𝑍 𝑦𝑓𝑜 𝐵𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ

Condition Value of Z Condition Value of Z


Lacey Blench

Nose of spur 2.0 to 2.75


Straight reach 1.25
or guide bank
Moderate 1.5
bend Flow 2.25
impinging at
Severe bend 1.75 right angles on
Abrupt right- 2 bank
angled turn Flow parallel 1.5 to 2.0
to bank
Problem:

Determine the Depth of Scour given the following data. Use Blench
Regime Method:

Design Discharge, Q = 490 cu.m./sec

Depth of water at Design Discharge, H = 3.8 meters

Median grain size, dm = 0.7mm

Mean velocity, Vm = 3.75 m/s

Assume the flow to be parallel to the bank


Protection works are
necessary in order to
protect the bridge
foundations and approaches
against erosive action of
flood water and to protect
the environment against
hydraulic effects of the
bridge crossing.
•Protect the foundation against local scour
•Stabilization of channel banks against potential erosion
under and immediately adjacent to the bridge
•To maintain the flow alignment parallel to piers and
abutments so as to minimize local scour
•Improvement of waterway hydraulic efficiency in order
to accommodate the discharge with debris
•Protection of road approaches against stream attack and
encroachment by downstream migration of meander
bends
•Improvement of existing crossing that have experienced
erosion damage or troublesome maintenance problem
•Scour protection aprons
•Bank and slope protection (revetment)
•Guide banks
•Spur
•Dikes
•Channel realignments and diversions
•Grade control structures
•Excavation and dredging
Preliminary Application of Various Types of Works near Bridge Crossings
Controlling potential scour at pier foundations
The bottom of the The top of footing is placed below the
footing is placed below estimated lowest level of general scour
estimated lowest scour and riprap or other protection is
levels (including local provided against local scour
scour)

The pier is supported on


piles or column sunk well The foundation is
below lowest scour levels, surrounded with
designed to be secured steel caisson or
even when partly sheet-pile skirting
exposed due to scour
Thickness of riprap aprons
should be at least twice
the D50 size of the stones

Guide to Bridge Hydraulics (1973) by TAC


Velocity Stone Size
(m/s) (D50) mm
3 0.30
4 0.55
5 0.90
6 1.30
Loose boulder apron
Gabions and mattresses
Articulated blocks
Alternatives methods
TYPES OF ABUTMENT SLOPE PROTECTION
WORKS

•Dry boulder riprap


•Gabions
•Mattresses
•Articulated concrete slabs/blocks
•Rigid facings such as grouted riprap, rubble
concrete, reinforced concrete
Boulder riprap
Gabions
Grouted riprap
Reinforced concrete

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