Kinematics

KINEMATICS 1D
Lesson 1
LESSON OBJECTIVES
1. Kinematics of one dimension (Cartesian Coordinates only)

2. motion under gravity
3. graphs and relative motion in one dimension
 INTRODUCTION:
DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 1

Kinematics is that branch of mechanics, which describes the motion of bodies without reference to the
forces that either cause the motion or are generated as a result of the motion. Kinematics is often referred
to as the ‘geometry of motion’. We start our study of kinematics by first discussing in this chapter the motion
of a particle. A particle is a physical analogue of a point. A particle is a body whose physical dimensions
are so small compared with the radius of curvature of its path that we can treat the motion of a particle as
that of a point. Later on, we shall apply the concepts learnt here to the motion of rigid bodies, which are a
collection of particles.
 REST AND MOTION:
An object is said to be in motion if its position changes with respect to its surroundings in a given time. On
the other hand, if the position of the object does not change with respect to its surroundings, it is said to be
at rest. A car speeding on the road, a ship sailing on water and a bird flying through the air are examples of
objects in motion. A book lying on a desk is at rest because its position with respect to the desk does not
change with time.
If a person sitting in a boat is crossing a river, then the person with respect to the boat is in a state of rest
(because his position with respect to the boat is not changing), but with respect to the shore he is in the state
of motion. Similarly, if two cars are going side by side with same speed then with respect to each other they
are in a state of rest, but with respect to trees and persons on the road they are in a state of motion. Thus, it
is clear that description of motion depends on the observer or what is called in the language of Physics as a
‘Frame of Reference’. Thus, in the example of a person sitting in a boat and crossing the river, in a frame
of reference attached to the boat, the person is at rest, while in a frame of reference attached to the shore
the person is in the state of motion.
A convenient way to fix a frame of reference is to choose an origin and three mutually perpendicular axes
labelled as x, y and z axes. Then the position of an object in space is, specified by the three coordinates. As
the object moves, one or two or all the three coordinates change with time and it is the essential task of
mechanics to obtain these coordinates as functions of time. If we know x(t), y(t) and z(t), then the motion
of the object is completely described.
The motion of an object is said to be one dimensional when only one of the three coordinates specifying
the position of the object changes with time. The motion of a car on a road, the motion of a train along a
railway track or an object falling freely are examples of one dimensional motions. One dimensional motion
is also termed as rectilinear motion. The motion of an object is said to be two dimensional when two of
the three coordinates specifying the position of the object change with time. The motion of a planet around
the sun, a body moving along the circumference of a circle are examples of motion in two dimensions. Two
dimensional motion is also referred to as motion in a plane.
The actual path followed by an object in a particular reference frame is termed as its “trajectory”. Thus, the
trajectory is a straight line in case of one dimensional motion whereas in case of a two dimensional motion,
the trajectory can be a circle, a parabola or in general, a curve.
 NOTE:

1. JEE Syllabus has only the description of one and two dimensional motions. Three dimensional
motions, wherein all the three coordinates specifying the position of the object change with time,
will seldom occur (as for example, the motion of a charged particle when projected in a magnetic
field at an angle other than 90o. Such a particle describes a helix, a three dimensional trajectory).
2. Bodies that have only motion of translational motion behave like particles. An observer will
describe the motion as translational if the axes of a reference frame which is imagined rigidly
attached to the object always maintain the same orientation in space with respect to the observer
(see figure).
y
x
y y
x x
In addition, if these axes change their orientation with respect to the observer, the motion is said to
be combined translational and rotational.
y
y
x y
x
x
We shall learn about the rotational part of the motion in the next unit. Presently, we begin the
description of translational motion.
 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS:

 Distance and Displacement:
The position of a moving object changes with respect to time. The length of the actual path covered
by a body in a time interval is called distance, while the difference between the final and initial
positions of an object is called displacement.

The position of a particle in a particular reference frame is y
given by a position vector drawn from the origin of that frame
to the particle.
In the figure, let a particle be at point A at time t1, its position
 A
   B
in the x-y plane being described by position vector r1 . At a Δr  r2  r1
later time t2, let this particle be at point B, described by position 
 r1
vector r 2 . The displacement vector describing the change in 
r2
position of the particle as it moves from A to B is
  
Δr  r2  r1 . The distance travelled by the particle is
the length AB along the curve. 
O x
Distance is a scalar quantity which has magnitude only. Displacement is a vector quantity which
has both magnitude and direction. Suppose PIE EDUCATION is at a distance of 5 km from your
house and you come to PIE EDUCATION and go back to your house. Although you have travelled
a distance of 10 km but your displacement is zero (null vector). If a body is moving in a circular
path, then after one rotation its displacement will be zero but the distance travelled will be equal to
the circumference of the circle. Thus, in general, magnitude of displacement is not equal to the
distance travelled. However, it can be so if the motion is along a straight line without change in
direction.
 Average Speed and Average Velocity:

The average speed in a time interval is defined as the total distance travelled by the particle divided
by the time interval. Thus
Total distance travelled
average speed =
Total time taken
Average speed is a scalar quantity and its unit is m/s or km/h.
The average velocity (see figure) is defined as
  
 displacement r2  r1 Δ r
 v   
elapsed time t 2  t1 Δ t
The average velocity is a vector quantity having the same direction as displacement. Its unit is also
meter/second or km/h.
Example 1: A bird flies toward east at 10 m/s for 100 m. It then turns around and flies at 20 m/s for
15 s. Find
(a) its average speed (b) its average velocity
Solution : Let us take the x axis to point east. A sketch of

the path is shown in the figure. To find the
required quantities, we need the total time
interval. The first part of the journey took
t1 = (100 m)/(10 m/s) = 10s,
200 100 0 100
and we are given t2 = 15 s for the second part. x(m)
Hence the total time interval is
t = t1 + t2 = 25 s
The bird flies 100 m east and then (20 m/s) (15s) = 300 m west
Distance 100 m  300 m
(a) Average speed =  16 m / s
t 25s

(b) The net displacement is
x = x1 + x2 = 100m  300 m = 200 m
So that
x 200 m
vav =   8m / s
t 25s
The negative sign means that vav is directed toward the west.
Example 2: A jogger runs his first 100 m at 4 m/s and the second 100 m at 2 m/s in the same direction.
What is the average velocity?
Solution: A sketch of his motion is shown in figure. His v1 v2
net displacement
x = x1 + x2
= 100 m + 100m = 200 m
The first half took x(m)
t1 = (100m)/(4m/s) = 25s,
while the second took
t2 = (100m)/(2m/s) = 50s,
The total time interval is
t = t1 + t2 = 75s
Therefore, his average velocity is
x 200m
vav =   2.67 m / s
t 75s
1
Since 2.76  (4+2), we see that the average velocity is not, in general, equal to the
2
average of the velocities.
 Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity:

Suppose a particle moves in such a way that it covers different distances in equal time intervals. Its
speed is then said to be variable and its speed at a particular instant is called the instantaneous
speed. The speedometer in an automobile indicates the instantaneous speed of the automobile.
Likewise, a particle may have variable velocity. Velocity can vary by a change in magnitude, by a
change in direction, or both. If it is so, then we must seek to determine the velocity of the particle
at any given instant of time, called the instantaneous velocity. The instantaneous velocity can be
obtained from the average velocity in the following way. We have

 r
 v 
t
If we go on decreasing the time interval t, then from this formula we shall be knowing the average
velocity of the particle for smaller and smaller time intervals. When t becomes infinitesimally
small (t  0), then from the above formula, we shall be knowing the velocity of the particle at a
particular instant of time. Thus
 
 r dr
Instantaneous velocity v  Lt 
t 0 t dt
Note that if we let t  0, the displacement vector approaches a limiting direction namely that of
the tangent to the path of the particle at that instant. Thus the direction of the instantaneous velocity
vector is always tangential to the trajectory of the particle.
The instantaneous speed can be defined as the magnitude of the (instantaneous) velocity vector.

 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration:
Very often, the velocity of a particle changes either in magnitude, in direction, or both as the motion
proceeds. The body is then said to have an acceleration. The acceleration is defined as the time
rate of change of velocity. The average acceleration is defined as
  
 v 2  v1 v
 a  
t 2  t1 t
The direction of average acceleration (vector) is the direction of change in velocity (vector). Its unit
is m/s2.
The instantaneous acceleration is defined by
 
 v dv
a  Lt 
t 0 t dt
In general, there is no relation between the direction of velocity vector and the direction of
acceleration vector.
Example 3: The position of a particle is given by

x = 40  5t  5t2, where x is in metre and t is in second.
(a) Find the average velocity between 1 and 2s
(b) Find its instantaneous velocity at 2s
(c) Find its average acceleration between 1 and 2s
(d) Find its instantaneous acceleration at 2s
Solution:
(a) At t = 1s; xi = 30 m
t = 2s; xf = 10 m
xf  xi 10  30
vav =   -20 m/s
tf  t i 2 1
dx
(b) v =   5  10 t
dt
At t = 2s; v = 510(2) = 25 m/s
(c) At t = 1s; v = 510(1) = 15 m/s

t = 2s; v = 510(1) = 25 m/s
v f  v i 25  ( 15)
aav =   10 m/s2
tf  t i 2 1
dv
(d) a = = 10 m/s2
dt
 REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. It is possible that the average velocity of a body be zero but its average speed be not zero? Is
converse to this also possible?
2. Can there be an acceleration in the motion of a body when its velocity is zero?
3. Average speed can mean the magnitude of the average velocity vector. Another meaning of it is
that it is equal to the total distance divided by total time elapsed. Are these meaning different? If
so, give an example.

4. When the velocity is constant, does the average velocity over any time interval differ from the
instantaneous velocity at any instant ?
Vinitial  V final
5. Is the average velocity always equal to in motion along a straight line?
2
6. Can an object have a horizontal velocity while experiencing a vertical acceleration ?
7. Can the direction of the velocity of a body change when its acceleration is constant ?
8. If a particle moves a distance at speed v1 and comes back with speed v2, show that the average speed
2 v1 v2
is .
v1  v2
 
d|v| dv
9. What do and represent? Can these be equal? Can
dt dt
 
d|v| dv
(a) =0 while 0
dt dt
 
d|v| dv
(b) 0 while =0
dt dt
10. A particle is moving eastward with a velocity of 5 m/s. If in 10 s the velocity changes to 5 m/s
northwards, what is the average acceleration in this time?
 ANSSWERS:
1. Yes, if a body comes back to its initial point the displacement is zero but not the total distance
travelled. Thus, the average velocity is zero while the average speed is not. Converse to this is not
possible.
2. Yes, for example a body thrown up in the air has zero velocity at the highest point whereas its
acceleration is g (downward).
3. Yes, Usually these meanings are different. According to first meaning,

|displacement|
vav = while according to the second meaning
time
distance
vav = .
time

Now as distance  |displacement|, vav = v av i.e. usually average speed is greater than magnitude
of average velocity vector. If a body returns to its starting point after some motion, then as distance

travelled in finite: while displacement is zero, so vav > 0 but v av = 0.
 
