Three Phase Systems PDF

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Three Phase Systems
by
Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAİOĞLU
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 1
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Three Phase Systems
Why Three Phase ?
The reasons for using Single Phase Three Phase
Three Phase
The main reasons for using three

phase systems are;
1. The kVA rating of the three

phase equipment (i.e.
machinary or transformer) is
is 150 % greater than that of
This part of the metal work
a single phase equipment is not utilized (wasted)
with the same frame
structure (weight , size)
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Three Phase Systems
Why Three Phase ?
The Reasons for using Three Phase Single Phase
Please note that most of the iron part in the stator and
rotor are not utilized (wasted)
This part of the metal work

is not utilized (wasted)
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Three Phase Systems
Why Three Phase ?
The Reasons for using Three Phase Three Phase
Please note that most of the iron part in the stator and
rotor are now fully utilized (not wasted)
This part is now fully

utilized (not wasted)
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Three Phase Systems
Why Three Phase ?
The Reasons for using Three Phase
The main reasons for using three phase systems are;

2. Conductor volume in a three phase system is
about 25-40 % less than that of a single phase
two-wire system with the same kVA rating.
Current: I = 1.000.000 VA / (34.500 V x 0.85)

= 34,10 Amp
no. of conductors
Cross section = 6 mm2
Cond. volume = 1000 m x 2 x 6 x 10-6 = 0,012 m3
Current: I = 1.000.000 VA / (  3 x 34.500 V x 0.85)

= 19,69 Amp
no. of conductors
Cross section = 2,5 mm2
Cond. volume = 1000 x 3 x 2.5 x 10-6 = 0.0075 m3
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Voltages
Circuit - a Circuit - b Circuit - c
Va(t) = Vmax cos wt Vb(t) = Vmax cos( wt -120o ) Vc(t) = Vmax cos( wt -240o )
Ia(t) = Imax cos( wt - ) Ib(t) = Imax cos( wt -120o- ) Ic(t) = Imax cos( wt -240o- )
Ia Ib Ic
+ + + Vc
Va Za = 3 + j4  Vb Zb = 3 + j4  Zc = 3 + j4 
n n n
Za =  =Tan-1 ( 4 / 3 ) Zb =  = Tan-1 ( 4 / 3 ) Zc =  = Tan-1 ( 4 / 3 )

= 53.13 o = 53.13 o = 53.13 o
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Three Phase Systems
Va(t) 25,0
Circuit - a + Ia(t)
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
Va(t) = Vmax cos wt Va(t) = Vmax cos wt 0,0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-5,0 Time (msec)
Ia(t) = Imax cos( wt -53.13o ) -10,0
-15,0
-20,0
Vb(t) 25,0
Circuit - b + Ib(t)
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
Vb(t) = Vmax cos( wt -120o ) Vb(t) = Vmax cos(wt-120o) 0,0 0
-5,0
2 4 6 8 10 12 16 18
14 Time (msec)
20
Ib(t) = Imaxcos(wt -120o-53.13o) -10,0

