1

Emilio Aguinaldo College -Manila

1113-1117 San Marcelino St.
Ermita, Manila

A Comparative Analysis about Low Fat Diet and Low Sugar Diet in

terms of Weight Loss

Nicdao, Mark Ryan N.

Tolentino, Jan Arel C.

Illarina, Thony Rose

Ocampo, Lhaisa Charrisse M.

Vizcarra, Marielle Anne E.

Young, Aira D.

Grade 12- STEM 3

Submitted to:

Ms. Karina Dela Merced, LPT

School Year 2018-2019

 2

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research Project, this research study

title “A Comparative Analysis About Low Fat diet and Low Sugar Diet” prepared

and submitted by Mark Ryan Nicdao, Jan Arel Tolentino, Thony Rose Illarina,

Lhaisa Charisse Ocampo, Marielle Anne Vizcarra and Aira Young from Grade 12 –

STEM 3 is hereby approved and accepted.

MS. KARINA DELA MERCED

Instructor – Research Project
 3

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALTY

This is to certify that this research study titled “A Comparative Analysis about

Low Fat Diet and Low Sugar Diet in terms of Weight Loss” is our own work and

does not contain any materials previously published or written by another person nor

material to which a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any degree,

accept where due acknowledgment is made in the text.

We also that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work, even

though we may have received some assistance from others on style, presentation and

language of expression.

Mark Ryan N. Nicdao

Jan Arel C. Tolentino

Thony Rose Illarina

Lhaisa Charisse M. Ocampo

Marielle Anne E. Vizcarra

Aira D. Young

Researchers
 4

Table of Contents

Approval Sheet...............................................................................................................2
Certificate of Originality.................................................................................................3
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................4
List of Tables and Figures.............................................................................................5
Abstract...........................................................................................................................6
l. Introduction
l.l Background of the Study...............................................................................................7
l.2 Statement of the Problem............................................................................................8
l.3 Scope and Delimitation of the Study............................................................................8
l.4 Significance of the Study.............................................................................................9
l.5 Review of Related Literatures and Study....................................................................9
l.6 Conceptual Framework..............................................................................................25
l.7 Hypothesis of the Study.............................................................................................25
l.8 Definition of Terms.....................................................................................................26
ll. Methodology
2.1 Research Design......................................................................................................28
2.2 Sample and Sampling Technique.............................................................................28
2.3 Research Instrumentation.........................................................................................29
2.4 Statistical Treatment.................................................................................................32
2.5 Data Gathering.........................................................................................................32
lll. Results and Discussion..........................................................................................33
 5

List of Tables and Figures

 6

Abstract

Many people nowadays are being conscious about health and mostly about physical

appearance because of this, people become more enthusiastic in exercising and dieting

for them to have a better kind of lifestyle and having a high self esteem. But most

people do not know on what type of exercise and diet they would use in order to lose

weight. The researches then decided to conduct a study regarding about the question of

what kind of diet is very effective in terms of weight loss. In this study, the researchers’

discussed about the two most common used diets for people who want to lose weight

and for the people who want to gain health benefits that will contribute to the different

health issues that people may have. The two most common diet are low fat diet and low

sugar diet and thus, the researchers decided to conduct a study to differentiate or

compare the benefits of the two and classify the effectiveness of low fat and low sugar

diet. This study is all about knowing in which of the two diet is effective in terms of losing

weight and to what particular health or composition of the body is the two said diet more

efficient.
 7

Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

People are being so observant in health. Especially to some diet routines and diet

foods that necessary to be eaten regularly to avoid health complication. Health is very

important to everyone, specifically the diet. Because diet symbolizes the way of living of

some people and how it affects the outside aspect of a person. There are many kinds of

diet to maintain a good condition of the health. Like ketogenic diet, low carbs diet, low

fat diet, vegetarian diet and etc. While weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or

physical fitness, it refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of

fluid, body fat or adipose tissue or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle,

tendon, and other connective tissue. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally due to

malnourishment, an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort to improve an

actual or perceived overweight or obese state. Every individual have different health

conditions, food consumption, and diets. Yet everyone needs to have a good and

healthy living in his or her personal life.

All people deserve an opportunity to understand the importance of diet in the health

and the consequences that are present if health balance will neglected. Every individual

need to gather more knowledge about health to prevent harmful effects that might

cause by eating foods without a nutrition content. Through these application, our life will

become more productive and balance. Nowadays, health is the most important aspect

of life that people should be focus and not taken for granted. Because health is powerful

in different aspects, it may also control or tell the fortune of some people or even the

living of a people, positively and negatively.

 8

1.2. Statement of the Problem

There are many different types of diets that can help in losing weight or make your

body fit. The two most common type of diets are low fat diet and low sugar diet. They

both are effective for loosing fats and making your body healthy. However, most people

ask which is better between the two. They don’t know which is much more effective for

their body. In response to this problem, this study aims to compare the two diets and

explain its benefits, effects and in which kind of health or body it is effective.

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 . Age

1.2 . Weight

2. What is the range of the respondents using low fat diet in terms of:

2.1. Age

2.2. Weight

3. What is the range of the respondents using low sugar diet in terms of:

3.1. Age

3.2. Weight

4. Is there a significant difference between the low fat and low sugar diet in terms of

weight loss?

1.3. Scope and Delimitation

This study covers the notable issues regarding the effectiveness of low fat diet and

low sugar diet and asserts how weight loss can affect the respondents. Apart from it, the

researchers included the reasons why an average citizen or respondent prefers low fat
 9

diet over low sugar diet or vice versa. Due to time constrains, this study does not cover

how the effectiveness of low fat diet and low sugar diet can affect the respondents. Also

this study only requires the respondents from ages 18 – 35 years old. The respondents

would be the ones who are always exercising for the purpose of weight loss. The total

number of sample population would be 40 respondents, 20 respondents for low fat and

another 20 for low sugar diet.

1.4. Significance of the Study

This study is effective mostly to the individuals who may have an obese body type or

who are making and having their body physically fit and also for the people who wants

to have a healthy lifestyle. The researchers will help these individuals to inform each of

them about the effectiveness of taking or having beverages that is low in fat and low in

sugar.

Trainers: The study could add to their belief and it would help them to gain more

knowledge about losing weight and maintaining their body.