4. No. By definition of velocity and average velocity we have v = slope of tangent to s  t curve at
 
a given instant and v av = slope of chord of s  t curve for a given time interval. Now, for constant

velocity, the slope of s  t curve will be constant and it will be a straight line making a constant
angle with time axis. And as in case of a straight line slope of tangent = slope of chord
 
i.e. v  v av

5. Not always. Only if motion is uniformly accelerated.
6. Yes.
7. Yes. For example a body thrown up vertically in air experiences a change in direction of velocity
vector at the top point, under a constant acceleration due to gravity.
8. Let s be the distance. Then

s s
t1 = and t2 =
v1 v2
Total distance ss 2v v
 Average speed = =  1 2
Total time s s v1  v2

v1 v2
 
dv  dv
9. represent time rate of change of speed as v = speed, while represents magnitude of
dt dt
acceleration. These can be equal if motion is either with uniform velocity or uniformly accelerated
translatory (without change in direction)

dv
(a) 0  |acceleration|  0 while
dt

dv
0  speed = constant.
dt
This can happen in uniform circular motion.

dv
(b) = 0  |acceleration| = 0 and
dt

dv
0  speed  constant.
dt
when acceleration is zero, speed has to be constant. Thus, it is not possible to have
 
dv dv
0 while = 0
dt dt
10.
  N
vi  vi
 
vf    vf
v  v f  v i W E
S

 v
 a 
t


Thus v  52  52  5 2 m/s
 5 2 1
 a   m/s2 and its direction is north-west. (see figure).
10 2
 CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS:
Before you proceed to the next Section, take this Test. Give yourself one mark for each
correct answer. If your score is 7 or more, go to the next Section, otherwise study this
Section again.
Sl.No. Statement True False Marks

1. In a journey, numerical value of displacement  distance
2. In a journey the magnitude of velocity at a certain instant
can be more than average speed.
3. Velocity is variable in an accelerated motion.
4. Displacement is a vector quantity while distance is a scalar
quantity.
5. Velocity is a scalar quantity while speed is a vector quantity.
6. A stone thrown vertically upwards falls at the same place
after some time. Its displacement is zero.
7. A particle may have zero velocity even if its acceleration is
not equal to zero.
8. The magnitude of average velocity is always the average
speed.
9. The displacement S of a particle varies with time t as given
below
S = Kt3
where K is a positive constant
Then acceleration decreases with increasing time.
10. A particle moves in a circle of radius R. In half the
revolution its displacement is 2R and the distance travelled
is R.
Your Score
 ANSWERS:
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False

6. True 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. True

 ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION (RECTILINEAR MOTION):
Consider a particle P moving along a straight line.
P P
-x O +x
x x
The position of a particle at any instant of time t may be specified by its distance x measured from
some convenient reference point O fixed on the line. At time t + t the particle has moved to P and
its coordinate becomes x + x. The change in the position coordinate during the interval t is the
displacement x of the particle. The displacement would be negative if the particle moved in the
negative x – direction.
The average velocity of the particle during the interval t is the displacement divided by the time
interval or
x
vav =
t
As t becomes smaller and approaches zero in the limit, the average velocity approaches the
instantaneous velocity
x dx
i.e. v = Lt 
t 0 t dt
The average acceleration of the particle during the interval t is the change in its velocity divided
by the time interval or
v
aav =
t
As t becomes smaller and approaches zero in the limit, the average acceleration approaches the
instantaneous acceleration i.e.
v dv d 2 x
a = Lt  
t 0 t dt dt 2
The acceleration is positive or negative depending on whether the velocity is increasing or
decreasing. Note that the acceleration would be positive if the particle has a negative velocity that
was becoming less negative. Therefore, acceleration does not always mean that the speed of the
particle is increasing. If the acceleration is negative, it is termed as deceleration.
Now, from the last equation
dv dv dx dv
a=  . v
dt dx dt dx
Above equations are the differential equations for the rectilinear motion of a particle. Problems
involving finite changes in the motion variables are solved by integration of these basic relations.
The position coordinate x, the velocity v, and the acceleration a are all algebraic quantities, so that
their signs, positive or negative, must be carefully observed. Note that the positive direction for v
and a are same as the positive direction for x.

 GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION:
Figure (a) shows a schematic plot of

variation of x with t from time t1 to time t2 x
for some given rectilinear motion. By
constructing the tangent to the curve at any
time t, we obtain the slope, which is the dx
v=
dx (a) dt
velocity v = . Thus, the velocity may be 1
dt
determined at all points on the curve and
plotted as in figure (b). Similarly, the slope
dv t1 t t2
of the v–t curve at any point gives the t
dt
acceleration at that point, and the a-t curve v
may be plotted as in figure (c).
We now see from figure (b) that the area

under the v-t curve during time dt is vdt (b) dv
a=
which is the displacement dx. 1 dt
Consequently, the displacement of the
particle during the interval from t1 to t2 is v
the area under the curve, which is
x2 t2 t1 t2 t
 dx   vdt dt
x1 t1
or x2 – x1 = area under v – t curve a

 Similarly, the change in velocity between
t1 and t2 is the corresponding area under the
a-t curve, which is
v2 t2
 dv   adt (c)
v1 t1 a
or v2 – v1 = area under a–t curve 
t1 t2 t
dt

One more graphical relation can be noted. a
When the acceleration a is plotted as a
function of x, figure (d), the area under the
curve during a displacement dx is a dx
which from equation
(d)
 v2 
a dx = v dv is v dv = d  . a
 2 
Thus, the net area under the curve between
position coordinates x1 and x2 is x1 x2 x
dx
v2 x2
 v dv   a dx or
v1 x1
v 2  v 12  = area under a-x

1 2
2
curve.
Now we discuss some applications of the differential equations for the rectilinear motion of a
particle.
 Constant Acceleration:
dv
When a is constant, the equation a = may be integrated directly. For simplicity with x = xo,
dt
v = u and t = 0 designated at the beginning of the interval, then for a lapse of time t the integrated
equation becomes
v t
 dv  a dt or v = u + at (i)
u 0
v x
and  v dv  a  dx or v2 = u2 + 2a(x – xo) (ii)
u xo
dx
Substitution of the integrated expression for v into equation v = and integration with respect to
dt
t gives
x t
1 2
 dx   u  at dt or x = xo + ut +
2
at (iii)
xo 0
One more relation can be noted. Since the acceleration is constant we have average velocity =
u v u v
  . Thus x = xo +  t (iv)
 2   2 
Equation (iii) can be used to find the displacement in a particular second. If we let xt denote
the displacement during the tth second then xt is obviously equal to the displacement at the end of
tth second minus the displacement at the end of (t – 1)th second. Thus
1 1
xt = {xo + ut + at 2 } – {xo + u(t – 1) + at  12 }
2 2
1
or xt = u + a(2t – 1) (v)
2

Remember that these equations apply only to the case where acceleration is constant. One of the
most frequent mistakes made by the students is the attempt to use the above equations for problems
of variable acceleration where they do not apply.
 Graphical Representation:
The equation v = u + at represents a straight line. So, the v–t curve for the two situations i.e. a > 0
and a < 0 have been shown in the following figures (a) and (b). In each case, the intercept on the v
axis (the initial velocity u) has also been indicated.
v v
a>0
u a<0
O t
u
O t
(a) (b)
x x
xo
xo
O t O t
(c) (d)
The equation
1 2
x = xo + ut + at represents a parabola
2
So the x–t curve for the two situations i.e. a > 0 and a < 0 have been shown in figures (c) and (d).
Note that the x–t curve has a parabolic shape while the particle moves on a straight line.
 Motion Under Gravity:

The most common example of motion with constant acceleration in straight line is that of a body
falling toward the earth. This ideal motion, in which air resistance and the small change in
acceleration with height are neglected is called free fall. The equations of motion developed for
constant acceleration case apply here. Thus these equations are
v = u + gt
1 2
h = ut + gt
2
and v2 = u2 + 2gh
In all the above equations downward direction is taken as positive. If an object is thrown vertically
up then it is convenient to take upward direction as positive. In that case g in above equations will
be replaced by –g.

Example 4: A car accelerates with constant acceleration from rest to 30 m/s in 10s. It then continues
at constant velocity. Find
(a) its acceleration
(b) how far it travels while speeding up
(c) the distance it covers while its velocity changes from 10 m/s to 20 m/s
Solution: A sketch and coordinate system are shown in figure(a). Note that x0 = 0
(a) Given u = 0; v = 30 m/s; t = 10s
From equation (i) we have a
vu xo = 0, vo = 0
a=  +3 m/s 2 v
t
(b) The position coordinate x
appears as the only unknown in
x
equation (iii).
(a)
1 1
x = at2 = (3) (10)2 = 150 m
2 2
vo = 10m/s v = 20m/s
If we had not found the
acceleration in (a), we would
have to use equation (iv).
1
x = x0 + (u +v) t xo x
2
x
1
=0+ (0 + 30) (10) = 150 m (b)
2
(c) If we maintain the origin as
shown in figure, we have to find
x0 to this part of the trip.
However, we need only the
difference
x = x  x0, which can be
found from equation (ii)
v2 = u 2  2 ax
202 = 102 + 2(3)x
x = 50 m
Example 5: A particle is at x = 5 m at t =2s and has a velocity v = 10 m/s. Its acceleration is constant
at 4 m/s2. Find the initial position at t = 0
Solution: In this case none of the equations of kinematics yields x0 immediately. The quantity x0
appears in three equations, but always with the other unknown, u. We have to find u first,
From equation (i), v = u +at
10 = u + (4) (2)
Thus u = 18 m/s. Any of the other equations will give x0. From equation (iv),
1
x = x0 + (u + v)t
2
1
5 = x0 + (18 +10) (2)
2
Thus, x0 = 23 m

a = -4m/s2 t = 2s
v = 10m/s
0 5 10 15 20
Example 6: A ball is thrown upward with an initial velocity of 10 m/s from a rooftop 40m high. Find
(a) its velocity on hitting the ground.
(b) the time of flight
(c) the maximum height
(d) the time to return to roof level
(e) the time when it is 15 m below the rooftop.
(take g = 10 m/s2)
Solution: The origin is assumed at the ground level and

upward direction is taken as positive 10 m/s
(a) When the ball lands, its final position
coordinate is y = 0.
(Learn to be flexible with symbols, the
symbol y is as good as h)
The final velocity v appears as the only 40 m ay = -g
unknown in equation
v2 = u2 + 2gh y
v2 = 102 + 2(10) (040) = 900 m2/s2 O x
or v = 30 m/s
(b) Since v is now known, we can use equation
v = u + gt.
30 = 10  10t
which gives t = 4s.
1 2
If v were unknown we could use equation h = ut + gt to get
2
0 = 40 +10t  5t2 which gives t = 4 s
(c) At the maximum height v = 0, so from equation v2 = u2 + 2gh
0 = (10)2 + 2 (10) (y40)
Thus y = 45 m.
1 2
(d) At the roof level, the final position is y = 40 m, From equation h = ut + gt
2
40 = 40 + 10t  5t2
Therefore, t = 0s, 2s. Of course we pick t =2s.This is just double the time needed to
reach the maximum height.
1
(e) Again from equation h = ut + gt2 with y = 25 m
2
25 = 40 + 10t  5t2
After solving, we get t = 3s.