-15,0
-20,0
Vc(t) 25,0
Circuit - c + Ic(t)
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
Vc(t) = Vmax cos( wt -240o ) Vc(t) = Vmax cos(wt-240o)
0,0 0
-5,0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
Ic(t) = Imax cos(wt -240o-53.13o) -10,0
-15,0
-20,0
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Three Phase Systems
Va(t) 25,0
Circuit - a 20,0 ^
V
15,0
10,0
5,0
Va(t) = Vmax cos wt 0,0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
- ^
-5,0 Time (msec) I
Ia(t) = Imax cos( wt -53.13o ) -10,0
-15,0
-20,0
Vb(t) 25,0
Circuit - b 20,0 ^
I
15,0
10,0
5,0
Vb(t) = Vmax cos( wt -120o ) 0,0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16 18 20
-5,0 14 Time (msec) ^
Ib(t) = Imaxcos(wt -120o-53.13o) -10,0
V
-15,0
-20,0
Vc(t) 25,0
Circuit - c 20,0
15,0
^I
10,0
5,0
Vc(t) = Vmax cos( wt -240o )
V^
0,0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-5,0
Ic(t) = Imax cos(wt -240o-53.13o) -10,0
Time (msec)
-15,0
-20,0
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Three Phase Systems
Connection of Three Phase Voltages
a Ia(t)
Now, re-draw the above three
phase circuits in an alternative
+
form as shown on the RHS
Va(t) = Vmax cos wt
Please note that the three
circuits are still electrically
unconnected
Vb(t) = Vmax cos(wt-120o)
+
+
Vc(t) = Vmax cos(wt-240o)
c Ic(t) b
Ib(t)
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Three Phase Systems
Connection of Three Phase Voltages
Phase Currents (Amp)
a Ia(t)
Ia(t)
+
Va(t) = Vmax cos wt
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16 18
Time (msec)
Ib(t) Vb(t) = Vmax cos(wt-120o)
+
+
Ia + Ib + Ic
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16 18
14 Time (msec) c Ic(t) b
Ib(t)
a b c
Ic(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16 18 20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (msec) Time (msec)
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Voltage Waveforms
Circuit - a Circuit - b Circuit - c
Phase Voltages (Volts)

25 a c
b
20
15
21.2 kV 10
5
Time (msec)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 14 16 18 20
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
20 / 3 = 6.67 msec
20 msec
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Voltage and Current Phasors
Three phase voltage and Tan-1 ( X/R ) = V – I = -53.13 o ↔ - 53.13 o /360 o x 20 sec.
current phasors may be drawn
as shown on the RHS Phase Currents (Amp)
30.0
a b c
^ ^
Vc Ic 20.0
10.0
120o
^
Va
Time (msec)
 0.0
^ 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0
Ib ^
Ia
-10.0
^
Vb
-20.0
-30.0
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Three Phase Systems
Balanced Three Phase Circuits ^ ^
Vc Ic
Definition
120o ^
Va
Please note that voltage and current phasors for ^ 
each phase are 120o displaced from each other Ib ^
Ia
^
(a) │Va│ = │Vb│ = │Vc│ Vb
(b) Va - Vb = Vb – Vc = Vc - Va = 120o
a Ia(t)
(c) │Ia│ = │Ib│ = │Ic│ +

Va(t) = Vmax cos wt
(d) Ia - Ib = Ib – Ic = Ic - Ia = 120o
or
(e) Va + Vb + Vc = 0 +
+
(f) Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 c
Ic(t) b
Ib(t)
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Three Phase Systems
Balanced Three Phase Circuits
Definition ^ ^
Vc Ic
A three phase system satisfying the

above condition is said to be
“balanced”
120o
^
Va
In a balanced three phase system,
• sum of phase currents is zero, 
• sum of phase voltages is zero ^
Ib
^
Ia
Va + Vb + Vc = 0
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 ^
Vb
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Three Phase Systems
Balance Condition Please note that the central point does not move
Va + Vb + Vc = 0
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
^ ^
Vc Ic
120o
^
120o Va
^ 
Ib
^
Ia
^
Vb
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Three Phase Systems
In a balanced three phase system, sum of a Ia(t)
currents at any instant is always zero, i.e. +

Va(t) = Vmax cos wt
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
Tan-1 (X / R) = -53.13 o Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
Phase Currents (Amp) +

+
30.0
a b c c
Ic(t) b
Ib(t)
20.0
10.0
Time (msec)
0.0
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0
-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
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Three Phase Systems
a
In a balanced three phase system, no current Ia(t)
will flow if we connect the ground wires of the +
above three circuits Va(t) = Vmax cos wt
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0

Phase Currents (Amp) Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
30.0
a b c + +
20.0 Vb(t) = Vmax cos(wt-240o)

c
10.0 Ic(t)
b Ib(t)
Time (msec)
0.0
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0
-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Measurement-Energy Analzer
Three Phase Energy

Analyzer
Energy analyzer shown on the RHS is

capable of reading and recording
three phase voltages and currents in
rms, peak and time - waveform and
transmitting the resulting data to
computer
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Measurement-Energy Analzer
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Circuit Breaker
Three Phase Circuit Breaker
Three phase low voltage circuit breaker is a a b c

