Indian Mathematicians

RAMANUJAN

Ramanujan

• He was born on 22nd of December 1887 in a small village of Tanjore district, Madras. He
failed in English in Intermediate, so his formal studies were stopped but his self-study of
mathematics continued.
• He sent a set of 120 theorems to Professor Hardy of Cambridge. As a result he invited
Ramanujan to England.
• Ramanujan showed that any big number can be written as sum of not more than four
prime numbers.
• He showed that how to divide the number into two or more squares or cubes.
• when Mr Litlewood came to see Ramanujan in taxi number 1729, Ramanujan said that
1729 is the smallest number which can be written in the form of sum of cubes of two
numbers in two ways, i.e. 1729 = 9³ + 10³= 1³ + 12³ since then the number 1729 is called
Ramanujan’s number.
• In the third century B.C, Archimedes noted that the ratio of circumference of a circle to
its diameter is constant. The ratio is now called ‘pi ( Π )’ (the 16th letter in the Greek
alphabet series)
• The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used
numbers as big as 1053 with specific names as early as 5000 B.C. during the Vedic period.

ARYABHATA.
• Aryabhatta was born in 476A.D in Kusumpur, India.
• He was the first person to say that Earth is spherical
and it revolves around the sun.
• He gave the formula (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab
• He taught the method of solving the following
problems:
SHAKUNTALA DEVI

• She was born in 1939

• In 1980, she gave the product of two, thirteen digit numbers within 28 seconds, many
countries have invited her to demonstrate her extraordinary talent.
• In Dallas she competed with a computer to see who give the cube root of 188138517 faster,
she won. At university of USA she was asked to give the 23rd root of
9167486769200391580986609275853801624831066801443086224071265164279346570408
6709659327920576748080679002278301635492485238033574531693511190359657754734
00756818688305 620821016129132845564895780158806771.
• She answered in 50 seconds. The answer is 546372891. It took a UNIVAC 1108 computer,
full one minute (10 seconds more) to confirm that she was right after it was fed with
13000 instructions.
• Now she is known to be Human Computer.

BHASKARACHARYA
• He was born in a village of Mysore district.
• He was the first to give that any number divided by 0 gives
infinity (00).
• He has written a lot about zero, surds, permutation and
combination.
• He wrote, “The hundredth part of the circumference of a
circle seems to be straight. Our earth is a big sphere and
that’s why it appears to be flat.”
• He gave the formulae like sin(A ± B) = sinA.cosB ± cosA.sinB
Archimedes
• Archimedes is remembered as the greatest mathematician of the ancient era.
• He contributed significantly in geometry regarding the areas of plane figures and the areas as
well as volumes of curved surfaces.
• His works expected integral calculus almost 2000 years before it was invented by Sir Isaac
Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.
• He also proved that the volume of a sphere is equal to two-thirds the volume of a circumscribed
cylinder.
• He regarded this as his most vital accomplishment. So, he desired that a cylinder
circumscribing a sphere ought to be inscribed on his tomb.
• He found an approximate value of pi by circumscribing and inscribing a circle with regular
polygons of 96 sides.
• His works have original ideas, impressive demonstrations and excellent computational
techniques. Some of these which have survived are:
• on the sphere and cylinder
• measurement of a circle
• on conoids and spheroids
• on spirals
Euclid
• Euclid is the most famous mathematician of all time. "Euclid's Elements" is divided into 13
books.
o the initial six are related to plane geometry
o seven, eight and nine are pertaining to number theory
o number ten is regarding Eudoxus's theory of irrational numbers
o eleven to thirteen comprise of solid geometry
o the last part throws light on the properties of five regular polyhedrons and an evidence
that there can be maximum five of these
These Elements have an impressive clarity regarding the selection and order of the theorems and
problems. There are minimum assumptions, less extraneous material and an excellent logic in the
propositions. The Elements was first published in 1482. The other works of Euclid which survive are:
• optics
• phaenomena
• on divisions of figures
• data.

The works of Euclid that have not survived are:

• elements of music
• book of
• fallacies
• conics
• porisms
• surface loci
Sir Isaac Newton
• Newton created the basis for elementary differential and integral calculus. He called it as the
method of fluxions.
• He proposed that the integration of a function is the opposite procedure of its differentiation.
• Using differentiation as a basic operation, he developed simple analytical methods concerning
issues like finding areas, lengths of curves, areas, maxima and minima.
 • Newton is credited for development of a potent problem solving and analysis tool in pure
mathematics and physics.
Pythagoras
• He was a Greek mathematician. His belief was that all relations could be expressed as number
relations i.e. all things are numbers.
• He deduced this conclusion due to observations in mathematics, music and astronomy. The
Pythagorean theorem is thought to be first proved by the Pythagoreans.
• However, it is thought that this was known in Babylonia, where Pythagoras traveled in his
young days.
• The Pythagoreans also observed that vibrating strings created harmonious tones if the ratios of
the length of the strings are whole numbers. These ratios could be extended to other devices
also. The important discovery was that the diagonal of a square was not an integral multiple of
its side. This led to the proof of existence of irrational numbers.
Blaise Pascal
• The French mathematician had been involved in imaginative and subtle work in geometry and
other branches of mathematics.
• In 1645, Pascal invented the first calculating machine and sold it.
• His work in hydrostatics led to the invention of the syringe and hydraulic press.
• In 1647, he published an essay on conic sections using the methods of Gerard Desargues and
deserted the field of mathematics.
• However, later he developed an interest in probability due to his involvement in gambling.
Aryabhatta
• "Aryabhatiya" is the name of Aryabhatta's work. There are an introductory 13 verses followed
by 108 verses, all of them divided into 4 chapters.
• Aryabhatta found out the approximate value of pi and writes about it in the second part of his
works (Ganitapada 10). It is possible that he found out that pi is irrational.
• In Ganitapada 6, he mentions the formula to calculate the value of a triangle.
• He developed the "Kuttaka" method to solve first order Diophantine equations. This is termed
as the "Aryabhatta algorithm".
• The number place-value system was obviously present in his work. Later, this system was
noticed in the 3rd century Bakhshali manuscript.
• Georges Ifrah, the French mathematician, states that the number "zero" was implicit in this
system.
Ramanujam
• Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar contributed to number theory, mathematical analysis, infinite
series and continued fractions.
• He was a great Indian mathematical genius of the 20th century.
• He compiled about 3900 results that were original and highly unconventional.
• The Ramanujan prime and the Ramanujan theta function have lead to a tremendous further
research.
• A few major discoveries entered the mathematical mainstream a bit slowly.
• After his death, his formulae were found useful in string theory and crystallography.
• The Ramanujan Journal is an international publication that publishes his works concerning
those areas that have been influenced by them.
SOURCE:- http://www.eformulae.com/mathematics/trigonometry.php

Basic Laws

Roots of a quadratic equation

Linear equations

Areas

Volumes
Logarithms

Inequalities