S.No.
Audio text Concept (Slide)
Genesis of One of the most outstanding
Periodic contribute of the chemists of
Classification the 19th century was to
classify chemical families. In
the year 1817 a German
scientist, Dobereiner
suggested that properties of
elements are related to their
atomic masses. He made
groups of three elements each,
1.1 having similar chemical
properties and called them
triads. He observed that the
atomic mass of the middle
element was an average of the
first and the last element.
In the year 1866, The English
scientist John Newland
correlated the atomic masses
of elements to their properties.
He arranged the elements
known at that time in an
increasing order of their atomic
masses and found that every
eighth element has properties
1.2
similar to those of the first.
Dmitri Mendeleev considered
the atomic mass, as a
standard and arranged 63
elements known at that time in
an increasing order of their
atomic masses. He found that
the elements with similar
properties repeat after a
definite interval. Mendeleev left
1.3
blank spaces where the
properties of an element did
not tally with the element
placed above it. He showed
that the valency of an element
first increases and then
decreases with respect to
hydrogen and increases with
respect to oxygen.
Henry Moseley (1913) found
that when cathode rays strike
anodes of different metals, the
wavelength of these rays was
found to decrease in a regular
manner. He concluded that the
total positive charge present in
1.4
the nucleus of an atom is the
most fundamental property of
an atom and gave the modern
periodic law.
MODERN A periodic table based on
PERIODIC electronic configuration was
TABLE: proposed by Bohr, Bury and
GROUPS others and is known as long
form periodic table or Bohr
table. It comprises of 7
horizontal rows called periods
and 18 vertical columns called
groups. The period number
2.1 indicates the number of shells
present in the element.
The modern periodic table has
eighteen vertical columns,
comprising of groups I to VIII
and zero group. Group I to VII
are divided into sub-groups
and group VIII is divided into
three subgroups, thereby
making a total of eighteen
2.2 groups.
Elements of sub-group A, i.e.,
of IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA
and VIIA are known as main
group elements or
representative elements or the
normal elements. These
elements have their outermost
2.3
shell incomplete. Elements in
the Zero group (Group number
18) are called noble gases,
owing to their stable electronic
configurations, they hardly
react with other elements..
Elements of Group number 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12
are known as transition
elements. They have their two
outermost shells incomplete.
All these are metals with high
melting and boiling points.
2.4
MODERN There are seven horizontal
PERIODIC rows in the modern periodic
TABLE: table, each called a period.
PERIODS The number of shells present
in an atom determines its
period. Elements with
electrons increasing
arithmetically in their outermost
shell, i.e. one by one, till an
3.1 octet is attained, are placed in
the same period. The first
period contains only two
elements and hence it is the
shortest period.
The second and third periods
contain eight elements each
(atomic numbers 3 to 10 in the
second and atomic numbers
11 to 18 in the third period).
These are short periods. The
fourth and fifth periods contain
eighteen elements each
(atomic numbes 19 to 36 in
fourth and atomic numbers 37
to 54 in the fifth period). These
3.2
are long periods.
LIMIT
DOBEREINERS LAW OF 249
TRIADS: In the year 1817 a
German scientist, Dobereiner
suggested that properties of
elements are related to their
atomic masses. He made groups
of three elements each, having
similar chemical properties and 0
called them triads .
NEWLANDS LAW OF OCTAVES: 293
The English scientist John
Newland correlated the atomic
masses of elements to their
properties. He arranged the 0 Newland arranged the known
elements known at that time in an
increasing order of their atomic
masses and found that every
eighth element has properties
0 293
similar to those of the first.
MENDELEEVS PERIODIC
TABLE: He arranged the
elements in increasing order of
atomic mass. He found that
similar properties repeat after
definite intervals. He showed that
the valency of elements in a
period first increases and then
decreases with respect to
hydrogen and increases with
respect to oxygen.
MOSELEYS LAW: Henry 303
Moseley found that when
cathode rays strike anodes of
different metals, the wavelength
of these rays was found to
decrease in a regular manner. He 0
concluded that the total positive
charge present in the nucleus of
an atom is the fundamental
property and gave the modern
0 https://slideplayer.
periodic law.
THE LONG FORM OF PERIODIC 307
TABLE: A periodic table based
on electronic configuration was
given by Bohr and is known as 0 There are 7 periods and 18
long form of periodic table. It
comprises of 7 horizontal rows
called periods and 18 vertical
columns called groups. The
period number indicates the
number of shells present in the
element. 0 There are 7 periods and 18
GROUPS: The modern periodic
table has 18 vertical columns,
comprising of groups I to VIII and
zero. Group I to VII are divided
into two sub-groups and group
VIII is divided into three
subgroups, thereby making a
total of eighteen groups.
THE REPRESENTATIVE
ELEMENTS: Elements of sub-
group A are known as
representative elements or the
normal elements. These
elements have their outermost
shell incomplete. Elements in the
0 group are called noble gases.
Owing to their stable electronic
configurations, they hardly react
with other elements..
GROUPS 3 TO 12: Elements of
Group number 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11 and 12 are known as
transition elements. They have
their two outermost shells
incomplete. All these are metals
with high melting and boiling
points.
PERIODS: The seven horizontal 289
rows are called as periods.
Elements with electrons
increasing arithmetically in their
outermost shell, i.e. one by one,
till an octet is attained, are placed
in the same period. The first
period contains only two
elements and hence it is the
shortest period.
THE 2ND TO 5TH PERIOD 179
ELEMENTS: The 2nd and 3rd
periods contain 8 elements each.
These are short periods. The 4th
and 5th periods contain 18
elements each. These are long
periods. 0 The third period is a long period.
Animation Link Animation Link comment(If LIMIT Q.No. Question
any)
0.08 to 0.10 and 0.25 to 0.30 and
https://youtu.be/OypGv6M3GDU
0.41 to 0.46 and 2.33 to 2.35
0 The three elements in a triad were
0 F, Cl and Br obeys the law of triads.
0.14 to 0.15 and 0.42 to 0.51 and
https://youtu.be/VEbgga-TIas
0.55 to 1.11 and 2.12
0 According to Newlands classification,
303
0 1.44 to 3.15 https://hi-static.
z-dn.
0 2
https://youtu.be/_yR3I8Lqx0o net/files/d74/5ae75b0df9f3c42b9a
0 78d6a8df6c772b.jpg valencies to
be shown wrt H and O
0 Mendeleev left blank spaces where
0 0
0 Mendeleevs periodic table can explain
0 0
https://youtu.be/ZQw_AS6zcAY 0.04 to 1.59
com/slide/3808327/13/images/9/
Moseley%E2%80%99s+formula.
jpg
0 According to modern periodic law,
0
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM 2.04 to 2.35
0 The period number denotes the
237
0 Vertical columns in the modern
2.32 to 2.35 ech group needs
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM to be highlighted seperately. and
0 the families to be shown
0 4
304
0 The representative elements include
highlight group
1,2,13,15,15,16,17 and after
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM
highlighting show
0 REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
0 The elements of sub-group B are
217
0 Mercury is not a representative
0 2.12 highlight groups
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 and show
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
0 Elements of group 3 to 10 are known
0 There are seven periods in the
2.15 to 2.18 PERIOD NUMBER
0 SIGNIFIES THE NUMBER OF
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM
SHELLS., INCREASING
ATOMIC NUMBERS.
0 The first period contains only four
image 2.28 second and third periods
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM
fourth and fifth periods
0 The fourth and fifth periods contain
LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT
Level 1
Does the Dobereiner’s law of triads According to Dobereiner’s
hold good for the following set law of triads the atomic
Fe(26), Co(27), Ni(28) number of the central
1 90 F element should be an 173
average of the atomic
number of the two elements
on the left and right.
The three elements in a triad were T The three elements were
arranged in the increasing order of arranged in the increasing
2 atomic mass. 83 order of atomic masses. 74
249
The three elements were
3 arranged in the increasing order of 86 F arranged in the increasing 74
atomic numbers. order of atomic masses.
In F(19), Cl(35.5) and Br
(80), the mean of atomic
4 37 F masses of F and Br is 49.5 90
and not 35.5
Newland arranged the known Newland correlated the
elements in the order of increasing atomic masses of elements
1 75 T 69
atomic mass. to their properties.
Newland divided the
elements into 8 groups. elements into horizontal
2 F
rows of 7 elements each.
According to Newlands classification, Properties of Na(eighth
the properties of every 8th element is element) is similar to Li
3 133 T 80
a repetition of the properties of the (starting element) and so
starting element. on.
According to Newlands
the properties of every 7th element is classification, the properties
4 a repetition of the properties of the 133 F of every 8th element is a 133
starting element. repetition of the properties
of the starting element.
Mendeleev arranged all the known Mendeleev considered the
elements in increasing order of fundamental property of
increasing atomic mass. elements, namely, the
1 88 T 98
atomic mass, as a standard.
Elements with similar properties were Elements with similar
placed in the same horizontal row. properties were placed in
F 2
303 the same vertical column.
Mendeleev left blank
3 the properties of an element did not 110 T spaces where the properties 110
tally with the element placed above it. of an element did not tally
Mendeleevs basisplaced
with the element of
the electron arrangement of elements. classification is atomic mass
above it.
4 F and not atomic number.
Moseley concluded that the number of T Henry Moseley found that
positive charge present in the nucleus the wavelength of cathode
1 of an atom is the most fundamental 131 rays was dependant on the 133
property of an atom. total positive charge present
in the nucleus of an atom.
The number of unit positive charge T Atomic number is the total
present in the nucleus of an atom of a number of protons or
2 77
particular element is called the atomic electrons present in an
number of that element. atom.
303 According to the modern periodic law, T The physical and chemical
physical and chemical properties of properties of an element
3 132 90
elements are a periodic function of depend on its electronic
their atomic numbers. configuration.
F According to modern
since all isotopes of an element have periodic law, Since all
the same atomic mass, they can be isotopes of an element have
4 152 151
put at the same position in the the same atomic no., they
periodic table can be put at the same
position in the periodic table
The long form of periodic table was The long form of periodic
1 developed by Henry Moseley. 137 F table was developed by Neil 50
Bohr.
groups in the long form of
The long form of periodic table periodic table in accordance
2 66 T 141
comprises 7 periods and 18 groups. to the electronic
configuration of the 118
known elements.