“Gang” Mechanism
device that breaks the three phases of power
service automatically or manually
This dashed line implies that poles Three Phase Load
operate in “gang” manner
c a b c
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Measurement
Three Phase Power Analyzer
Device shown on the RHS is capable of

reading and recording three phase voltages
and currents in rms, peak and time-
waveform and transmitting the resulting
data to computer
Clamp type Current Transformers
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Circuit
Phase - a Phase - b Phase - c

Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb + Vc
+ Load-a + Load-b Load-c
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Circuit Connection
Phase - a Phase - b Phase - c

Ia
Ib
Va Vb Vc Ic Loadb
+ + +
Loadc Loada
Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Circuit Connection
n1 n2
Basic Diagram
a
b
c
b a
c
a b c c b a
+ + +
Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0
n1, n2
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Cable
Basic Diagram a b c n
a
b
c
a b c c b a
+ + +
Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0
n1, n2
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Three Phase Systems
Turkish 380 kV System
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Three Phase Systems
Part of Turkish 154 kV System
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Three Phase Systems
Ankara 154 kV Ring
Please note that the

lines form a closed ring
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Three Phase Systems
Istanbul Anatolian Side MV System
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Synchronous Generator
c 25
Phase Voltage (kolts)

20
15
10
5
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
25
-5
20
-10
15
-15
10
-20
5
-25
0 Time ( msec )
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-5
-10
-15
-20
25
-25

20
Time ( msec )
b a 15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
Time ( msec )
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Generation System
Three Phase Generator n
c a
b
c
b a
a
c
b
n
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Three Phase Systems
Karakaya Hydroelectric Plant – 1800 MW
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Three Phase Systems
Hydroelectric Plant - Sectional View
Configuration
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Three Phase Systems
Hydroelectric Plant - Sectional View
Typical Hydoelectric Plant
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Three Phase Systems
Atatürk Hydroelectric Plant; 8 x 300 = 2400 MW
Penstock
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Three Phase Systems
Hydroelectric Plant - Water Turbine
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Three Phase Systems
Generation of AC Voltage - Synchronous Generator

Bagnell Dam on Ozarks Lake Turbine - Generator Set
Water Flow
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Three Phase Systems
Atatürk Dam Generator Room
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Three Phase Systems
Itaipu Power Plant - 12500 MW
Stator Mounting Ceremony
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Three Phase Systems
Combined Cycle Power Plant
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Three Phase Systems
Thermal (Coal) Power Plant
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Three Phase Systems
Parallel Operation of Plants (Double Bus Configuration)
Units
Open circuit breaker

Main Bus
Spare Bus
Load and Feeder Group
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Three Phase Systems
Phase and Line Voltages
n1 n2
Definition
Phase Voltage
• Voltage between a phase conductor and
ground is called phase voltage,
• Voltage between two phase conductors a
is called line voltage c b
a
b
c
Line Voltage
a b c c b a
+ + +
Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0
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Three Phase Systems
Definition Birds prefer neutral wire since the voltage is zero

• Voltage between two phase conductors
is called line voltage
a
b
c
a b c c b a
+ + +
Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0
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Three Phase Systems
Definition Netral wire acts as lightning arrestor

is called line voltage
a
b
c
a b c c b a
+ + +
Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0
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Three Phase Systems
Definition Van = Phase Voltage Vab = Line Voltage
• Voltage between a phase conductor and a

ground is called phase voltage, b
is called line voltage c
n1 n2
Van = Phase Voltage
b a c b a
c a b c
+ + +
Vab = Line Voltage
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Three Phase Systems
Relation between Phase and Line Voltages
Definition
^ ^
Vc -Vb
Vab = Va – Vb = Va + ( -Vb )
Van = Phase Voltage Vab = Line Voltage