Dietician: The study could help them to truly understand the difference in between low

fat and low sugar diet.

Fitness Enthusiast: The main subject who will benefit in this study. With the help of

this research study they will easily know which beverage to take in order for them to

help with the type of diet they taking for them to lose weight.

Peers: They could also gain information from this study in order to help their friends

who are in diet and losing weight. It is also for them to understand the effectiveness of

taking beverages that is low in fat and low in sugar.

 10

1.5. Review of Related Literature and Related Studies

1.5.1. Foreign Literature

Everyone can gain health by practicing on eating healthy foods and by exercising

regularly. Maintaining your balance diet by having the most suitable diet is the most

significant when a person is practicing a healthy lifestyle. According to Australia, H.

(2016), Sugary nourishments and beverages can likewise cause tooth rot, particularly

on the off chance that you eat them between suppers. The more drawn out the sugary

nourishment is in contact with the teeth, the more harm it can cause. The sugars found

normally in entire organic product are more averse to cause tooth rot, in light of the fact

that the sugars are contained inside the structure of the natural product. In any case,

when organic product is squeezed or mixed, the sugars are discharged. Once

discharged these sugars can harm teeth, particularly if natural product juice is smashed

as often as possible.

According to Gardner, C., Trepanowski, J. et al. (2018), decreasing fat or sugar is

increasingly vital for weight reduction have seethed for a considerable length of time.

This all around led think about proposes that both can function admirably, insofar as

individuals stick to them, eat less generally speaking, and eat a sound eating regimen

with a lot of vegetables and little sugar or refined grain. The hypothesis that a few eating

regimens work better for a few people may even now remain constant – however not for

the reasons recently recommended. It might be that a few people discover low-fat or

low-carb abstains from food less demanding to stick to, on account of individual

inclination. Or then again there might be hereditary varieties at work – just not the ones

that have been recognized as potential clarifications up until now.

 11

According to Atkins (2018), the dietary advantages of a low sugar diet are various.

Diminishing sugar utilization touches off fat consuming and can likewise help

discourage an assortment of wellbeing concerns, including stoutness, coronary illness,

and liver harm. To boot, calorie counters report feeling less denied on an eating routine

like Atkins, when contrasted with different weight control plans.

According to Healthline (2018), the standard low-fat diet recommended by health

authorities contains less than 30% of daily calories from fat. Very low-fat diets generally

provide 10–15% (or less) of total calories from fat. Additionally, many health guidelines

recommend that the daily calorie contribution of saturated fat should not exceed 7–10%.

Most studies investigating low-fat diets seem to follow these definitions. Low-fat diets

are often recommended for people who need to lose weight. The main reason behind

this recommendation is that fat provides a greater number of calories per gram

compared to the other major nutrients, protein and carbs. Fat provides roughly 9

calories per gram, whereas protein and carbs provide only 4 calories per gram. Studies

show that people who reduce their calorie intake by eating less fat lose weight. Although

the weight loss is small, on average, it is considered relevant for health.

According to Dr. Axe Food is Medicine, (2017), a sugar-free diet is one that typically

limits all sources of added sugar (like soda, snack bars and desserts, for example) and

hidden sugar foods, and it sometimes also encourages a reduction in high-carbohydrate

foods (like grains or fruits) that can still be healthy but do contain natural sugars. There

isn’t just one way to eat a low-sugar diet, but rather a variety of different plans

depending on your goals and preferences. You might choose to eliminate basically all

sources of sugar from your diet, including things like fruit and even some veggies, or to
 12

only eliminate sweetened processed foods that are high in empty calories. Either way,

there are lots of benefits to consuming more satisfying, nourishing foods in sugar’s

place, such as lean proteins and healthy fats. Another perk is that most low-sugar or

sugar-free diets don’t require calorie counting, since eliminating processed foods is

usually enough to produce results on its own.

According to Greatist (2017), If you don't live under a rock, then you're probably

well aware that cutting back your sugar intake is good for your health. The World Health

Organization recommends reducing our free or added sugar intake to 10 percent of our

calories per day. This means significantly limiting sources of added sugars like refined

sugar, honey, brown sugar, agave, maple syrup, and the like. So if you want to cut back

on sugar, here are the pros: (1) it might drop some of your pounds and slas h fat. (2) It

is better for heart. (3) It may reduce risk of type 2 diabetes. (4) It might help reduce risk

of cancer. (5) It may keep immune system strong. (6) It may improve your own mental

health. (7) It might improve cognitive function. (8) Your skin may shine and get that

natural glow.

According to Endocrine Web, (2018), findings from past research have pointed to

changes in insulin levels to explain different success rates in people following certain

types of diets. For instance, it was proposed that people with greater insulin resistance

may do better following a diet low in most carbohydrates because of the decreased

demand on insulin. However, in this study, Dr. Gardner said, “there was no indication

that a low carb diet was any better for those with insulin resistance than a low-fat diet.”

As for genetics, certain genotype patterns, specifically related to three genes that help

regulate fat and carbohydrate metabolism, are believed to predict who will do well on
 13

different diets. However, in this study, the researchers calculated each person's

genotype patterns and found that the type of diet did not make any difference in the

amount of weight the individual lost.

According to Shape (2018), while sodium intake has a direct consequence on

your blood pressure, sugar's detrimental effects on the body are not as singularly

focused. We often hear about the short-term (weight gain) and long-term (diabetes)

consequences of too much sugar, but there are many negative effects between these

two extremes. Aside from being a major source of calories that in excess can lead to fat

gain, too much sugar can cause accelerated cellular aging and excessive inflammation,

both of which can increase your risk for multiple chronic diseases. It can also decrease

neuronal growth factors such as BDNF, a compound produced in your brain that is

responsible for enhancing learning memory, higher-level thinking, and even long-term

memory. But excess sugar can negatively impact blood pressure when it interacts with

your body to influence sodium levels. When you eat sugar (or any carbohydrates) in

excess, your body releases more of the hormone insulin, which removes sugar from

your blood stream. Another lesser-known function of insulin: It causes your kidneys to

retain sodium. So if you consume a diet high in sugar, the increased level of insulin will

repeatedly coax your kidneys to hold onto sodium, while you're simultaneously pumping

more and more sodium in your body via your diet. The result? A sure way to cause

pathological imbalances in sodium levels and elevated blood pressure.