307
groups in the long form of
The long form of periodic table periodic table in accordance
3 68 F 141
comprises 8 periods and 12 groups. to the electronic
configuration of the 118
known elements.
The period number gives
4 number of the outermost shell of that 76 T the number of shells in the 60
element. element.
Vertical columns in the modern F Vertical columns in the
periodic table are called as periods periodic table are called as
1 67 103
groups and the horizontal
rows are called periods.
T Vertical columns in the
periodic table are called as groups. periodic table are called as
2 113 72
groups and the horizontal
rows are called periods.
237
3 Group numbers I to VIII are divided F Group nos. I to VII are
into two sub-groups each. divided into two sub-groups.
61 52
The total number of groups in the T The modern periodic table
modern periodic table are 18. comprises of 18 vertical
63 75
columns known as groups.
The elements of sub-group A are T The representative
known as representative elements. elements include all
66 90
elements of the Group 1, 2,
1 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.
T The elements of sub-group
all elements of the Group 1, 2, 13, 14, 90 A are known as 66
2 15, 16 and 17. representative elements.
304
The elements of sub-group A are F The elements of sub-group
3 known as transition elements. 62 A are known as 66
representative elements.
F The elements of sub-group
4 known as representative elements. 66 A are known as 66
representative elements.
Elements of Group number 1, 2, 3, 4, F Elements of Group number
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are known 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and
1 99 93
as transition elements. 12 are known as transition
elements.
T Mercury is a transition
2 element. element. 141
Elements of Group number 3, 4, 5, 6, Elements of Group number
217 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are known as 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and
3 61
transition elements. 12 are known as transition
T elements.
Elements of Group number
as transition elements. 3 to 12 are known as
transition elements.
4 72
F incomplete
The number of shells present in an T An element having 4 shells
atom determines its period. is placed in the 4th period.
1 62 55
T There are 118 elements
modern periodic table. known with maximum
2 53 74
number of filled shells being
7.
Elements with increasing number of F Elements with electrons
289
shells are placed in the same period. increasing arithmetically in
their outermost shell, i.e.
3 72 149
one by one, till an octet is
attained, are placed in the
same period
F The first period contains
elements and hence it is the shortest only two elements and
4 81 80
period. hence it is the shortest
period.
The 5th period is a long period. The 4th and 5th period are
long periods with 18
elements each.
1 58 T 132
F The third period is a short
period with 8 elements.
2 34 51
179
T The fourth and fifth periods
eighteen elements each contain eighteen elements
each (atomic nos 19-36 in
3 59 155
fourth and atomic nos. 37-
54 in the fifth period). These
are long periods.
Q No Question LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT
Level 2
S, Se and Te is an example of S (32.1), Se (79.0), Te
Dobereiners triad. (127.6) is a dobereiner triad
1 48 T 53
Dobereiners law was applicable to all Taking Halogens, the first
the elements in the halogen family. three members, F(19), Cl
2 73 F (35.5) and Br(80), the mean 128
of atomic masses of F and
Br is 49.5 and not 35.5
P(31), As(75), Sb(122) obey the law P, As and Sb is a
3 of triads. 46 T Dobereiner triad. 35
Dobereiner could identify all the triads Dobereiner could identify
from the elements known. only some triads from the
4 65 F elements known. 67
Newland arranged the elements with Elements with similar
similar properties in horizontal rows. properties were placed
1 73 F 76
vertically one below the
other.
Newland arranged the elements with Elements with similar
similar properties in vertical columns. properties were placed
2 74 T 76
vertically one below the
other.
Elements with similar properties are Elements with similar
arranged in the same row. properties were placed
3 62 F 76
vertically one below the
other.
Elements with similar properties are Elements with similar
arranged in the same column. properties were placed
4 65 T vertically one below the 76
other.
According to Mendeleevs periodic law According to Mendeleevs
the physical and chemical properties periodic law the physical
of elements are a periodic function of and chemical properties of
1 98 F 145
their electronic configurations. elements are a periodic
function of their atomic
masses.
Mendeleevs periodic table is a chart Mendeleevs periodic table
of elements in which elements with is a chart of elements in
133 F 133
similar properties occur in the same which elements with similar
horizontal row (period). properties occur in the
samenumber
verticalofcolumn
There are in all 7 groups in 55 The groups are 27
3 Mendeleevs periodic table. F (group).
8.
0 0
The valency of all the elements in The valency of all the
Group 5 is same. 52 elements in a subgroup is 54
4 F same.
0 0
Since the numbers of valence T The chemical properties of
electrons show periodicity, chemical an element depend on its
1 properties show corresponding 108 electronic configuration. 77
periodicity.
The modern periodic table is also T The long form of periodic
known as the long form of periodic table is based on modern
2 75 64
table. periodic law.
According to modern periodic law, T Argon is placed after
argon with its higher atomic no. potassium in the long form
3 118 67
should come after potassium with of periodic table.
lower atomic no.
T According to the modern periodic law,
The modern periodic law states that
“the physical and chemical properties The modern periodic law is
4 #REF! #REF! 4
of the elements are periodic functions based on Moseley’s law.
of their atomic numbers”
The horizontal rows are called as The horizontal rows are
1 groups. F called as periods.
The vertical columns are called as The vertical columns in the
groups. long form of periodic table
are called as groups.
2 T
An element of the 6th period has 6 The period number gives
shells. the number of shells.
3 T
All elements of the 6th group have 6 The period number gives
4 shells. F the number of shells.
The group VIII is divided into 3 The group VIII comprises of
subgroups. 3 subgroups : 10, 11 and
1 T
12.
The elements of the B subgroup are The elements of the B
placed in the extreme right. subgroup are placed in the
2 F
centre.
According to IUPAC recommendation, Group IV A in older notation
Group IV A (in the older notation) is is replaced as group14 in
3 F
numbered as group 4 in the new the new notation.
notation.
According to IUPAC recommendation, Group V A in older notation
Group V A (in the older notation) is is replaced as group15 in
4 T
numbered as group 15 in the new the new notation.
notation.
Representative elements are s and d- Representative elements
block elements. are s and p-block elements.
1 51 F 52
All the inert gases have 8 electrons in All the inert gases except
2 their outermost shell. 62 F He have 8 electrons in their 72
outermost shell.
All the inert gases except He have 8 Except He all the noble
3 electrons in their outermost shell. 72 T gases have 8 electrons in 72
their outermost shell.
Radon is a radioactive element. Radon spontaneously
4 31 T disintegrates by emitting 66
harmful radiations.
The element Nickel (atomic number Nickel is a transition
28) has its 3rd and 4th shell element.
1 T 81
incomplete.
The element Zinc has its two Zinc has only its last shell
2 outermost shells incomplete. 57 F incomplete. 40
The transition elements are also The transition elements
called as d block elements. have incompletely filled d
3 60 T #REF!
subshells.
Transition elements have their two Elements of Group number
outermost shells incomplete. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and
12 are known as transition
4 63 T #REF!
elements. They have their
two outermost shells
The element with atomic number 119 The element 119 will be an
(if discovered) will lie in the 8th period alkali metal and will lie in
1 92 F 85
and 18th group the 8th period and 1st
group.
The element with atomic number 119 The element 119 will be an
(if discovered) will lie in the 8th period alkali metal.
2 91 T 40
and 1st group
The first element of each period is The first element of each
inert. period is an alkali metal and
is very reactive.
3 42 F 73
The last element of each period is an The inert gases lie in the
inert gas. 18th group.
4 48 T 38
Elements with atomic nos. 3-10 are The second and third
placed in third period. periods contain eight
elements each (atomic nos.
1 F
3-10 in the second and
atomic nos. 11-18 in the
third period)
Elements with atomic numbers 3-10 The second and third
are placed in second period. periods contain eight
elements each (atomic nos.
2 T
3-10 in the second and
atomic nos. 11-18 in the
third period)
Elements with atomic numbers 11 to The second and third
18 are placed in third period. periods contain eight
elements each (atomic nos.
3 T
3-10 in the second and
atomic nos. 11-18 in the
third period)
Q No Question LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT
Level 3
Cobalt, Zinc and Copper form a triad. Co, Zn and Cu though
having similar properties
cannot be classified as a
1 37 F triad. 79
All the elements in a triad showed All the elements in a triad
similar properties. showed similar chemical
2 54 T properties. 63
The elements in a triad show similar All the elements in a triad
3 properties. 48 T showed similar chemical 63
properties.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Arsenic The atomic mass of
form a triad. Phosphorus (31) is not the
4 46 F arithmetic mean of the 116
atomic masses of Nitrogen
(14) and Arsenic (75)
Hydrogen and halogens are placed in In Newlands classification
the same row. Group 1 comprises of
1 49 F 70
Hydrogen and halogens.
Newland arranged the noble gases in The noble gases were not
zero group. known at that time.
2 47 F 44
Newland arranged the noble gases in The noble gases were not
a different column. known at that time.
3 55 F 44
Hydrogen is placed along with the In Newlands classification
halogens in Newlands classification. Group 1 comprises of
4 70 T Hydrogen and halogens. 70
The valency of elements with respect The valency of elements
to hydrogen increase along a period with respect to hydrogen
from left to right in Mendeleevs first increases from 1 to 4
1 121 F 121
periodic table. and then decreases.
Oxide of any element (R) of group 4 Oxide of any element (R) of
will be RO4 group 4 will be RO2.
2 47 F 48
The group 8 in Mendeleevs periodic The group 8 in Mendeleevs 71
3 table consists of non-metals. F periodic table consists of
transition metals.
Germanium was earlier named as eka Eka silicon was the name
aluminium by Mendeleev. used for Germanium by 57
4 F Mendeleev.
Cause of periodicity is recurrence of The properties of an
similar electronic configuration. element are periodic
1 71 T functions of their atomic 76
numbers.
