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ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION
PDVSA N° TITULO
APROB. Eliecer Jiménez FECHA JUL.96 APROB. Alejandro Newski FECHA JUL.96
E1994 ESPECIALISTAS
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
REVISION FECHA
PDVSA GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN 0 JUL.96
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Index
1 GENERAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Safety , Reliability and Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 Basic Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 System Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Variations In Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 System Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5 Supply Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.6 Short Circuit Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7 Electrical Protection And Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8 System Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.9 Electricity Supply Facilities for Process Control
and Safeguarding Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 DESIGN AND SELECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT,
CABLES AND INSTALLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1 Switchgear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3 Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 Cables And Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.6 Power and Convenience Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.7 Metering Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.8 Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.9 Substations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4 SUBSTATION FIRE PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2 Mandatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5 POWER SUPPLY UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6 ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF LOSSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7 DOCUMENTS AND DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
REVISION FECHA
PDVSA GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN 0 JUL.96
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1.2 Definitions
Shall.
Is to be understood as mandatory
Owner.
Party which initiates the project and ultimately pays for its design and construction.
Contractor.
Party which carries all or part of the design, engineering, procurement,
construction and commissioning for the project.
Low Voltage.
Less than 1 000 V (Defined by ANSI C 84.1).
Medium Voltage.
1 000 V and less than 100 000 V
High Voltage.
Equal to or greater than 100 000 V.
Vital Service.
A service, which, when failing, can cause an unsafe condition of the process
and/or electrical installation, jeopardize life, or cause major damage to the
installation.
Essential Service.
A service, which, when failing, will affect the continuity, the quality or the quantity
of the product.
Certificate
Document issue by a recognised authority certifying that it has examined a certain
type of apparatus and, if necessary, has tested it and concluded that the
apparatus complies with the relevant standard for such apparatus.
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
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Hazardous Area
An area which an explosive atmosphere is or may be expected to be present in
quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction, installation
and use of electrical apparatus
Stand–by Capacity.
Capacity provided for the purpose of replacing that capacity which may be
withdrawn from service under planned or unplanned circumstances.
Firm Capacity.
The installed capacity less the stand–by capacity.
Spare Capacity.
Difference between firm capacity and the maximum calculated (peak) load.
Station or Substation.
An assembly of equipment at one place, including any necessary housing, for the
conversion or transformation of electrical energy and for connection between two
or more circuits.
Indoor Substation.
A station which consists of indoor equipment within a field constructed building.
Outdoor Substation.
The equipment is protected by a weather proof enclosure (standard outdoor
construction).
Main Substation.
A station for connection between a power or distribution system of a process unit
and an outside electrical supply system.
Power Plant Substation.
A station to which generators and outgoing feeders are connected.
Tropicalized
Preparation of equipment or apparatus to avoid the effects due to the tropical
weather.
Distribution Substation.
A station mainly used for feeding several plant stations.
Plant Substation.
A station mainly used for feeding one process installation.
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
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1.3.5 The Electrical equipment and material shall be designed, manufactured and
tested by the governing standards and regulations of the country of manufacture.
In general, the recommendations of IEC shall govern for equipment manufactured
outside of the USA, while ANSI and NEMA shall govern for equipment
manufactured in the USA.
1.3.6 Where requirements contained in this specification are higher than those in the
codes or standards referred to above, this specification shall prevail.
1.3.7 Electrical graphical symbols shall be per IEC–617, or ANSI Y32. Identification by
device code letters and by device code numbers shall be per ANSI C37.2.
1.3.8 The SI unit system shall be used throughout the design. For motors, kW and
equivalent HP shall be indicated.
1.3.9 The equipment and electrical installation shall be tropicalized and suitable for the
environment influences and climatic conditions as specified:
– Altitude
– Humidity
– Ambient air temperature
– Atmosphere
– Seismic conditions: in accordance with PDVSA .JA–221.
1.4.2 Energy conservation shall be pursued throughout the design. Periodic energy
audits shall be carried out to assure optimum results.
1.4.3 The electrical design shall permit periods of continuous operation of at least 4
years.