Research entitled "Losing it: Research on weight loss", of the health food nuts

who figured out how to keep up their advancement, a couple of elements developed.

The individuals who shed pounds were bound to stick to controlled eating designs — for
 14

instance, setting explicit time constrains between dinners. They likewise

"instrumentalize eating behaviour"– as such, they comprehended eating as a way as far

as possible of weight reduction. Explicit practices included calorie tallying and choosing

sustenance dependent on their supplement organization. Members who kept on getting

thinner were bound to swear off solace eating and report bring down feelings of anxiety

than the individuals who picked up.

"Weight loss maintenance: A review on dietary related strategies", in this

research, meal replacement, low carbohydrate-low glycemic index (GI) diet, high protein

intake, and moderate fat consumption have shown some positive effects on weight

maintenance. However, the results are controversial. A Dietary Approach to Stop

Hypertension (DASH)-type diet seems helpful for weight maintenance although the

need for more study has remained. Some special behaviours were associated with less

weight regain, such as, not being awake late at night, drinking lower amount of sugar-

sweetened beverages, and following a healthy pattern. Some special foods have been

suggested for weight maintenance. However, the roles of specific foods are not

confirmed.

According to Norman J. Temple on his research, amid the 1970s a few specialists

recommended that refined starches, particularly sugar and a low admission of dietary

fiber, were central point in coronary illness (CHD). This proposal was overshadowed by

the conviction that an abundance admission of immersed unsaturated fats (SFA) was

the key dietary factor, a view that won from about 1974 to 2014. Discoveries that have

aggregated since 1990 educate us that the job of SFA in the causation of CHD has

been highly misrepresented. A change from SFA to refined starches does not bring
 15

down the proportion of all out cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol in the blood and along

these lines does not forestall CHD. A decreased admission of SFA joined with an

expanded admission of polyunsaturated unsaturated fats brings down the proportion of

all out cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol; this may diminish the danger of CHD. The proof

connecting sugar rich nourishments with CHD has been consistently reinforcing.

Refined starches, particularly sugar-improved drinks, increment the danger of CHD. On

the other hand, entire grains and oat fiber are defensive. An additional one or 2 servings

for every day of these nourishments increments or diminishes chance by roughly 10%

to 20%.

According to David J. Goldstein (2017) in his article entitled "Beneficial health

effects of modest weight loss" that the medical effects of modest weight reduction

(approximately 10% or less) in patients with obesity-associated medical complications

were reviewed. The National Library of Medicine MEDLINE database and the Derwent

RINGDOC database were searched to identify English language studies that examined

the effects of weight loss in obese patients with serious medical complications

commonly associated with obesity (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or

type II), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular

disease). Studies in which patients experienced approximately 10% or less weight

reduction were selected for review. Studies indicated that, for obese patients with

NIDDM, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, modest weight reduction appeared to improve

glycemic control, reduce blood pressure, and reduce cholesterol levels, respectively.

Modest weight reduction also appeared to increase longevity in obese individuals. In

conclusion, a large proportion of obese individuals with NIDDM, hypertension, and

 16

hyperlipidemia experienced positive health benefits with modest weight loss. For

patients who are unable to attain and maintain substantial weight reduction, modest

weight loss should be recommended; even a small amount of weight loss appears to

benefit a substantial subset of obese patients.

According to James O. Hill (2018) in his study entitled "Successful weight loss

maintenance" that long-term weight loss maintenance– there is a general perception

that almost no one succeeds in long-term maintenance of weight loss. However,

research has shown that ≈20% of overweight individuals are successful at long-term

weight loss when defined as losing at least 10% of initial body weight and maintaining

the loss for at least 1 y. The National Weight Control Registry provides information

about the strategies used by successful weight loss maintainers to achieve and

maintain long-term weight loss. National Weight Control Registry members have lost an

average of 33 kg and maintained the loss for more than 5 y. To maintain their weight

loss, members report engaging in high levels of physical activity (≈1 h/d), eating a low-

calorie, low-fat diet, eating breakfast regularly, self-monitoring weight, and maintaining a

consistent eating pattern across weekdays and weekends. Moreover, weight loss

maintenance may get easier over time; after individuals have successfully maintained

their weight loss for 2–5 y, the chance of longer-term success greatly increases.

Continued adherence to diet and exercise strategies, low levels of depression and

disinhibition, and medical triggers for weight loss are also associated with long-term

success. National Weight Control Registry members provide evidence that long-term

weight loss maintenance is possible and help identify the specific approaches

associated with long-term success.

 17

Based from Virginia M. Grow, in her study named "Motivational predictors of

weight loss and weight-loss maintenance" that self-determination theory proposes that

behaviour change will occur and persist if it is autonomously motivated. Autonomous

motivation for behaviour is theorized to be a function both of individual differences in the

autonomy orientation from the General Causality Orientations Scale and of the degree

of autonomy supportiveness of relevant social contexts. We tested the theory with 128

patients in a 6-month, very-low-calorie weight-loss program with a 23-month follow-up.

Analyses confirmed the predictions that (a) participants whose motivation for weight

loss was more autonomous would attend the program more regularly, lose more weight

during the program, and evidence greater maintained weight loss at follow-up, and (b)

participants' autonomous motivation for weight loss would be predicted both by their

autonomy orientation and by the perceived autonomy supportiveness of the

interpersonal climate created by the health-care staff.

Foreign Studies

An article entitled, “7 Ways Strength Training Boost Your Health and Fitness”, made

by Chris Iliades, MD (2018), asserts that exercise plays an important part of the overall

fitness and its benefits people with health issue such as obesity, arthritis, or a heart

condition. Iliades makes this argument by outlining 7 ways of strength training that boost

the health and fitness. Iliades’s purpose is to know the importance and role that strength

training is not just about body builders who lift weights in the gym, but it is also

applicable for all individual. Regular strength or resistance training also helps prevent

the natural loss of lean muscle mass that comes with aging (the medical term for this
 18

loss is sarcopenia). Strength training will elevate the level of endorphins (natural opiates

produced by the brain), which lift energy levels and improve mood.