Example 7: Two balls are thrown toward each other ball A at 20 m/s upward from the ground, ball
B at 10 m/s downward from a roof 30 m high, two seconds later
(a) Where and when do they meet
(b) What are their velocities on impact?
Solution: In this kind of problem we have to find when before 12 m/s
where. We need to write the general expression for the
B
position coordinates. The coordinate system is shown in
figure. 10 m/s
(a) Given : y0A = 0; uA = +20 m/s ay = -g
y0B = 30m; uB =-10 m/s; a = 10 m/s2. 30 m
If A has been in motion for time t, then B has been in
y 20 m/s
1 2
motion for time (t2). From equation h = ut + gt x A
2 O
yA = 20t  5t2
yB = 30  10(t2) 5(t2)2
They meet when yA = yB. This condition immediately leads to t = 3s. Substituting the value
of t into either yA or yB gives y = 15 m
(b) Since t = 3s, we have vA = 20 + (10) (3) = 10 m/s and vB = 10 + (10) (32) = 20
m/s. Notice that A is already moving downward when it collides with B.
Example 8: At t = 0 a particle is at rest at the origin. Its a

acceleration is 2 m/s2 for the first 2 second 2
m/s
and 2 m/s2 for the next 2s. Plot the x
versus t and v versus t graphs. +2
Solution: It is given that x = 0 and u = 0 at t = 0. The
acceleration versus time graph is plotted in O 2 4
figure(a). The velocity at t = 2s is equal to t(s)
the sum of velocity at t = 0 and the area 2
under the accelerationtime graph between (a)
t = 0 and t = 2s.

x(m)
4 4
v
(m/s)
O 1 3 4 t(s) O 1 3 4 t(s)
2 2
(b) (c)
v2 = u +  Area of a  t graph t 0
t 2
 v2 = 0 + (2) (2) = 4 m/s

Similarly velocity at t = 4s is
v4 = u +  Area of a  t graph t 0 = 0 +2(+2) + 2 (2) = 0
t 4
Note that area below the xaxis is taken as negative

The velocity-time graph has been plotted in figure (b).
Now, the displacement at t = 2s is
x2 = x0 + area of v  t graph t 0
t  2s
1
 x2 = 0 + (2) (4) = 4m
2
1
and x4 = 0 + (4) (4) = 8 m
2
The displacement-time graph has been plotted in figure (c).
 Acceleration given as a Function of Time, a = f(t):

dv
 f t 
Here, a = dt
v t
  dv   f t dt
u 0
t
or v=u+  f t dt
0
This gives v as a function of time t i.e. we get
v = g(t), then
dx
v=  gt 
dt
x t
  dx   gt dt
xo 0

t
or x = xo +  gt dt . This gives x as function of time.
0
Example 9: The acceleration of a particle is given by a = 4t – 30, where a is in m/s2 and t is in s.

Determine the velocity and displacement as functions of time. The initial displacement
at t = 0 is –5m, and the initial velocity is 3 m/s.
dv
Solution: Here a= = 4t – 30
dt
 dv = (4t – 30)dt
v t
  dv   4t  30dt
3 0
 v – 3 = 2t2 – 30 t
or v = 3 – 30t + 2t2 m/s
dx
Now v= = 3 – 30 t + 2t2
dt
 dx = (3 – 30t + 2t2)dt
 3  30t  2t dt
x t
  dx 
2
5 0
2 3
 x + 5 = 3t – 15t2 + t
3
2
or x = -5 + 3t – 15t2 + t 3 m
3
 Acceleration given as a Function of Velocity, a = f(v):
 f v 
dv
Here a=
dt
t v
dv
  dt   f v 
0 u
This gives t as a function of v. Then it would be necessary to solve for v as a function of t so that
dx
equation v = can be integrated to obtain position coordinate x as function of time t.
dt
Alternatively,
 f v 
dv
a= v
dx
v x
vdv
  f v    dx
u xo
v
or x = xo +  vdv
f v 
u
This equation gives x in terms of v without explicit reference to t.
Example 10: A particle moves in a straight line with deceleration whose modulus depends on the
velocity v of the particle as a =  v , where  is a positive constant. The initial velocity of the particle
is vo. What distance will it travel before it stops. What time will it take to cover that distance?

dv
Solution: Here a= = -v1/2
dt
v t
1 / 2
 v dv   dt
vo 0
or 2(v1/2 – v01/2) = -t (1)

Let the particle come to rest at time T. Then at t = T, v = 0.
Equation (1) gives 2(0 – v01/2) = -T
or T = 2 vo / 
T
 1/ 2 1 
T 2
2v 30 / 2
 Distance covered s =  vdt    v0  t  dt 
0 0
2  3
 Acceleration given as a Function of Displacement, a = f(x):

dv
Here a= v  f x 
dx
v x
  vdv   f x dx
u xo
x
or v2 = u2 + 2  f x dx
xo
dx
This gives v = g(x), a function of x. Now we can substitute  v , separate variables, and
dt
integrate
x t x
dx dx
   dt or t=  g x 
x o g x  0 xo
Which gives t as a function of x. Lastly we can rearrange to get x as a function of t.
Example 11: The spring-mounted slides moves in the horizontal guide with negligible friction and has
a velocity vo in the s – direction as it crosses the mid position where s = 0 and t = 0. The
two springs together give it an acceleration proportional to the displacement but
oppositely directed and equal to a = -k2s, where k is a constant. (The constant is
arbitrarily squared for later convenience in the form of the expressions). Determine the
expressions for the displacement s and velocity v as functions of time t.
s
Solution: Since the acceleration is specified in terms of the displacement, the differential relation
vdv = adx may be integrated. Thus,
 vdv    k sds  C1 a constant
2

v 2  k 2s 2
or   C1
2 2
When s = 0, v = vo, so that C1 = vo2/2, and the velocity becomes
v =  vo2  k 2s 2
The plus sign of the radical is taken when v is positive (in the positive s-direction). This
ds
last expression may be integrated by substituting v = . Thus,
dt
ds
 vo2  k 2 s 2
  dt  C2 a constant
1 1 ks
or sin  t  C2
k vo
With the requirement of t = 0 when s = 0, the constant of integration becomes C2 = 0, and
we may solve the equation for s so that
vo
s= sin kt
k
ds
and the velocity is v = which gives
dt
v = vo cos kt
 REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. The distance traveled by a body moving along a straight line is found to be directly proportional to
time. Is the body moving with uniform velocity or uniform acceleration?
2. A person standing on a tower throws a stone vertically upward with a speed u and another vertically
downward with the same speed. Which stone will strike the earth with greater velocity?
3. Displacement–time graphs for two objects A and B are drawn on the same scale. These are straight
lines, which make angles of 30 and 60 respectively with the time axis. Which one has greater
velocity? What is the ratio of these velocities?
4. Each second a dog moves half the remaining distance from his nose to a piece of bone. Does he
ever get to the bone?
5. Consider a ball thrown vertically up. Taking air resistance into account, would you expect the time
during which the ball rises to be longer or shorter than the time during which it falls?
6. Which of the following graphs cannot possibly represent one-dimensional motion of a particle?

x v
distance
travelled
O
O t O t t

7. The velocity of a particle is given by v = 180  16x m/s. Find the acceleration.
8. If a body is projected straight up, it takes the same time to go up and come down. Is this statement
true for a part of the journey also?
9. Draw displacement – time, velocity – time and acceleration – time graphs for the following cases.
(i) A body thrown vertically up
(ii) A body dropped from a certain height.
 ANSWERS:
1. The body is moving with uniform velocity. If the body were moving with uniform acceleration, the
distance would have been proportional to square of time.
2. Both will strike the earth with the same velocity.
3. The slope of the displacement-time graph gives velocity. Thus, B has greater velocity. Also
vA  tan30o
and vB  tan 60o
vA 1
 
vB 3
4. Let s be the distance between the nose of the dog and the piece of bone. In the first second, distance
moved = s/2. In the second second, distance moved = s/4 and so on. Thus, the dog will get to the
bone if
s s s
+ + ……………… + =s
2 4 2n
s  1 
n
1    
2   2  
  s
1
1
2
1 1
 1-  1  0
2n 2n
This is only possible when n  . Thus, the dog will never get to the bone.
5. The air resistance will always oppose the motion. But when moving upward, the acceleration
produced will be in the same direction as ‘g’ whereas during the downward motion, acceleration
produced will be in the opposite direction of ‘g’. Thus effective gravity is greater when the ball
moves upward. Now since
1 2s
s= g eff t 2  t=
2 g eff
time of ascent will be less than the time of descent.
6. The first graph is not possible since according to it the particle is located at two positions at the
same instant of time. Also, the graph exists for negative times also.


The second graph is also not possible since v i.e. speed can never be negative. The last graph is
also not possible because distance traveled can never decrease.
7. v = 180  16 x
or v2 = 180 – 16 x
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dv
2v  16
dx
dv
or v  a  8 m/s2
dx
8. Yes.
The statement is true for a part of the journey also.
9.
(i)
s v a
O t O t O t
(ii)
s v a
t t t
O O O
In (i) upward direction has been taken positive while in (ii) downward direction has been taken
positive.


 CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS:
Before you proceed to the next Section, take this Test. Give yourself one mark for each correct
answer. If your score is 7 or more, go to the next Section, otherwise study this Section again.
Sl.No. Statement True False Marks

1. A body moving under a uniform acceleration always moves
in a straight line.
2. In vacuum all bodies regardless of their mass, size and shape
fall with same acceleration at the same point of earth’s
surface.
3. Two balls of different masses are thrown vertically upward
with the same speed. They pass through the point of
projection in their downward motion with the same speed
(Neglect air resistance)
4. A body is dropped from a height h and a second body is
thrown simultaneously vertically upwards with a speed
gh from the ground. They meet at a height h/2.
5. A displacement-time graph cannot have a sharp turn since it
gives two different values for velocity at that point.
6. A stone thrown vertical upwards with an initial velocity of
u rises to a maximum height of u2/2g
7. A body is thrown vertically upwards. At the highest point
its velocity and acceleration are zero.
8. The distance X of a particle moving along a straight line at
a time t is given by
X = ao + a1t + a2t2
The acceleration of the particle is a2.
9. A juggler is throwing balls vertically upwards in air at
intervals of 1 s. He throws one when the previous ball is at
its highest point. Then the maximum height to which each
ball rises, is 4.9 m.
10. A wheel of radius R rolls forward half a revolution. Then
the displacement of a point of the wheel initially in contact
with the ground is R.
Your Score
 ANSWERS:
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True

6. True 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. False








 OBJECTIVES:
1. The position of a particle moving on a straight line path is given by :

x = 12 + 18t + 9t 2 metre
Its acceleration at t = 5 5s is:
(A) 9 ms–2 (B) 12 ms–2 (C) 18 ms–2 (D) 45 ms–2
Solution:
(C) Acceleration = d2x/dt2 = 18. It does not depend upon time.
2. The motion of a body is given by the equation d ( t )  6  3 ( t ) Where  (t ) at time t is in ms–1

dt
and t is in seconds. If the body was at rest at t = 0, test the correctness of the following results are.
The terminal speed is
(A) 2 ms–1 (B) 2 ms–2 (C) 3 ms–1 (D) 2 ms
d ( t )
3. The motion of a body is given by the equation  6  3 ( t )
dt
Where  (t ) at time t is in ms–1 and t is in seconds. If the body was at rest at t = 0, test the correctness
of the following results are. The magnitude of the initial acceleration is
(A) 5 ms–2 (B) 6 ms–2 (C) 8 ms–2 (D) 7 ms–2
d ( t )
dt
of the following results are. Then speed is?