30o
a
^
Va
b
c
^
Vb
a b c c b a
+ + +
n
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Three Phase Systems
Relation between Phase and Line Voltages
Definition Vab / 2 = Va + (-Vb)/ 2
Vab = Va – Vb = Va + ( -Vb ) ^
-Vb Vab
Vab / 2 =  Va  cos 30 =  Va   3 / 2
Vab =  Va   3
Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage
^ ^
Vc -Vb
30o
30o ^
^
Va
Va
^
Vb
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Three Phase Systems
Example - Turkish HV System
n1 n2
Example (Turkish HV System)
Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage
Phase voltage (rms) = 220 kV a

Line voltage (rms) = 220 x  3 = 380 kV c b
Phase Voltage =220 kV
Vab / 2 = Va + (-Vb)/ 2

Vab
^ Line Voltage = 380 kV
-Vb
30o ^
Va
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Three Phase Systems
Star (Y) Connection
Definition Alternative Representation

Star-connected configuration is the one Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage
with all the neutral points are connected to
a common ground point
c
a
+
b
c Vac = Line Voltage
Van = Phase Voltage

c b a
a b c n
+ + +
+
+
n b a
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Three Phase Systems
Star (Y) Connected Generator
Definition Alternative Representation
Star-connected generator is the one with Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage

all the generator neutral points are
connected to a common ground point
c
+
c
+
Vac = Line Voltage
Van = Phase Voltage c
n + a
a
+
b
+
+
b b
a
n
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Three Phase Systems
Delta () Connected Generator
Definition Configuration
Delta-connected generator is the one Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
with the generator terminals are so
connected that they form a triangle c
(delta)-configuration c
Phase Voltage Vac = Line Voltage
+
c
+
+
+ b +
+ a a
b a
b b
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Three Phase Systems
Currents in a Delta () Connected Generator
Ia = Ica – Iab Ic
c
Ib = Iab – Ibc c
Ic = Ibc – Ica
Ibc
+
Ica = Phase Current
+ Ica Ia = Line Current
b
Ia
+
a
a
Iab
Ib
b
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Three Phase Systems
Relation between Line and Phase Currents
Ia = Ica + ( – Iab ) Ia
Iba = Phase Current Ia = Line Current ^

Vca ^
Ic Ica
c ^
- Iab
c
^
Ibc Vab
+
^
Ibc
+
Ica
^
Ia ^ Iab
+ a Vbc
b a
Iab Ib
b
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Three Phase Systems
Definition Relation between Line and

Phase Currents
Ia = Ica + ( – Iab ) ^
^ ^ ^ Ia ^
Iline = Iba - Iac Iline / 2
Iline  / 2 =  I phase  x cos 30o

=  / phase  x  3 / 2 ^
Vca
^
Ica
^
Line Current =  3 x Phase Current - Iab
^
Vab
^
Ibc
^
^ Iab
Vbc
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Three Phase Systems
Summary
Star (Y) Connected System Delta () Connected System
Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage Line Voltage = Phase Voltage

Line Current = Phase Current Line Current =  3 x Phase Current
Iba = Phase Current Ia = Line Current

b
Ic
+
c
Vab = Line Voltage c
Ibc
+
n
Van = Phase Voltage +
Ica
Ia
+
+
+ a
b a b a
Iab Ib
b
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Three Phase Systems
Star-Star (Y-Y) Connected Systems
A star-star connected system is the one with Please note that neutral wire does not carry
both ends are star connected any current for a balanced Y-Y Syatem
c Ic c
+
+
Please note that the neutral wire is not really essential,

since it carries no current. Hence it can be placed.
n n
+
+
b a b a
Ia Ib
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Three Phase Systems
Star-Delta (Y- ) Connected Systems
A star-delta connected system is the one with Please note that neutral wire does not exist
the source is star and load is delta connected in a system with one or both ends delta
c c
Ica
Ibc
+
n
+
b + Iab a
+
a
b
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Three Phase Systems
Delta-Star ( -Y) Connected Systems
A delta-star connected system is the one with Please note that neutral wire does not exist
the source is delta and load is star connected in a system with one or both ends delta
Ic c
c
+
Ibc +
+ n
Ica
+ Iab
a
b Ib
+
+
b a
Ia
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Power in Star Connected Loads
Star (Y) Connected System Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage

Line Current = Phase Current
Power Per Phase
c
Sph = Pph + j Qph
= Vph Iph*
+
Since we have three phases with Vac = Line
Voltage
identical power consumption, total
power consumption becomes
n Van = Phase
Voltage
S3-ph = 3 x Sph
= 3 Vph Iph*
= 3 (Vline /  3 ) Iline
+
+
b a
S3-ph =  3 Vline Iline
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Active Power in Star Connected Loads

Remember that;
c
Pph = Sph cos 
+
Since we have three phases with
identical power consumption, total Vac = Line
power consumption becomes Voltage
P3-ph = 3 x Sph cos  n Van = Phase

Voltage
= 3 Vph Iph cos 
= 3 (Vline /  3 ) Iline cos 
+
+
P3-ph =  3 Vline Iline cos  b a
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Reactive Power in Star Connected Loads

Remember that;
c
Qph = Sph sin 
+
Since we have three phases with
identical power consumption, total Vac = Line
power consumption becomes Voltage
Q3-ph = 3 x Sph sin  n Van = Phase

Voltage
= 3 Vph Iph sin 
= 3 (Vline /  3 ) Iline sin 
+
+
Q3-ph =  3 Vline Iline sin  b a
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Reactor
Three Phase Reactor Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage
Remember that;
Phase - a
Q3-ph = 3 x Sph sin 
= 3 Vph Iph sin 
= 3 (Vline /  3 ) Iline sin 
Q3-ph =  3 Vline Iline sin 

Phase - b
Phase - c
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Reactor
Small-Size Three Phase Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage

Reactor Line Current = Phase Current
Remember that; Phase - a Phase - b Phase - c
Q3-ph = 3 x Sph sin 

= 3 Vph Iph sin 
= 3 ( Vline /  3 ) Iline sin 
Q3-ph =  3 Vline Iline sin 
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Transformer
Primary Side (Delta) Secondary Side (Star)
Primary Side Phase - a Secondary Side Phase - a
Primary Side Phase - b Secondary Side Phase - b
Primary Side Phase - c Secondary Side Phase - c

Voltages
Primary Side
Vline = 34500 Volts

Vphase = Vline = 34500 Volt
Secondary Side
Vline = 380 Volts

Vphase = 380 / √ 3 = 220 Volts
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Three Phase Systems
Primary Side (Delta) Secondary Side (Star)
Primary Side Phase - a Secondary Side Phase - a
Primary Side Phase - b Secondary Side Phase - b
Primary Side Phase - c Secondary Side Phase - c

Please note that Isec.-a
almost all distribution c Ic
transformers are delta- c Vsec.-a
star connected Ica Ibc
Vsec.-a
+
n
Ib Iab
b
Vsec.-b
Ia a b
a
Vsec.-c
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Three Phase Systems
Three-Phase Power
(Overview)
Pprim. - a = Va Ia cos
Pprim. - b = Vb Ib cos
Pprim. - c = Vc Ic cos
+
Pprim. - Total = Va Ia cos + Vb Ib cos + Vc Ic cos
= 3 Vphase Iphase cos
= 3 V line Iline / √3 cos
= √3 V line Iline cos
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Three Phase Systems
Three-Phase Power
(Overview)
Power on the Primary Side

PPrim. - Total = √ 3 V Prim.- line IPrim.-line cos
QPrim. - Total = √ 3 V Prim.- line IPrim.-line sin
SPrim. - Total = √ 3 V Prim.- line IPrim.-line
Power on the Secondary Side

PSec. - Total = √ 3 V Sec.- line ISec.-line cos
QSec. - Total = √ 3 V Sec.- line ISec.-line sin
SSec. - Total = √ 3 V Sec.- line Isec.-line
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Three Phase Systems
Example: Star (Y) Connected Load
Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage 135 MVA shunt reactor
Line Current = Phase Current delivered to Nevada Power
Company by VA TECH ELIN
Line Voltage
c
+
Vac = Line Voltage
Van = Phase Voltage

n
+
+
b a Phase Voltage
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Three Phase Systems
You do not seem to understand the line
voltage in a Y- Connected Load ...
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Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Power in Delta Connected Loads
Delta () Connected System Line Voltage = Phase Voltage