According to an article in a Harvard Medical School blog, Exercises that get your

heart pumping and sweat flowing — known as aerobic exercise, or "cardio"— have

significant and beneficial effects on the brain and body, according to a wealth of recent

research, including two new studies published this month.” Aerobic exercise is key for

your head, just as it is for your heart”. The thymus is responsible for generating key

immune cells called T cells. In healthy people, it begins to shrink starting around age 20,

and T cell production also starts to drop off around that time. The study found that the

thymus glands of the older cyclists looked like they belonged to younger people — their

bodies were producing just as many T cells as would be expected from the thymus of a

young person. (Brodwin, 2018)

Tommy Boone, PhD, a founding member of the American Society of Exercise

Physiologists says” Cardio vascular exercise is any type of exercise that increases the

work of the heart and lungs”. The physical benefits of cardio exercise abound, explains

says Len Kravitz, PhD, senior exercise physiologist for IDEA Health and Fitness

Association. They include: Reduced risk of heart disease, improved blood cholesterol

and triglyceride levels, improved heart function, reduced risk of osteoporosis, improved

muscle mass.

Kravitz says, who is also a coordinator of exercise science at the University of New

Mexico. "And to improve cardiovascular endurance, they recommend 20 to 60 minutes

on three to five days per week. (WebMB, 2004)

 19

Dr. Timothy Miller said, a sports medicine physician at Ohio State University's

Wexner Medical Center. In fact, research suggests that when it comes to improving

certain markers of heart health, strength training is just good – if not better – than

cardio. For instance, in one Journal of Sports Science & Medicine study, people who

cranked out a 20-minute interval strength workout that included pushups, burpees,

squats and lunges burned an average of 15 calories per minute. That's nearly twice as

many calories as burned during long runs

According to Goldberg, Elliot, Kuehl, 1994 Weight training is believed to result in little

cardiovascular benefit compared to aerobic conditioning. In this study, heart rate and

blood pressure changes in previously sedentary men were observed at rest and during

simulated daily physical activities before and after a controlled 16-week conditioning

program of either weight training or running. Body composition, peak oxygen uptake

and strength were assessed before and after the study. At rest, during isometric

exertion, and while performing two levels of treadmill walking, runners and weight

trainers had lower estimates of myocardial oxygen consumption compared to controls.

After training, both runners and weight trainers decreased their percent body fat.

According to Women’s Health (2007), if you want to stay off the sideline use weight

training because in a 2006 study in the American Journal of Sports Medicine,

researchers found that a balance-training program -- think single-leg squats and

anything on a wobble board -- reduced the risk of ankle sprains in athletes.

Wayne Westcott, Ph.D., director of research at the South Shore YMCA in Quincy,

Massachusetts says, over the course of a year, that's about 10 pounds of fat -- without

even changing your diet while in cardio regimen it has a slight advantage. You'll burn 8
 20

to 10 calories a minute hoisting weights, compared with 10 to 12 calories a minute

running or cycling.

According to Knuttgen, 2007, most exercise programs for conditioning and

rehabilitation are oriented to strength development, aerobic (cardiovascular) fitness, or a

combination of the 2. Because the 2 types of exercise are located at the opposite

extremes of a muscular power continuum, the design of a program must be highly

specific with regard to the exercise to be undertaken, as well as the intensity, duration,

and frequency, in order to attain optimal results. Strength exercise programs involve

weight training or the use of high-resistance machines with exercise that is limited to a

few repetitions (generally less than 20) before exhaustion. Aerobic exercise involves

exercise performed for extended periods (e.g., 10-40 minutes) with large muscle activity

involving hundreds of consecutive repetitions that challenge the delivery of oxygen to

the active muscles. The chronic physiological adaptations and the variables in program

design are highly specific to the type of exercise performed.

According to Wayne Westcott’s article entitled “Resistance Training is Medicine:

Effects of Strength Training on Health” (2012), Inactive adults experience a 3% to 8%

loss of muscle mass per decade, accompanied by resting metabolic rate reduction and

fat accumulation. Ten weeks of resistance training may increase lean weight by 1.4 kg,

increase resting metabolic rate by 7%, and reduce fat weight by 1.8 kg. Benefits of

resistance training include improved physical performance, movement control, walking

speed, functional independence, cognitive abilities, and self-esteem. Resistance training

may assist prevention and management of type 2 diabetes by decreasing visceral fat,

reducing HbA1c, increasing the density of glucose transporter type 4, and improving
 21

insulin sensitivity. Resistance training may enhance cardiovascular health, by reducing

resting blood pressure, decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides,

and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Resistance training may promote

bone development, with studies showing 1% to 3% increase in bone mineral density.

Resistance training may be effective for reducing low back pain and easing discomfort

associated with arthritis and fibromyalgia and has been shown to reverse specific aging

factors in skeletal muscle. Without regular physical activity, the body slowly loses its

strength, stamina and ability to function well. People who are physically active and at a

healthy weight live about 7 years longer than those who are not active and are obese.

Physical activity improves physical wellness, and it also reduced some risk factors. Too

much sitting and other inactive activities can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

One study showed that adults who watch more than 4 hours of television a day had a

46% increased risk of death from any cause and an 80% increased risk of death from

cardiovascular disease. Becoming more active can help lower the blood pressure and

also boost its levels of good cholesterol. According to the American Heart Association,

physical activity boosts mental wellness. Regular physical activity can relieve tension,

anxiety, depression and anger. An individual may notice to "feel good sensation"

immediately following its physical activity, and most people also note that an

improvement in general well-being over time as physical activity becomes a part of the

given routine.

In the study conducted by Volek, et al, 40 subjects with atherogenic dyslipidemia

randomized to either a low-carb or an isocaloric low-fat eating routine for 12 weeks.

Fundamental results estimated were markers of the metabolic syndrome. Despite a

 22

comparable decrease in calories, the low-carb bunch lost twofold the measure of load

as the low-fat gathering (10.1kg versus 5.2kg).The LC aggregate demonstrated

progressively ideal upgrades in triglycerides, HDL, Triglyceride: HDL proportion. The LC

aggregate additionally had more upgrades in fasting glucose, fasting insulin and a

decrease in little LDL particles.