1.4.4 The insulating and dielectric materials used in all electrical equipment shall be
non–toxic and shall not contain compounds that are persistent and hazardous
environmental contaminants, such as poly–chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
1.4.6 Area classification drawings and electrical equipment selection shall conform to
PDVSA–MIR Vol. 2 (IR–E–01), and NEC. The former is based on, API RP 500 and
COVENIN 548, 559 and 603. A table shall be included in the area classification
drawing, showing the relevant physical properties of substances handled in every
classified area, such as: flash point, ignition temperature, flammable limits in
percent by volume, relative vapor density, operating pressure, flow and volumen
handled
1.4.7 Fire detection and alarm shall conform to PDVSA “Risk Engineering Manual” and
NFPA. The minimum distance between equipment and installations shall be per
PDVSA IR–M–01 “Separación entre Equipos e Instalaciones”.
1.4.8 Approved equipment, which is required for classified locations, shall be labeled,
listed or certified by a national recognized testing organization such as the
Underwriter Laboratory (USA), the Department of Trade and Industry (Great
Britain), or PTB (Germany). Where such equipment is not available, its design
shall conform to the standard of a nationally recognized testing organization.
1.4.9 Control rooms and switch houses shall be situated in non–hazardous areas. In
general, electrical equipment shall, as far as possible, be located in non
hazardous areas.
1.4.10 For all major equipment, the purchaser shall obtain, at least, the manufacturer’s
test report in accordance with PDVSA specifications, e.g. for generators, motors,
HV, MV and LV switchgears, transformers, batteries and inverter units.
2.3.2 Voltage sags of short duration causing the drop–out of contactors and other
sensitive loads, usually affect the process continuity. A comprehensive study shall
be carried out to provide appropriate methods to eliminate these events, such as:
automatic reacceleration and/or restarting of motors, contactors fed from the
UPS, or any other measure to desensitize the critical loads.
2.3.3 Deviations and variations in plant voltages from the rated equipment voltage, shall
be as follows:
– Steady state conditions: –+ 5%.
– Starting or reacceleration of a motor or group motor starting/reacceleration:
+10%, –20%.
– Voltage drop to 80% shall not affect plant operations.
– Voltage drop below 80% for a duration of not more than 0.2 seconds shall, on
a voltage restoration, result in the instantaneous re–energization of vital and
essential services.
– Voltage drop below 80% for a duration of 0.2 and 4 seconds shall, on a voltage
restoration, result in a sequential re–energization of selected loads.
2.3.4 Harmonic voltage–current distortion shall be as per IEEE–519 (Recommended
Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems).
The proposed limits are as follows:
Harmonic voltage distortion in %
< 69 kV 69 – 138 kV > 138 kV
Maximum for
Individual harmonic 3.0 1.5 1.0
Total harmonic 5.0 2.5 1.5
Equipment having special requirements with respect to variations in voltage level
and/or wave form shall be provided with a power supply that is adequately
stabilized.
2.5.2 In general, plant substations will be of the double–ended type, operating with
normally open tie breakers. Transformers, shall be rated self cooled (OA) 65°
C/Fan Cooled (FA) 65 oC. Each transformer shall be sized such that its 65° C self
cooled rating be equal to 120% of the maximum demand of the served load.
2.5.3 Transformer rating shall be selected such that the starting of the largest motor will
not cause the motor terminal voltage to drop below 80 percent of the normal
operating level.
2.5.4 Electrical power supply during construction, commissioning and start–up shall
comply with all the applicable rules of ANSI/NFPA 70 and ANSI C2.
3.1.8 The switchgear shall be modular type sheet steel cubicles, not less than 12 gauge
sheet steel (2.75 mm) structural steel frame work, floor mounting and self
supporting with a degree of protection as a whole of not less than Nema 12 or IP42
(IEC 529) without using the floor as part of the enclosure. MCCs and switchgear
back to back type are accepted with owner’s approval. Doors shall be provided
with non absorbent, non sticking gaskets.
3.1.9 The bus bar system for MV and LV, shall be insulated to the most practicable
extent and its connection arrangement shall be fault–free.
LV/MV contactors and circuit breakers shall be of the withdrawable type, except
in gas insulated switchgear application. MV contactors shall be latched type. LV
motor control center shall be combination of MCP circuit breaker and air break or
vacuum contactor.
