Monday Sept 09

PHIL 061:

Sorority paradox: A paradox that arises when it is impossible to stipulate where one concepts
ends and another begins.

Informed consent- enough information or knowledge of consequence

Page: 247
Wednesday sep -11

“The heart of rascim” T.L.A Gracia

Race:

Social Construction: An institution or practice that depends( in large part at least) upon the
shared expectation of the community

Cognitive bias
Negative bias
Confirmation bias

Personal Racism: Individual who holds by individuals.

Garcia says this form of racism is the egregious or awful kind of racism

Instutionalized Racism: When an institution (e.g. School, business, etc) actively discriminates
against people based on race

Institutional racism is rooting from personal racism.

Personal racism (Virus) leads to institutional racism

What’s wrong with racism?

Racism is opposed to the virtues of benevolence and justice.
Benevolent is just more like positive duty.

Involves denies powers to another race

Resentment, hate

Human beings are naturally short sighed

Xenophobia- feared of foreigners

They think

Empathy
Slavery is ridiculous and lucradously profitable. That is learnt from Nazis
People start to empathy so they rationale
Africans are not intelligent so that’s okay to slave

Moral change or any kind change is change slowy

Start racism as moral legal after world war II

Principe of Equal Treatment/ consistency Principle:

Like cases should be treated in the same manner unless there is a very good reason to treat
them differently.

Its not the action but the intention that makes worse in racism
18 September 2019

Liu “ our society should structured in such a way that prevents blatant disrespect of people’s
disrespect of people’s fundamental equality.. if this right, a similar moral prohibition should aso
exist for personal relationships.”
P 303.

Morality is the most important thing in the planet.

Abortion : The intentional termination of pregnancy

Is it morally acceptable to kill innocent people?

Don Marquis- He is not anti-abortion of -religions consideration

-sexist

Lucretius’ puzzle:

Necrophobic- afraid to die

Why do we fear the long period of non-existence after we die, but not the long period of non-
existence before we were born?

Murder is ultimate theft because you stealing future, goals and expectaqtions
Date : 25 September, 2019

Judith Jaruis- Thomson:

Even if a fetus has “ RIGHT TO LIFE” it is still morally permissible to seek an abortion.

Right to life Right to control what happens to your body

Which right is significant?

Autonomy---choice

Killing versus “letting die”

Sept 30, 2019, Monday

Euthanasia & Physician – Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia--(Greek—"good dearth”)

Involuntary Euthanasia - Killing a patient without their consent & without consent of their
family

Passive Voluntarily Euthanasia: - The removal of life-saving procedures or treatements (at

patient request).

Active voluntarily Euthanasia:

Seeking the assistance of a physician in the attempt to end one’s life
Quality of life: Reasonable expectation of goal fulfillment , interpersonal relationships , job
satisfaction, that we associated with human thriving.
young & healthy, complete control of mental faculty.

“ONE”. Johhny Got his gun ( novel)(1992) DAction Trumbo

Dignity:
The inherent value of each person

Oct 7, 2019 Monday

(Van Den Haag) (1978)

Capital Punishment: The infliction of death as form of punishment.

Justice/Retribution—Taking vengeance on someone; repaying harm with equal or greater

harm.

Hammurabi’s Code:

The world’s first set codified laws.

“An eye for an eye, and tooth for a tooth.”

Retributivism:
The doctrine in the philosophy of punishment that holds that the punishment should “fit” that
crime (i.e. punishment should be proportional to the harm done).

- Intention do matter

1. Can a murderer be reformed?

Answer: Even if they can’t deserve execution?
2.Capital Punishment is an effective deterrent to murder.
3. The death penalty is the only fitting form of punishment for first degree homicide.

Arguments against Capital Punishments:

1. Miscarriages of justice: What about innocent persons who were wrongly executed?
2. Cost: The appeal process is lengthy & expensive
3. What does capital Punishment do to society?
“Justice” refers to the virtue, possessed by people or by the state, to not visit brutality or
disproportionate punishments on the guilty, but rather to try to change their behavior for the
better.