In the study entitled "In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-

carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow

a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss", The examination included 61 individuals

who had type 2 diabetes haphazardly picked an either a low-starch or low-fat eating

plan and consented to tail it for a long time with confinements in calories. The outcomes

were astounding. People who pursued a low-sugar plan lost twice as much weight (all

things considered 6.8 pounds) as the individuals who pursued a low-fat eating regimen

(normal 7.9 pounds), anyway factually, the thing that matters was not huge.

According to The Annals of Internal Medicine, The goal of the investigation was to

test and look at the cardiovascular hazard factors and body load on a low-sugar diet

sections a low-fat eating routine. The two people in the investigation (148 altogether) did

not have diabetes or clinical cardiovascular illness. Toward the finish of the

investigation, 82% of those in the low-fat gathering and 79% of the low-sugar assemble

finished their program. Those on the low-starch diet lost more weight and muscle to fat

ratio than those on the low-fat eating regimen. Those on the low-starch diet

encountered a more prominent decrease in weight and enhanced cardiovascular hazard

factors than the low-fat eating regimen members. Eating a low-starch diet is a

successful method to get more fit and enhance wellbeing.

 23

According to the researches of Malik, V., et al. (2010), consumption of sugar-

sweetened beverages (SSBs), which include soft drinks, fruit drinks, iced tea, energy

and vitamin water drinks has risen across the globe. Regular consumption of SSBs has

been associated with weight gain and risk of overweight and obesity but its role in the

development of related chronic metabolic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome

(MetSyn) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has not been quantitatively reviewed. Based on

data from these studies, including 310,819 participants and 15,043 cases of T2DM,

individuals in the highest quantile of SSB intake (most often 1-2 servings/day) had a

26% greater risk of developing T2DM than those in the lowest quantile (none or < 1

serving/month). Among studies evaluating MetSyn, including 19,431 participants and

5,803 cases, the pooled RR was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.42). In addition to weight gain,

higher consumption of SSBs is associated with development of MetSyn, and T2DM.

These data provide empirical evidence that intake of SSBs should be limited to reduce

obesity-related risk of chronic metabolic diseases.

Base on the researches of Yancy, W.S., et al. (2010), the study participants, 57 of

the LCKD group (79%) and 65 of the O + LFD group (88%) completed measurements at

48 weeks. Weight loss was similar for the LCKD (expected mean change, −9.5%) and

the O + LFD (−8.5%) (P = .60 for comparison) groups. The LCKD had a more beneficial

impact than O + LFD on systolic (−5.9 vs 1.5 mm Hg) and diastolic (−4.5 vs 0.4 mm Hg)

blood pressures (P < .001 for both comparisons). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

and triglyceride levels improved similarly within both groups. Low-density lipoprotein

cholesterol levels improved within the O + LFD group only, whereas glucose, insulin,

and hemoglobin A1c levels improved within the LCKD group only; comparisons
 24

between groups, however, were not statistically significant. In a sample of medical

outpatients, an LCKD led to similar improvements as O + LFD for weight, serum lipid,

and glycemic parameters and was more effective for lowering blood pressure.

According to the main findings of Wycherleyf, T.P., et al. (2010), both LC and LF

hypoenergetic diets achieved similar reductions in body weight and were associated

with improvements in PWV and a number of endothelium‐derived factors. However, the

LC diet impaired FMD suggesting chronic consumption of a LC diet may have

detrimental effects on endothelial function. In conclusion, both LC and LF hypoenergetic

diets achieved similar reductions in body weight and were associated with

improvements in PWV and a number of endothelium‐derived factors. However, the LC

diet impaired FMD suggesting chronic consumption of a LC diet may have detrimental

effects on endothelial function. Whether this adversely affects clinical end‐points

remains unknown and further larger, longer term studies are required.

Based from the study entitled "Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose,

lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health" that the highly processed, calorie-

dense, nutrient-depleted diet favored in the current American culture frequently leads to

exaggerated supraphysiological post-prandial spikes in blood glucose and lipids. This

state, called post-prandial dysmetabolism, induces immediate oxidant stress, which

increases in direct proportion to the increases in glucose and triglycerides after a meal.

The transient increase in free radicals acutely triggers atherogenic changes including

inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and sympathetic hyperactivity.

Post-prandial dysmetabolism is an independent predictor of future cardiovascular

events even in nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in diet exert profound and

 25

immediate favourable changes in the post-prandial dysmetabolism. Specifically, a diet

high in minimally processed, high-fiber, plant-based foods such as vegetables and

fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts will markedly blunt the post-meal increase in

glucose, triglycerides, and inflammation. Additionally, lean protein, vinegar, fish oil, tea,

cinnamon, calorie restriction, weight loss, exercise, and low-dose to moderate-dose

alcohol each positively impact post-prandial dysmetabolism. Experimental and

epidemiological studies indicate that eating patterns, such as the traditional

Mediterranean or Okinawan diets, that incorporate these types of foods and beverages

reduce inflammation and cardiovascular risk. This anti-inflammatory diet should be

considered for the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease and

diabetes.

Based from the study entitled "The athlete’s diet: nutritional goals and dietary

strategies" that when talented, motivated and highly trained athletes meet for

competition the margin between victory and defeat is usually small. When everything

else is equal, nutrition can make the difference between winning and losing. Although

the primary concern of many athletes is to supplement the diet with protein, vitamins

and minerals, and a range of more exotic compounds, key dietary issues are often

neglected. Athletes must establish their nutritional goals, and must also be able to

translate them into dietary strategies that will meet these goals. Athletes are often

concerned with dietary manipulations in the period around competition, but the main

role of nutrition may be to support consistent intensive training which will lead to

improved performance. Meeting energy demand and maintaining body mass and body

fat at appropriate levels are key goals. An adequate intake of carbohydrate is crucial for
 26

maintaining muscle glycogen stores during hard training, but the types of food and the

timing of intake are also important. Protein ingestion may stimulate muscle protein

synthesis in the post-exercise period, promoting the process of adaptation in the

muscles. Restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance after exercise is essential. If

energy intake is high and a varied diet is consumed, supplementation of the diet with

vitamins and minerals is not warranted, unless a specific deficiency is identified.