3.1.10 115 and 69 kV breakers shall be of SF6 type. MV circuit breakers, including 34.5
kV breakers, and MV contactors shall be of the vacuum or SF6 type. LV circuit
breakers shall be air break type. LV contactors shall be air break type
electro–magnetically operated, hold–in type. MV breakers shall be of spring
charged motor type.
3.1.11 Contactors shall be capable of interrupting the locked rotor current of the motor
(NEC 430–82) according to NEMA or category AC4 according to IEC 947–1 and
947–4–2. Starters shall be full voltage, non reversing, single speed, combination
type. Soft start or reduced voltage can be used with owner’s approval.
3.1.12 MV switchgear shall be provided with a frequency relay (81) in each bus section
to shed MV non–essential motors in case of generation deficit. The load shedding
system shall prevent relay misoperation due to motor residual voltage during
automatic bus transfer.
3.1.13 Each LV starter shall be provided with a complete wired base for connecting a
plug–in Electronic Restart Module type ERM or TDRM for immediate or delayed
restarting of motors after mains voltaje sag or interruption, in order to comply with
paragraph 2.3.2. Aditionally, all critical motor starter shall be provided with the
ERM relay.
3.1.14 Latched switching devices shall be provided with a healthy trip pilot lights to
supervise condition of tripping circuit. All breakers and starters shall be provided
with pilot lights, green and red, to indicate open–close operation, and shall be
provided with space heater controls.
3.1.15 Watthour, voltampere and ammeter with demand interval of 15 minutes shall be
provided in stations 500 kVA or larger.
3.1.16 A running hour counter and operation counter shall be provided for each MV motor
starter. All MV breakers shall be provided with mechanical operation counter.
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
REVISION FECHA
PDVSA GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR
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3.1.18 The vacuum and SF6 contactors shall have a chopping current less than 0.75 A.
The vacuum and SF6 breakers shall have a chopping current less than 5 A.
3.1.19 Components of switchgear shall be standardized as much as possible.
3.1.20 Control power shall be as follows:
MV breakers: 120 V ac for spring charged motor
125 V dc for closing
125 V dc for tripping
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
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A dc supply unit (for closing and tripping), consisting of one rectifier unit and one
battery unit, shall be installed for each section of the switchgear with change–over
facilities. The rectifier shall be fed by 120 V ac taken from the voltage transformer
of the section concerned with change–over facilities.
MV latched contactors: 120 V ac for closing taken from its own voltage
transformer. 125 V dc for tripping taken from the dc units.
LV contactors: 120 V ac for closing from transformer provided separately in each
starter.
LV breakers: (incoming and bus tie breakers). As MV breakers mentioned above.
3.2 Transformers
3.2.1 Power and distribution transformers shall be in accordance with PDVSA N–201,
Section 7 and Engineering Design Guide PDVSA 90619.1.051.
3.2.2 Power transformers for Plant Stations shall be of the outdoor type, oil filled, 65°
C rise (ANSI C57.12.00 and C57.12.10), with an externally operated off circuit
primary tap changer with four full capacity taps, two 2.5% above and two 2.5%
below rated primary voltage.Unless otherwise specified, approved by the owner’s
engineer, transformers shall be naturally cooled by means of integrally mounted
radiators.
Transformers rated 750 kVA and above shall have provisions for future addition
of automatic cooling fans. Provisions do not include the supply of the fans and their
power supply.
3.2.3 Transformer size shall be based on 65° C rating self cooled (OA), and shall be
equal or greater than the substation maximum demand multiplied by a factor of
1.20. Main bus and feeder capacities shall be equal to the maximum fan cooled
transformer rating.
3.2.4 The ability to withstand thermal and dynamic effects of short circuits shall be of
2 s (IEC 76.5) for transformers of Plant Substation and 3 s for Main Stations and
Power Plant Station. Power transformers shall be capable of withstanding
infrequent restarting loads of up to 1.8 times the transformer rated current. Five
such starts may take place in succession at 5 seconds interval.