(A)   2 1  e 3t  
(B)   2 1  e 3t  
(C)   2 1  e 3t  
(D)   2 1  e 3t 
d ( t )
dt
of the following results are. The speed varies is, when the acceleration is half the initial value.
(A)  = 2 ms –1 (B)  = 3 ms –1 (C)  = 4 ms –1 (D)  = 1 ms –1
Solution:
(2-5) The acceleration of the body at time t is
d (t )
a(t )   6  3 (t ) (1)
dt
2. (A) The terminal speed is the speed when the acceleration is zero. Setting a(t) = 0 in
Eq.(i), we have 0 = 6 – 3 or terminal speed () = 6/3 = 2 ms–1
3. (B) Putting t = 0 in eq.(1), the initial acceleration is a(0) = 6 – 3(0).
Since the body is at t = 0; (0) = 0.
Hence a(0) = 6 – 0 = 6 ms–2
d (t )
4. (C) Eq.(1) can be written as  dt
6  3
integrating, we have
d (t ) loge  6  3 
 6  3   dt or
3
 t C (2)

where C is the constant of integration. Now   0 at t = 0. Using this in eq.(2) we
loge (6)
have C
3
Using this value of C in eq.(ii) we have
loge (6  3) loge (6)
t
3 3
or loge (6  3 )  3t  loge (6)
 6  3   
or loge    3t or loge  1    3t
 6   2

or 1  e 3t or   2 1  e 3t 
2
a(0) 6
5. (D) When a(t) =   3ms 2 we have from eq. (1)
2 2
3 = 6 – 3 or  = 1 ms –1
6. A body thrown vertically upward with velocity 10 m/s then how many height traveled by body.
(A) 5 m (B) 10 m (C) 15 m (D) 20 m
Solution:
(A)
V 2  u 2  2 gh
0 2  10 2  2  10h
h  5m
7. A driver applies brakes to the vehicle on seeing traffic signal 400 m ahead. At the time of applying
the brakes vehicle was moving with 15 ms-1 and then starts retarding with 0.3 ms-2. The distance of
vehicle after 1 min from the traffic light:
(A) 25m (B) 375m (C) 360m (D) 40m
Solution:
The maximum distance covered by the vehicle before coming to rest
v2 (15)2
   375 m
2a 2(0.3)
v 15
The corresponding time  t    50s . Therefore after 50 seconds, the distance covered
a 0.3
by the vehicle = 375 m from the instant of beginning of braking.
The distance of the vehicle from the traffic after one minute
= (400 - 375) m = 25 m
(A) is the correct answer.
8. Which of the following graph correctly represents velocity-time relationship for a particle
released from rest to fall freely under gravity?

v
v
(A) (B)
t
t
v v
(C) (D)
t t
Solution: Releasing of the particle from rest means that v0 =0 at t = 0 and v =gt
at any time t.
 the slope of v/t graph is a constant.
 v/t graph is a straight line passing through the origin.
 (A)
9. A point moves rectilinearly with deceleration whose modulus depends on the velocity v of the
particle as a  k v where k is a constant, k  0 . At the initial moment the velocity of particle
is v0 What time will it take to cover that distance?
2 v0 v0 v0 3 v0
(A) t = (B) t = (C) t = (D) t =
k k 2k k
Solution:
dv dv dx
(A)  k v   k v
dt dx dt
0 x
dv
v  k v   vdv   k.dx
dx v0 0
2 2 3/2
  v 03 / 2  kx or Distance x  v o and
3 3k
0 t
dv
dv  k vdt      k dt
v0 v 0
0
or 2  v   kt
 v 0
or -2 v 0  kt
2 v0
or t =
k

10. A body starts from rest and acquires a velocity of 4 ms–1 during a displacement of magnitude 4m.
Its acceleration is:
(A) 0.5 ms–2 (B) 1 ms–2 (C) 2 ms–2 (D) 4 ms–2
Solution:
(C) v 2 - v 0 2 = 2ax . Hence v = 4 ms–1, v0 = 0 and x = 4m. Thus a = 2 ms–2.
11. At height point velocity of body?

(A) Max (B) Min (C) Zero (D) None of these
Solution:
(C)
12. A body starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration of 20 ms –2. After 10s the velocity
will be:
(A) 0.2 ms–1 (B) 2 ms–1 (C) 20 ms–1 (D) 200 ms–1
Solution:
(D) v = v 0 + at = (0 + 20 ´ 10)ms - 1 = 200 ms - 1 .
13. A stone falls from a balloon that is descending at a uniform rate of 12 m/s. The displacement of the
stone from the point of release after 10 sec is
(A) 490 m (B) 510 m (C) 610 m (D) 725 m
Solution:
1 2 1 
(C) S  ut  at  (12  10)    9.8  100 
2 2 
 120  49  610
14. A particle moves along X-axis in such a way that its coordinate X varies with time t according to
the equation x  (2 – 5t + 6t2) m. The initial velocity of the particle is
(A) – 5 m/s (B) 6 m/s (C) – 3 m/s (D) 3 m/s
Solution:
(A) x  (2  5t  6t2) mt
dx
V  5  12t
dt
V at t  0 is  5 m/s
15. An athlete completes one round of a circular track or radius R in 40 sec. What will be his
displacement at the end of 2 min. 20 sec.
(A) Zero (B) 2R (C) 2R (D) 7R
Solution:
(B) 2 min 20sec  120  20  140 sec
140 20  1
3   3   trip
40 40  2
So displacement  2R
16. A body is thrown vertically upwards. If air resistance is to be taken into account, then the time
during which the body rises is

(A) Equal to the time of fall (B) Less than the time of fall
(C) Greater than the time of fall (D) Twice the time of fall
Solution:
(B) a down < a up
So t down > t up
17. A mass m slips along the wall of a semispherical surface of radius

R. The velocity at the bottom of the surface is m
(A) Rg (B) 2Rg R
(C) 2 Rg (D) Rg

Solution:
(B) By conservation of energy
1
 mgR  mv 2  v  2gR
2
18. A particle moving with constant acceleration covers a distance of 30m in the 3rd second. It covers
a distance of 50 M is the 5th second. What is the acceleration of the particle ?
(A) 3 ms–2 (B) 5 ms–2 (C) 8 ms–2 (D) 10 ms–2
Solution:
(D) Use xn = v 0 + (a / 2)(2n - 1)
19. The initial velocity of a body moving along a straight line is 7 m/s. It has a uniform acceleration of
4 m/s2. The distance covered by the body in the 5th second of its motion is
(A) 25 m (B) 45 m (C) 50 m (D) 85 m
Solution:
1 1
(A) S5  u  a (2t  1)  7   4(10  1)  7  18  25mt.
2 2
20. Which of the following four statements is false

(A) A body can have zero velocity and still be accelerated
(B) A body can have a constant velocity and still have a varying speed
(C) A body can have a constant speed and still have a varying velocity
(D) The direction of the velocity of a body can change when its acceleration is constant
Solution:
(B)
21. An aero plane is moving with horizontal velocity u at height h. The speed of a packet dropped from
it on the earth’s surface will be (g is acceleration due to gravity)
(A) u2 + 2gh (B) 2gh (C) 2gh (D) u2 - 2gh
Solution:
(A)
v y  2gh
v total  u2  2gh
22. The displacement of a particle is given by y  a + bt + ct2 –dt4. The initial velocity and acceleration
are respectively
(A) b, –4d (B) –b, –2c (C) b, –2c (D) 2c, –4d
Solution:
(C) y  a  bt  ct2  dt4
V  b  2ct  4dt3
A  2c  12dt2
at t  0, v  b, A  2C
23. A truck and a car are moving with equal velocity. On applying the brakes both will stop after certain
distance, then
(A) Truck will cover less distance before rest (B) Car will cover less distance before rest
(C) Both will cover equal distance (D) None
Solution:
F
(B) A , mt  mc  A t  A c
m
u2
s  St  Sc
2a
24. The distance traveled by a particle is proportional to the squares of time, then the particle travels
with
(A) Uniform acceleration (B) Uniform velocity
(C) Increasing acceleration (D) Decreasing velocity
Solution:
(A) S  kt2  v  2kt  a  2k  constant .
25. The graph of displacement v/s time is
Its corresponding velocity-time graph will be
(A) V (B) V
t t
(C) V
(D) V
t t

Solution: (A)
s S vs. t is parabola
ds
So V vs. t must be line and at t = 0 0
dt
t
26. The initial velocity of a particle is u (at t = 0) and the acceleration a is given by at. Which of the
following relation is valid
t2
(A) v = u + a t 2
(B) v  u  a (C) v = u + a t (D) v = u
2
Solution:
at 2
(D) A  at  v  u 
2
27. The initial velocity of the particle is 10 m/sec and its retardation si 2 m/sec 2. The distance moved
by the particle in 5th second of its motion is
(A) 1 m (B) 19 m (C) 50 m (D) 75 m
Solution:
(C) u  10, a  2
v  0  10 2  t  t  5
1
t 5  10   2(10  1)  1mt.
2
28. Pick up the correct statements:

(A) Area under a-t graph gives velocity
(B) Area under a-t graph gives change in velocity
(C) Path of projectile as seen by another projectile is a parabola,
(D) A body, whatever be its motion, is always at rest in a frame of reference fixed to the body itself.
Solution:
 
(A) a dt  dv  v 2  v1
29. A body is moving in a circle at a uniform speed  . What is the magnitude of the change in velocity
when the radius vector describes an angle 
   
(A)  cos  (B) 2 cos   (C)  sin  (D) 2 sin  
2 2
Solution:
(D) v f  v i  v 02  v 02  2v 02 cos 
 v02 2(1 cos )
 v 02 2  2sin2   / 2  2v 0 sin( / 2)
30. A bicyclist encounter a series of hills uphill speed is always v1 and down hill speed is always v2.
The total distance travelled is , with uphill and downhill portions of equal length. The cyclist's
average speed is

v1  v 2 v12  v 22 v1 v 2 2 v1 v 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 v1  v 2 v1  v 2 v1  v 2
Solution:
(D) For n down and n up hills
ns ns
T  (s  length of onehill)
v1 v 2
l  2ns
l 2ns 2v1v 2
v  
T 1 1 v1  v 2
ns   
 v1 v 2 
31. Choose the wrong statement

(A) Zero velocity of a particle does not necessarily mean that its acceleration is zero.
(B) Zero acceleration of a particle does not necessarily mean that its velocity is zero.
(C) If the speed of a particle is constant, its acceleration must be zero.
(D) None of these
Solution:
(D)
32. A particle is moving eastward with a speed of 5 m/s. After 10 seconds, the direction changes
towards north, but speed remains same. The average acceleration in this time is
1
(A) zero (B) m/s2 towards N-W
2
1 1
(C) m/s2 towards N-E (D) m/s2 towards S-W
2 2
Solution:
(B) vi  5i, v f  5j
vi  v f  5j  5i
v f  vi
a  (j - i) / 2 so direction is W  N
t
1
a 
2
33. A ballast bag is dropped from a balloon that is 300 m above the ground and rising at 13 m/s. The
time before the bag hits the ground is [take g = 10 m/s2]
(A) 10 sec (B) 9.8 sec (C) 9.5 sec. (D) 9.15 sec.
Solution:
(D)  300  13t  ½  10  t2
5t2  13t  300  0
13  165  6000
t  9.15 sec
10
34. A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity 30 ms–1. If the acceleration due to gravity is
10 ms–2 , what is the distance travelled by the particle during the first second of its motion ?
(A) 10 m (B) 25 m (C) 30 m (D) None of the above.
Solution:
1 2
(B) x = v 0 t - gt
2
1
= 30 ´ 1 - ´ 10 ´ 1 = 25 m.
2
35. Displacement (x) of a particle is related to time (t) as x = at + bt2 – ct3 where a, b and are constants
of motion. The velocity of the particle when its acceleration is zero is given by
b2 b2 b2 b2
(A) a  (B) a  (C) a  (D) a 
c 2c 3c 4c
Solution:
(C) x  at  bt2  ct3, v  a  2bt  3ct2
A  2b  6 ct2
b
A0t
3c
b
Velocity at t 
3c
2b2 b2
a 
3c 3c
b2
a
3c
37. The co-ordinate of the particle in x-y plane are given as

x  2 + 2t + 4t2 and y  4t + 8t2
The motion of the particle is
(A) along a straight line (B) uniformly accelerated
(C) along a parabolic path (D) nonuniformly accelerated
Solution:
(A) x  2  2t  4t2 … (1)
y  4t  8t2 … (2)
y
So path  x  2   line
2
38. A car start from rest then after 100 s is velocity become 100 cm/s then. What is acceleration?
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 1 (D) 4
Solution:
(C)

V  u  at
100  0  100  a
a  1m / s2
39. A body when projected vertically up covers a total distance D. The time of its flight is t. If there
were no gravity, the distance covered by it during the same time is equal to
(A) 0 (B) D (C) 2D (D) 4D
Hence, (C) is correct