Line Current =  3 x Phase Current
Power Per Phase
Ia = Line Current Iba = Phase Current
Sph = Pph + j Qph
= Vph Iph* c
c
Ic
Since we have three phases with Ibc Ica
identical power consumptions, three
phase (total) power consumption
becomes
S3-ph = 3 x Sph
Ib
= 3 Vph Iph* b
= 3 Vline (Iline /  3 ) b a
Ia Iab
S3-ph =  3 Vline Iline a
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Three Phase Systems

Power Per Phase
Pph = Vph Iph cos 
c
c
Since we have three phases with Ic
identical power consumptions, three Ibc Icb
becomes
P3-ph = 3 x Pph
= 3 Vph Iph cos  Ib
= 3 Vline ( Iline /  3 ) cos  b
b a
P3-ph =  3 Vline Iline cos  Ia Iab
a
METU
Three Phase Systems

Power Per Phase
Qph = Vph Iph sin 
c
c
Since we have three phases with Ic
identical power consumptions, three Ibc Ica
becomes
Q3-ph = 3 x Qph
= 3 Vph Iph sin  Ib
= 3 Vline ( Iline /  3 ) sin  b
b a
Q3-ph =  3 Vline Iline sin  Ia Iab
a
METU
Three Phase Systems
Three Phase Power - Summary
Star (Y) Connected System Delta () Connected System
Three phase power expressions are identical for star and delta connections
S3-ph =  3 Vline Iline P3-ph =  3 Vline Iline cos  Q3-ph =  3 Vline Iline sin 
c c
c
Ic
+
Ibc Ica
n
Ib
b
b a
Iab
+
Ia
+
b a
a
METU
Three Phase Systems
Star - Delta Conversion
Formulation zab = ( za zb + zb zc + zc za ) / zc
zca = ( za zb + zb zc + zc za ) / zb
A star connected load can be converted
to a delta connected load as follows zbc = ( za zb + zb zc + zc za ) / za
c c c c
Zc Please note that the neutral

node is now eliminated Zbc Zca
n
Za Zb
b
b a
a b
Zab
b a
METU
Three Phase Systems
Star - Delta Conversion
If all impedances of star are identical, Simplification
then the formula reduces to the
following simple form z = ( zY2 + zY2 + zY2 ) / zY = 3 zY
Please note that the neutral
node is eliminated by transformation,
i.e. no. of nodes is reduced by one.
c c c
c
ZY
3ZY 3ZY
ZY ZY
a a b
a b
3ZY
b
b
METU
Three Phase Systems
Delta - Star Conversion
Formulation za = zba zac / ( zba + zac + zcb )

zb = zcb zba / ( zba + zac + zcb )
A delta connected load can be converted
to a star connected load as follows zc = zac zcb / ( zba + zac + zcb )
c c c c
Zc
Zac Zcb
n
Za Zb
a a b
a b
Zba a
b
b
METU
Three Phase Systems
Delta - Star Conversion
If all impedances of delta are identical, Simplification

then the formula reduces to the
following special simple form zY = z  2 / ( z + z + z ) = z  / 3
c c c c
Z/3
Z Z
Z/3 Z/3
a a b
a b
Z a
b
b
METU
Three Phase Systems
Solution Procedure for Three Phase Problems
Procedure
1. First convert all the -connected Phase Voltage =220 kV
loads, if any, to Y- connected loads by
employing the Delta - Star Conversion
Technique given in the previous
section, Line Voltage = 380 kV
2. Find the source voltages / phase by
dividing all the line voltages of the
sources by 3 for the Y-connected
sources
3. Decompose the given three phase
system into three independent
(electrically unconnected) single
phase systems
METU
Three Phase Systems
Solution Procedure for Three Phase Problems
Procedure (Continued)
4. Then solve one of these single phase Phase Voltage =220 kV
systems, i.e. in particular, the one
which corresponds to phase-a,
5. Calculate active and reactive powers
Line Voltage = 380 kV
and power losses per phase,
6. Finally, multiply;
a) all these active and reactive
powers by three in order to find
the three phase powers,
b) all voltages by  3 in order to
find the resulting line voltages
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
Problem
Solve the following three phase system for Phase Voltage =220 kV
line currents and line losses
r + j x = 1+j 2  IL = Line current