3.2.5 Oil immersed transformers shall be filled with oil manufactured locally, approved
by Covenin, or equivalent approved by the owner’s engineer. Liquids known under
trade names like Askarel, Pyranol, Clophen, Piralene, etc. and in general
Polyclorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) are not acceptable.
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
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3.2.6 The basic impulse insulation levels and insulation classes shall be as specified in
ANSI C57.12.00, tables 3,4 and 5. Bushings shall be of an insulation class not less
than that of the winding terminal to which they are connected. Neutral, for each
MV winding specified with neutral brought out, shall be fully insulated.
3.2.7 Transformers of the unsealed type shall be provided with a conservator tank
mounted above the highest point of the oil circulating system of the equipment.
It shall have an inside flexible membrane for oil/air separation. Each conservator
shall be fitted with one oil–level indicator of direct reading prismatic glass type
visible from ground level and one filling orifice with an air tight capture–screwed
cap.
3.2.8 At Main Station, where specified, transformers shall be provided with a three
phase on load tap changer to vary the nominal voltage by plus 10% and minus
10%. The on load tap changing equipment shall consist of a liquid immersed
arcing tap switch or tap selector and a diverter switch (arcing switch), a motor
mechanism and automatic control devices. Diverter switch tank shall be pressure
proof and provided with an overpressure (or overflow) protection device to
disconnect the transformer and release the pressure completely. Diverter switch
contacts shall be designed to ensure long life operation.
3.2.9 For system voltage up to 34.5 kV, cable terminations shall be in an integrated
air–filled box suitable for mounting on the side wall of the transformer with a
removable non magnetic plate and suitable provisions for terminating cable. A
grounding bolt of adequate size shall be provided for each cable shield and shall
be located inside the box.
The boxes shall be weather proof with a minimum degree of protection of IP 55
or NEMA 4. Space heaters shall be installed inside the cable–end boxes to
prevent condensation. Low voltage wiring shall be segregated by metal barriers.
When the item description calls for a bus duct, the cable box shall be so
constructed as to permit the coupling of the bus duct to the box without losing the
minimum degree of protection.
3.2.10 MV and LV boxes,on transformers above 2.5 MVA, shall be provided with
disconnecting links to isolate the cable from the transformer terminals for testing
purposes. Primary and secondary voltage metallic ducts shall be installed directly
below the transformer’s cable–end boxes up to the ground level. These ducts will
give mechanical protection to power cables.
3.2.11 Radiators for transformers, rated above 2 500 kVA, shall be detachable and shall
be provided with a machined or ground flanged inlet and outlet for bolting to the
transformer tank through isolating valves.
3.2.12 Metal sun shades shall be fitted over all boxes at approximate 50 mm above top
cover.
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
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3.2.13 A durable metal nameplate of corrosion resistant materials shall be affixed to each
transformer by the manufacturer. The minimum information shown on the
nameplate shall be that specified in ANSI C57.12.00, table 9, nameplate C and
the following information, when applicable:
– Purchaser order number.
– Indication of provision for future forced cooling equipment
– Maximum operating pressure of oil preservation system (positive and
negative).
– Tank designed for vacuum filling.
3.2.14 Finish paint shall be light gray NFPA 70. Alternative manufacturer’s standard is
acceptable, as long as it is at least equivalent to the above finish.
3.2.16 Unless otherwise specified, the angular displacement between the primary and
secondary phase voltages with a delta–wye connection shall be as per IEC 76
standard Dyn 11 (secondary voltage lags primary voltage by 30 deg.).
3.2.17 All windings, up to 34.5 kV, shall be fully insulated, as defined in ANSI C57.12, or
IEC 76. All neutral points of star windings shall be brought out to a terminal
bushing. The neutral terminal shall have an insulation class equal to the insulation
class of the line terminal. For 69 and 115 kV, it shall be agreed with the owner’s
engineer.
3.3.2 MV induction motors, 150 kW (200 hp up to 7000 hp) and larger, shall be 4 000
V, 60 Hz, squirrel cage type, suitable for full voltage, across the line starting. LV
motors, 0.56 kW to 149 shall be 460 V. The kW break point may vary for reasons
of economy with approval by Owner.