The elements with similar properties The total number of valence
have the same number of electrons in electrons defines the
2 97 T 75
their outermost shell. properties of an element.
Henry Moseley found that atomic The properties of an
number is a better fundamental element are periodic
3 109 T 76
property of elements compared to functions of their atomic
atomic mass. numbers.
According to the modern
physical and chemical properties of periodic law, physical and
elements are a periodic function of chemical properties of
128 F 133
their atomic mass elements are a periodic
function of their atomic
numbers.
The element sodium (atomic number Sodium has 3 shells and is
11) is placed in the 2nd period. F placed in the 3rd period. 8
1
Scandium (atomic number 21) is Scandium has 4 shells and
placed in the 3rd period. is placed in the 4th period.
F 73
2
Calcium (atomic number 20) lies in Calcium has 4 shells and is
the 4th period. placed in the 4th period.
T 112
3
Bromine (atomic number 35) is placed Bromine has 4 shells and is
in the 5th period. F placed in the 4th period. 28
4
The group 1 comprises of alkali The alkali metals are placed
metals. in group 1.
T 89
1
Elements of group 15 form the oxygen Elements of group 15 form
family. the nitrogen family.
F 71
2
Elements of group 17 are known as Halogens occupy the group
halogens. 17 of the periodic table.
T 49
3
The elements of group 6 constitute The elements of group 14
the carbon family. constitute the carbon family.
F 77
4
The representative elements are also The representative
called as the normal elements. elements are also called as
1 T 23
the normal elements.
Sodium is a representative element. Sodium is placed in group
2 T 1. 58
Iron is a representative element. Iron is a transition metal.
3 F 45
Sodium is a transition metal. Sodium is a representative
4 F element. 68
Mercury has a high melting point. Mercury is a liquid at room
temperature and has a low
1 33 F 68
melting point.
Copper has a higher melting point The melting and boiling
2 than sodium. 46 T point of transition metals are 53
higher than alkali metals.
All the transition elements are metals. All transition elements are
metals with high melting
3 39 T 38
and boiling points.
Melting point of mercury is low. Mercury is a liquid at room
temperature and has a low
melting point.
4 T 93
The first period has 2 elements. The 1st period has 2
elements as the 1st shell
1 F 91
can accomodate a
maximum of 2 electrons.
The 1st element of the periodic table The 1st element of the
is hydrogen. periodic table is hydrogen.
2 T 98
The 2nd element of the periodic table The 1st element of the
is hydrogen. periodic table is hydrogen.
3 F 66
The 2nd element of the periodic table The 2nd element of the
lies in group 2. periodic table lies in group
4 F 22
18.
The fifth period begins with Cesium The fifth period begins with
(atomic number 55). Rubidium (atomic number
37).
1 F 26
The fifth period begins with Rubidium The fifth period has 18
(atomic number 37). elements and begins with
Rubidium (atomic number
2 T 36
37).
The fourth period ends with Krypton Krypton is the last element
(atomic number 36). of the 4th period.
3 T 47
 The second and third periods
contain eight elements each
(atomic numbers 3 to 10 in the
second and atomic numbers
11 to 18 in the third period).
These are short periods. The
fourth and fifth periods contain
eighteen elements each
(atomic numbes 19 to 36 in
fourth and atomic numbers 37
to 54 in the fifth period). These
3.2
are long periods.
THE 2ND TO 5TH PERIOD
ELEMENTS: The 2nd and 3rd
periods contain 8 elements each.
These are short periods. The 4th
and 5th periods contain 18
elements each. These are long
periods.
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM 179

S.No. Audio text Concept (Slide) LIMIT

The sixth period contains 32
elements (atomic numbers 55
to 86). It is the longest period.
The seventh period (atomic
numbers 87 to 118) also
contains 32 elements and is
also called as the longest
3.3 period.
In group 3 of the sixth period,
there is a set of elements with
atomic numbers 57 to 71
(Lanthanum to Lutetium).
These elements are known as
Lanthanides (rare earths). In
Group 3 of the seventh period,
there is a set of elements with
atomic numbers 89 to 103
(Actinium to lawrencium ),.
These elements are known as
3.4
actinides and are radioactive
elements.
VALENCY AND NUMBER OF SHELLS
POSITION OF Number of shells increase on
AN ELEMENT: moving down in a group and
number of valence electrons
remains equal to number of the
group. On moving from left to
right in a period, number of
shells remains the same. In a
given period, number of
electrons in valence shell
increases from left to right.
4.1
THE LONGEST PERIODS 219
The sixth period contains 32
elements (atomic nos. 55-86). It
is the longest period. The
seventh period (atomic nos 87 to 0
118) also contains 32 elements
and is also called as the longest
period.
0 and seventh period
LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES 292
In group 3 of the sixth period,
there is a set of 15 elements with
atomic numbers 57 to 71. These
elements are known as
Lanthanides. In Group 3 of the
seventh period, there is a set of 0
15 elements with atomic numbers
89 to 103, These elements are
known as Actinides.
NUMBER OF SHELLS
Number of shells increase on
moving down a group and
number of valence electrons
remains equal to the group
number (I to VIII). On moving
from left to right in a period,
number of shells remains the
same. In a given period, number
of valence electrons increases
from left to right.
Animation Link
0 The second period is a short period.
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM
0 The seventh period begins with
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM
0 The inner transition elements are
0 The elements with atomic numbers 87
299
0 Number of electron shells in a given
0 https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM
Animation Link comment(If LIMIT Q.No. Question
any)
image 2.28 highlight the sixth
image 2.28 highlight the
lanthanides and actinides and La
and Ac
7.17 and 7.59 to 8.05
LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT
Level 1
F The second period is a
4 36 short period with 8 52
elements.
The seventh period is called as the T The sixth period and
longest period. seventh period contain 32
1 51 90
elements each and are the
longest periods.
The sixth period contains 32 elements F The sixth period contains 32
2 starting from atomic no 87 66 elements (atomic nos. 55- 57
86)
219
The sixth period and seventh period The sixth period and
contain 36 elements each and are the seventh period contain 32
3 F 99
longest periods. elements each and are the
longest periods.
The seventh period has 32
4 Francium (atomic number 87). T elements with atomic 92
numbers 87 to 118.
Lanthanides start with lanthanum (La- T In group IIIB (Group number
57) 3) of the sixth period, there
is a set of elements with
1 40 152
atomic numbers 57 to 71
(La - Lu), beginning with
lanthanum (La-57).
The elements of group 3 of the sixth T The lanthanides and
and seventh period are called as inner actinides are also called as
transition elements. inner transition elements as
2 96 135
these are placed within a
group of the transition
292
metals.
The elements of the sixth
present in group 3 of the 6th and 7th and seventh periods of
period. group 3 i.e. the lanthanides
3 79 T #REF!
and the actinides, are
collectively known as inner
transition elements
F The elements with atomic
4 to 101 are called as actinides. 67 numbers 89 to 103 are 64
called actinides.
Number of electron shells in a given F The period number
element is equal to the group number indicates the number of
1 94 63
to which it belongs. shells in an element.
T The period number
element is equal to the number of the indicates the number of
period to which it belongs. shells in an element.
2 102 63
299 An element belonging to the 6th group An element belonging to the
has 6 shells. 6th period has 6 shells.
3 F 134
Q No Question LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT
Level 2
Elements with atomic numbers 19 to Elements with atomic
4 36 are placed in the fifth period. F numbers 19 to 36 are
placed in the fourth period.
The second element in the 7th period Radium is an alkaline earth
is Radium (atomic number 88).. metal which lies in the 7th
1 67 T 63
period.
The 8th period would begin with The 7th period ends with
2 atomic number 119. 50 T atomic number 118. 43
The second element in the 6th period Radium is an alkaline earth
is Radium (atomic number 88).. metal which lies in the 7th
3 67 F 63
period.
The 8th period would begin with The 8th period would begin
4 atomic number 120. 50 F with atomic number 119. 50
The group 3 of the 6th period contains In group IIIB (Group number
15 elements. 3) of the sixth period, there
is a set of elements with
1 T 148
atomic numbers 57 to 71
(La - Lu), beginning with
lanthanum (La-57).
The group 4 of the 7th period contains There are 15 elements in
15 elements. group 3 of the 7th period.
2 F 81
The group 3 of the 7th period contains There are 15 elements in
14 elements group 3 of the 7th period.
3 50 F 51
The group 7 of the third period There are 15 elements in
4 contains 15 elements. 53 F group 3 of the 7th period. 51
The halogens show a valency of 7 The halogens show a
due to 7 electrons present in their valency of 1 as they need
1 85 F 86
outermost shell. only 1 electron to complete
their octet.
Valency of an element equals the F Valency of an element
number of electrons present in its equals the number of
valence shell. electrons an element gains
2 83 #REF!
or loses in order to
complete its octet(or duplet
for hydrogen).
Since elements in a particular group F Since elements in a
have different number of electrons in particular group have an
their respective valence shells, equal number of electrons
valency of all elements in a given in their respective valence
3 162 #REF!
group is different. shells, valency of all
elements in a given group is
the same.
Q No Question LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT
Level 3
The fifth period ends with Xenon Xenon is the last element of
4 (atomic number 54). T the 5th period. 39
The element with atomic number 92 The 7th period begins with
lies in the 7th period. atomic number 89 and ends
1 T 76
with atomic number 118.
The element with atomic number 118 The element Uuo(118) is a
2 is a noble gas. 50 T noble gas. 36
Barium(56) lies in the 6th period. The 6th period begins with
atomic number 55 and ends
3 34 T 75
with atomic number 86.
Osmium(76), with the highest density, Osmium has the highest
4 lies in the 6th period 60 T density. 31
The group 3 of the 6th period begins The group 3 of the 7th
with Actinium. period begins with Actinium.
1 F 56
The group 3 of the 7th period begins The group 3 of the 7th
with Actinium. period begins with Actinium.
2 T 62
The group 3 of the 6th period begins The group 3 of the 6th
with Cerium. period begins with
Lanthanum.
3 F 60
The group 3 of the 6th period begins The group 3 of the 6th
4 with Lanthanum. period begins with 31
Lanthanum.
