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This chapter describes the QoS feature as it is implemented on the Enterasys Matrix® N‐Series,
Enterasys® SecureStack™, D‐Series, G‐Series, and I‐Series devices.
Note: Please see the Enterasys Matrix® X Secure Core Router Configuration Guide for a
complete discussion of QoS as it applies to the Matrix X-Series.
Feature Differences 20
required, packet loss, or availability requirements of the flow. QoS provides management
mechanisms for these flow characteristics.
QoS achieves its bandwidth management capabilities by:
• Setting priorities that define traffic handling
• Dedicating bandwidth and prioritizing queuing for specific applications, and reducing packet
transmission delay and jitter
• Managing congestion by shifting packet loss to applications that can tolerate it
• Priority Transmit Queue (TxQ) with configurable forwarding behavior
• In‐bound and/or outbound rate Limiter (IRL) per transmit queue
• Outbound rate shaper per transmit queue
The CoS configuration for each service can be easily viewed using the CoS setting tables. Ports are
bundled into port groups with the group assigned to a CoS, significantly cutting down on
operational overhead and complexity.
The ICMP protocol, used for error messaging, has a low bandwidth requirement, with a high
tolerance for delay and jitter, and is appropriate for a low priority setting. HTTP and FTP
protocols, used respectively for browser‐generated and file transfer traffic, have a medium to high
bandwidth requirement, with a medium to high tolerance for delay and jitter, and are appropriate
for a medium priority level. Voice (VoIP), used for voice calls, has a low bandwidth requirement,
but is very sensitive to delay and jitter and is appropriate for a high priority level.
See RFC 1349 for further details on ToS. See RFCs 2474 and 2475 for further details on DSCP.
Strict Queuing
With Strict Priority Queuing, a higher priority queue must be empty before a lower priority queue
can transmit any packets. Strict queuing is depicted in Figure 2. Inbound packets enter on the
upper left and proceed to the appropriate queue, based upon the TxQ configuration in the CoS.
Outbound packets exit the queues on the lower right. At this time only queue 3 packets are
forwarded. This will be true until queue 3 is completely empty. Queue 2 packets will then be
forwarded. Queue 1 packets will only forward if both queue 2 and queue 3 are empty. Queue 0
packets will only forward if all other queues are empty. Strict queuing assures that the highest
priority queue with any packets in it will get 100 percent of the bandwidth available. This is
particularly useful for one or more priority levels with low bandwidth and low tolerance for delay.
The problem with strict queuing is that should the higher level queues never fully empty, lower
level queues can be starved of bandwidth.
Hybrid Queuing
Hybrid queuing combines the properties of both strict and weighted fair queuing. Figure 4 on
page 7, depicts hybrid queuing. The configuration is for strict queuing on queue 3 and weighted
fair queuing for the remaining queues, with queue 2 receiving 50 percent of the remaining time
slices, and the other queues receiving 25 percent each. The benefit of hybrid queueing is that
queues configured as strict will receive all the bandwidth that is available in the order of their
priority until empty. Remaining bandwidth will be used by the weighted fair queues based upon
the time slice percentages configured. The down side remains that anytime strict queuing is used,
should the strict queues never fully empty, remaining queues will be starved of bandwidth.
Rate Limiting
Rate limiting is used to control the rate of traffic entering (inbound) and/or leaving (outbound) a
switch per CoS. Rate limiting allows for the throttling of traffic flows that consume available
bandwidth, in the process providing room for other flows. Rate limiting guarantees the
availability of bandwidth for other traffic by preventing the rate limited traffic from consuming
more than the assigned amount of a network’s resources. Rate limiting accomplishes this by
setting a cap on the bandwidth utilization of specific types of both inbound and outbound traffic.
When a rate limit has been exceeded, the CoS can be configured to perform one or all of the
following: record a Syslog message, send an SNMP trap to inform the administrator, and
automatically disable the port.
Figure 5 illustrates how bursty traffic is clipped above the assigned threshold with rate limiting
applied.
Rate Shaping
Rate Shaping throttles the rate at which a port transmits (outbound) queued packets. Rate Shaping
buffers packets received above the configured rate on a per CoS basis, rather than dropping them.
Only when buffer capacity is exceeded are packets dropped. Rate shaping may be configured for a
CoS on a port, for an 802.1p priority on a port, or for all Classes of Service on a port.
Figure 6 illustrates how bursty traffic is smoothed out when it bursts above the assigned threshold
with rate shaping applied.
Rate shaping retains excess packets in a queue and then schedules these packets for later
transmission over time. Therefore, the packet output rate is smoothed and bursts in transmission
are not propagated as seen with rate limiting.