c c
Line Voltage = 380 kV
n Vs(line) = 6.3 kV (rms)
r + j x = 9 +j 12 
b a
b a
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
n n
Solution
1. First convert all the -connected loads to
Y- connected loads, if any, by employing
the Delta - Star Conversion Technique a
given in the previous section b
c
c c c
c
Z/3
Z Z
Z/3 Z/3
a b
a b
Z a
b
b
Z / 3 = (9 + j 12) / 3 = 3 + j 4 
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
Problem
Solve the following three phase system for Phase Voltage =220 kV
line currents and line losses
IL = Line current r +jx=1+j2 Z/3 = 3 + j 4

c
c Line Voltage = 380 kV
Neutral Wire
Vs(line) = 6.3 kV (rms)
n n
+
b a a
+
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
n n
Solution
2. find the source voltages / phase
3. Divide all the line voltages by 3 for Y-
connected sources in order to a
b
c c
c
Vs phase = Vs line /  3
= 6300 / 1.732
= 3637.41 Volts (rms)
+
n Vs(line) = 6.3 kV
+
+
b a
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
n n
Solution
3. Decompose the given three phase system
into three independent (electrically
unconnected) single phase systems a
b
c
a
+ Ia(t)
Va(t) = Vmax cos wt
+ +
Vc(t) = Vmax cos(wt-240o) Ib(t)
c b
Ic(t)
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
n n
Solution
4. Then, solve one of the resulting three single phase
systems, i.e. in particular, the one which corresponds
to phase-a, with zero phase angle, due to its
simplicity
b a
c
Ia r +jx=1+j2
+
Va = 3637.41 0o Volts Z / 3 = 3 + j 4 
Iline = Va - phase / Z tot

= 3637.41 0o /  ( 1 + j2 ) + ( 3 + j4 )
= 3637.41 0o / (4 + j6) = 3637.41 0o / 8.9442 56.31o
= 406.67 -56.31o Amp
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
n n
Solution
5. Now, calculate;
a) Active and reactive power losses
r + jx = 1 + j2 
b a
c
Ia = 406.67 -56.31o Amp
+
Va = 3637.41 0o Volts Z / 3 = 3 + j 4 
Line Losses;
rline I2 = 1 x 406.67 2 = 165380 Watts / phase
= 165.38 kWs / phase
xline I2 = 2 x 406.67 2 = 330760 Vars / phase
= 330.76 kVARs / phase
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
Solution
n
6. Finally, multiply;
a) Active and reactive power losses by n
three in order to find the three phase
power losses
a
Ia = 406.67 -56.31o Amp r + jx = 1 + j2 
+ b
Va = 3637.41 0o Volts Z / 3 = 3 + j 4 
c
Three phase power losses;

Active power loss = 3 x active power loss /phase
= 3 x 165.38 = 496.14 kWs
Reactive Power loss = 3 x 330.76 = 992.28 kVARs
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
n n
Solution
7. Now, calculate the active and reactive
powers consumed by the load;
b a
Ia = 406.67 -56.31o Amp r + jx = 1 + j2  c
+
Va = 3637.41 0o Volts Z / 3 = 3 + j 4 
Active and reactive power consumptions;

rload I2 = 3 x 406.67 2 = 496140 Watts / phase
= 496.14 kWs / phase
xload I2 = 4 x 406.67 2 = 661520 Vars / phase
= 661.52 kVARs / phase
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
Solution
a
8. Now, calculate the three phase active and
reactive powers consumed by the load;
b
Ia = 406.67 -56.31o Amp r + jx = 1 + j2 
+
Va = 3637.41 0o Volts Z / 3 = 3 + j 4  c
Three phase active and reactive power

consumptions;
3 x rload I2 = 3 x 496.14 = 1488.42 kWs
3 x xload I2 = 3 x 661.52 = 1984.56 kVARs
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
Solution
a
9. Now, calculate the load voltage / phase
Ia = 406.67 -56.31o Amp r + jx = 1 + j2  Ia = 406.67 -56.31o Amp b

