Lecture 8 - Sound Radiation From Vibrating Objects

Sound Radiation from Vibrating Objects
ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8
Ville Pulkki
Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics
Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering
November 22, 2018

1
General
ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 2/20

Ville Pulkki/Julie Meyer 22/11/2018
Aalto SPA ELEC-E5610 Lecture 8
1 General
General
For finite vibrating objects, the sound field created by the
vibration is affected by
the shape and dimensions of the surface
vibrational distribution on the surface
amplitude
phase
frequency
surrounding environment
the interaction of both sides of the vibrating surface

2
Circular Piston

2 Circular Piston
Circular Piston
Pressure Field
Consider a circular piston with
Intensity Field radius R as a sound source
Scalability
vibrates as a single unit
Directivity
Approximations with velocity ũn
Radiation constant amplitude,
Impedance
phase, and frequency
placed on an infinite rigid
plane
no interaction from the
other side of the plane
Approximation of a baffled loudspeaker! Let’s study the
radiation pattern more thoroughly...

2 Pressure Field Generated by a Circular Piston
Circular Piston
The far-field sound pressure created by the piston source is
Pressure Field
i ρω R 2 ũn

Intensity Field
2J1 (kR sin θ) −ikr
p̃(r , θ) = e
Scalability 2r kR sin θ
Directivity (FF:6.53,R&F:7.30)
Approximations
Radiation
where J1 is the 1st-order Bessel function. Compare to the
Impedance
far-field sound pressure of the monopole (q0 = 4π R 2 ũn ):
i ωρR 2 ũn −ikr

p̃(r ) = e (FF:6.20,R&F:7.4)
r
They are the same, except for scaling by 21 and a

multiplication term, called the directivity function.

2 Pressure Field Generated by a Circular Piston II
In other words, pressure fieldh = pressure

i field of a monopole
Circular Piston 2J1 (kR sin θ)
Pressure Field
× directivity function f (θ) = kR sin θ .
Intensity Field
f (θ) gives No sound radiates to the red directions!
Scalability
Adjacent lobes have opposite phase
Directivity
the pressure
Approximations
magnitude
Radiation + Lobe
Impedance as a function
of θ − −
f (θ) also + +
frequency-
dependent,
since
k = ω/c

2 Intensity Field Generated by a Circular Piston
Circular Piston
Pressure Field
Intensity Field
Scalability
Directivity
Approximations
Radiation
Impedance
Figure: Active intensity for (a) low and (b) high frequencies
(FF:p.129)

2 Scalability
Circular Piston
As in the piston case, the directivity patterns of sound
Pressure Field
Intensity Field
sources in general are not dependent on absolute
Scalability
dimensions, but rather on kR, called the Helmholtz
Directivity number. As a result, an acoustic similarity principle holds:
Approximations
Radiation
sound field behaves similarly when the wavelength
Impedance
changes proportionally to the object dimensions
⇒ enables the use of acoustic scale models!
However, scale models should be used carefully if significant
losses are present, for example
with very high frequencies
small ducts, porous materials, etc.

2 Scalability II
Circular Piston
Pressure Field
Intensity Field
Scalability
Directivity
Approximations
Radiation
Impedance
Figure: Scale model of a concert hall

2 Directivity Approximations
Circular Piston
Pressure Field
When increasing
h i sin θ from zero, we find out that the
kR
2J1 (kR sin θ)
Intensity Field f (θ) = kR sin θ has its first zero when kR sin θ ≈ 3.83.
Scalability Since sin ≤ 1, there are no zeros in directivity, if kR < 3.83.
Directivity
Approximations ⇒ low frequencies radiate to all directions!
Radiation
Impedance In fact, for kR 1 (i.e. if the dimensions of the piston are
very smallhcompared to i wavelength)
2J1 (kR sin θ)
⇒ f (θ) = ≈ 2, so that the piston source
kR sin θ
approximates an elementary monopole. (Substitute f (θ) = 2
to Eq. (FF:6.53,R&F:7.30) to see this.)