Rate shaping can be implemented for multiple reasons, such as controlling bandwidth, to offer
differing levels of service, or to avoid traffic congestion on other links in the network by removing
the burstiness property of traffic that can lead to discarded packets. Rate shaping is important for
real‐time traffic, where packet loss is extremely detrimental to these applications. Instead of
discarding traffic imposed by rate limiting, delays are induced into its transmission by retaining
the data for future transmission. However, the delays must also be bounded to the degree that the
traffic is sensitive to delays.
Note: It is recommended that you use Enterasys NetSight Policy Manager as an alternative to CLI
for configuring policy-based CoS on the Enterasys Matrix Series devices.
A policy discussion is outside the scope of this document and will be limited to the relevant
configuration example commands.
Numerous QoS values are associated with each other through reference. With the exception of
802.1p priority and ToS, CoS values are first mapped to a port group, which associates a CoS
configuration with a port type. A port group has the following CoS parameters associated with it:
• Physical port(s)
• Strict or weighted fair queuing behavior
• Rate‐limit setting(s)
• Rate‐shaping setting(s)
• A port queue
• A port reference
Understanding how these parameters are first mapped to the port group and then to a TxQ or IRL
reference is the key to understanding QoS configuration. Where appropriate, the task column in
Procedure 1 on page 21 identifies these mapping relationships.
See “Determining CoS Port‐Type” on page 10 and “Configuring CoS Port Groups” on page 11 for
a port group discussion.
TxQ
Port type 0 supports sixteen transmit queues, while type 1 supports four. Use the show cos
port‐type txq to display all the systemʹs ports currently associated to each type.
The following example displays default values for the show cos port‐type txq command output:
Number of
slices /
Port type Number of Supported Eligible Unselected
Index description queues rate type ports ports
----- ------------ --------- --------- ----------------- -----------------
0 DFE-P 16Q 64/16 perc ge.3.1-12; ge.3.1-12;
Kbps ge.4.1-9 ge.4.1-9
Mbps
Gbps
IRL
Type 0 supports thirty‐two Inbound Rate Limiters, while type 1 supports eight. Use the show cos
port‐type irl command to display the two port types and their associated ports.
The following example displays default values for the show cos port‐type irl command output:
Additional port groups can be created using the set cos port‐config txq command. Name and
associated ports can be configured, as well as TxQ settings. You need to:
• Identify the port‐group for configuration
• Optionally, specify port‐group Name, associated ports, and arb‐percentage or arb‐slices
Additional port groups can be created using the set cos port‐config irl command. Port group
name and associated ports can be configured. You need to:
• Identify the port‐group for configuration
• Optionally, specify port‐group Name and associated ports
The following example displays default values for the show cos port‐resource txq command
output:
The set cos port‐resource txq command is used for creating outbound rate shapers. You need to:
• Identify the port group for configuration
• Identify the queue resource ID, along with unit and rate desired for that queue
The following example displays default values for the show cos port‐resource irl command
output:
Group Index Resource Type Unit Rate Rate Limit Type Action
----------- -------- ---- ---- ---------- --------------- ------
0.0 0 irl perc none drop none
0.0 1 irl perc none drop none
0.0 2 irl perc none drop none
0.0 3 irl perc none drop none
.
.
.
0.0 26 irl perc none drop none
0.0 27 irl perc none drop none
0.0 28 irl perc none drop none
0.0 29 irl perc none drop none
0.0 30 irl perc none drop none
0.0 31 irl perc none drop none
0.1 0 irl perc none drop none
0.1 1 irl perc none drop none
0.1 2 irl perc none drop none
0.1 3 irl perc none drop none
0.1 4 irl perc none drop none
0.1 5 irl perc none drop none
0.1 6 irl perc none drop none
0.1 7 irl perc none drop none
The set cos port‐resource irl command is used for creating inbound rate limiters. You need to:
• Identify the port group for configuration
• Identify the limiter resource ID, along with desired unit, rate, and actions
reference indexes map directly to the 16 physical queues. For port‐types with 4 queues, the 16‐txq
reference indexes map:
• virtual queues 12‐15 to physical queue 3
• virtual queues 8‐11 map to physical queue 2
• virtual queues 4‐7 map to physical queue 1
• virtual queues 0‐3 map to physical queue 0
The TxQ reference table can be displayed using the show cos reference txq command and
displays port‐group, reference index, and physical queue.
The following example displays default values for the show cos reference txq command output:
Although the TxQ reference table is populated by default, the Queue‐to‐Reference mapping can
be configured using the set cos reference txq command. You need to:
• Identify the port group for configuration
• Identify the transmit queue reference, along with the associated queue
Physical‐Limiter to reference mapping can be configured using the set cos reference irl command.