The number of shells present in Na⁺ is Na⁺ and F⁻ are isoelectronic.
same as in F⁻.
1 53 T 29
Both Mg⁺² and Cl⁻¹ have three shells Mg⁺² has only 2 shells and
each. Cl⁻¹ has 3 shells in all.
2 42 F 52
The total number of shells present in Tin is an element of the 5th
Sn(50) are 5. period.
3 51 T 36

VALENCY OF AN ELEMENT
Since elements in a particular
group have an equal number
of valence electrons, valency
remains the same. Valency
with respect to hydrogen in a
period, increases arithmetically
from 1 to 4 and then decreases
4.2 back to 1. But valency with
respect to oxygen in a period
increases from 1 to 7.
METALLIC CHARACTER
Metallic character increases as
one moves down a group due
to which oxides of elements
become increasingly basic in
4.3 character. On moving across a
period, metallic character
decreases. Oxides of elements
in a period become
progressively less basic and
finally change to an acidic
character.
To locate the position of an
element: The period of an
element relates to the number
of shells present and the group
number relates to the number
of valence electrons present.
VALENCY OF AN ELEMENT
Since elements in a particular
group have an equal number of
valence electrons, valency
remains the same. Valency with 0
respect to hydrogen in a period,
increases from 1 to 4 and then
decreases back to 1. But valency
with respect to oxygen in a
period increases from 1 to 7.
METALLIC CHARACTER
Metallic character increases
down a group due to which
oxides of elements become
increasingly basic in character.
On moving across a period,
metallic character decreases.
Oxides of elements in a period
become progressively less basic
and finally change to an acidic
character.
To locate the position of an
element: The period number of
an element relates to the number
of shells present and the group
number relates to the number of
valence electrons present.
0 An element belonging to the 7th group An element belonging to the Calcium(20) and Strontium(38) have Ca and Sr are elements of The element with electronic The outermost electron is
4 has 7 shells. F 7th period has 7 shells. 162 4 the same number of valence 72 T the same group. 41 4 configration [Xe] 6s² 5d¹ 4f⁷ has six 73 T present in the 6s orbital. 52
electrons. shells.
295 The valency of elements across a F The valency with respect to The elements of group 1 show a The valency shown by alkali The maximum valency is shown by Halogens have the
period from left to right decreases with hydrogen first increases and valency of 1 and group 2 elements metals is 1 and by alkaline halogens in a period with respect to maximum combining
1 95 87 1 T 59 1 76 T 85
respect to hydrogen. then decreases along a show a valency of 2. earth metals is 2. oxygen. capacity in terms of number
period. of valence electrons.
The valency of elements across a F The valency with respect to The valency shown by inert gases is Inert gases have 8 electrons The maximum valency is shown by The maximum valency is
period from left to right increases with hydrogen first increases and zero. in their outermost shell. halogens in a period with respect to shown by group 14
2 95 87 2 41 T 59 2 F 58
respect to hydrogen. then decreases along a hydrogen. elements in a period with
period. respect to hydrogen..
0.02 to 0.06 and 1.48 to 1.53 but
https://youtu.be/XWag7trUxeo 295
0 use same periodic table The valency of elements across a The valency increases from The maximum number of The maximum valency is shown by The maximum valency is
period from left to right increases with +1 to +7 with respect to Nitrogen can show a valency of 5 in bonds formed by Nitrogen group 14 elements in a period with shown by halogens in a
3 93 T #REF! 3 50 F 53 3 F 36
respect to oxygen. oxygen. its compounds. are 4. respect to oxygen.. period with respect to
oxygen.
0 The valency of elements across a The valency increases from The elements of group 1 and 2 can The elements of group 1 The maximum valency is shown by Group 14 elements form
period from left to right decreases with +1 to +7 with respect to show variable valencies. show a valency of 1 and group 14 elements in a period with hydrides of the formula XH₄.
4 93 F #REF! 4 58 F 85 4 88 T 51
respect to oxygen. oxygen. group 2 elements show a respect to hydrogen..
valency of 2.
295 https://youtu.be/exRc9yhmcww 1.40 to 2.03 1 Cesium has the highest metallic 42 T Metallic character increases 56 1 The elements of group 1 are strong 52 F The elements of group 1 are 51 1 Oxide of chlorine is basic. 27 F Oxide of chlorine is acidic. #REF!
character. as one moves down a oxidising agents. strong reducing agents.
0 Metallic character increases across a F group. character increases
Metallic The elements of group 1 are strong The elements of group 1 are Halogens form basic oxides. Halogens form acidic
2 period. 45 as one moves down a 56 2 reducing agents. T the most metallic. 28 2 27 F oxides. 81
group.
0 295 Metallic character increases as one T Metallic character increases The elements of group 17 are strong The elements of group 17 Halogens form acidic oxides.
moves down a group. as one moves down a group oxidising agents. are least metallic. The oxides of halogens are
https://youtu.be/yHWhUQazDd0 1.08 to 1.11 3 56 86 3 53 T 44 3 28 T 34
and decreases across a acidic.
period.
0 The most metallic element is Lithium. Cesium has the highest Cesium is a strong reducing agent. Cesium has the highest Cesium forms the most basic oxide. Basic character increases
4 F 28 4 34 T 42 4 34 T 41
metallic character. metallic character. dowm the group.
186 In the modern periodic table C-12 and F Since the modern periodic The element Scandium (21) lies in the Ni (atomic number 28) lies in the 10th ₂₈Ni [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
Scandium (21) has an
C-14 would occupy different positions. table is built on the basis of third period. group. The total number of
electronic configuration of
1 76 atomic number, isotopes will 111 1 51 F 92 1 46 T electrons in the 3d subshell 95
[Ar] 3d¹ 4s¹. It lies in the
occupy the same position. and the 4s subshell are 10.
fourth period.
0 The isotopes occupy the same T Since the modern periodic The element with atomic number 20 is Calcium (20) has an The number of electrons in the ₂₈Ni [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
position in the modern periodic table. table is built on the basis of present in the first group. electronic configuration of outermost shell of Ni (atomic number The total number of
2 67 atomic number, isotopes will 111 2 64 F [Ar] 4s² hence lies in group 79 2 28) is 2. T electrons in the outermost 78
occupy the same position. 2. shell are 2.

4.4 0 https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM 6.34 to 6.40 186 In the modern periodic table O-16 and F Since the modern periodic The element Scandium (21) lies in the The number of electrons in the ₂₈Ni [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
Scandium (21) has an
O-18 would occupy different positions. table is built on the basis of fourth period. outermost shell of Ni (atomic number The total number of
electronic configuration of
3 76 atomic number, isotopes will 111 3 T 78 3 28) is 10. F electrons in the outermost 99
[Ar] 3d¹ 4s¹. It lies in the
occupy the same position. shell are 2.
fourth period.

0 In the modern periodic table C-12 and T Since the modern periodic Calcium(20) lies in group 2 of the Calcium (20) has an Ni (atomic number 28) lies in the 2nd ₂₈Ni [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
C-14 would occupy the same position. table is built on the basis of periodic table. electronic configuration of group. The total number of
atomic number, isotopes will [Ar] 4s² hence lies in group electrons in the 3d subshell
4 74 occupy the same position. 111 4 T 2. 79 4 F and the 4s subshell are 10 161
and hence it lies in the 10th
group.

THE FOUR s, p, d and f-block elements
BLOCKS An important feature of the
long form of periodic table is its
division into four sections
known as s, p, d and f-block
elements. The s and d block
5.1
consist of metals. The p block
consist of metals, non metals
and metalloids. Most of the f
block elements are radioactive.
REPRESENTATIVE
ELEMENTS (s and p block
elements)
They include all elements of
Group 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 and
17. The alkali metals are most
reactive metals. Halogens are
most reactive non-metals.
Some heavier elements exhibit
5.2 variable valencies.
TRANSITION METALS (d
block elements)
They are included in groups 3
to 12. All these elements are
metals with high melting and
boiling points. They are good
conductors of heat &
electricity. Some of these
5.3 elements are attracted towards
a magnet. Most of these
elements exhibit variable
valencies and form coloured
compounds.
INNER TRANSITION
ELEMENTS (f block elements)
AND NOBLE GASES
The elements of 6th and 7th
periods of group 3 are known
as inner transition elements.
These elements are heavy
metals with high melting and
boiling points.They show
variable valencies. Elements of
5.4 the zero group are known as
inert gases. They have 8
electrons in their outermost
orbits except Helium.
s, p, d and f-block elements
An important feature of the long
form of periodic table is its
division into four sections known
as s, p, d and f-block elements.
The s and d block consist of
metals. The p block consist of
metals, non metals and
metalloids. Most of the f block
elements are radioactive.
REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
(s and p block elements)
They include all elements of
Group 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 and
17. The alkali metals are most
reactive metals. Halogens are
most reactive non-metals.
Some heavier elements exhibit
variable valencies.
TRANSITION METALS: They are 304
included in groups 3 to 12. All
these elements are metals with
high melting and boiling points
and are good conductors of
heat & electricity. Some of these
elements are attracted towards a
magnet. Most of these elements
exhibit variable valencies and
form coloured compounds.
F BLOCK AND THE NOBLE 322
GASES:
The elements of 6th and 7th
periods of group 3 are known as
inner transition elements. These
elements are heavy metals with
high melting and boiling points 0
and show variable valencies.
Elements of the 0 group are
known as inert gases. They have
8 electrons in their outermost
orbits except He.
299 The elements of s-block have a S block elements have 1 or
The p-block comprises of The d-block comprises of
https://youtu.be/8uYBSPNu_RA 022 to 1.03 1 general outermost electronic 87 T 2 electrons present in the s- 65 1 The p-block comprises of six groups. 36 T 40 1 All the d-block elements are metallic. 38 T 32
group 13 to 18. metals.
configuration of ns¹ or ns² subshell.
0 The s-block elements are placed in The s-block elements are
The p-block has metals, The total number of d-block elements The total elements in d-
general elec. confg. 2 the extreme right of the periodic table. 75 F placed in the extreme left of 74 2 The elements of p-block are all metals 38 F 50 2 44 F 37
non-metals and metalloids. are 68. block are 40.
299 the periodic table.
0 The d-block elements have
The s-block comprises of The p-block comprises of group 13 to The p-block comprises of 6 Most of the d-block elements are
3 The s-block comprises of two groups. 36 T 39 3 40 T 34 3 45 T unpaired electrons in their 66
group 1 and 2. 18. groups. paramagnetic
d-subshells.
0 The s-block elements are all The outer electronic configuration of There are 1-6 electrons in Most of the f-block elements show Most of the f-block elements
4 All the elements of s-block are metals. 39 T 48 4 67 T 54 4 48 T 54
metallic in nature. p-block elements is ns2np1-6. their outermost p subshell. radioactivity. have an unstable nucleus.
245 The representative elements include All elements of the Group 1, The alkali metals are the most The alkali metals are the Copper can show variable valencies. Copper can show valencies
all elements of the Group 1, 2, 13, 14, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are reactive metals. most reactive metals due to of 1 and 2.
1 15, 16 and 17. T called as representative 1 T the ease with which they T 37
elements. lose their outermost
highlight s block and p block electrons.
0 All elements of the Group 1, 2, 13, 14, All elements of the Group 1, The alkali metals are the least The alkali metals are the Iron can show variable valencies. Iron shows a valency of 2
15, 16 and 17 and 18 are called as 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are reactive metals. most reactive metals due to and 3 in ints compounds.
2 representative elements. F called as representative 2 F the ease with which they T 50
https://cdn-images-1.medium. elements. lose their outermost
com/max/2000/1*pz0FJOSDGSe 245 electrons.
I5enWZH-fww.png
0 All elements of the Group 1 to 12 are All elements of the Group 1, The halogens are the most reactive The halogens are the most Zinc can show variable valencies. Zinc shows a valency of 2 in
called as representative elements. 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are non metals. reactive non metals due to its compounds.
3 F 3 T F 43
called as representative the ease with which they
elements. gain electrons.
0 The representative elements include All elements of the Group 1, The halogens are the least reactive The halogens are the most Sodium can show variable valencies, The alkali metals show a
all the elements of the first 3 periods. 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are non metals. reactive non metals due to valency of 1.
4 F 4 F F 38
called as representative the ease with which they
elements. gain electrons.
Transition elements are the f - block Transition elements are d - The ions formed by transition metals Transition metal compounds Compounds of Zinc are coloured. Compounds of Zinc are
elements block elements. are usually coloured. absorb in the visible region white due to absence of
1 46 F 43 1 58 T 88 1 31 F 65
of the electromagnetic unpaired electrons.
spectrum.
0 The d-block elements are called as Transition elements are d - The transition metals form coloured Transition metal compounds Compounds of Zinc are white due to
transition metals. block elements. compounds. absorb in the visible region absence of unpaired electrons. Compounds formed by Zinc
2 53 T 43 2 46 T 88 2 65 T 40
of the electromagnetic are colourless.
spectrum.
https://youtu.be/J0ZjSStMYPc 0.53 to 1.05 304
0 The s-block elements are called as Transition elements are d - Compounds of transition metals are Transition metal compounds Mercury is a transition metal which is Mercury is a liquid at room
transition metals. block elements. usually coloured. absorb in the visible region a liquid at room temperature. temperature.
3 53 F 43 3 52 T 88 3 68 T 40
of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
0 Transition elements include the d- Transition elements are d - Compounds of copper are usually Copper compounds absorb All transition elements are solids at Mercury is a liquid at room
block and the f-block elements. block elements. blue. in the orange region of room temperature. temperature.
4 65 F 43 4 37 T 88 4 55 F 40
visible spectrum and are
blue in colour.
The inner transition elements are The elements of the sixth The elements with three outermost The inner transition Krypton is a diatomic molecule. All inert gases are
present in group 3 of the 6th and 7th and seventh periods of shells incomplete are the inner elements have their three monoatomic.
period. group 3 i.e. the lanthanides transition elements. outermost shells as
1 79 T 148 1 87 T 78 1 31 F 31
and the actinides, are incomplete.
collectively known as inner
transition elements
The inner transition elements are The elements of the sixth The element Radium is a noble gas. The element Radium is an Helium can be easily solified. Helium has the lowest
classified as f-block elements. and seventh periods of alkali metal. melting point of all the
group 3 are collectively known elements.
2 65 T 133 2 34 F 38 2 30 F 62
image 2.28 highlight the sixth known as inner transition
https://youtu.be/ywvzPxBCarM 322 elements or the f-block
and seventh period
elements.
0 The elements of group 18 are inert. The group 18 includes the The inner transition elements have The elements with three Xenon is chemically active. Compounds of Xenon with
inert gases. their three outermost shells as outermost shells incomplete fluorine and oxygen are
3 35 T 38 3 78 T 87 3 27 T 57
incomplete. are the inner transition prepared.
elements.
0 Elements of the zero group have 8 Elements of the zero group The elements with two outermost The elements with three Xenon has 32 electrons in its Xenon has 8 electrons in its
electrons in their outermost orbits have 8 electrons in their shells incomplete are the inner outermost shells incomplete outermost shell. outermost shell.
4 83 T 83 4 #REF! F 45 4 85 F #REF!
except Helium outermost orbits except transition elements. are the inner transition
Helium elements.
 S.No. Audio text
EFFECTIVE
NUCLEAR
CHARGE
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
ATOMIC AND Depending on their
IONIC RADII determinations and nature of
atom the atomic radius is of 3
types. These are (1) Covalent
radius (2) Vanderwaals radius
(3) Metallic radius.The atomic
radius decreases in the order
vander waals radius > metallic
radius > covalent radius.
7.1
The atomic radius depends on
the number of shells and
increases with increase in
number of shells. Atomic
radius is inversely proportional
7.2 to the effective nuclear charge.
The atomic radius increases
with increase in bond
multiplicity.
Atomic radius increases down
a group due to increase in
number of shells and
decreases across a period due
to increase in Zeff. In case of
transition elements the atomic
radius first decreases then
remains a constant after which
it increases.
7.3
Radius of an ion is called ionic
radius. The radius of a cation
is smaller than neutral atom
due to increase in Zeff. The
radius of an anion is larger
than neutral atom due to
decrease in Zeff.
7.4
Concept (Slide)
Effective Nuclear Charge: The net 262
positive charge experienced by
an electron in a polyelectron atom
is called as effective nuclear
charge (Zeff). The Zeff is
calculated using the equation Zeff
= Z - S where Z is the atomic
number and S is the shielding
constant.
Slaters Rules:These provide
numerical values for calculating
the shieilding constant. Firstly
the electrons are arranged in a
sequence of groups in the order
as shown below. Each group is
given a different shielding value
depending on the number and
type of electrons preceding it.
Calculation of shielding constant: 181
The shielding constant for each
group is formed as the sum of
following contributions. For an
electron of ns or np group use
the following rules:
Calculation of shielding constant
for a d or f electron: In case of a d
or a f electron the values of
shielding constant are calulated
as:
Atomic Radii: The atomic radius
is of 3 types (1) Covalent radius
(2) Vanderwaals radius (3)
Metallic radius.The atomic
radius decreases in the order
vanderwaals radius > metallic
radius > covalent radius.
FACTORS AFFECTING ATOMIC 254
RADIUS: The atomic radius
depends on number of shells
and increases with increase in
number of shells.. Atomic radius
∝ 1/Zeff where Zeff = effective
nuclear charge. The atomic
radius increases with increase in
bond multiplicity.
Trends in atomic radius: Atomic
radius increases down a group
due to increase in number of
shells and decreases across a
period due to increase in Zeff. In
case of transition elements the
atomic radius first decreases,
then remains a constant, after
which it increases.
Ionic Radius: Radius of an ion
is called ionic radius. The radius
of a cation is smaller than
neutral atom due to increase in
Zeff. The radius of an anion is
larger than neutral atom due to
decrease in Zeff.
LIMIT
Animation Link Animation Link comment(If LIMIT Q.No. Question LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT Q No Question LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT Q No Question LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT
any)
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
The Zeff is calculated using the If the shielding constant for the 4s
The actual attraction experienced by Zeff is the actual attraction
formula Zeff = Z - S where Z is the electron in Fe is 22.25, then the Zeff
1 an electron is called as effective 87 T experienced by an electron 1 122 T Zeff = Z - S 12 1 T Zeff (4s) = 26 - 22.25 = 3.75
total nuclear charge and S is the on its outermost electron would be
nuclear charge. in a polelectron system.
shielding constant. 3.75
0 The Zeff is calculated using the
If the shielding constant for the 3d
The actual attraction experienced by Zeff is the actual attraction formula Zeff = Z - S where Z is the S is the shielding constant In case of Fe the outermost
electron in Fe is 19.75, then the Zeff
2 an electron in a polyelectron system is 106 F experienced by an electron 2 total nuclear charge and S is the 143 F which is calculated using 68 2 F electron is in the 4s and not
on its outermost electron would be
equal to its nuclear charge.. in a polelectron system. number of electrons in the inner Slaters rules. in 3d.
6.25
shells.
262
0 An electron in a The Zeff on an electron in a
In a polyelectron atom each electron polyelectron system polyelectron system is always less If the shielding constant for the 3p
3 experiences more nuclear attraction 103 F experiences lesser nuclear 3 than the actual nuclear charge. 95 T Zeff = Z - S 12 3 electron in Fe is 11.25, then the Zeff F Zeff = Z - S
than a single electron system. pull due to repulsions from on its 3p electron would be 37.25
the other electrons
0 The Zeff on an electron in a The Zeff on an electron in a
The Zeff is the net attraction The Zeff is the net attraction If the Zeff for the outermost electron in
polyelectron system is always more polyelectron system is
4 experienced by an electron in a 82 F experienced by an electron 4 95 F 95 4 Zinc(30) is 27.25, then its shielding T Zeff = Z - S
than the actual nuclear charge. always less than the actual
unielectron system. in a polyelectron system. constant has a vaue of 2.75
nuclear charge.
281 According to Slaters rules According to Slaters rules
the electrons are arranged the electrons are arranged
According to Slaters rules the The 4f orbitals are placed before 5s
in the increasing order of n in the increasing order of n The 6d orbitals would be placed after The 6d orbitals have a lower
1 electrons are arranged in the order of 94 F 1 and 5p orbitals for calculating 88 T 157 1 F
and for the equal values of and for the equal values of 7s orbitals. value of n.
increasing (n+l) values. screening constant.
n, they are arranged in n, they are arranged in
[1s] [2s,2p] [3s,3p] [3d] [4s,4p] [4d] [4f] [5s,5p] [5d] [5f] etc increasing order of l. increasing order of l.
0 For the same value of n the
The s and p orbitals are placed in a The 4d and 4f orbitals are placed in The 4f orbitals are placed The shielding constant for a 5s and 5d 5s and 5d orbitals are
2 50 T s and p orbitals are placed 2 52 F 49 2 F
single group. the same group. after the 4d orbitals. electron would be same. arranged in different groups.
together.
0 281 According to Slaters rules According to Slaters rules
The screening constants the electrons are arranged the electrons are arranged
The screening constants are same for
are same for a s and p The 6s orbitals are placed before 4f in the increasing order of n A 5g orbital would be placed just in the increasing order of n
3 a s and p electron with same principal 91 T 3 46 F 157 3 T
electron with same principal orbitals. and for the equal values of before 6s orbital. and for the equal values of
quantum number.
quantum number. n, they are arranged in n, they are arranged in
increasing order of l. increasing order of l.
0 Each group is given a Each group is given a
different shielding constant different shielding constant
Each group is given a different The screening constant for a 5s and The shielding constant for a 6d and 6f 6d and 6f orbitals are
4 51 T whch depends on the 4 56 T whch depends on the 113 4 F
shielding constant. 5p electron is same. electron would be same. arranged in different groups.
number and types of number and type of
electrons preceding it. electrons preceding it.
The shielding constant for
The shielding constant for an electron The shielding constant for For each electron in the same group An electron from the same The shielding constant for the 4s
1 56 F 1 73 T 48 1 T the 4s electron = 0.35*1 +
of Helium is 0.35 1s electron of He is 0.30 the contribution to shielding is 0.35 group contributes 0.35 electron of Zn(30) is 25.65
0.85*18 +1.00*10 = 25.65
0 For a ns or np electron an
For a ns or np electron an amount of For an element having an outer The shielding constant
The shielding constant for the electron The shielding constant for amount of 0.85 for each
2 59 F 2 0.75 for each electron in (n-1) shell 104 F 104 2 electronic configuration of 4s2 4p3 the F would be 0.35*4 + 0.85*18
of Hydrogen is 0.30 1s electron of H is 0 electron in (n-1) shell
contributes to the shielding. shielding constant would be 27.7 + 1.00*10 = 26.7
contributes to the shielding.
0 For a ns or np electron an In case of Zn the outermost
calculation of shielding constant. 181 The other electron For a ns or np electron an amount of
The shielding constant for an electron amount of 1.00 for each The Zeff for the outermost electron of electron is present in 4s
3 56 T contributes 0.3 to the 3 1.00 for each electron in (n-1) shell 104 F 104 3 T
of Helium is 0.30 electron in (n-2) shell Zn(30) is 4.35 orbital. Zeff(4s) = 30 -
shielding constant. contributes to the shielding.
contributes to the shielding. 25.65 = 4.35
0 In case of Zn the outermost
electron is present in 4s
There is no other electron in For a ns or np electron an amount of For an element having an outer
The shielding constant for the electron An electron from the (n-1) orbital. The shielding
4 59 F the orbital of hydrogen to 4 0.85 for each electron in (n-1) shell 104 T 49 4 electronic configuration of 4s2 the T
of Hydrogen is 0.35 group contributes 0.85 constant for the 4s electron
contribute to shielding. contributes to the shielding. shielding constant would be 25.65
= 0.35*1 + 0.85*18 +1.
00*10 = 25.65
138 In case of a d or a f electron
In case of a d or a f electron an
For a d or f electron an amount of an amount of 1.00 for each The shielding constant for
amount of 1.00 for each electron In accordance wth the The shielding constant for the 3d
calculation of shielding constant. 1 134 T 1 1.00 for each electron in (n-1) shell 102 F electron closer to the 134 1 F the 3d electron = 0.35*9 +
closer to the nucleus than the group, Slaters rules. electron in Zinc(30) is 16.3
contributes to the shielding. nucleus than the group, 1*18 = 21.15
contributes to the shielding.
contributes to the shielding.
0 In case of a d or a f electron
The shielding constant for
In case of a d or f electron, for each For a d or f electron an amount of an amount of 1.00 for each
In accordance wth the The Zeff for the 3d electron in Zinc the 3d electron = 0.35*9 +
2 electron in the same group the 103 T 2 1.00 for each electron in (n-2) shell 102 F electron closer to the 134 2 T
Slaters rules. (30) is 8.85 1*18 = 21.15 and Zeff = 30
contribution to shielding is 0.35 contributes to the shielding. nucleus than the group,
138 - 21.15 = 8.85
contributes to the shielding.
0 In case of a d or a f electron an
In case of a d or f electron the The shielding constant for
amount of 0.85 for each electron In accordance wth the The shielding constant The shielding constant for the 3d
3 134 F 3 shielding decreases with decrease in 98 F 40 3 T the 3d electron = 0.35*9 +
closer to the nucleus than the group, Slaters rules. remains the same. electron in Zinc(30) is 21.15
principal quantum number (n) 1*18 = 21.15
contributes to the shielding.
0 In case of a d or f electron, The shielding constant for
In case of a d or f electron, for each In case of a d or f electron the
for each electron in the The shielding constant The Zeff for the 3d electron in Zinc the 3d electron = 0.35*9 +
4 electron in the same group the 103 F 4 shielding increases with decrease in 98 F 40 4 F
same group the contribution remains the same. (30) is 6.85 1*18 = 21.15 and Zeff = 30
contribution to shielding is 1.00 principal quantum number (n)
to shielding is 0.35 - 21.15 = 8.85
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
206 The atomic radius is the distance of The distance of the
The atomic radius decreases in the Vander Waals radius is the
the outermost electron from the outermost shell from the Covalent Radius is the term used Non metals usually form
1 T 50 1 order vander waals radius > metallic 97 T largest and covalent radius #REF! 1 56 T #REF!
nucleus. nucleus is the atomic normally for non-metals covalent bonds.
radius > covalent radius. is the smallest.
radius.
0 The distance of the outermost shell The atomic radius is the Metallic radius is larger than Vander Vander Waals radius is the Metallic radius can be determined for Metallic radius is used for
animation already done 2 from the nucleus is the atomic radius. T distance of the outermost 77 2 waals radius. F largest and covalent radius 40 2 inert gases. F metals. 145
electron from the nucleus. is the smallest.
0 The atomic radius is the The atomic radius Vander waals radius is determined for For inert gases the Vander
206 The atomic radius is the distance distance of the outermost decreases in the order inert gases. waals radius can only be
3 between the first shell and last shell of F electron from the nucleus. 77 3 Covalent radius is the smallest. T vander waals radius > 97 3 T determined. 79
an atom. metallic radius > covalent
radius.
0 The distance of the outermost The atomic radius is the Vander waals radius is the largest. The atomic radius For inert gases the Vander waals Vander waals radius is
https://chem.libretexts.
electron from the nucleus is the distance of the outermost decreases in the order radius can only be determined. determined for inert gases.
org/@api/deki/files/91279/Atomic
4 atomic radius. T electron from the nucleus. 77 4 T vander waals radius > 71 4 T 49
_Radii_Trends_on_the_Periodic_
metallic radius > covalent
Table.png?revision=1
radius.
The atomic radius increases with T As the number of shells 1 Atomic radius is directly proportional Atomic radius is inversely Amongst C-C , C = C, C ≡ C and N ≡
Higher the bond order,
1 increase in number of shells. increase the atomic radius to Zeff. F proportional to Zeff. 1 N the covalent radius of N ≡ N is the 83 T
shorter is the bond length.
increases. shortest
Argon has 3 shells but Neon Atomic radius is inversely proportional Higher the Zeff, smaller is Higher the bond order, shorter is the Covalent radius decreases
2 Neon is larger than Argon. has 2 shells. 2 to Zeff. T an atom. 2 covalent radius. T with increase in bond
F multiplicity.
Covalent radius decreases
Potassium has 4 shells and Higher the Zeff, smaller is an atom. Atomic radius is inversely Higher the bond multiplicity, larger is
3 Potassium is larger than sodium. sodium has 3. 3 T proportional to Zeff. 3 the covalent radius. F with increase in bond
T multiplicity.
As the number of shells In isoelectronic species the Amongst C-C , C = C, C ≡ C and N ≡
Lithium is a smaller atom than Radius of sodium ion (Na+) is larger Higher the bond order,
4 increase the atomic radius 4 T Zₑff increases with increase 4 N the covalent radius of N ≡ N is the F
sodium. T than magnesium ion (Mg2+). shorter is the bond length.
increases. in charge. longest.
269 The number of shells The Zeff increases across a For the transition metals the atomic In case of transition
increase down a group. period. radius increases across the period. elements the atomic radius
The atomic radius increases down a Atomic radius decreases across a
1 1 T 1 F first decreases, then
group. period.
remains a constant, after
T which it increases.
The Zeff increases across a The atomic size along the
Atomic radius is directly period. A reduction in atomic size with transition series first
Atomic radius is inversely proportional Potassium atom is larger than
2 proportional to the number 2 T 2 increase in atomic number is a 98 F decreases, then remains a
to the number of shells. Calcium.
of shells. characteristic of d-block elements. constant and then
F increases.
The number of shells The atomic radius of Fe = Co = Ni. In case of transition
increase down a group. elements the atomic radius
Sulphur atom is larger than Atomic radius decreases
3 Bromine atom is larger than iodine. 3 F 3 T first decreases, then
Phosphorous. across a period.
remains a constant, after
F which it increases.
Copper has a larger atomic radius In case of transition
Atomic radius is directly than Nickel. elements the atomic radius
Atomic radius decreases
4 Boron is smaller than Aluminium. proportional to the number 4 Nitrogen atom is larger than Oxygen. T 4 T first decreases, then
across a period.
of shells. remains a constant, after
T which it increases.
207 The radius of an anion is Fe²+ has 26 protons and 24 Mg2+ is smaller than Mg1+ Due to increase in charge
The radius of an anion is larger than
1 47 always larger than the atom 71 1 Fe²+ is smaller than Fe. 24 T electrons and the Zeff is 68 1 T the Zeff increases. 41
the atom.
T due to decrease in Zeff large.
The radius of a cation is smaller than The radius of a cation is Mn6+ is smaller than Mn7+ Due to increase in charge
The radius of an anion is
the atom. always smaller than the the Zeff increases and the
2 48 T 59 2 Chloride ion is larger than Chlorine. T always larger than the atom 78 2 F 155
atom due to increase in size decreases.
due to decrease in Zeff.
https://i.stack.imgur.com/nRS3U. in periodic table animation 2.2 Zeff.
207
jpg and 2.2a The radius of an anion is Na⁺ is smaller than Na because the In Na⁺ the number of S2- is larger than S- The Zeff is less in S2-
The radius of an anion is smaller than
3 48 F always larger than the atom 78 3 effective nuclear charge in Na⁺ is 77 T protons are 11 and the #REF! 3 T 136
the atom.
due to decrease in Zeff. higher. number of electrons are 10.
The radius of a cation is larger than The radius of a cation is The Zeff in a cation is always larger The Zeff in a cation is O2- is smaller than O- The Zeff is less in O2-
the atom. always smaller than the than in a neutral atom due to which always larger than in a
4 F 104 4 F 131 4 F 137
atom due to increase in the atomic size increases. neutral atom due to which
Zeff. the atomic size decreases.

IONISATION Ionisation Energy
ENERGY AND The minimum amount of
ELECTRON energy required to remove an
AFFINITY electron from the valence
shell of an isolated gaseous
atom is called as ionisation
energy. The successive
ionisation energies keep on
8.1 increasing. It increases along a
period and decreases down
the group.
Ionisation energy is inversely
proportional to the size of the
atom and the number of
shells. It is inversely related
to Zeff and also depends on
electronic configuration of
the element.For a given shell
the energy of various subshells
follows the order s > p > d > f.
8.2
Ionisation Energy
It is the minimum amount of
energy required to remove an
electron from the valence shell of
an isolated gaseous atom. The
successive ionisation energies
keep on increasing. It increases
along a period and decreases
down the group.
Variation of Ionisation Energy: 298
Ionisation energy is inversely
proportional to the size of an
atom and the number of shells.
It is directly proportional to Zeff 0
and also depends on electronic
configuration of an element.For
a given shell the energy of
various subshells follows the
order s>p>d>f.
285
2.3a and 2.3 in animation file
0 ₂₄Cr will have the highest
in 2.3a on the arrow write
IONISATION ENERGY
285
0 The ionisation energies
0 Highest ionisation energy in a period
animation 2.4 to be used in new
periodic table
0 298
variations to be showed using
animations
0 Larger the size of an atom, lower is
In a period, noble gases have the
1 54
highest value of IE.
Lowest ionisation potential in a period
2 61
is shown by halogens.
Lowest ionization potential in a period
3 decrease across a period.
in shown by alkali metals.
is shown by halogens.
4 have the highest value of
More is the shielding of valence
1 electrons, lower is the Ionisation 75
energy.
Higher the Zeff, more is the ionisation
enthalpy.
2 Zeff as more energy will be
Ionisation energy increases with
increase in number of shells.
3 shells due to the increasing
the ionisation energy.
4 T
Due to their stable
T 44
electronic configuration
Lowest ionization potential
F in a period in shown by 66
alkali metals.
66
T f
In a period, noble gases
23
IE.
F quantum number.
Shielding decreases the
T Zeff hence the I.E. 55
decreases.
The ionisation energy is
directly proportional to the
59
requires to remove the
T electron.
Ionisation energy decreases
with increase in number of
71
distance of the outermost
F electron from the nucleus.
Ionisation energy decreases
with increase in size due to
the increasing distance of 124
the outermost electron from
the nucleus.
Electrons of the s- subshell have
higher value of ionisation energy
1 compared to p, d and f subshell for 147
the same value of principal quantum
number.
Amongst Cr(24), Mn(25) and Fe(26),
2 chromium will have highest jump in 101
the second ionisation enthalpy.
For a given shell the energy of various
3 subshells follows the order s > p > d > 81
The f subshell has the highest
ionisation energy amongst s,p,d and f
4 F
subshells with the same principal
1 I has a lower ionisation energy than I⁻ 39
Li has a higher ionisation energy than
2 43
Li⁺.
The ionisation enthalpy of Li⁺ is much
3 62
greater than that of Be
Amongst B , C, N, O the element with
4 highest value of ionisation enthalpy is 86
Nitrogen.
S-orbitals being more closer
to the nucleus, the
T 83
ionisation energy is the
highest.
jump in the 2nd Ionisation
F 91
energy due to half filled d-
subshell.
The energy of orbitals
T increases with increase in 44
distance.
S-orbitals being more closer
to the nucleus, the
49
ionisation energy is the
highest.
F Zeff is lower is case of I⁻ 27
F Zₑff is higher in Li⁺ 22
Li⁺ has the electronic
T 50
configuration of noble gas.
Nitrogen has half filled p-
T 36
subshell.
The first ionisation energy of Neon is
less than its second ionisation energy.
Successive ionisation
1 T 36
energies are always higher.
The second ionisation energy of Mg Successive ionisation
2 F #REF!
will be less than the first. energies are always higher.
Mg²⁺ has the highest
Amongst Ne, Na+ and Mg2+ the
3 68 F ionization energy due to 59
ionisation energy of Ne is the highest.
higher Zeff.
Amongst Ne, Na+ and Mg2+ the Mg²⁺ has the highest
4 ionisation energy of Mg2+ is the T ionization energy due to 59
highest. higher Zeff.
Ionisation potential values of 'd' block
In f-block elements the f-
elements as compared to ionisation
1 136 T subshell being used is from 81
potential values of 'f' block elements
the pre- penultimate shell
are generally lower.
The 1st ionisation energy of Be is Be has completely filled s
2 50 T #REF!
greater than B. subshell.
The first ionisation energy of After the loss of 1 electron,
3 60 T Oxygen acquires a half filled #REF!
oxygen is less than nitrogen.
p-subshell.
Be has completely filled s
The 1st ionisation energy of Be is
4 F subshell and will have a 77
smaller than B.
higher ionisation energy.
 S.No. Audio text
The enthalpy change during
electronation process of an
isolated gaseous atom is
known as electron gain
enthalpy. The first electron
gain enthalpy is an exothermic
process except in noble gases,
alkaline earth metals and
8.3
nitrogen, where it is zero. the
electron affinity increases
across a period and decreases
down a group. Chlorine has
the highest Electron affinity in
the periodic table.
The Electron Affinity is
inversely proportional to the
size of the atom and the
number of shells. It is directly
proportional to Zeff and also
depends on electronic
configuration of the element.
For a given shell the Electron
8.4
Affinity of various subshells
follows the order s > p > d > f.
ELECTRONEGA The ability of an atom in a
TIVTY AND molecule to attract electrons
CHEMICAL towards itself. Electronegativity
REACTIVITY of elements increase along a
period and decrease down a
group. Electronegativity is
directly proportional to Zeff and
9.1 inversely proportional to size of
the atom.
Fluorine is the most
electronegative element and
Cesium is the least
electronegative..
The scales used for finding the
electronegativity of an element
are the Pauling's scale and
Mulliken's scales. Mulliken
values are ≈ 2.8 times greater
than Pauling values.
9.2
The chemical reactivity of an
element can be best shown by
its reaction with oxygen or
halogens and can be
described on the basic
physical properties like atomic
radii, Electronegativity,
9.3 electron affinity, etc. In
general, for metals the
reactivity increases down a
group and decreases across a
period. For nonmetals it
decreases down the group.
The formula of the compounds
depend on the valencies. The
valencies increase along a
period w.r.t oxygen and remain
same down a group. The
oxides formed by metals are
9.4
basic and those of non metals
are acidic in nature.
Concept (Slide)
Electron Gain Enthalpy (EA).
The enthalpy change during
electronation process. The 1st
electron gain enthalpy is
exothermic. The electron affinity
of noble gases, alkaline earth
metals and nitrogen is 0. The EA
increases across a period and
decreases down a group.
Chlorine has the highest EA.
Variation of Electron Affinity:
EA is inversely proportional to the
size of the atom and the
number of shells. It is directly
proportional to Zeff and also
depends on electronic
configuration of the element.For
a given shell the EA of various
subshells follows the order s > p >
d > f.
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom in a
molecule to attract electrons
towards itself in the bonded state.
Electronegativity of elements
increase along a period and
decrease down a group.
Electronegativity is directly
proportional to Zeff and inversely
proportional to size of the atom.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
SCALES:The scales used for
finding the electronegativity of an
element are the Pauling's scale
and Mulliken's scales. Mulliken
values are ≈ 2.8 times greater
than Pauling values.
Periodic trends in chemical
reactivity:
The chemical reactivity is shown
by the reaction with oxygen or
halogens and depends on
atomic radii, electronegativity
and electron affinity. For metals
the reactivity increases down a
group and decreases across a
period. For nonmetals it
decreases down the group.
Nature of compounds: The
formula of the compounds
depend on the valencies. The
valencies increase along a period
w.r.t oxygen and remain same
down a group. The oxides formed
by metals are basic and those of 0
non metals are acidic in nature.