Level - 1
Q.1 The position x of a particle varies with time (t) Q.6 The deceleration experienced by a moving
as x = at2 – bt3. The acceleration at time t of motor boat, after its engine is cut off is given by
the particle will be equal to zero, where t is dv
= –kv3, where k is constant. If v0 is the
equal to- [AIPMT-1997] dt
2a a a magnitude of the velocity at cut off, the
(1) (2) (3) (4) zero
3b b 3b magnitude of the velocity at a time t after the
cut-off is- [AIPMT-1994]
Q.2 A particle moves along a straight line such that v0
(1) (2) v0
its displacement at any time t is given by 2
s = t3 – 6t2 + 3t + 4 metres. v0
The velocity when the acceleration is zero is- (3) v0e k /1 (4)
( 2 v 02 kt  1)
[AIPMT-1994]
(1) 3 m/s (2) –12 m/s
(3) 42 m/s (4) – 9 m/s Q.7 The displacement of a particle is given by
y = a + bt + ct2 – dt4
Q.3 The displacement x of a particle moving in one The initial velocity and acceleration are
dimension under the action of constant force is respectively- [AIPMT-1999]
related to time t by the equation t = x + 3, (1) b, – 4d (2) –b, 2c
where x is in metres and t is in seconds. Find (3) b, 2c (4) 2c, –4d
the displacement of the particle when its
velocity is zero- [AIPMT-1998] Q.8 The displacement of a particle is represented
(1) zero (2) 12 m (3) 6 m (4) 18 m by the following equation :
s = 3t3 + 7t2 + 5t + 8
where s is in metre and t in second. The
Q.4 A car moves along a straight line whose
acceleration of the particle at t = 1 is-
equation of motion is given by s = 12t + 3t2 – 2t3,
where s is in metres and t is in seconds. The [AIPMT-2000]
velocity of the car at start will be- (1) 14 m/s2 (2) 18 m/s2
2
(3) 32 m/s (4) zero
[AIPMT-1998]
(1) 7 m/s (2) 9 m/s
(3) 12 m/s (4) 16 m/s Q.9 The relation 3t = 3x  6 describes the
displacement of a particle in one direction
Q.5 The x and y co-ordinates of a particle at any time where x is in meters and t in seconds. The
t are given by x = 7t + 4t2 and y = 5t, where x displacement, when velocity is zero, is-
and y are in m and t in s. The acceleration of the [AIPMT-2000]
particle at 5s is- (1) 24 m (2) 12 m (3) 5 m (4) zero
[AIPMT-1993]

(1) zero (2) 8 m/s2 Q.10 A force F  6t 2 î  4t ĵ is acting on a particle of
2
(3) 20 m/s (4) 40 m/s2 mass 3kg then what will be velocity of particle
at t = 3 second and if at t = 0, particle is at rest-
[AIPMT-2002]

(1) 18 î  6 ĵ (2) 18 î  12 ĵ (4)
1
m/s2 towards N-E
2
(3) 12 î  6 ĵ (4) none
Q.11 A person travels along a straight road for the first
half time with a velocity v1 and the second half
time with a velocity v2. Then the mean velocity
v is given by- [AIPMT-1993]
v1  v 2 2 1 1
(1) v  (2)  
2 v v1 v 2
v2
(3) v  v1 v 2 (4) v 
v1
Q.12 The displacement-time graph of a moving

particle is shown. The instantaneous velocity of
the particle is negative at the point-
[AIPMT-1994]
displacement
D
E
C F
time
(1) D (2) F (3) C (4) E
Q.13 A particle is moving eastward with a velocity of

5m/s in 10 s, the velocity changes to 5 m/s
northward. The average acceleration in this time
is- [AIPMT-1997]
(1) zero
1
(2) m/s2 towards north-west
2
1
(3) m/s2 towards north-east
2
1
(4) m/s2 towards north-west
2
Q.14 A particle is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s

towards east. After 10 s its velocity changes to
10 m/s towards north. Its acceleration is-
[AIPMT-1998]
(1) zero
(2) 2 m/s2 towards N-W
1
(3) m/s2 towards N-W
2

Q.15 If a car at rest accelerates uniformly to a speed Q.21 A man is slipping on a frictionless inclined plane
of 144 km/h in 20 second, it coveres a distance and a bag falls down from the same height. Then
of- [AIPMT-1997] the speed of both is related as-
(1) 20 m (2) 400 m [AIPMT-2000]
(3) 1440 m (4) 2980 m (1) vB > vm
(2) vB < vm
Q.16 A body starts from rest, what is the ratio of the (3) vB = vm
distance travelled by the body during the 4th and (4) vB and vm can't related
3rd second ? [AIPMT-1993]
7 5 7 3 Q.22 If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with 40
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 7 3 7 m/s, its velocity after two second will be-
[AIPMT-1997]
Q.17 A car moving with a speed of 40 km/hr can be (1) 10 m/s (2) 20 m/s
stopped by applying brakes after at least 2m. If (3) 30 m/s (4) 40 m/s
the same car is moving with a speed of 80
km/hr., what is the minimum stopping distance? Q.23 A particle is thrown vertically upward. Its
[AIPMT-1998] velocity at half of the height is 10 m/s. The
(1) 2 m (2) 4 m (3) 6 m (4) 8 m maximum height attained by it is (g = 10 m/s2)-
[AIPMT-2001, 05]
Q.18 A body is thrown vertically upwards from the (1) 8 m (2) 20 m (3) 10 m (4) 16 m
top A of a tower. It reaches the ground in t1
seconds. If it thrown vertically downwards from Q.24 A boat which has a speed of 5 km per hour in
A with the same speed it reaches the ground in still water crosses a river of width 1km along the
t2, seconds. If it is allowed to fall freely from A, shortest possible path in fifteen minutes. The
then the time it takes to reach the ground is given velocity of the river water in km per hour is-
by- [AIPMT-1997] [AIPMT-2000]
t1  t 2 t1  t 2
(1) t  (2) t  (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 41
2 2
t1 Q.25 A train of 150 m length is going towards north
(3) t  t 1 t 2 (4) t 
t2 direction at a speed of 10 m/s. A parrot files at a
speed of 5m/s towards south direction parallel to
Q.19 With what speed should a body be thrown the railway track. The time taken by the parrot
upwards so that the distances traversed in 5th to cross the train is equal to-
second and 6th second are equal ? [AIPMT-1992]
[AIPMT-1997] (1) 12 s (2) 8 s (3) 15 s (4) 10 s
(1) 58.4 m/s (2) 49 m/s
(3) 98 m/s (4) 98 m/s Q.26 Two trains, each 50 m long, are travelling in
opposite directions with velocity 10 m/s and
15 m/s. The time of crossing is-
Q.20 The water drops fall at regular intervals from a
[AIPMT-1999]
tap 5m above the ground. The third drop is
leaving the tap at the instant the first drop (1) 2 s (2) 4 s (3) 2 3 s (4) 4 3 s
touches the ground. How far above the ground
is the second drop at that instant? Q.27 A boat is sailing at a velocity 3 î  4 ĵ with
[AIPMT-1995] respect to ground and water in river is flowing
(1) 1.25 m (2) 2.50 m
with a velocity  3 î  4 ĵ . Relative velocity of
(3) 3.75 m (4) 4.00 m
the boat with respect to water is-
[AIPMT-1997]

(1) 8 ĵ (2) 5 2 (3) 6 î  8 ĵ (4)  6 î  8 ĵ
Q.28 Which of the following velocity-time graph (3) s (4) s

shows a realistic situation for a body in motion?
[AIIMS-2004] t t
Q.32 There different objects of masses m1, m2 and m3

(1) v (2) v are allowed to fall from rest and from the same
points 'O' along three different frictionless paths.
t t
The speeds of the three objects on reaching the
ground, will be in the ratio of-
[AIIMS-2002]
(1) m1 : m2 : m3 (2) m1 : 2m2 : 3m3
(3) v (4) v 1 1 1
(3) 1 : 1 : 1 (4) : :
t t m1 m 2 m 3
Q.29 If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with speed Q.33 A body starting from rest moves along a straight
u, the distance covered during the last 't' seconds line with a constant acceleration. The variation
of its ascent is- of speed (v) with distance (s) is represented by
[AIPMT-2003] the graph
1 2 1 2
[AIIMS-2003]
(1) ut (2) gt (3) ut – gt (4) (u + gt)t
2 2
Q.30 A man throws ball with the same speed (1) v (2) v
vertically upwards one after the other at an
interval of 2 seconds. What should be the speed s s
of the throw so that more than two balls are in
the sky at any time ? (Given g = 9.8 m/s2)
[AIPMT-2003]
(3) v (4) v
(1) More than 19.6 m/s
(2) At least 9.8 m/s s s
(3) Any speed less than 19.6 m/s
(4) Only with speed 19.6 m/s Q.34 The graph between the displacement x and time
t for a particle moving in a straight line is shown
Q.31 A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Which of
in figure. During the interval OA, AB, BC and
the following plots represents the speed-time
CD, the acceleration of the particle is-
graph of the ball during its flight if the air
[AIPMT-1986]
resistance is not ignored- [AIIMS-2004] Y
displacement
D
C
(1) s (2) s A B
t t O X
time
OA AB BC CD
(1) + 0 + +
(2) – 0 0 +
(3) + 0 – +
(4) – 0 – 0 vu  vd 2v d v u
(1) (2)
2 vd  vu
Q.35 Velocity-time curve for a body projected vd vu
vertically upwards- [AIIMS-1999] (3) vu vd (4)
vd  vu
(1) Parabola (2) Ellipse
(3) Hyperbola (4) Straight line Q.41 The position x of a particle with respect to time
t along x-axis is given by x = 9t2 – t3 where x is
in metres and t in seconds. What will be the
Q.36 A particle moves along a straight line OX. At a position of this particle when it achieves
time t (in seconds) the distance x (in metres) of maximum speed along the +x direction ?
the particle from O is given by x = 40 + 12t – t3. [AIPMT-1993]
How long would the particle travel before (1) 24 m (2) 32 m (3) 54 m (4) 81 m
coming to rest- [AIPMT-2006] Q.42 A particle starts its motion from rest under the
(1) 24 m (2) 40 m (3) 56 m (4) 16 m action of a constant force. If the distance
covered in first 10 seconds is S1 and that covered
Q.37 Two bodies, A (of mass 1 kg) and B (of mass 3 in the first 20 seconds is S2, then-
kg), are dropped from heights of 16 m and 25m [AIPMT-2009]
respectively. The ratio of the time taken by them (1) S2 = S1 (2) S2 = 2S1
to reach the ground is- (3) S2 = 3S1 (4) S2 = 4S1
[AIPMT-2006]
5 12 5 4 Q.43 A bus is moving with a speed of 10 m/s on a
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 5 12 5 straight road. A scooterist wishes to overtake the
bus in 100 s. If the bus is at a distance of 1 km
Q.38 When a ball is thrown up vertically with velocity from the scooterist, with what speed should the
v0, it reaches a maximum height of 'h'. If one scooterist chase the bus-
wishes to triple the maximum height then the [AIPMT-2009]
ball should be thrown with velocity- (1) 10 m/s (2) 20 m/s
[AIIMS-2005] (3) 40 m/s (4) 25 m/s
(1) 3 v 0 (2) 3v0 (3) 9v0 (4) 3/2v0
Q.44 A boy standing at the top of a tower of 20 m
height drops a stone. Assuming g = 10 ms–2,
Q.39 A particle is moving along x-axis has
the velocity with which it hits the ground is :
 t
acceleration f, at time t, given by f = f 0 1   , [AIPMT-2011]
 T (1) 5.0 m/s (2) 10.0 m/s
where f0 and T are constants. The particle at t (3) 20.0 m/s (4) 40.0 m/s
= 0 has zero velocity. In the time interval
between t = 0 and the instant when f = 0, the Q.45 When a train is stopped by applying break it
particle velocity (vx) is- stops after travelling a distance of 50 metres. If
[AIPMT-2007] speed of train is doubled and same retarding
1 1 force is applied then it stops after travelling a
(1) f 0 T (2) f0T (3) f 0 T 2 (4) f0T2
2 2 distance of- [RPMT-2000]
(1) 50 m (2) 100 m (3) 200 m (4) 400 m
Q.40 A car moves from X to Y with a uniform speed
vu and returns to Y with a uniform speed vd. The
average speed for this round trip is-
[AIPMT-2007]