The other references not configured are indicated by rate limiter “none”. You need to:
• Identify the port group for configuration
• Identify the rate‐limit reference
Priority: For each new CoS index created, you have the option to assign an 802.1p priority value
0‐7 for the class of service. CoS indexes 0‐7 map directly to 802.1p priorities and cannot be changed
as they exist for backward compatibility. All other CoS index entries can have a priority value set
between 0 and 7.
ToS: The IP header Type of Service field is an 8‐bit field also referred to as the DiffServ Code Point
(DSCP) field. This optional value can be set per class of service to a value between 0–255. When a
frame is assigned to a class of service for which this value is configured, the ToS field of the
incoming IP packet will be overwritten to values defined by you. This ToS rewrite option also
allows masking. The ToS can selectively mask (change) certain bits of the field, without changing
others. For instance masking the ToS could be used to modify the ToS precedence without
modifying the DTR/ECN bits. The mask specified contains the bits to be changed. CLI input can be
in decimal or hex value, and a mask is not required. If the mask is not specified in the ToS input, all
bits will be overwritten. ToS can be set for CoS indexes 0‐7.
TxQ Reference: Because all traffic requires association to a transmit queue, the CoS TxQ reference
field will always be populated when a new CoS index is created. If a TxQ reference value is not
chosen, TxQ reference 0 will be assigned. The reference does not indicate the actual transmit
queue to be assigned by CoS; it points to the CoS TxQ Reference Mapping Table Index entry. It
may be thought of as the virtual queue that is associated to a physical queue defined by the TxQ
Reference Mapping Table. TxQ Reference Mapping Table defines 16 TxQ references, therefore CLI
input for TxQ reference in the CoS Settings Table is 0‐15. See “CoS TxQ Reference Mapping” on
page 15 for a TxQ reference configuration discussion.
IRL Reference: The CoS IRL reference field is optional, as rate limits are not required. Like the
TxQ reference field, the IRL reference does not assign an inbound rate limit but points to the CoS
IRL Reference Mapping Table. This reference may also be thought of as the virtual rate limiter that
will assign the physical rate limiter defined by the IRL Reference Mapping Table. The IRL
Reference Mapping Table defines 32 IRL references, therefore input for IRL reference in the CoS
Settings Table is 0‐31. See “CoS IRL Reference Mapping Table” on page 17 for an IRL reference
configuration discussion.
New CoS Indexes can be created using the set cos settings command. ToS, 802.1p priority, TxQ
reference, and IRL Reference can be configured for each CoS Index. You need to:
• Enter a CoS Index value from 0–255
• Specify 802.1p priority (Index entries 8–255 only), tos‐value, txq‐reference and irl‐reference
Use the set cos settings command to create or modify an already existing CoS index.
Use the show cos settings command to display current CoS indexes.
The following example displays default values for the show cos settings command output:
The following example displays default values for the show cos violation irl command output:
Violations are also displayed by resource and port using the show cos port‐resource irl command.
Violating ports are displayed at the end of the resource table.
Feature Differences
The Enterasys SecureStack and D‐Series, G‐Series, and I‐Series devices differ in CoS feature set
from the N‐Series in the following ways:
• CoS TxQ features are not supported.
• Only the IRL Kbps unit option is supported.
• Syslog, trap, and port disable options are not supported.
• Supports 99 IRL references instead of the 32/8 supported by the N‐Series port types 0 and 1,
respectively.
• All SecureStacks belong to port group 0.0. No port type 1 exists for the SecureStack.
• For the C3, IRL configuration is only supported within a policy role context. Configuration of
IRLs within rules are not supported. In a mixed‐stack, C3 CoS feature limitations apply.
1. Inspect both the TxQs and IRL support for the Matrix(su)->show cos port-type txq
installed ports. This information is used to Matrix(su)->show cos port-type irl
determine the module port type for port group.
2. Set the CoS transmit queue port group Matrix(su)->set cos port-config txq
configuration by mapping a physical port list to a port_group.port_type name name
port group for purposes of TxQ configuration. ports ports arb-percentage
Optionally associate a name and the perc_list
configuration of a TxQ weighted fair queue Matrix(su)->show cos port-config txq
behavior configuration. Verify the new port_group.port_type
configuration.
3. Set the CoS inbound rate-limit port group Matrix(su)->set cos port-config irl
configuration by mapping a physical port list to a port_group.port_type name name
port group for purposes of IRL configuration, ports ports_list
optionally allowing the association of a name for Matrix(su)->show cos port-config irl
this configuration. Verify the new configuration.
4. Configure a Class of Service transmit queue port Matrix(su)->set cos port-resource
resource entry, by mapping a port group with a txq port_group.port_type tx_queue
transmit queue and applying a TxQ rate shaping unit unit rate rate
value to the mapping. Verify configuration Matrix(su)->show cos port-resource
changes. txq port_group.port_type
7. Set a CoS inbound rate limiting reference Matrix(su)->set cos reference irl
configuration, by mapping a port group with a port_group.port_type reference
rate limiter resource ID and associating the rate-limit IRLreference
mapping with an IRL reference. Verify the new Matrix(su)->show cos reference irl
CoS reference configuration. port_group.port_type
9. Enable CoS state for the system. Verify the new Matrix(su)->set cos state enable
CoS state. Matrix(su)->show cos state
Notes: Enterasys highly recommends that you use the NetSight Policy Manager to
configure QoS on your network, whether you are applying policy or not. This example
discusses the QoS configuration using Policy Manager followed by CLI input summaries.
For purposes of avoiding complexity that would get in the way of understanding the
configuration process, this example limits the discussion to the VoIP configuration context. Table 1
provides a set of sample values for priority, IRL, and transmit queue across a number of real world
traffic types. This table can be used as an aid in thinking about how you might want to apply CoS
across your network. Note that scavenger class is traffic that should be treated as less than best
effort: external web traffic, for instance.
Critical Data 3
RTP 6
1 Mbps 25 Mbps 3 3 25% 25%
Voice/Video 7
Figure 7 displays the network setup for this example configuration, with the desired Profile/QoS
summary for each network node. Each node is configured with VoIP and Data VLANs. Each VoIP
VLAN contains four 1‐gigabit interfaces for each node.
A core profile for the router and an edge profile for the switch provide for the difference in rate
limiting needs between the enduser and aggregation devices. A call setup profile rate limiting the
setup aspect of the VoIP call. Each edge and core VLAN profile will be configured for default CoS
5 (best default priority for voice and video), the addition of its associated VLAN to its egress
VLAN list, and ToS overwrite. We will create a separate CoS for both the edge and core to handle
ToS, rate‐limit and queue configuration for these devices.
The H.323 call setup profile will be configured so that TCP call setup traffic on the TCP destination
port 1720:10.0.0.1 of its gigabit link will be configured for the proper rate limit on that port.
Using NetSight Policy Manager, configure the policy roles and related services as follows:
Create a Rate-limiter
Create a rate‐limit as follows:
• Inbound rate‐limit of 25 mbps
• Apply it to port group types 32/8/100 for index 0
Create a Rule
• Create a Layer 2 traffic classification rule for VLAN ID 22 within the VoIPCore service.
• Associate CoS 8 as the action for the rule.
Create a Rate-limiter
Create a rate‐limit as follows:
• Inbound rate‐limit of 1 mbps
• Apply it to port group types 32/8/100 for index 0
Create a Rule
• Create a Layer 2 traffic classification rule for VLAN ID 22 within the VoIPEdge service.
• Associate CoS 9 as the action for the rule.
Create a Rate-limiter
Create a rate‐limit as follows:
• Inbound rate‐limit of 5 pps
• Apply it to port group types 32/8/100 for index 1
Router 1
The policy role creation discussed above is appropriate for Router 1 as follows:
• Apply role VoIPCore‐VLAN22 to ports ge.1.2‐5.
Switch 1
VoIPEdge and H323CallSetup roles are applied to Switch 1 as follows:
• Apply role VoIPEdge‐VLAN12 to ports ge.1.10‐13.
• Apply role H323CallSetup to port ge.1.10
Class of Service The grouping of priority and forwarding behaviors that collectively determine packet
(CoS) bandwidth behavior as it transits the link, including: 802.1p, IP ToS rewrite, priority
Transmit Queue (TxQ), Inbound and/or outbound Rate Limiter (IRL) and outbound
rate shaper.
DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point. The lower 6 bits of the ToS field defined by RFC
2474.
Flows In a QoS context, a sequence of IP packets that share a common class of service
and forwarding treatment as they transit the interface.
Forwarding Queue behavior during the packet egress stage (strict, Weighted Fair, Hybrid).
Treatment
Jitter The change in a flow’s packet spacing on the link due to the bursty and congestive
nature of the IP network. This irregular spacing - jitter - can severely degrade the
quality of voice calls or multimedia presentations.
Port Group The grouping of ports based upon the same CoS features and port type.
Port Type The differentiation of ports based upon TxQ and IRL resource capabilities.
Priority The preference of one packet (classification) or queue (packet forwarding) over
another.
Quality of Service A bandwidth management mechanism able to preferentially treat packets based
(QoS) upon packet classification and forwarding treatment.
Rate Limiting The bounding of bandwidth used by a QoS packet flow such that excess packets are
dropped/clipped.
Rate Shaping The rescheduling of bursty traffic while in the queue based upon packet buffering
such that traffic beyond the configured bandwidth threshold is delayed until
bandwidth usage falls below the configured threshold.
Type of Service An 8-bit field defined by RFC 1349 used for the prioritization of packets within a QoS
(ToS) context.
September 18, 2008 Modifications due to product branding changes and minor template updates.
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