According to the study named "Dietary strategies to promote glycogen synthesis

after exercise" that muscle glycogen is an essential fuel for prolonged intense exercise,

and therefore it is important that the glycogen stores be copious for competition and

strenuous training regimens. While early research focused on means of increasing the

muscle glycogen stores in preparation for competition and its day-to-day replenishment,

recent research has focused on the most effective means of promoting its

replenishment during the early hours of recovery. It has been observed that muscle

glycogen synthesis is twice as rapid if carbohydrate is consumed immediately after

exercise as opposed to waiting several hours, and that a rapid rate of synthesis can be

maintained if carbohydrate is consumed on a regular basis. For example,

supplementing at 30-min intervals at a rate of 1.2 to 1.5 g CHO kg-1 body wt h-1

appears to maximize synthesis for a period of 4- to 5-h post exercise. If a lighter

carbohydrate supplement is desired, however, glycogen synthesis can be enhanced

with the addition of protein and certain amino acids. Furthermore, the combination of

carbohydrate and protein has the added benefit of stimulating amino acid transport,

protein synthesis and muscle tissue repair. Research suggests that aerobic
 27

performance following recovery is related to the degree of muscle glycogen

replenishment.

1.6. Conceptual Framework

Low Fat Diet

Weight Loss

Low Sugar Diet

Figure 1.Conceptual Framework

This figure shows the difference in effectiveness of low fat diet and low sugar diet

in terms of weight loss. It shows that both diets can affect a body in different terms

depending on the way an individual person take the diet.

1.7. Hypothesis of the Study

Low Fat Diet and Low Sugar diet are commonly used by many who wants to lose

weight and live a healthy lifestyle. This study will focus on which is the most effective

diet between the two in terms of weight loss. The researchers will solely focus on what

will be the effects of low fat diet and low sugar diet on an overweight body.

H1- There is a significant difference between the effectiveness of low fat diet and low

sugar diet in terms of weight loss.

H0- There is no significant difference between effectiveness of low fat diet and low

sugar diet in terms of weight loss

.
 28

1.8. Definition of Terms

This section will provide terms and definition with the intention of giving information

to the readers. Furthermore, the researchers will contribute to the readers to have

deeper understanding of the study and to clear up the technical terms.

Dietary- Anything related to diet.

Immune- Not prone to disease

Insulin- Chemical in our body.

Low carb diet- low in carbohydrates.

Low fat diet- denoting or relating to food or a diet that is low or relatively low in fat,

especially saturated fat.

Low sugar diet- a process of decreasing sugar in a body

Metabolism- the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to

maintain life.

Obese- A target person of the researchers.

Stoutness- the quality of being fat or of heavy build.

 29

Methodology

In this study, the researchers will use quantitative approach as an instrument for

the researcher’s goal. Also, the researchers will discuss about the research design of

the study, type of technique used, the participants, the instruments and the data

collection procedures.

2.1. Research Design

This study will be using the quantitative research design because it will require

statistical treatment as the data are gather. The researchers will be using Descriptive-

Comparative as its specific design because the study will try to compare two different

variables and if will affects the independent variable. It also aims at describing and

perhaps also explaining the invariance of the objects. It does not aim at generating

changes in the objects, on the contrary, it usually tries to avoid them. The study will

discover if there will be a significant difference between the variables.

2.2. Sample and Sampling Techniques

In this study, the researchers used purposive sampling. The researchers will be

the one to choose the participants that should be at the age of 18 to 35 years old. The

respondents that would be chosen should also be equally divided, 10 males and 10

females respondents and importantly should have an experience in using low fat and

low sugar diet for the purpose of weight loss. The said individuals should have been

using low fat and low sugar products and following the ways of the two diets.
 30

2.3. Research Instrumentation

The primary data gathering instrument that will be used in this study is survey

questionnaire that will gather the profile of the selected respondents concerning their

preferences between Low fat and Low sugar diets and how these preferences are

affected by the weight loss of the two variables. It tends to measure the research

established criteria in choosing the respondent: the respondents should usually go

exercising and they should have an experience of doing exercises that helps to lose

weight. The questions were made by the researchers based on their opinion in order to

prove their hypothesis. This will be done through spreading survey questionnaires. The

researchers will do a direct survey questionnaire of the selected respondents.

The researchers will be using two questionnaire to conduct the survey, one

survey is for low fat diet while the other one is for low sugar diet. The questionnaires are

compose of ten questions and the researchers decided to use likert scale for the

respondents to answer. The questions should be related to the study and will give

clarifications on the respondents on why the researchers are conducting surveys.

 31

*Questionnaire for low fat diet

Name (optional): ________ Age: _______

Weight: __________
Direction: Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement by checking
the appropriate response.
(5) Strongly Agree, (4) Agree, (3) Neutral, (2) Disagree, (1) Strongly Disagree

STATEMENT 5 4 3 2 1

1. I buy low fat products only for dieting.

2. I participate in any activities/exercise that

helps lower my body weight.

3. I have a particular disease that makes me use

low fat diet.

4. I regularly visit my dietician.

5. I only eat foods that are low in fats.

6. Low fat diet helps me lose weight.

7. It is important to know if the body is accurate

for losing weight before practicing low fat diet.

8. It is better to count your calories and eat

vegetables to support the benefits of low fat
diet.
9. I often exercise but did not control my food
intake.

10. I prefer low fat diet than low sugar diet.

 32

*Questionnaire for low fat diet

Name (optional): ________ Age: _______

Weight: __________
Direction: Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement by checking
the appropriate response.
(5) Strongly Agree, (4) Agree, (3) Neutral, (2) Disagree, (1) Strongly Disagree

STATEMENT 5 4 3 2 1

1. I buy low sugar products only for dieting.

2. I participate in any activities/exercise that

helps lower my body weight.

3. I have a particular disease that makes me use

low sugar diet.
4. I regularly visit my dietician.

5. I only eat foods that are low in sugar.

6. Low sugar diet helps me lose weight.

7. It is important to know if the body is accurate

for losing weight before practicing low sugar
diet.

8. It is better to count your calories and eat

vegetables to support the benefits of low sugar
diet.

9. I often exercise but did not control my food

intake.

10. I prefer low sugar diet than low fat diet.

.
 33

2.4. Statistical Treatment of Data

The data that the researchers will be gathering are going to be tabulated and will be

process manually with the help of computer. It is for determining the precise

interpretation of the results. For the data gathered, the statistical tools that are going to

be use are the following:

2.4.1. Frequency and Percentage

The researchers will be using frequency and percentage distribution to

determine the percentage of the respondents’ profile. It has a formula of P=

F/Nx100, where P is equal to percentage while F is equal to frequency and N is

equal to the total number of respondents.