2 Radiation Impedance of a Circular Piston
Circular Piston
The mechanical radiation impedance of a circular piston
Pressure Field
Intensity Field
(relation between piston velocity and the resulting force
Scalability
exerted by the fluid to the piston) is
Directivity
(kR )2

Approximations
2 8kR
Radiation
zmrad ≈ ρc π R +i (FF:(6.55))
Impedance
2 3π
when kR 1.
on the surface of the piston: piston velocity = particle
velocity of air
Eq. (FF:(6.55)) is a low kR approximation. Let’s see
what the exact ρzcmrad
πR 2
looks like...

2 Radiation Impedance of a Circular Piston II
Circular Piston
Pressure Field
Intensity Field
Scalability
Directivity
Approximations
Radiation
Impedance
What can you say about the low-frequency-response of the baffled

vs. unbaffled piston? What about high frequencies?

2 Radiation Impedance of a Circular Piston III
Circular Piston
Let’s take a look at the reactive part of Eq. (FF:(6.55)):
Pressure Field
8ρR 3
Intensity Field

8kR
Scalability Im[zmrad ] ≈ ρc π R 2 i = ick
Directivity
3π 3
Approximations
Radiation
Impedance
remember k = ω/c ⇒
8ρR 3
Im[zmrad ] ≈ i ω .
3
How would you interpret the reactive radiation impedance for
3
the piston? It represents an attached mass of 8ρ3R kg.

2 Radiation Impedance of a Circular Piston IV
Circular Piston
Since FF:Fig.6.19 showed that the bracketed resistive part
Pressure Field
Intensity Field
of zmrad ≈ 1 for high frequencies, it can be concluded that
Scalability
Directivity
Re[zmrad ] ≈ π R 2 ρc
Approximations
Radiation
Impedance
How would you interpret this? Remember the characteristic
impedance of a plane wave zc = ρc. This means that for
high frequencies, the piston behaves as a plane wave
source.
See also https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/BaffledPiston/BaffledPiston.html.

3
Radiator Groups

3 Radiator Groups
Consider a case where z
Radiator Groups a group of equal-phase
Sound Pressure monopoles are placed
Directivity Patterns on the z-axis, d meters P.
Wavefield Synthesis d
apart.
θ
P is the d r
observation point
at a distance r from d
the group midpoint y
d
θ is the angle
between P, group x d
midpoint, and
z-axis

3 Sound Pressure
Radiator Groups
The sound pressure at P caused by N monopoles can be
Sound Pressure
Directivity Patterns
given as
Wavefield Synthesis "
N πd
#
i ωρq0 −ikr sin λ cos θ
p̃(θ, r ) ≈ e πd
(R&F:(7.17))
4π r sin λ cos θ
which consists of
sound pressure of a monopole
directivity function
(note that book version of R&F:7.17 uses a number of 2N
monopoles)

3 Directivity Patterns
Radiator Groups Figure:

Sound Pressure directivity
patterns
Wavefield Synthesis
created by 7
point sources
(illustrated
with red
circles)
lobe number
increases
with
frequency!

3 Wavefield Synthesis
Radiator Groups
Generally, the radiation patterns of group sources can be
Sound Pressure
varied by varying the phases, amplitudes, and delays of the
Wavefield Synthesis individual sources.This enables wavefield synthesis:
principle: http:
//www.holophony.net/Wavefieldsynthesis.htm
virtual sources inside the room:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiZdgdd3lZE
The same principle can be used also for microphone arrays!
acoustic beamforming by summing the mic signals


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Sound Radiation from Vibrating Objects

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8

November 22, 2018

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 2/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 3/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 4/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 5/20

i ωρR 2 ũn −ikr

They are the same, except for scaling by 21 and a

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 6/20

In other words, pressure fieldh = pressure

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 7/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 8/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 9/20

Figure: Scale model of a concert hall

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 10/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 11/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 12/20

What can you say about the low-frequency-response of the baffled

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 13/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 14/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 15/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 16/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 17/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 18/20

Radiator Groups Figure:

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 19/20

ELEC-E5610 Acoustics and the Physics of Sound, Lecture 8 20/20

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