3.3.3 Cooling system shall be air to air (CACA). Air to water cooling is not acceptable,
for motors up to 7 000 hp (4 000 V).
3.3.4 The minimum degree of protection of an industrial motor shall be IP 54, (IEC 529)
or TEFC–Guarded (NEMA MG–1) for the motor enclosure and IP 55 for the
terminal boxes and bearing housings.
3.3.5 Nema II, weather–protected motors (IPW24) are not acceptable.
3.3.6 Motors for Division I shall be explosion proof. For Division 2 they shall be, in
addition to (3.3.4), non–sparking, which in normal service do not arc or spark or
produce ignition due to hot surfaces. Unless otherwise specified on the
requisition, a Div.. 2 motor shall be designed for temperature class T3 (200° C).
3.3.7 Site condition is highly corrosive. Motors shall be ruggedized, suitable for
extremes of environmental conditions and shall include antifungus tropical
protection. For LV motors, all enclosure parts shall be cast iron. For MV motors,
all enclosure parts shall be cast iron or fabricated carbon steel sheet of 1/8 inch
(3 mm) minimum thickness.
3.3.8 The starting torque characteristics shall be minimum NEMA Design B. At 80%
rated voltage and rated frequency applied at the motor terminals, it shall be
adequate for starting the driven load under the most severe conditions, e.g pump
with open discharge. Under these conditions, the accelerating torque shall be not
less than 10% of the rated full load torque, at 80% rated voltage and at any speed
between zero and that at which pull–out occurs.
3.3.9 Motors shall be suitable for starting duties of at least two starts in succession after
continuous running, once the motor is allowed to coast to rest.
3.3.10 Motors shall be applied within their rating based on a service factor de 1.0. In those
applications requiring a prolonged overload capacity, the use of a higher
horsepower rating is required to avoid the reduction of insulation and bearing life
associated with operation above the 1.0 service factor.
3.3.11 All motors shall have their windings star–connected and shall have identical
insulation levels. Stator windings of MV motors shall be preformed and be made
of rectangular copper conductors. MV rotors shall be copper. Motors with
aluminum frames are unacceptable.
3.3.12 All motors shall have a class F insulation, with a class B temperature rise at the
continuous required nameplate rating.
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
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3.3.13 A terminal box of sturdy construction shall be provided with ample space for
connecting the cables as indicated on the requisition order which, due to voltage
drop, short circuit, large number of duct cables, can be twice that considered
normal by manufacturer.
Terminal boxes shall be watertight. Transition box between cable and motor box
is not acceptable. For MV motors all terminal boxes shall be made of steel.
Terminal boxes made of cast iron are not acceptable. The main terminal box shall
be of the non–compound filled design, phase insulated, phase segregated or
phase separated type.
3.3.14 MV Motors shall be designed to be controlled by vacuum contactors. Motors of
1 500 kW (2 000 hp) and above shall be provided with surge suppressors.
3.3.15 Within the application limits, about 285 kW – 3 600 rpm, 2 240 kW .– 1 800 rpm,
motors shall be provided with ball and roller bearing with suitable grease nipples
and relief devices. Minimum relubrication interval to be 4 000 hours for horizontal
motors and 2 000 hours for vertical motors.
3.3.16 Motors of 75 hp and above, shall be provided with space heaters. Voltage supply
shall be 120 V ac.
3.3.17 Standardization of motors of the same size and manufacturer shall be pursued.
3.4.6 Above ground cables are allowed in process units having equipment installed on
tall structures, and in soil with high probability of contamination where the use of
cable lead sheath is not possible, all agreed with the owner’s engineer. Cables
shall be supported by cable racks, trays or cable ladders all the way up to their
terminations. All materials used shall be properly protected against corrosion,
such as hot–dip galvanized materials, stainless steel, reinforced fiberglass, fire
resistant polyester, depending on severity of environmental conditions. Cable
trays and conduits shall conform PDVSA N–201, Section 14.
3.4.7 Above ground cables are also allowed if underground cabling leads to impractical
or uneconomic solutions because of excessive ground space requirements, or
high freatic level.