2.4.2. Independent T-test

The researchers will also be using unpaired t –test to effectively compare

the two different variables which are the questionnaire for both low fat and low

sugar diet.

2.5 Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will first determine the respondents based on the need of the

study and will then continue in formulating questions for the survey. After formulating

questions, the researchers then will be selecting locations for the study to be conducted

or a place where the survey can be distributed. The researchers will now then

determine what type of respondents are needed for the survey. The questionnaires then

will be distributed and the researchers will then conduct the survey. After the surveys

are conducted, the researchers will then evaluate, encode and synthesize the answers.
 34

Results

This chapter shows the details of the given answers of the respondents who uses

low fat diet and low sugar diet.

Figure 2. Demographic Profile

Age

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5

10 1 2.5 2.5 5.0

18 3 7.5 7.5 12.5

19 3 7.5 7.5 20.0

20 3 7.5 7.5 27.5

21 3 7.5 7.5 35.0

22 1 2.5 2.5 37.5

23 5 12.5 12.5 50.0

24 1 2.5 2.5 52.5

25 1 2.5 2.5 55.0

26 3 7.5 7.5 62.5

28 1 2.5 2.5 65.0

29 4 10.0 10.0 75.0

30 2 5.0 5.0 80.0

33 1 2.5 2.5 82.5

34 4 10.0 10.0 92.5

35 3 7.5 7.5 100.0

Total 40 100.0 100.0

Table 1. Demograpic Profile: Age

 35

Weight
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid 125 1 2.5 2.5 2.5

129 1 2.5 2.5 5.0

130 2 5.0 5.0 10.0

135 3 7.5 7.5 17.5

140 1 2.5 2.5 20.0

145 1 2.5 2.5 22.5

150 2 5.0 5.0 27.5

160 2 5.0 5.0 32.5

170 4 10.0 10.0 42.5

173 1 2.5 2.5 45.0

175 2 5.0 5.0 50.0

180 4 10.0 10.0 60.0

185 3 7.5 7.5 67.5

190 2 5.0 5.0 72.5

193 1 2.5 2.5 75.0

195 2 5.0 5.0 80.0

200 4 10.0 10.0 90.0

210 2 5.0 5.0 95.0

215 1 2.5 2.5 97.5

280 1 2.5 2.5 100.0

Total 40 100.0 100.0

Table 2. Demographic Profile: Weight

 36

Statistics

Age Weight

N Valid 40 40

Missing 0 0
Mean 24.65 174.50
Median 23.50 177.50
Mode 23 170a
Sum 986 6980
Table 3. Demographic Profile Summary

Frequency of Low Fat Diet Questionnaire

Low Fat Question no. 1

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Agree 17 85.0 85.0 85.0

Strongly Agree 3 15.0 15.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 4. Frequency of question no. 1

Low Fat Question no. 2

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Neutral 3 15.0 15.0 15.0

Agree 12 60.0 60.0 75.0

Strongly Agree 5 25.0 25.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 5. Frequency of question no. 2

 37

Low Fat Question no.3

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Neutral 3 15.0 15.0 15.0

Agree 15 75.0 75.0 90.0

Strongly Agree 2 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 6. Frequency of question no. 3

Low Fat Question no. 4

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Neutral 7 35.0 35.0 35.0

Agree 10 50.0 50.0 85.0

Strongly Agree 3 15.0 15.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 7. Frequency of question no. 4

Low Fat Question no. 5

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Neutral 9 45.0 45.0 45.0

Agree 5 25.0 25.0 70.0

Strongly Agree 6 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 8. Frequency of question no. 5

 38

Low Fat Question no. 6

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Neutral 3 15.0 15.0 15.0

Agree 13 65.0 65.0 80.0

Strongly Agree 4 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 9. Frequency of question no. 6

Low Fat Question no. 7

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Neutral 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Agree 12 60.0 60.0 65.0

Strongly Agree 7 35.0 35.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 10. Frequency of question no. 7

Low Fat Question no. 8

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Agree 13 65.0 65.0 65.0

Strongly Agree 7 35.0 35.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 11. Frequency of question no. 8

 39

Low Fat Question no. 9

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Disagree 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Neutral 10 50.0 50.0 55.0

Agree 4 20.0 20.0 75.0

Strongly Agree 5 25.0 25.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 12. Frequency of question no. 9

Low Fat Question no. 10

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Neutral 3 15.0 15.0 15.0

Agree 14 70.0 70.0 85.0

Strongly Agree 3 15.0 15.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 13. Frequency of question no. 10

Statistics

LFQ
LFQ1 LFQ2 LFQ3 LFQ4 LFQ5 LFQ6 LFQ7 LFQ8 LFQ9 10

N Valid 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 4.15 4.10 3.95 3.80 3.85 4.05 4.30 4.35 3.65 4.00
Median 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 4.00
Mode 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4
Sum 83 82 79 76 77 81 86 87 73 80

Table 14. Summary of Low Fat Diet Questionnaire

Mean and Standard Deviation of Questions

 40

Frequency for Low Sugar Diet Questionnaire

Low Sugar Question no. 1

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Disagree 2 10.0 10.0 10.0

Neutral 1 5.0 5.0 15.0

Agree 5 25.0 25.0 40.0

Strongly Agree 12 60.0 60.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 15. Frequency of question no. 1

Low Sugar Question no.2

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Disagree 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Agree 1 5.0 5.0 10.0

Strongly Agree 18 90.0 90.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 16. Frequency of question no. 2

Low Sugar Question no.3

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Disagree 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Agree 1 5.0 5.0 10.0

Strongly Agree 18 90.0 90.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 17. Frequency of question no. 3

 41

Low Sugar Question no.4

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Disagree 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Neutral 6 30.0 30.0 35.0

Agree 7 35.0 35.0 70.0

Strongly Agree 6 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 18. Frequency of question no. 4

Low Sugar Question no.5

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Disagree 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Neutral 5 25.0 25.0 30.0

Agree 6 30.0 30.0 60.0

Strongly Agree 8 40.0 40.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 19. Frequency of question no. 5