Q.46 A particle moves in east direction with 15 m/sec (1) 2 1 (2) 2  2
in 2 sec then moves in northward with 5 m/s for (3) 2 3 (4) 3  2
8 sec than average speed of the particle is-
[RPMT-2001]
Q.49 A particle starts from rest with constant
(1) 1 m/s (2) 5 m/s (3)7 m/s (4) 10 m/s
acceleration. The ratio of space-average
velocity to the time average velocity is-
Q.47 A car is moving with velocity v. If car stop after
applying break at a distance of 20m. If velocity [CBSE-1999]
1 3 4 3
of car is doubled, then how much distance it will (1) (2) (3) (4)
cover (travel) after applying brake- [CBSE- 2 4 3 2
1998]
(1) 40 m (2) 80 m (3) 160 m (4) 320 m Q.50 A particle of mass 4 kg is acted upon by steady
force of 4N. Distance travelled the particle in
Q.48 A body starts falling from height 'h' and travels 4 sec is - [VMMC DELHI-2002]
distance h/2 during last second of motion then (1) 16 m (2) 2 m (3) 8 m (4)
time of travel is – (in second)
[CBSE-1999]

Level – 2
1 1
Q.1 A drunkard walking in a narrow lane takes 5 (A) 0, (B) ,0
3 3
steps forward and 3 steps backward, followed 1 1
again by 5 steps forward and 3 steps (C) , (D) None of the above
3 3
backward, and so on. Each step is 1 m long
and required 1 second to cover. How long the
Q.7 A particle starts from rest and moving along a
drunkard takes to fall in a pit 13 m away from
straight line travels 19m in the tenth second.
the start?
The acceleration of the particle is given by -
(A) 9s (B) 21s (C) 32s (D) 37s
(A) 1.9 m/s2 (B) 2 m/s2
(C) 3.8 m/s 2 (D) 1 m/s2
Q.2 Mark the wrong statement -
(A) Nothing is in the state of absolute rest or
Q.8 A body moving with uniform acceleration
state of absolute motion
(B) Magnitude of displacement is always describes 4m in 3rd second and 12m in the 5th
second. The distance described in next three
equal to the distance travelled
(C) Magnitude of displacement can never be second is –
greater than the distance travelled (A) 100m (B) 80 m (C) 60 m (D) 20 m
(D) Magnitude of displacement may be equal
Q.9 A body starts from rest with constant
to the distance travelled
acceleration a, its velocity after n second is v.
Q.3 A body moves in a straight line along, The displacement of body in last two seconds
x-axis. Its distances x (in metre) from the is –
2v(n  1) v( n  1)
origin is given by x = 8t – 3t2. The average (A ) (B)
speed in the interval t = 0 to t = 1 second is - n n
(A) 5 ms–1 (B) – 4ms–1 (C) 6 ms–1 (D) zero v( n  1) 2v(n  1)
(C) (D)
n n
Q.4 At an instant t , the coordinates of a particle
are x = at2, y = bt2 and z = 0 , then its velocity Q.10 A stone is dropped from the top of the tower
at the instant t will be - and travels 24.5m in the last second of its
journey. The height of the tower is -
(A) t a 2  b 2 (B) 2t a 2  b 2
(A) 44.1m (B) 49m (C) 78.4m (D) 72m
(C) a 2  b2 (D) 2t2 a 2  b 2
Q.11 A ball is thrown from the ground with a
Q.5 A truck travelling due to North at 20m/s turns velocity of 80 ft/sec. Then the ball will be at a
East and travels at the same speed. The change height of 96 feet above the ground after time
in its velocity is – -
(A) 20 2m/s North East (A) 2 and 3sec (B) only 3 sec
(B) 202m/s South East (C) only 2sec (D) 1 and 2 sec
(C) 40 2m/s North East
(D) 202m/s North West Q.12 A person standing on the floor of an elevator
drops a coin. The coin reaches the floor of the
Q.6 The displacement s of a particle depends on elevator in a time t1 if the elevator is stationary
time t according to the following relation s and in time t2 if it is moving with constant
1 3 2 velocity. Then -
= t – t + t. The velocity and displacement
3 (A) t1 = t2 (B) t1 < t2
of the particle at the instant when its (C) t1 > t2
acceleration is zero, are respectively-

(D) t1 < t2 or t1 > t2 depending whether lift is (D) None of the above
going up or down
Q.13 A pebble is thrown vertically upwards from Q18 A particle is confined to move along the
bridge with an initial velocity of 4.9 m/s. It x-axis between reflecting walls at x = 0 and
strikes the water after 2s. If acceleration due to x = a. Between these two limits it moves freely
gravity is 9.8 m/s2. The height of the bridge & at constant velocity v. If the walls are perfectly
velocity with which the pebble strike the water reflecting, then its displacement time graph is
will respectively be – -
(A) 4.9 m, 1.47 m/s (B) 9.8 m, 14.7 m/s
(C) 49 m, 1.47 m/s (D) 1.47 m, 4.9m/s
displacement
a
Q.14 A stone is released from an elevator going up (A)
with an acceleration a. The acceleration of the
stone after the release is–
0 a/v 2a/v 3a/v
(A) a upwards (B) (g – a) upwards time
(C) (g – a) downwards
(D) g downwards
displacement
Q.15 The velocity v of a moving particle varies with a
(B)
displacement as x = v  1 , the acceleration of
the particle at x = 5 unit will be-
(A) 6 unit (B) 24 unit 0 a/v 2a/v 3a/v
time
(C) 240 unit (D) 25 unit
displacement
Q.16 For the motion of a particle, velocity v depends
on displacement x as v = 20/(3x – 2). If at t =
0, x = 0 then at what time t, the (C)
x = 20? time
(A) 7 sec (B) 14 sec (C) 28 sec (D) 35 sec
Q.17 A person walks along an eastwest street, and a

displacement
graph of his displacement from home is shown

in figure. His average velocity for the whole a
time interval is – (D)
x(m) 2a/v
0 a/v 3a/v
B time
Q.19 Figure shows the displacement time graph of
A a particle moving on the x-axis -
x
C
15 20
t(sec)
t0 t
(A) 0 (A) the particle is continuously going in
(B) 23 m/s positive x direction
(C) 8.4 m/s (B) the particle is at rest

(C) the velocity increases up to a time t0,and Q.23 A particle moves along a circular arc of radius
then becomes constant R making an angle of  at centre. The
(D) the particle moves at a constant velocity magnitude of displacement is -
up to a time t0, and then stops (A) 2R sin /2 (B) 2R sin 
Q.20 The displacement time graph for a one  (C) R sin /2 (D) R sin 
dimensional motion of a particle is shown in
figure. Then the instantaneous velocity at
t = 20 sec is –
Displacement, (m) 
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time, sec 
(A) 0.1 m/s (B) – 0.1 m/s
(C) – 0.05 m/s (D) 1.0 m/s
Q.21 Two particles A and B are initially 40 m apart.
A is behind B. Particle A is moving with
uniform velocity of 10 m/s towards B. Particle
B starts moving away from A with constant
acceleration of 2 m/s2.
uA = 10 ms–1 uB = 0
B –2
A 40 m aB = 2 ms
(i) The time at which minimum distance

between the two occurs is -
(A) 2 s (B) 4 s (C) 5 s (D) 6 s
(ii) The minimum distance between the two is

-
(A) 20 m (B) 15 m (C) 25 m (D) 30 m
Q.22 A motor boat covers the distance between two

spots on the river in t1 = 8 hr and
t2 = 12 hr downstream and upstream
respectively. The time required for the boat to
cover this distance in still water will be-
(A) 6.9 hr (B) 9.6 hr
(C) 69 sec (D) 96 sec.

Q.24 A particle moves with constant speed v along
a regular hexagon ABCDEF in same order
(i.e. A to B, B to C, C to D, D to E, E to F, F Q.30 A rocket is fired vertically up from the ground.
to A...). Then magnitude of average velocity It moves upwards with a constant acceleration
for its motion from A to C is - 10m/s2 for 30 seconds after which the fuel is
(A) v (B) v/2 consumed. After what time from the instant of
(C) 3 v/2 (D) None of these firing, the rocket will attain the maximum
 height? Take g = 10 m/s2
Q.25 For a particle moving along a straight line, the (A) 30s (B) 45s (C) 60s (D) 75s
displacement x depends on time t as
x = t3 + t2 + t + . The ratio of its initial Q.31 A man standing on the edge of a cliff throws a
acceleration to its initial velocity depends - stone straight up with initial speed u and then
(A) only on  and  (B) only on  and  throws another stone straight down with the
 (C) only on  and  (D) only on  same initial speed and from the same position.
 Find the ratio of the speed the stones would
Q.26 Which one of the following represents have attained when they hit the ground at the
uniformly accelerated motion ? a and b are base of the cliff -
constants and x is the distance described. (A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 1 (D) 1 : 2
ta t3  a
(A) x = (B) x = Q.32 A man in a balloon rising vertically with an
b b
acceleration of 4.9 m/sec2, releases a ball 2
xa seconds after the balloon is let go from the
(C) t = (D) x = t  a
b ground. The greatest height above the ground
reached by the ball is –
Q.27 The greatest acceleration or deceleration that (A) 14.7 m (B) 19.6 m
a train may have is a. The minimum time in (C) 9.8 m (D) 24.5
which the train can get from one station to the
next at a distance s is – Q.33 The water falls at regular intervals from a tap
s 2s 5 m above the ground. The third drop is
(A) (B) leaving at instant, the first drop touches the
a a
ground. How far above the ground is the
1 s s second drop at that instant ?
(C) (D) 2
2 a a (A) 1.25 m (B) 2.50 m
(C) 3.75 m (D) 4.00 m
Q.28 A ball is dropped from a height of 20m and
rebounds with a velocity which is 3/4th of the Q.34 A person standing near the edge of the top of
velocity with which it hits the ground. What is a building throws two balls A and B. The ball
the time interval between the first and second A is thrown vertically upwards and B is
bounces ? (g = 10m/s2) – thrown vertically down with same speed. The
(A) 3 sec (B) 4 sec ball A hits the ground with speed vA and ball
(C) 5 sec (D) 6 sec B hits the ground with speed vB, then –
Q.29 Two bodies are thrown vertically upward, (A) vA > vB
with the same initial velocity of 98 metre/sec (B) vA < vB
but 4sec apart. How long after the first one is (C) vA = vB
thrown will they meet ? (D) Information incomplete
(A) 10 sec (B) 11 sec
(C) 12sec (D) 13sec

Q.35 The displacement-time graph of a moving Q.36 The acceleration versus time graph of a
particle with constant acceleration is shown in particle is as shown in figure. The respective v
the figure. The velocity-time graph is given by – t graph of the particle is –
– a
x (m)
5
O t
v
v
t (s) (A) (B)
O 1 2
O t
v (m/s)
10 t
O
t (s) v v
(A) 0 1 2 (B)
(C) (D)
–10
v (m/s) O t O t
10
t (s) Q.37 Three particles starts their motion from the
0 2 origin at the same time, the first moves with a
1
velocity u1 along the x-axis, the second moves
–10 along the y-axis with a velocity u2 and the
v (m/s) third along the straight line y = x. Then, the
10 velocity of the third particle so that all the
t (s) three always lie on the same line is -
(C) 0 1 2 u1  u 2
(A) (B) u 1u 2
2
–10 u 1u 2 2 u 1u 2
(C) (D)
v (m/s) u1  u 2 u1  u 2
10
t (s) Q.38 The displacement of a particle as a function of
(D) 0 1 2 time is shown in fig. The fig. indicates that–
Y
–10
Distance 
0 1 4 X 2 3
Time 
(A) the particle starts with a certain velocity,
but the motion is retarded and finally the
particle stops