3.4.8 A technical and economic analysis shall be carried out for the selection of above
ground, underground or a combined above ground and underground cable
system. The result shall be approved by Pequiven.
3.4.9 All power, lighting and grounding cables shall have copper conductors. Type and
size of cable shall be agreed with the owner’s engineer for standardization
reasons. Minimum size shall be as indicated in PDVSA 90619.1.057.
3.4.10 MV cables shall be copper cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) or ethylene
propylene rubber EPR insulated (90° C) and PVC jacketed, shielded type. LV
cables shall be PVC, PVC (75° C). Distribution cables (13.8 and 34.5 kV) shall be
of one core construction. Feeders and motor branch enclosed in duct (4.16 and
0.480 kV) shall be three core up to the size AWG No. 1/0. Size AWG No. 2/0 and
above shall be one core.
3.4.11 For the sizing of cables, thermal short circuit capacity, voltage drop, current rating
and derating factors shall be taken into consideration. The latter will take into
account deviation for ground/ ambient temperature, deviation for soil thermal
resistivity, grouping of cables in ducts or trenches and the shield losses.A soil
average temperature and thermal resistivity survey shall be conducted prior to
perform the ampacity calculations.
3.4.12 Conductor short–circuit capability shall be calculated with the maximum expected
three–phase shortcircuit current circulating for a time equal to the backup
protective relay setting, according to ICEA P–32–382. Shield and armor
short–circuit capability shall be calculated with maximum expected phase to
ground short–circuit current for a time equal to the backup protective relay setting
for solidly grounded neutral systems, and for the rated current and time of the
neutral grounding resistor for low resistance grounded systems. Calculation shall
be made according to ICEA P–45–482.
3.4.13 Cables at 600 V and below, and feeders to motors above 600 V, shall not be
increased in size because of short circuit duty.
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3.4.14 When installing shielded cable, metallic shielding must be solidly grounded. For
safe and effective operation, the shielding shall be grounded at each end of the
cable and at each splice. For short lengths, grounding at one point may be
considered with the owner’s engineer approval.
3.4.15 Grounding cables between equipment and ground net shall be PVC covered
(green color), as protection against electrolytic corrosion. Ground net conductors
shall be bare copper.
3.4.16 Instrument and telecommunication cables shall be laid in trenches or trays
separated from those used for MV and/or LV cables.
3.4.17 Conductors No. 14 AWG and larger shall be stranded. Wire smaller than No. 12
AWG shall not be used in both lighting and power systems.
3.5 Lighting
3.5.1 Lighting system shall conform to PDVSA N–201, Section 13. Lighting levels shall
be as per COVENIN 2 249 “Iluminancias en Tareas y Areas de Trabajo”.
3.5.2 As far as practical, energy efficient fluorescent luminaries in white color shall, in
general, be used for plant lighting.
3.5.3 High pressure discharge lamps (sodium vapor type fixtures) may be used where
flood lighting and street lighting be required.
3.5.4 Low pressure sodium discharge lamps shall not be used, as they constitute a fire
hazardous in the event of breakage.
3.5.5 For standardization reasons the same type of fittings shall be used in all plant
areas.
3.5.6 For the control of lamp groups in individual rooms of a process building, or where
otherwise necessary, local lighting switches shall be provided.
3.5.7 Lighting for outdoor operating areas and streets shall be automatic controlled by
photocell. An auto–on–off selector switch shall be located at the controller location
to permit manual control of the lighting (PDVSA N–201, Section 13.21).
3.5.8 All lighting voltage for process plants shall be 208 V, 3–phase.
3.5.9 Lighting transformers and lighting panels shall be located inside of a switch house.
3.5.10 Fixed emergency lighting shall be installed in control rooms, switch rooms, fire
fighting station, first–aid rooms, watchmen’s offices, the main entrances and in all
other buildings and areas when required for safety reasons.
3.6.2 Convenience outlets shall have a standard supply voltage equal to the voltage
selected for normal lighting. (208 and/or 120 V in agreement with the owner’s
engineer).
3.6.3 Hand torches shall be provided for all locations where operating personnel will be
present. The equipment shall consist of fixed charging units with sockets and
plug–in–type hand torches suitable for classified area.