Low Sugar Question no.6

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Neutral 2 10.0 10.0 10.0

Agree 10 50.0 50.0 60.0

Strongly Agree 8 40.0 40.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 20. Frequency of question no. 6
 42

Low Sugar Question no.7

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Agree 4 20.0 20.0 20.0

Strongly Agree 16 80.0 80.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 21. Frequency of question no. 7

Low Sugar Question no.8

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Agree 4 20.0 20.0 20.0

Strongly Agree 16 80.0 80.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 22. Frequency of question no. 8

Low Sugar Question no.9

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Disagree 5 25.0 25.0 25.0

Neutral 2 10.0 10.0 35.0

Agree 4 20.0 20.0 55.0

Strongly Agree 9 45.0 45.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 23. Frequency of question no. 9

 43

Low Sugar Question no.10

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Disagree 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Agree 5 25.0 25.0 30.0

Strongly Agree 14 70.0 70.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 24. Frequency of question no. 10

Statistics

LSQ1 LSQ2 LSQ3 LSQ4 LSQ5 LSQ6 LSQ7 LSQ8 LSQ9 LSQ10

N Valid 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mean 4.35 4.80 3.55 3.90 4.05 4.30 4.80 4.80 3.85 4.60
Median 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 5.00
Mode 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 5
Sum 87 96 71 78 81 86 96 96 77 92

Table 25. Summary of Low Sugar Diet Questionnaire

Mean and Standard Deviation of Questions

 44

Discussion
4.1 Summary of Findings

The findings of the study are as follows:

1. The demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age

The respondents’ age are ranging from 18-35 years old and has a total frequency

of 40 in which is the total number of respondents needed. Respondents that has the

age of 18 to 20 has a total frequency of 9 in which is equal to 22.5%. Ages 22 to 24 has

a frequency of 9 which has a percentage of 22.5% while ages 25, 26 and 28 has a

frequency of 5 which is equal to 12.5%. Respondents that has ages of 29,30 and 33 has

a total frequency of 7 which has a percentage of 17.5% while ages 34 and 35 has a

total frequency of 7 and also has total percentage of 17.5%. If the percentage is added

it has a total of 100%.

1.2. Weight

The respondents’ weights all differ from each other but base on the survey the

range of the respondents’ weight are about 125 pounds to 280 pounds.

2. What type or condition of body is more suitable for low fat and low
sugar diet?
 45

3. Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness low fat and low sugar diet

in terms of weight loss?

Base on the table 23, the group statistic, the low sugar diet has a bigger mean of

4.3000 while the low fat diet has a smaller mean of 4.0200 which means that the low

sugar diet has a higher average of effectiveness rather than low fat diet. There is no

significant difference between the effectiveness of low fat and low sugar diet in terms

of weight loss because according to table 24, the significant or p value is 0.101

which is greater than 0.05 which just means that there is no significant difference

between the two group.

4.2 Conclusion

There is a longstanding debate among dieters about the best way to shed

pounds. Those in the more traditional school maintain that decreasing total calories is

most important, while others passionately argue that the "calorie is a calorie" but cutting

carbohydrates in particular is the most effective way to trim fat. According to some

research carbohydrates are more likely to promote weight gain than protein or fat

because they increase levels of insulin, a hormone that drives fat storage. Therefore,

we conclude that although low fat diet and low sugar diet are commonly used by many

who wants to lose weight and live a healthy lifestyle. There is still more effective diet

between the two in terms of weight loss and this study will also focused on the effects of

low fat and low sugar diet to an overweight body. As expected, subjects lost body fat on
 46

both diets, but they lost fat at a faster rate on the low-sugar diet. When following the

low-fat diet, participants burned more fat for fuel, but they had a smaller net fat loss

because they also took in more fat from food. The bottom line is that the low-fat diet did

not give dieters a fat-burning edge, as many low-fat advocates have claimed. The

researchers predicted and conclude that the low-sugar diet is more effective than low fat

diet, since the scientific guess of the study is there is no significant difference between

effectiveness of low fat diet and low sugar diet in terms of weight loss and there is a

significant difference between low fat and low sugar diet in terms of weight loss but the

result of the differences would be modest.

The findings of this question state that there’s a significant relationship between

The effectiveness of low fat and low sugar diet in terms of weight loss and the

health/body structure of the workers/fitting instructor.

The results also state that the respondents also affect their health as they are continue

to practising a kind of diet, specifically low fat & low sugar diet. Sometimes the workers

rely only in different kinds of diet equipments, pills and supplements, this is due too

much desire of having a healthy and fit body and ashamed of getting some negative

comments about their weight. According to the connected data by the researchers, low

fat diet is more effective and health friendly in terms of weight loss, because of its health

benefits.

4.3 Recommendation

Based on the conclusion stated above, the researchers would like to recommend to the

future researchers of this study to:

 47

1. Choose respondents who have enough knowledge about dietary in order for them to

know the exact kind of diet that they will take.

2. Select respondents who have knowledge about the difference between taking low fat

and sugar diet.

3. Gather more respondents and proofs to know what type of diet is mostly prefered by

the people who are undertaking diet.

 48

List of References
49
 50

PERSONAL DETAILS

NAME: Lhaisa Charrisse M. Ocampo

ADDRESS: 3120 Molave st, subdivision Tondo, Manila

DATE OF BIRTH: May 5,2001

NATIONALITY: Filipino

MARITAL STATUS: single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary School: Lapu-Lapu Elementary School

Secondary School: F.G Calderon High School

Current School: Emilio Aguinaldo College

 51

Personal Data:
Name: Toni Illarina
Gender: Female
Birthdate: September 5, 2000
Address: 411 Diego Silang St. Magsaysay Village, Tondo, Manila
E-mail: Ilarinathony24@gmail.com
Contact number: 09978922319
Educational Attainment:
Graduated at Lakan Dula Highschool •With Honors (Section 2)
Graduated at Teodoro R. Yangco
Elementary School •First Honor (Section 2)
Graduated at San Pablo Apostol Kindergarten
•Valedictorian Elementary: Teodoro R. Yangco
Elementary School Junior High School: Lakan Dula High School
Senior High School: Emilio Aguinaldo College - Manila
 52

APPINDICES