(B) the velocity of particle is constant Q.42 A body starting from rest accelerates
throughout uniformly at the rate of 10 cms–2 and retards
(C) the acceleration of the particle is constant uniformly at the rate of 20 cms–2. The least
throughout time in which it can complete a journey of
(D) the particle starts with a constant velocity, 5 km (if maximum velocity attained during the
the motion is accelerated and finally the journey is 72 kmh–1) is-
particle moves with another constant velocity (A) 200 s (B) 300 s (C) 400 s (D) 500 s
Q.39 A car moves with uniform acceleration along Q.43 The vertical height of P above the ground is
a straight line PQR. Its speeds at P and R are twice that of Q. A particle is projected
5m/s and 25m/s respectively. If PQ : QR = downward with a speed of 9.8m/s from P and
1 :2, the ratio of the times taken by car to travel simultaneously another particle is projected
distance PQ and QR is – upward with the same speed of 9.8m/s from Q.
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 :1 (C) 1 : 1 (D) 1 : 5 Both particles reach the ground
Q.40 The graph below describes the motion of a ball simultaneously . The time taken to reach the
rebounding from a horizontal surface being ground is –
released from a point above the surface. The (A) 3 sec (B) 4 sec (C) 5 sec (D) 6 sec
quantity represented on the y-axis is the ball’s
– Q.44 Two balls are dropped from the top of a high
Y tower with a time interval t0 second, where t0
is smaller than the time taken by the first ball
to reach the floor, which is perfectly inelastic.
The distance ‘s’ between the two balls, plotted
against the time lapse ‘t’ from the instant of
dropping the second ball is best represented by
–
O S S
Time
(A) Displacement (B) Velocity (A) (B)
(C) Acceleration (D) Momentum

Q.41 A particle is projected vertically upwards from O t O t
a point X on the ground. It takes a time t1 to
reach a point A at a height h above the ground, S S
it continues to move and takes a further time (C) (D)
t2 to reach the ground. The velocity of the
particle at half the maximum height is –
2 2 g O t O t
(A) (t1 + t2) (B) (t1 + t2)
g 2 2 Q.45 The acceleration of a particle as a function of
2 2g ( t1  t 2 ) time is given by a = 1.5t – 0.15 t2 (m/s2). The
(C) (D)
( t1  t 2 ) 2 2g particle starts motion from rest at time t = 0
sec. Then the maximum velocity in the
forward direction is –
(A) 10 m/s (B) 25 m/s
(C) 50 m/s (D) none of the above

Q.46 A particle has a velocity u towards east at Q.49 For the velocity-time graph shown in figure
t = 0. Its acceleration is towards west and is below the distance covered by the body in last
constant. Let xA and xB be the magnitude of two seconds of its motion is what fraction of
displacements in the first 10 sec and next 10 the total distance covered by it in all the seven
seconds. Then – seconds
(A) xA < xB (B) xA = xB 10
(C) xA > xB
Velocity (m/sec)
8
(D) Information incomplete 6
4
Q.47 A police inspector in a jeep is chasing a pick 2

pocket on a straight road. The jeep is going at
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
its maximum speed v (uniform). When the Time (sec)
jeep is d distance behind the pickpocket who 1 1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
is on motor-cycle starts from rest at 2 4 3 3
acceleration a. Find the condition of
pickpocket to be get caught –
(A) v > 2ad (B) v > 2 ad
(C) v > 3ad (D) v > ad
Q.48 Figures (i) and (ii) below show the

displacement-time graphs of two particles
moving along the x-axis. We can say that
[Kurukshetra CEE 1996]
X X
t (i) t (ii)
(A) Both the particles are having a uniformly

accelerated motion
(B) Both the particles are having a uniformly
retarded motion
(C) Particle (i) is having a uniformly
accelerated motion while particle (ii) is having
a uniformly retarded motion
(D) Particle (i) is having a uniformly retarded
motion while particle (ii) is having a
uniformly accelerated motion

Q.50 The graph of displacement v/s time is
Its corresponding velocity-time graph will be
v v
(A) (B)
t t
v v
(C) (D)
t t

Level - 3
Q.1 The greatest acceleration or deceleration that Q.7 A bird flies in straight line for 4s with a
a train may have is, a. The minimum time in velocity v = (2t-4) m/s. What is the distance
which the train can go from one station to the covered by the bird in returning to the place
next at a distance S is from where it started its journey ?
S 2S s s (A) 0 (B) 8m (C) 4m (D) 2m
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D)
a a a 2a
Q.8 A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Which of
the following plots represents the speed-time
Q.2 A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate 
graph of the ball during its flight if the air
for sometime and attains a velocity of 20 m/s.
resistance is not ignored
Afterwards it decelerates with a constant rate
/2 and comes to a halt. If the total time taken
is 10s, the distance travelled by the car is
(A) 200m (B) 100m (C) 10m (D) 20m
Q.3 A particle starts from the position of rest under

a constant acceleration. It travels a distance x
in the first 10 seconds and distance y in the
next 20 seconds. Then
(A) y = x (B) y = 2x (C) y = 8x (D) y = 4x (A) (B)
Q.4 A body is projected vertically upwards. If t1

and t2 be the times at which it is at height h
above the point of projection while ascending
and descending respectively, then h is
1
(A) g t1t 2 (B) g t1 t2
2
(C) 2 g t1 t2 (D) 4 g t1 t2
(C) (D)
Q.5 From a 20m high tower one ball is thrown
upward with speed of 10m/s and another is Q.9 If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with
thrown vertically downward at the same speed speed 'u', the distance covered during the last t
simultaneously. The time difference of their second of its ascent is
reaching the ground will be (take g = 10m/s2) (A) (u+gt)s (B) ut
(A) 12s (B) 6s (C) 2s (D) 1s
1 2 1
(C) gt (D) ut - gt2
Q.6 A particle X moving with a constant velocity 2 2
u crosses a point O. At the same instant
another particle F starts from rest from O with Q.10 A particle has an initial velocity of 9m/s due
a constant acceleration a. The maximum east and a constant acceleration of 2m/s2 due
separation between them before they meet is west. The distance covered by the particle in
the fifth second of its motion is
u2 u2 2u 2 u2 (A) 0 (B) 0.5m
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2a a a 4a (C) 2m (D) none of these

v1  v 2 2 v1  v 2 2
(A) = (B) >
Q.11 Two particles are projected simultaneously in 2a 2a
the same vertical plane from the same point, v1  v 2 2
v1  v 2
with different speeds u1 and u2, making angles (C) < (D) <
2a 2a
1 and 2 respectively with the horizontal ,
such that u1 cos1 = u2cos2. The path Q.15 In the case of a moving body, pick the correct
followed by one, as seen by the other (as long statement
as both are in flight), is : (A) if speed changes with change in direction,
(A) a horizontal straight line velocity does not change
(B) a vertical straight line (B) if velocity changes, speed may or may not
(C) a parabola change but acceleration does change
(C) if velocity changes, speed also changes
(D) a straight line making an angle |1 - 2|
with same acceleration
with the horizontal
(D) if speed changes without change in
direction, the velocity may remain constant.
Q.12 A particle starts from the origin of coordinates
at time t = 0 and moves in the xy plane with a
Q.16 Particle 1 is in one dimensional motion with
constant acceleration  in the y-direction. Its uniform velocity whereas particle 2 is
equation of motion is y =x2. Its velocity accelerating in a straight line. The graph
component in the x-direction is representing path of 2 with respect to 1 is
2
(A) variable (B)

 
(C) (D)
2 2
Q.13 A train starts from station A with uniform (A) (B)

acceleration  for some distance and then goes
with uniform retardation  for some more
distance to come to rest at station B. The
distance between station A and B is 4 km and
the train takes 4 minute to complete this
journey. If  and  are in km (min)-2 then
(C) (D)
1 1 1 1
(A)  2 (B)  4
    Q.17 Person A walking along a road at 3ms-1 sees
1 1 1 1 1 1 another person B walking on another road at
(C)   (D)   right angles to his road. Velocity of B is 4ms-
  2   4 1
when he is 10m off. They are nearest to each
other when person A has covered a distance of
Q.14 The driver of a train moving with a speed v1
(A) 3.6m (B) 8m (C) 6.3m (D) 0.8m
sights another train at a distance d, ahead of
him moving in the same direction with a
Q.18 The given graph shows the
slower speed v2. He applies the breaks and
variation of velocity with
gives a constant de-acceleration 'a' to his train.
displacement. Which one of
For no collision, d is
the graphs given below

correctly represents the variation of (A) impulse
acceleration with displacement. (B) change in momentum per unit mass
(C) change in KE per unit mass
(D) total change in energy
Q.23 A body thrown vertically up from the ground
passes the height 10.2m twice at an interval of
10s. What was its initial velocity (g = 10m/s2)
(A) 52m/s (B) 26 m/s
(C) 35 m/s (D) 60 m/s
(A) (B)
Q.24 An insect crawls a distance of 4m along north
in 10 seconds and then a distance of 3m along
east in 5 seconds. The average velocity of the
insect is :
(A) 7/15 m/sec (B) 1/5 m/sec
(C) 1/3 m/sec (D) 4/5 m/sec
(C) (D)
Q.25 A particle returns to the starting point after
2
Q.19 v versus s-graph of a particle moving in a 10s. If the rate of change of velocity during the
straight line is as shown in figure. From the motion is constant in
graph some conclusions are drawn. State magnitude, then its
which statement is wrong : location after 7
(A) the given graph shows a uniformly seconds will be same
accelerated motion. as that after :
(B) initial velocity of particle is zero (A) 1
(C) corresponding s-t graph will be a parabola second (B) 2 seconds
(D) none of the above (C) 3 seconds (D) 4 second
Q.20 A body dropped from the top of the tower Q.26 Two particles P and Q simultaneously start
covers a distance 7x in the last second of its moving from point A with velocities 15m/s
journey, where x is the distance covered in and 20m/s respectively. The two particles
first second. How much time does it take to move with accelerations equal in magnitude
reach the ground? but opposite in direction. When P overtakes Q
(A) 3s (B) 4s (C) 5s (D) 6s at B then its velocity is 30m/s. The velocity of
Q at point B will be
Q.21 A body is projected with a velocity u. It passes (A) 30m/s (B) 5m/s (C) 20m/s (D) 15m/s
through a certain point above the ground after
t1 sec. The time interval after which the body Q.27 Let v and a denote the velocity and
passes through the same point during the acceleration respectively of a particle in one
return journey is dimensional motion:
u  u  (A) the speed of the particle decreases when
(A)   t 12  (B) 2   t1 
g  g  va 0
 u2  (B) the speed of the particle increases when
 u2 
(C) 3   t1  (D) 3   t1  va 0
 g   g2 
    (C) the speed of the particle increases when
Q.22 The area of the acceleration-displacement va 0
curve of a body gives :

(D) the speed of the particle decreases when
va
Q.28 The displacement-time graph of a moving

particle is shown in figure. The instantaneous (C) (D)
velocity of the particle is negative at the point
: Q.32 A ball of mass m is projected from the ground
with an initial velocity u making an angle of 
with the horizontal. What is the change in
velocity between the point of projection and
the highest point :
(A) u cos2  downward
(B) u cos  upward
(C) u sin2 upward
(A) C (B) D (C) E (D) F (D) u sin  downward
Q.29 A ball A is thrown vertically upward with Q.33 Read the following statements and state
speed u. At the same instant another ball B is whether they are True or False.
released from rest at height h. At time t the (i) If u and a both are negative, motion is only
speed of A relative to B is : retarded.
(A) u (B) u-2gt (ii) If u is negative but a is positive, then
(C) u 2  2gh (D) u-gt displacement of the particle can never be
positive.
(iii) If u is positive but a is negative particle
Q.30 The velocity of a projectile at any instant is u
comes to rest for a moment at some time but if
making an angle  to the horizon. The time
u is negative and a positive it never comes to
after which it will be moving at right angle to
rest.
this direction is :
(A) T, T, T (B) F, F, F
u cos ec 2u sin  (C) T, F, T (D) F, T, F
(A) (B)
g g
u cos  u tan  Q.34 Suppose in the absence
(C) (D)
g g of air resistance, R = OB,
H = AC, t1 = tOA and t2 =
tOB. If air resistance is
Q.31 A ball is thrown up with a certain velocity at
taken into consideration
an angle  to the horizontal. The kinetic
and the corresponding
energy KE of the ball varies with horizontal
displacement x as : values are R', H', t 1' and t2' then
(A) R' < R, H' < H, t 1' > t1 and t '2 > t2
(B) R' < R, H' < H, t 1' > t1 and t '2 < t2
(C) R' < R, H' > H, t 1' > t1 and t '2 < t2
(D) R' < R, H' < H, t 1' < t1 and t '2 > t2
(A) (B)
Q.35 Speed of a particle moving in a circle varies
with time as, v = 2t. Then :

(A) angle between velocity vector and Q.38 In a projectile motion if a person wants to
acceleration vector is increasing with time. increase the maximum height to 2 times but
(B) a is constant while ar is increasing with simultaneously want to decrease
time. the range same number of time.
(C) both A and B are correct He can achieve it by increasing
(D) both A and B are wrong. tan of angle of projection by
....... times.
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C)
Q.36 Initial velocity and acceleration of two 3 (D) 2
particles are as shown in fig. Assuming the
shown direction as the positive, vBA versus Q.39 The velocity of a particle moving in a straight
time graph is as : line varies with time in such a manner that v
versus t graph is represented by one half of an
ellipse. The maximum velocity is m and total
time of motion is t0
(i) Average velocity of particle is /4 m
(ii) Such motion can not be realized in
practical terms
(A) Only (i) is correct
(A) (B)
(B) Only (ii) is correct
(C) Both (i) and (ii) are correct
(D) Both (i) and (ii) are wrong
Q.40 Starting from rest, a particle rotates in a circle of

radius R = 2 m with an angular acceleration
 = /4 rad/ s2. The magnitude of average
(C) (D) velocity of the particle over the time it rotates
quarter circle is
Q.37 A graph is plotted between velocity (v) and (A) 1.5 m/s (B) 2 m/s
displacement (s) of particle moving in a (C) 1 m/s (D) 1.25m/s
straight line. Here v is plotted along y-axis and
's' along x-axis. Choose the correct option. Q.41 In a car race car A takes t0 time less to finish
(A) slope of this graph at any point always than car B and passes the finishing point with
gives us the ratio of velocity and displacement a velocity v0 more than car B. The cars start
at that point.7 from rest and travel with constant
(B) slope represents a/v under all the accelerations a1 and a2. Then the ratio 0/t0 is
conditions. (a = acceleration) equal to
(C) both A and B are correct a 12 a1  a 2
(D) both A and B are wrong. (A) (B)
a2 2
a 22
C) a1 a 2 D)
a1
Q.42 The velocity displacement graph

of a particle moving along a
straight line is shown

The most suitable acceleration-displacement t2
graph will be (D) (   )t ,    
2
Q.44 The displacement of a particle moving in one

dimension is given by t  x  3 where x
is in meter and t in second. The
(A) B) displacement, when the velocity is zero is
(A) 3 m (B) 1 m
(C) 1.8 m (D) None of these
Q.45 A body is moved along a straight line path by

a machine delivering constant power. The
distance moved by the body in time t is
proportional to
3 1 1 3
2 4 2 4
(A) t (B) t (C) t (D) t
46. The radius vector of a point depends on time
C) D) t as
bt 2
r  ct 
2
where c and b are constant vectors. Find the
modulus of velocity and acceleration at any
time t.
(A) V  c . c  b . bt 2 +2c . bt ,
a  b
Q.43 A particle starts from rest with acceleration  (B) V  c . c  b . bt 2 +2c . bt ,

for some time and after achieving a maximum
a  b
velocity starts retarding at rate  and finally
comes to rest. If total time taken is t then (C) V  c . c  b . bt 2 +2c . bt ,
Determine (a) maximum velocity (b) total
distance travelled. a  b
 t  t 2 (D) None of these
(A) ,
      
Q.47 A ball is thrown upwards from the top of a
 t  t 2
(B) , tower 40m high with a velocity of 10m/s. Find
   2     the time when it strikes the ground.
  t2 (a) 2sec. (b) 4sec.
(C) t ,     (c) 8sec. (d) None of
2 2 these

Q.48 A car starts moving with constant acceleration (A) 15 m/s2 (B) 15 m/s
covers the distance between two points 180 (C) 10 m/s (D) 5 m/s
meters apart in 6 seconds. Its speed as it passes
the second point is 45 m/s. Find its Q.50 A car starts moving with constant acceleration
acceleration. covers the distance between two points 180
(A) 5m/s2 (B) 8m/s2 (C) 3m/s (D) 2m/s meters apart in 6 seconds. Its speed as it passes
the second point is 45 m/s. Find the distance
Q.49 A car starts moving with constant acceleration from the first point when it was at rest.
covers the distance between two points 180 (A) 2 m (B) 22 m2 (C) 22.5 m (D) 0.5 m
meters apart in 6 seconds. Its speed as it passes
the second point is 45 m/s. Find its speed when
it was at the first point.

ASSERTION AND REASONING
 Read the assertion and reason carefully to Reason : Velocity is a vector-quantity.

mark the correct option out of the options
given below: 6. Assertion : The relative velocity between any
Read the assertion and reason carefully to two bodies moving in opposite direction is
mark the correct option out of the options equal to sum of the velocities of two bodies.
given below:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the Reason : Sometimes relative velocity
reason is the correct explanation of the between two bodies is equal to difference in
assertion. velocities of the two.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of the 7. Assertion : The displacement-time graph of a
assertion. body moving with uniform acceleration is a
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. straight line.
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false.
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true. Reason : The displacement is proportional to
time for uniformly accelerated motion.
1. Assertion : A body having non-zero
acceleration can have a constant velocity. 8. Assertion : Velocity-time graph for an object
in uniform motion along a straight path is a
Reason : Acceleration is the rate of change of straight line parallel to the time axis.
velocity.
2. Assertion : A body, whatever its motion is Reason : In uniform motion of an object
always at rest in a frame of reference which is velocity increases as the square of time
fixed to the body itself. elapsed.
Reason : The relative velocity of a body with 9. Assertion : A body may be accelerated even
respect to itself is zero. when it is moving uniformly.
3. Assertion : Displacement of a body may be Reason : When direction of motion of the

zero when distance travelled by it is not zero. body is changing then body may have
acceleration.
Reason : The displacement is the longest
distance between initial and final position. 10. Assertion : A body falling freely may do so
with constant velocity.
4. Assertion : The equation of motion can be
applied only if acceleration is along the Reason : The body falls freely, when
direction of velocity and is constant. acceleration of a body is equal to acceleration
due to gravity.
Reason : If the acceleration of a body is
constant then its motion is known as uniform 11. Assertion : Displacement of a body is vector
motion. sum of the area under velocity-time graph.
5. Assertion : A bus moving due north takes a
Reason : Displacement is a vector quantity.
turn and starts moving towards east with same
speed. There will be no change in the velocity
of bus.

12. Assertion : The position-time graph of a body 14. Assertion : The average and instantaneous
moving uniformly is a straight line parallel to velocities have same value in a uniform
position-axis. motion.
Reason : The slope of position-time graph in
a uniform motion gives the velocity of an Reason : In uniform motion, the velocity of an
object. object increases uniformly.
13. Assertion : The average speed of an object 15. Assertion : The speedometer of an
may be equal to arithmetic mean of individual automobile measure the average speed of the
speed. automobile.
Reason : Average speed is equal to total Reason : Average velocity is equal to total
distance travelled per total time taken. displacement per total time taken.

ANSWER KEY
Level-1
1 C 2 D 3 A 4 C 5 B
6 D 7 C 8 C 9 D 10 A
11 A 12 D 13 B 14 B 15 B
16 A 17 D 18 C 19 B 20 C
21 C 22 B 23 C 24 C 25 D
26 B 27 C 28 B 29 B 30 A
31 D 32 C 33 C 34 B 35 D
36 D 37 D 38 A 39 A 40 B
41 C 42 D 43 B 44 C 45 C
46 C 47 B 48 B 49 B 50 C
Level-2
1 D 2 B 3 A 4 B 5 B
6 A 7 B 8 C 9 A 10 A
11 A 12 A 13 B 14 D 15 C
16 C 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 A
21 BC 22 B 23 A 24 C 25 B
26 C 27 D 28 A 29 C 30 C
31 C 32 A 33 C 34 C 35 A
36 A 37 D 38 A 39 C 40 A
41 B 42 C 43 D 44 D 45 B
46 D 47 A 48 C 49 B 50 A
Level-3
1 C 2 B 3 C 4 A 5 C
6 A 7 B 8 C 9 C 10 B
11 B 12 D 13 A 14 B 15 B
16 A 17 A 18 A 19 B 20 B
21 B 22 C 23 A 24 C 25 C
26 B 27 A 28 C 29 A 30 A
31 C 32 D 33 B 34 D 35 C
36 A 37 B 38 B 39 C 40 C
41 C 42 A 43 B 44 D 45 A

46 A 47 B 48 A 49 B 50 C
Assertion and Reasoning
1 E 2 A 3 C 4 D 5 E
6 B 7 D 8 C 9 E 10 E
11 A 12 E 13 B 14 C 15 E

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KINEMATICS 1D

1. Kinematics of one dimension (Cartesian Coordinates only)

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 1

 REST AND MOTION:

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 2

 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS:

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 3

 Average Speed and Average Velocity:

Solution : Let us take the x axis to point east. A sketch of

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 4

 Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity:

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 5

Example 3: The position of a particle is given by

(c) At t = 1s; v = 510(1) = 15 m/s

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 6

6. Can an object have a horizontal velocity while experiencing a vertical acceleration ?

3. Yes, Usually these meanings are different. According to first meaning,

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 7

8. Let s be the distance. Then

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 8

 CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS:

Sl.No. Statement True False Marks

1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 9

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 10

Figure (a) shows a schematic plot of

We now see from figure (b) that the area

or x2 – x1 = area under v – t curve a

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 11

v 2  v 12  = area under a-x

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 12

 Motion Under Gravity:

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 13

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 14

Solution: The origin is assumed at the ground level and

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 15

Example 8: At t = 0 a particle is at rest at the origin. Its a

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 16

 v2 = 0 + (2) (2) = 4 m/s

Note that area below the xaxis is taken as negative

 Acceleration given as a Function of Time, a = f(t):

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 17

Example 9: The acceleration of a particle is given by a = 4t – 30, where a is in m/s2 and t is in s.

 Acceleration given as a Function of Velocity, a = f(v):

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 18

or 2(v1/2 – v01/2) = -t (1)

 Acceleration given as a Function of Displacement, a = f(x):

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 19

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 20

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 21

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 22

Sl.No. Statement True False Marks

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 23

1. The position of a particle moving on a straight line path is given by :

2. The motion of a body is given by the equation d ( t )  6  3 ( t ) Where  (t ) at time t is in ms–1

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 24

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 25

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 26

11. At height point velocity of body?

DYP Medical / Physics / Kinematics 1D Page 27

17. A mass m slips along the wall of a semispherical surface of radius

(A) Rg (B) 2Rg R