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Audio amplification using Darlington Pair of Transistors

by

Archit Dehloo 18BEC1061

Arjun Sharma 18BEC1117
Ashank Rajendran 18BEC1142
Pranjal Deshpande 18BEC1054

A project report submitted to

Dr. Lakshmi B

SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the course of

ECE2002 – Analog Electronic Circuits

in

B.Tech. ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

VIT UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road

Chennai – 600127

November 2019
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that this project report entitled “Audio amplification using
Darlington Pair of Transistors” is a bonafide work of Archit Dehloo
(18BEC1061), Arjun Sharma (18BEC1117), Ashank Rajendran (18BEC1142),
and Pranjal Deshpande (18BEC1054) who carried out the Project work under
my supervision and guidance.

Dr. Lakshmi B

Associate Professor

School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE),

VIT University, Chennai

Chennai-600127.
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ABSTRACT

Audio amplification is often a necessity in today’s world to facilitate the

prospect of being able to successfully hear sounds that are otherwise not loud
enough, for one to discern what is being conveyed through the audio.

Our group’s efforts target to achieve just that, with building an audio amplifier
that is both portable, and offers substantial amplification to the input sound, as it
becomes much louder, in order ensure that no part of the input audio goes
unheard partially or completely.

The objective is achieved with the use of a Darlington pair of transistors. A

Darlington pair of transistors is a configuration where, two transistors are placed
together, such that their collectors are joined at the same node, however the
emitter of one is joined to the base of the other.

Hence, the configuration acts as a single transistor with a significantly higher

amplification, where the new amplification factor is the product of the
amplification factors of both the transistors that constitute the Darlington pair.

Below is a diagram of a Darlington pair transistor.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to our project
guide, Dr. Lakshmi B, Associate Professor, School of Electronics
Engineering, for her consistent encouragement and valuable guidance offered to
us in a pleasant manner throughout the course of the project work.

We are extremely grateful to Dr. A. Sivasubramanian, Dean of the

School of Electronics Engineering, VIT Chennai, for extending the facilities of
the School towards our project and for his unstinting support.

We express our thanks to our Programme Chair Dr. Vetrivelan for her
support throughout the course of this project.

We also take this opportunity to thank all the faculty of the School for their
support and their wisdom imparted to us throughout the course.

We thank our parents, family, and friends for bearing with us throughout
the course of our project and for the opportunity they provided us in undergoing
this course in such a prestigious institution.

ARCHIT PRANJAL ARJUN ASHANK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SERIAL NAME PAGE

NO. NO.
ABSTRACT 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

1 INTRODUCTION 6

1.1 OBJECTIVES AND GOALS 6

1.2 BENEFITS 6
1.3 FEATURES 6

2 DESIGN 7-9
2.1 COMPONENTS USED 7
2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 7
2.3 WORKING 8-9
2.4 LTSpice O/P 10

3 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 12

3.1 CONCLUSION 12
3.2 FUTURE WORK 12

4 REFERENCES 13
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVES AND GOALS

- Design a circuit for an audio amplifier using a Darlington pair of

transistors.

- Create a working model for the system based on the circuit.

- Test the working model and determine amplification.

1.2 BENEFITS

A Darlington transistor or simply Darlington pair is mainly used to offer a very

high current gain even with low base current. Darlington configuration was
invented by Sidney Darlington in the year of 1953.

 It produces a very high current gain than standard single transistor.

 It offers a very High input impedance or good impedance transformation

that it can alter a high impedance input or source to low impedance load.

 These can be made by two separate transistors or comes with a single

package.

 In case of photo-Darlington pair, noise introduced is very less compared

with phototransistor with an external amplifier.

In today’s market, wide variety of Darlington transistors are available that are
varied by polarity, collector current, power dissipation, package type, and
maximum CE voltage.
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The benefit of this system is that it is very lightweight and portable, while
providing a significantly large amount of amplification. It requires just a 12V
battery and an audio source to be powered. The system has been tested and
verified.

1.3 FEATURES

- Lightweight and Portable Circuit

- Up to 180 times amplification of the input signal.

- Easy to maintain.
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2. DARLINGTON PAIR AUDIO AMPLIFIER

2.1 COMPONENTS USED

The components used in the audio amplifier are:

SERIAL NUMBER COMPONENT

1) RESISTOR - 120K - R1

2) RESISTOR - 120K – Rc

3) RESISTOR - 15K - R2

4) RESISTOR - 3.3K – Re

5) CAPACITOR - 0.1u - Cc1

6) CAPACITOR - 0.1u - Cc2

7) TRANSISTORS – 2N2222 -

8) SPEAKER

9) DC SOURCE – 12V

10) AUX CABLE

11) CAPACITOR – 1u – Bypass Capacitor

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2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.3 WORKING

The audio amplifier circuit consists of 3 parts which when combined together
forms an efficient cell phone jammer circuit.

1. AC input from the device through AUX

2. Darlington pair circuit
3. Output speaker
Working of the audio amplifier is as follows:

 The amplifier circuit comprises of the transistors Q1 and Q2, capacitors

C1, C2 and C3 and resistor R1, R2, Re and Rc. This circuit amplifies the
signal generated by the input device through an AUX cable, the input
signal is generally 1mV in magnitude. The amplified signal is transported
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to the output speaker through the coupling capacitor C3. It blocks DC and
allows only the AC component of the signal to be transmitted.
 The base current of Q2 is the emitter current of Q1, which means that the
current received is already amplified beta times. Now, this already ampli-
fied signal is amplified once again by beta times. The overall amplifica-
tion of the signal is now (beta) ^2.
 Hence, the audio signal is then transported to the speaker. This speaker
will give the output audio amplified signal, much more louder to allow a
better experience in conveying information through audio.

2.4 LTSpice SIMULATION:

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS:

Hence, transient analysis shows an amplification of 180 times.

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AC ANALYSIS

The obtained bandwidth for the circuit is 902.3 Hz

As fh=85.6Hz
And fl=987.9Hz
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3. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

3.1 CONCLUSION

- The Darlington Audio amplifier was built and tested.

- The circuit can be used to amplify the input audio signal.
- The circuit is lightweight and portable and consumes a low amount of
power.
- The preliminary test results are promising.

3.2 FUTURE WORK

- By changing the values of the capacitors and resistors used, we can cover
a wider range of frequencies.

- By using a larger DC source and speaker, as well as changing the values

of capacitors and resistors, we can amplify the output even further.
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4. REFERENCES

www.electronics-tutorials.ws

www.kitronik.co.uk

www.electronicshub.org

www.quora.com