+
Vload / phase
Va = 3637.41 0o Volts Z / 3 = 3 + j 4 
c
Load Voltage/phase (Y-connected load)

V Load/phase = Z / 3 x Ia
= (3 + j4) x 406.67 -56.31o
= 5 53.13o x 406.67 -56.31o
= 2033.35 -3.18o Volts/phase
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
Solution Vab = Va + 30o
^
10. Now, calculate the load voltage / line -Vb Vab
Ia = 406.67 -56.31o Amp r + jx = 1 + j2  Ia = 406.67 -56.31o Amp ^

30o Va
+
Vload / phase
Va = 3637.41 0o Volts Z / 3 = 3 + j 4 
Load Voltage / line (Y-connected load)

V Load/line =  3 x 2033.35 -3.18o + 30o
= 3521.76 26.82o Volts / line
METU
Three Phase Systems
Example
Solution
Please note that phase voltage across the
delta is the same as line voltage, i.e.
c c
Vload / line = 3521.76 26.82o Volts Z

Z
b b
a
Z
a
Load Voltage / line (Y-connected load)

V Load/line = V Load / phase
= 3521.76 26.82o Volts/line
METU
Three Phase Systems
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METU

Three Phase Systems

The main reasons for using three

1. The kVA rating of the three

This part of the metal work

This part is now fully

The main reasons for using three phase systems are;

Current: I = 1.000.000 VA / (34.500 V x 0.85)

Current: I = 1.000.000 VA / (  3 x 34.500 V x 0.85)

Circuit - a Circuit - b Circuit - c

Za =  =Tan-1 ( 4 / 3 ) Zb =  = Tan-1 ( 4 / 3 ) Zc =  = Tan-1 ( 4 / 3 )

Ib(t) = Imaxcos(wt -120o-53.13o) -10,0

Vb(t) = Vmax cos(wt-120o)

Ib(t) Vb(t) = Vmax cos(wt-120o)

Phase Voltages (Volts)

(c) │Ia│ = │Ib│ = │Ic│ +

A three phase system satisfying the

currents at any instant is always zero, i.e. +

Phase Currents (Amp) +

above three circuits Va(t) = Vmax cos wt

Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0

Vb(t) = Vmax cos(wt-120o)

20.0 Vb(t) = Vmax cos(wt-240o)

Three Phase Energy

Energy analyzer shown on the RHS is

Three Phase Circuit Breaker

Three phase low voltage circuit breaker is a a b c

Three Phase Power Analyzer

Device shown on the RHS is capable of

Clamp type Current Transformers

Phase - a Phase - b Phase - c

Phase - a Phase - b Phase - c

Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0

Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0

Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0

Please note that the

Phase Voltage (kolts)

Phase Voltage (kolts)

Three Phase Generator n

Generation of AC Voltage - Synchronous Generator

Open circuit breaker

Load and Feeder Group

Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0

Definition Birds prefer neutral wire since the voltage is zero

• Voltage between a phase conductor and

Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0

Definition Netral wire acts as lightning arrestor

• Voltage between a phase conductor and

Ia(t) + Ib(t) + Ic(t) = 0

Definition Van = Phase Voltage Vab = Line Voltage

• Voltage between a phase conductor and a

Van = Phase Voltage Vab = Line Voltage

Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage

Phase voltage (rms) = 220 kV a

Vab / 2 = Va + (-Vb)/ 2

Definition Alternative Representation

Van = Phase Voltage

Definition Alternative Representation

Star-connected generator is the one with Line Voltage =  3 x Phase Voltage

Vac = Line Voltage

Van = Phase Voltage c

Relation between Line and Phase Currents

Iba = Phase Current Ia = Line Current ^