Jeremy Bentham:
PANOPTICON

( Marijuana Legalization),

Issue: Any subject that can be rationally debated

STRAW Man Fallacy: This fallacy occurs when we distort, misrepresent, or ortherwise alter our
opponent’s argument.

How to write an effective argumentative essay:

First Paragraph
1. A statement of the issue informs your reader why s/he should be invested in what you
have to say.
2. A statement of where you stand with repeat to that issue i.e. a thesis
statement.(preview)

3. Provide your strongest argument first

4. Provide your strongest Counter argument
5. Respond to counter argument
6. Conclusion : provide a summary of the ground you covered

Reliable web sources:

Philosophybites.com
Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy
PhilosTV.com
Examining ethics .com

Ubuntu: A southeren African term that encapsulates morality, especially in sofar as it involves
community with other persons.
Thad Metz: “African Values & Capital Punishment”
Truism: A trivially ( or uncontroversially )true statement
Necessary: A necessary condition, if present provides the condition that must be met in order
to achieve a desired effect but the mere presence does not guarantee effect but its

Ubuntu
Dignity: To have a superlative final value, higher than anything in the non-human animal
kingdom or in the plant or marinate matter kingdoms.

Degradation : Treating someone in an undignified way

Torture: purposely inflicting pain in order to achieve or realize a political/ judicial goal.

0ct 16, 2019

Torture: The intentional infliction of pain inorder to acheieve/ realize a political goal.

Watch youtube:
Henery SHUE Torture

Two types of torture:

1. Interrogational Torture:Torture earmarked to extract information from suspect/enemy
soldier/combatant.
2. Terroristic Torture: Torture designed to intimidate the entire population of a country.

TORTURE:

Jeff McMahan “ Torture in principal & practice”

Absoluist prohibition: The view ethics that there are certain actions we are so rprehensible that
they cannot be allowed under any cirumstances.
e.g. pedophilia, rape

TORTURING A TERRORIST WHO ( PRESUMBALY) KNOWS THE LOCATION OF A HIDDEN NUCLEAR

BOMB IN A MOJOR CITY.
Mc Mahaan: Absoluist prohibitions against torture are Not defensible; in extreme cases,
torture does ( on his view) seen justified.
BUT …. McMahan doesnot think that torture , in reality , can be justified.

Desert: Refer to what a person deserves

Liability: Here, a person has performed an action (either intentionally or as a result of

negligence) that is so awful as to warrant (i.e. justfly) his being harmed in excess of what that
harm caused by his/her action may be.

Misanthorpy: The condition whereby someonbe hates humanity.

The “ticking time bomb” terroist has made himself liable to be tortured …. Is it ever intrinsically
good that a person be tortured? Can we justify torture on the ground that someone deserves
it?

Heremeneutics: This philosophical study of textual intrepretationßs.

Is JUST WAR possible? ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

1. The war must be declared and fought by a legally recognized authority.
2. The cause of a war must be just (i.e Wars of conquest or forced conversion cannot be
justified)
3. The war must be fought with the intention to establish good or to correct evil.
4. The war must be a last resort
5. Only proportional violence must be used & civilains must never targeted for violence.
6. Only controlled forec is justified (i.e. Pilloging is strictkly Forbidden)

STEPHEN NATHANSON:
Terroism and the ethics of war

War Realism: The doctrine that moral standards do not apply in times of war.

Collateral Damage: Refers to civilian casualties in times of war. These are thought to. Be ( or
aare supposed to be unintentional(

Can collateral damage killing be justified?

Terrorism:
1. The delibrate use of violence; acts of delibrate destruction
 2. They are generally committed by groups as part of a campaign to promote a political or
social agenda.
3. These acts target a limited number of people but aim to influence a large group or those
who make decision for them.
4. They kill or injure innocent people or pose a threat of such harms to them.

What is essentially wrong with terrorism?

Pacifism: The refusal to use violence for any reason including in self-defense.
If you reject pacifism, then you are logically committed to the view that uses of violence is at
least ocassionally justified.

Michael Walzer:
Water Convention : Attacks on civilains are never justified.

Supreme Emergency: A threat to everything decent in our lives