3.8 Grounding
3.8.1 Grounding system shall conform to PDVSA N–201, Section 17.
3.8.2 For the grounding of electrical system, equipment and structures, each
installation shall have one common ground grid connected to at least two groups
of ground electrodes.
3.8.3 The ground grid for substation and generating station shall be bare stranded
medium hard drawn copper. The ground grid shall extend throughout the
installation in the form of main ring with insulated conductors, green PVC covered,
to prevent electrolytic corrosion of plant equipment.
3.8.4 Main ring conductors and branch conductors to metallic enclosures of HV/MV/LV
electrical equipment shall have a minimum size of 2/0 AWG (67 mm2).
Minimum size for branch grounding conductors to be No. 2 AWG (33.6 mm2) for
underground conductors and 6 AWG (13.3 mm2) for above ground conductors.
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PDVSA N–252
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3.8.5 The electrical resistance between main ground grid and the general mass of earth
shall not exceed 2 ohm.
3.8.6 The connections between electrodes heads and conductors shall be so executed
that easy inspection and testing of the ground resistance of individual electrodes
be possible.
3.8.7 Pipelines and other underground metallic objects shall not be used for grounding
purposes.
3.8.8 For lightning and static electricity purpose, ground electrodes shall be located
near the structure to be protected. The resistance of electrodes and mass of earth
shall not exceed 7 ohm.
3.8.9 Grounding of electronic system (computer, instruments and communications).
See PDVSA N–201, par. 17.5.19 and 17.5.20.
3.8.10 In general a separate grounding system is required and no other equipment shall
be connected to it. The grounding cable shall be stranded, annealed copper cable
with an overall PVC insulation color coded green.
3.8.11 Computer and instrument system grounds shall have a simple path to ground.
This shall be accomplished by using ground busses connected to a single ground
electrode cluster. The single ground electrode cluster is connected to the plant
ground loop. Busses shall be isolated from the equipment ground or grid.
3.9 Substations
3.9.1 Substations buildings shall conform to PDVSA N–201, Section 21.
3.9.2 Electrical switchgear installations shall be located indoor in an elevated masonery
building. Outdoor switchgear is acceptable with the approval of the owner
(PDVSA N–201, Section 3.6.10). The under floor shall be used for
accommodation of incoming and outgoing cables. Trays shall be provided in this
area.
3.9.3 The sub–station/switch houses shall be located in a safe area and designed as
a completely closed civil engineering structure, with steel doors of dust tight
construction and dust tight cable passages, to correspond to the occurrence of
one air change per hour maximum.
3.9.4 Substation shall contain electrical equipment only for the safe and secure
distribution of electricity such as switchgear, transformers and auxiliary facilities.
3.9.5 Substation building shall be air conditioned. The air conditioning installation shall
consist of two or more individual split system air conditioning installation. Each
one shall comprise: a) One fan coil unit suitable for 100 % recirculation and free
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4.2.12 Battery rooms shall have a ventilation system. The entrance door to a battery
room shall have a warning sign “PELIGRO–GAS HIDROGENO–PROHIBIDO
FUMAR”. A flow switch shall be provided on each fan to give an alarm when the
ventilation system is off.
4.2.13 Light switch and convenience outlets shall be located outside the battery room.
4.2.14 An eye–wash station shall be provided. Walls and floor shall be covered by an
acid–resisting material.
US$/kW
No–load loss at 100% of rated voltage 3500
Load loss at self–cooled rating 2900
Stage one cooling equipment power 1800
US$/kW
Loss at 100% of rated voltage 3500
Cooling and lubrication equipment power 1800
In the bid evaluation procedure, each loss evaluation figure listed above shall be
multiplied by its respective guaranteed loss value in kW, and the resulting figures
will be added to the bid price to give a total evaluated price for bid comparison.
Evaluation results shall be submitted to Pequiven for approval.
APPENDIX A
NOMINAL SERVICE
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
Main Station
Power Plant Station
Distribution Station
Plant Station
APPENDIX B
SECONDARY SELECTIVE SUBSTATIONS WITH AUTOMATIC TRANSFER
SETTING AND COORDINATION OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES