INTRODUCTION

Surveillance is used by governments for intelligence gathering, prevention of crime, the protection
of a process, person, group or object, or the investigation of crime. It is also used by criminal
organizations to plan and commit crimes, such as robbery and kidnapping, by businesses to gather
intelligence, and by private investigators.

Surveillance can be viewed as a violation of privacy, and as such is often opposed by various civil
liberties groups and activists. Liberal democracies have laws which restrict domestic government
and private use of surveillance, usually limiting it to circumstances where public safety is at
risk. Authoritarian government seldom have any domestic restrictions, and
international espionage is common among all types of countries.

The area of surveillance is increasingly a topic of academic study, including through research
centers, books, and peer-reviewed academic journals. "In the future, intelligence services might
use the internet of things for identification, surveillance, monitoring, location tracking, and
targeting for recruitment, or to gain access to networks or user credentials," Clapper said.

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MAIN PURPOSE

Video surveillance in the workplace protects both the company and its employees. In 2010, on
average, 10 cameras were installed in a commercial setting, and the average total cost for a video
surveillance installation was $13,280, according to the Security Sales and Integration website.
The importance of video camera surveillance in the workplace often justifies the cost.
Protect the Company
Install video surveillance systems inside and outside the workplace to record criminals who
vandalize or steal company property. The video images will help the police in the ensuing
investigation. Video surveillance cameras also record acts of employee theft. The cameras can
act as a crime deterrent. When criminals see a surveillance camera, or employees know
surveillance is in place, it discourages criminal activity.
Protect the Employees
Video surveillance systems protect employees both directly and indirectly. Set up video cameras
in company parking lots and outside the building to record criminal activity and allow company
security officers to insure that employees reach their vehicles safely. The video system can
record instances of employee abuse or harassment towards other employees, which can be used
as evidence against the antagonist. Video surveillance protects employees indirectly by
monitoring each visitor who comes into the building and keeps a video record of suspicious
activity.
Productivity
Managers and supervisors can use video surveillance to monitor employee productivity,
determine job performance areas where the employee needs improvement and insure that
employees follow company safety rules. Maintenance employees can use video surveillance
cameras to detect equipment that needs repair and equipment that is operating in an unsafe
manner. Because employees, managers and supervisors cannot be everywhere at once, a video
surveillance system monitors productivity without hiring additional personnel.
Customer Records
Retail establishments use video surveillance to monitor what customers do. For example, if a
client claims to have purchased an expensive item but does not have the receipt, video
surveillance records are used to determine whether she was in the store on the day in question,
and if she did purchase the item. Video surveillance will clarify an exchange between a client
and a store employee. If the customer is looking for financial compensation because she claims
an employee was rude to her, and the video evidence says otherwise, the store can present its
evidence to support the employee's case.

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HISTORY

A future in which people are constantly monitored was featured in George Orwells 1939 dystopian
fiction 1984. And although he may have been off on the date, he was definitely onto something
with regards to security cameras. Most of us don’t think anything of video surveillance these days;
they’re at the bank, on street corners, even in schools, but cameras weren’t always so ubiquitous.
Here is a brief review of the history and evolution of video surveillance:
1880: The first movie cameras are developed. Thomas Edison and William Dickson were two
inventors who worked together but approached the the movie camera problem from two different
ends. Edison worked on his Kinetophone, and Dickson focused on his own version, the
Kinetograph. Together, the two inventors made the first public demonstration of a motion picture
in 1893. Within a few years, commercial motion pictures were being produced and shown all
across America, and the seed for video surveillance had been planted.
1939: Miniature portable cameras appear. Just in time to begin to be used in modern warfare,
miniature movie cameras such as the Univex 8mm began to appear. They could be held
comfortably in one hand, and were operated through spring winding. Covert surveillance was made
possible, because for the first time in history, a camera could be used without drawing any
attention.
1942: Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is first used in Germany. German scientists developed
the technology so that they could monitor the launch of V2 rockets. Later, this kind of video
surveillance was used in the United States during the testing of Atomic Bombs.
1951: The Video Tape Recorder (VTR) is invented. The VTR was used to record live images from
a television camera through the use of a magnetic recording strip. Five years later, this technology
would become commercially available, and would eventually be coupled with CCTV to record
surveillance for later viewing.
1960: Temporary cameras are used to monitor Thai royalty in England. Police were forced to set
up a couple of cameras in Trafalgar Square in London to help protect visiting royalty from crowds.
1965: Public surveillance cameras become more common. Press reports from the time indicate that
police had adopted the use of cameras in a number of public places.
1969: The first video home security system is born. Marie Van Brittan Brown received a patent on
her system which consisted of four peepholes and camera that could be moved to look through any
one of them. The camera would broadcast its images to a monitor.
1970s: CCTV makes a splash in the nongovernment market. Banks and retailers began to use
CCTV as an added security measure against theft. This would continue through the 1980s.
1976: Charge-coupled device (CCD) technology leads to the creation of cameras that can be used
in low light situations. These used microchip technology, and made round-the-clock surveillance
possible.
1990s: ATMs have cameras installed to record all transactions.

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1992: The first “Nanny Cam” is invented. As camera technology began to allow for smaller high-
resolution surveillance, parents began to use covert cameras to keep an eye on their families.
1993: The first attack on the World Trade Center results in increased and constant monitoring of
high profile locations. This increased awareness in the possibility of terrorist attacks led other
countries to begin to use surveillance cameras to monitor sporting events and other potential
targets.
1996: The First IP camera is released. This camera could send and receive information across
computer networks. This led to later webcams, and marked the beginning of the decline of CCTV.
2001: The second attack on the World Trade Center, and its subsequent destruction, pushes the
public towards more personal-safety oriented surveillance. As a result, facial recognition programs
and other digital advances became a higher priority. Internet based surveillance cameras become
increasingly common.

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CCTV AND ITS WORKING

Closed-circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras
to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast
television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point (P2P),
point to multipoint (P2MP), or mesh wired or wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit
this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need
monitoring such as banks, stores, and other areas where security is needed. Though Video
telephony is seldom called 'CCTV' one exception is the use of video in distance education, where
it is an important tool.
Surveillance of the public using CCTV is common in many areas around the world. In recent years,
the use of body worn video cameras has been introduced as a new form of surveillance, often used
in law enforcement, with cameras located on a police officer's chest or head. Video surveillance
has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals' right to privacy even
when in public.
The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring because there was no way to
record and store information. The development of reel-to-reel media enabled the recording of
surveillance footage. These systems required magnetic tapes to be changed manually, which was
a time consuming, expensive and unreliable process, with the operator having to manually thread
the tape from the tape reel through the recorder onto an empty take-up reel. Due to these
shortcomings, video surveillance was not widespread. VCR technology became available in the
1970s, making it easier to record and erase information, and the use of video surveillance became
more common.

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TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS

Outdoor Cameras
Outdoor cameras need to be able to contend with all types of weather and varying light conditions.
Outdoor cameras are also more vulnerable to being tampered with, so they are typically made of
more durable materials, like metal, and may be heavier or even housed in a casing in order to
discourage easy removal.

Indoor Cameras
Indoor cameras can be smaller, more lightweight and are usually less intrusive than bulkier outdoor
cameras. Both indoor and outdoor cameras utilize features like infrared, allowing for clear pictures
in low light conditions and easy transitions when there is a sudden change in light-changing
automatically from color images in bright light to black and white when it gets darker.

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Dome Cameras
Dome Cameras are named after their shape are typically used for indoor security systems. The
dome shape of these cameras allows them to be inconspicuous because it is hard to tell the direction
the cameras are facing, however being still visible to the eyes. They are widely used in retail
spaces. Since they are installed on the ceiling of the room they are mostly vandal proof. Some
dome cameras are designed with infrared illuminators which enable them to capture videos in low
light conditions.
Purpose- Video Surveillance in Retail Stores and Offices

Bullet Cameras
Bullet Cameras have a long and tapered cylinder like design that resembles an oversized ammo
cartridge. They are mostly used outdoors, especially in areas where long viewing is necessary.
However, they can be used indoors where the long viewing is required like backyards and parking
lots. They are installed inside protective casings and are typically weatherproof. Most bullet
cameras come with a fixed length that allows the angle of view of up to 80 degrees. A bullet camera
is usually fitted with a fixed or varifocal lens.
Purpose- Long-distance surveillance up to 40 Ft, Outdoors weatherproof surveillance

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Day/Night CCTV Camera
These type of CCTV cameras can be used in both poorly lit and standard environments. Mostly
used outdoors, these surveillance units have a wide dynamic range and can function under direct
sunlight, glare or reflections. They are used 24×7, and these cameras do not require an infrared
illuminator as they come with an extra sensitive imagining chip which is used in the dark.
Purpose- For 24×7 surveillance, Often in low light conditions

Pan Tilt Zoom (PTZ) Camera

It is possible to pan, tilt, and zoom PTZ cameras. It gives surveillance operator the freedom to pan,
tilt and zooms the lens. You can manually control these cameras or program them to follow an
accurate view of things. Since these cameras can be monitored using live controls, they are
employed in highly sensitive zones where live monitoring is required.
Purpose- Expensive PTZ Cameras are to achieve responsiveness

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TYPES OF CCTV SYSTEMS

WIRED CCTV CONTROL SYSTEM

Wired CCTV systems connect the camera to the recording device and monitor with the help of
standard coaxial cables or Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables or fiber optic cables. The image
data is usually transmitted over a coaxial cable. The signal transmitted over these cables is then
fed into a monitor or set of monitors if the image needs to be visible indifferent locations.

WIRELESS CCTV CONTROL SYSTEM

Basically, Wireless CCTV systems are similar to wired CCTV systems. The difference is that a
radio transmitter is attached to the camera. A radio receiver then attached to the input on the
monitor system or computer. Wireless systems are useful when the distance between the camera
and the monitor is too far to be practical for a cable run.

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USES OF CCTV SYSTEM

A CCTV (closed-circuit television) system allows the use of videos cameras to monitor the
interior and exterior of a property, transmitting the signal to a monitor or set of monitors. More
and more of us are switching on the benefits of CCTV security systems. In the UK it is now
estimated that there are more cameras per person than any other country in the world. Metropolitan
Police Commissioner Bernard Hogan Howe promoted the use of CCTV, saying that cameras
should be installed by homeowners and businesses to help detectives solve crimes. The need for
residential and business CCTV systems is higher than ever before. With the number of police
officers patrolling our streets hitting a record low, total recorded offences are up by 14%, as
reported by The Independent in 2018. Aside from the obvious advantage of being able to monitor
your premises, here are the benefits of using a CCTV system in 2019:

DETER CRIMINAL ACTIVITY

This is the biggest and most recognised benefit for those who choose to add CCTV systems to
their property. Outside of being able to monitor your premises, CCTV cameras are an excellent
deterrent for burglars. Just like seeing a mounted alarm system, an intruder seeing cameras may
decide that it’s easier and safer to move elsewhere. It’s much better to prevent intrusion than
dealing with it after it’s occurred. “Most criminals are pretty disorganized, they don’t think about
it. The reason the cameras are high is two-fold. One is to keep it out of harm’s way.” Studies have
found that using CCTV in car parks resulted in a 51% decrease in crime; in public transportation
areas a 23% decrease in crime; and in public settings, a 7% decrease in crime. Even the lowest
figure, 7%, is a significant improvement. A report written by the Office for National Statistics in
2017 found that 2 in 100 homes were victims of robberies, with 40% of incidents taking place
during working hours whilst occupiers are away from their properties. In the same report, 70% of
burglars gain entry to homes via the front door, while the remaining 30% use windows as an entry
point. Therefore, pointing cameras towards these routes of entry is the best and most strategic place
to add your CCTV device.

IMPROVED HOME INSURANCE RATES

By deterring criminal activity, CCTV security systems reduce your home and property insurance
costs. You are less of a target, so the risk is lowered, which means the price of your insurance
decreases too. “If you’re the victim of burglary and your home isn’t properly secured, you may
find that your home insurance provider could question your claim and refuse to reimburse you for
any loss.” As well as being less of a target, CCTV offers evidence towards insurance claims that
you may not have had otherwise. The more evidence you have to support your claim, the better,
proving beyond doubt the circumstances surrounding your claim. Find out more about how
security cameras can potentially reduce your home insurance costs.

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PEACE OF MIND
A camera system provides people with an increased sense of security and reassurance, particularly
in areas where the crime rate is high. Many of the more sophisticated models are wireless, meaning
they can be viewed and monitored from your smartphone or tablet. This gives you the ability to
check in and review your premises at the click of a button, so your home security is always in
reach. “As importantly, you get a whole shot of what happened at the event: What did they steal?
Did they use a knife? You get all that. But more relevant today is a face. That’s what we need.” It
acts as a comfort blanket, giving you the freedom to get on with your life, confident that your
property is being watched.

COST-EFFECTIVE
A CCTV system is a cost-effective form of security. Once the system has been installed they are
very easy to maintain and require little reparations. Ensure that your cameras are cleaned in order
to receive the best performance from your system. Other than this, CCTV systems will keep your
premises secure for years. Broadsword provides maintenance services for any security device as
well as CCTV repairs. If you require assistance, please contact us here.

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ADVANTAGES

The primary advantage is that CCTV acts as a crime deterrent. Potential criminals who see the
camera may be dissuaded from following through with their planned criminal activities for fear of
being caught on tape. This leads to another advantage of CCTV – increased safety. Increased safety
for you, your employees and your customers is likely a top priority, and a CCTV camera can help
achieve that. If a crime does occur, the CCTV camera can provide evidence needed to catch and
convict the criminal. This can be especially useful if there are no witnesses to a crime or if
witnesses are unreliable sources, since a camera records what actually happens. Another advantage
is that you can monitor your business from anywhere. Technology allows you to watch the camera
feed on your smartphone or via the internet. That means you can check in on your business during
off-hours, on weekends or when you’re on vacation.

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DISADVANTAGES

While they do have a lot of advantages, there are also some disadvantages to CCTV cameras. A
primary disadvantage of a CCTV camera is the issue of intrusion of privacy. Your employees and
customers may object to being filmed under constant surveillance. It may cause employees to feel
like you don’t trust them, which is never a good dynamic. Another disadvantage of CCTV cameras
is the cost. It is expensive to purchase cameras and other equipment needed for a CCTV system.
It can also be expensive to keep the technology upgraded. If you have a small business, this cost
should be factored into your annual budget. If you do opt for CCTV cameras, let your employees
know about them and explain that they were installed to increase their safety. It is a legal
requirement to tell staff that you're using CCTV in your business in most states, and there are strict
rules about where you can place CCTV cameras. Generally, you cannot place them in areas where
staff are entitled to expect privacy such as restrooms and changing rooms. Also, some states permit
the recording of images but not the recording of sound without your staff's permission. So, do
check the rules in your state. If you are debating adding security to your business, weigh the
advantages and disadvantages of a CCTV system to determine if it’s right for you. It is a major
investment to install CCTV cameras. But the investment typically pays for itself, especially if it
means you won’t need to employ security guards to monitor your business premises.

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CONCLUSION

We are all aware that there’s danger anywhere we are today. The streets, and all the public places,
are just never safe for everyone. And the saddest part is, we are not only in danger in public places.
Now, no one is really safety even at their own homes. Danger is basically found on every part of
the planet, they sometimes follow us even in our own bedrooms. This is the reason why CCTV is
becoming so popular nowadays. Thanks to the latest technological breakthroughs, we can now
sleep soundly knowing that these CCTV Systems are making us and our family safe. These CCTV
Monitoring Systems allow us the capability to monitor virtually your property, whether it your
home or your commercial area. This is one way to ensure that your properties enjoy security on
the highest level. Not only this, ever-advancing technology even allows us greater flexibility when
it comes to choosing the right type of CCTV Security Cameras that will meet our specific security
needs. With the varied choices we have on Different CCTV Camera Types, everybody will surely
find the right camera for his specific needs — be it for your residence or for your business
establishment. The current CCTV Surveillance Systems offer different levels of security to meet
each and every specific requirement of the clients.

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