LIMIT
Animation Link
294
https://youtu.be/pSMinfh-txs
0 Chlorine has a higher
to much content but animation
done
0 294
0 The alkaline earth metals have zero
292 https://chem.libretexts.
org/@api/deki/files/41656/084c88
1035b4e5ae5b39cff775c5f8a5.
jpg?revision=1
0 https://kaiserscience.files.
wordpress.
com/2016/01/electronegativity.
gif?w=700&h=394
0 Fluorine has the highest
0 Fluorine has the highest
196
305
https://www.scienceabc.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/09/Periodic
-table.webp
0 https://images.slideplayer.
com/37/10711024/slides/slide_4.
jpg
0 The reactivityof metals decrease with
0 The metals to the extreme left are the
241
http://www.dynamicscience.com.
au/tester/solutions1/chemistry/che
micalequations/valenies%201.gif
0 Amongst Al2O3, SiO2 and Cl2O7, the
0 An element M forms a hydride of the
Animation Link comment(If LIMIT Q.No. Question
any)
0.19 to 1.59 1 Electron affinity of Nitrogen is zero.
2 Inert gases have zero electron affinity
The 2nd electron gain enthalpy is
3 61
always an endoergic process
4 electron affinity.
The electron affinity increases with
increase in size of an atom.
1 F
Larger the size of an atom, lower is
the electron affinity.
2 T
Electron affinity increases with
increase in number of shells.
3 F
Electron affinity increases with
4 increase in Zeff.
On moving down a group
1 50
Electronegativity decreases
write ACROSS THE PERIOD On moving down a group
2 F
DOWN THE GROUP Electronegativity increases.
292
Most electronegative element in the
3 62
periodic table is fluorine
Most electronegative element in the
4 F
periodic table is chlorine.
scales to be shown from image According to Pauling the
file and ellectronegativity values. Electronegativity difference between
1 100
two atoms A and B is given as
(image)
In the Paulings scale the dissociation
wikipedia 2 energies, Ed, of the A–B, A–A and B–
B bonds are expressed in kilojoules.
The difference in Pauling
electronegativity between
3 hydrogen and bromine is 0.73
(dissociation energies: H–Br, 3.79
eV; H–H, 4.52 eV; Br–Br 2.00 eV)
The ionic character is maximum in
4 T
CsF.
Across a period, the reactivity of
1 50
metals decrease
The reactivity of non metals increases
2 68
with increase in atomic radii
305
3 increase in atomic radii.
most reactive
4 T
An element X occurs in short period
1 having configuration 1s2 2s2 2p3. The
formula of its oxide is X2O3.
241 Maximum group valency of halogens
2 63
with respect to oxygen is one
3 58
basic oxide is (image)
4 formula MH3. The element M belongs
to group 16
Treasure I
The 1ˢᵗ, 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ ionisation energies
of an element are 7ev, 12.5 ev and
1 42.5 ev respectively. The most stable
oxidation state of the element will be
+2.
The elment with the lowest atomic
number having a ground state
2 134
electronic configuration of (n - 1)d⁶ ns²
is located in the 3ʳᵈ period.
Zn and Cd do not show variable
3 valency as they are relatively soft
metals.
Both atomic radius and ionisation
energy decreases from left to right
4 116
across the period and increase down
the group.
The second ionisation energy of
5 74
sulphur is greater than that of chlorine
the element 'A' has an electronic
configuration of [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s² and
6 147
element 'B' has [Ar] 3d⁴ 4s² the correct
order of magnetic moment is A³⁺ > B²⁺
Mn and Fe have the same number of
7 68
electrons in their outermost shell
The element 'X' which lies in the 3rd
8 period and 15 goup has spin
multiplicity = 4.
The electronegativity of two elements
A and B on the pauling scale is 3.77
9 146
and 3.10 respectively. The oxide of
element B is more acidic than of A
A 4s orbital is filled earlier than a 3d
10
orbital
EXTRA QUESTIONS
Dobereiner’s triads exist in the columns
of Newland’s Octaves.
1 T
Manganese (a metal) is placed in the
same column as oxygen and sulphur
4 F
in Newlands periodic table.
The non-metals are placed in the
7 F
extreme left of the periodic table.
The elements of group 1, 2, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17 and 18 are known as
10
transition elements.
The elements (image) to (image) lies
13
in group of the periodic table.
LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT
Level 1
Nitrogen has a half filled p
38 T 38
subshell.
Due to their stable
39 T 45
electronic configuration.
An electron is being added
T to a negatively charge 58
species.
Due to their stable
T 54
electronic configuration.
Larger the size lower is the
ability to gain electrons due
to lesser attractions from
the nucleus.
Larger the size lower is the
ability to gain electrons due
to lesser attractions from
the nucleus.
Larger the size lower is the
ability to gain electrons due
to lesser attractions from
the nucleus.
More the Zeff, more is the
T attraction for the incoming
electron.
Atomic size increases down
T 35
a group.
Atomic size increases down
91
a group.
T electronegativity in the 65
periodic table.
electronegativity in the 51
periodic table.
T TRUE
In the Paulings scale the
dissociation energies, Ed, of
F the A–B, A–A and B–B
bonds are expressed in
electronvolts.
T Using the formula.
Due to maximum difference
in electronegativty.
The metals to the extreme
left are the most reactive
T 93
due to their low ionisation
enthalpies.
The electron affinity
F decreases with increasing 61
atomic size.
The reactivity increases due
F to decrease in ionisation 69
energies.
The metals to the extreme
left are the most reactive
36
due to their low ionisation
enthalpies.
The formula of its oxide will
be X2O5 as its valency with
respect to oxygen is 5.
104 F 81
Maximum group valency of
F halogen w.r.t. oxygen is 7 60
eg Cl₂O₇
None of the given oxides
F 36
are basic.
82 F It belongs to group 15 22
0
0 Treasure II
The difference between the
2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ ionisation
158 T energy is large hence the 121
element has 2 electrons in
its valence shell
The filling of the 3d
elements in the periodic
F 80
table begins from the 4ᵗʰ
period.
Zn and Cd do not show
variable valency as they
74 F 81
have completely filled d-
subshell
Ionisation energy increases
F across the period and 75
decreases down the group
After the loss of one
T electron sulphur acquires a 72
half filled p-subshell
A³⁺ has five unpaired
T electrons and B²⁺ has four 67
unpaired electrons
₂₅Mn [Ar]3d⁵4s² ; ₂₆Fe [Ar]
T 3d⁶4s² 34
n = 3 and l = 1 i.e. the last
electron is present in 3p
orbital Spin multiplicity = (2s
83 T 170
+ 1) Where S is 1/2 × no. of
unpaired electrons. ∴no. of
unpaired electrons are 3.
More the electronegativity of
F an element higher is the 81
acidic nature of its oxide
48 T Zeff of 4s > Zeff of 3d 23
The triads exist in the same
columns of Newlands
periodic table.
Manganese is placed along
with Nitrogen and
Phosphorus.
These elements are known
88 F 51
as representative elements
Ce to Lu form the 1st inner
68 T 46
transition series.
Q No Question LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT Q No Question LIMIT Answer Solution LIMIT
Level 2 Level 3
Amongst nitrogen, oxygen and Chlorine has a higher
Due to the smallest size of Electron affinity of chlorine is less
1 fluorine the species having highest 96 T 37 1 51 F electron affinity than #REF!
fluorine. than fluorine
electron affinity is fluorine. fluorine.
The first ionization energy of Na is 5.1 The value of electron gain
Chlorine has a higher electron affinity electron affinity than fluorine
2 ev. The value of electron gain 104 T enthalpy of Na⁺ will be -5.1 59 2 T 100
than fluorine. due to interelectronic
enthalpy of Na+ will be -5.1ev. eV.
repulsions in fluorine.
Sulphur has a higher
electronic affinity than
The formation of Be⁻ is not Be has completely filled S- Sulphur has a lower electronic affinity
3 50 T 36 3 F oxygen due to 98
energetically favoured subshell. than Oxygen.
interelectronic repulsions in
oxygen.
Sulphur has a higher
Electron affinity of Sulphur is less than
4 Electron affinity of N is lower than Li 39 T N has half filled P-subshell. 29 4 49 F electronic affinity than 54
Oxygen.
oxygen.
The addition of an electron to O- is an Electron affinity of Mn2+ is lower than Higher the positive charge,
The 2nd electron gain
endoergic process. Mn3+ more is the ability to gain
1 T enthalpy is always an 1 T
electrons.
endoergic process
An atom of Sulphur has a higher Sulphur being smaller has a Mn3+ is a stronger oxidising agent Higher the positive charge,
electron affinity than a Phosphorus higher electron affinity. than Mn2+ more is the ability to gain
2 T 2 T
atom. electrons.
Mg2+ has a higher electron affinity Mg2+ has a higher Zeff. Cr6+ is a good oxidising agent. Higher the positive charge,
than Na+ more is the ability to gain
3 T 3 T
electrons.
Mg2+ has a lower electron affinity Mg2+ has a higher Zeff and Electron affinity of Mn2+ is higher Higher the positive charge,
4 than Na+ F will gain electron easily. 4 than Mn3+ F more is the ability to gain
electrons.
As the atomic size Electronegativity of Sulphur is higher Oxygen has a smaller
Electronegativity increases with increases the ability to than Oxygen. atomic radii and higher Zeff.
1 57 F 4 1 T 4
increasing size of atoms attract the bonded pair of
electrons decreases.
The electronegativity of Nitrogen is Oxygen has a smaller
Higher the effective nuclear charge
Higher the Zeff more will be less than Oxygen. atomic radii and higher Zeff.
2 lower is the Electronegativity of an 77 F 58 2 T 156
the electronegativity.
atom
Higher the effective nuclear charge The electronegativity of Nitrogen is Oxygen has a smaller
Higher the Zeff more will be
3 higher is the Electronegativity of an T 60 3 higher than Oxygen. F atomic radii and higher Zeff. 38
the electronegativity.
atom
Electronegativity of an atom in a Electronegativity of any Electronegativity of Sulphur is lower Oxygen has a smaller
4 molecule atom depends on the electro 108 T atom depends on the other 78 4 than Oxygen. T atomic radii and higher Zeff. 67
negativities of atoms attached to it. atom to which it is bonded.
According to Mulliken
Generally greater the s – character in According to Mulliken, the
S-orbitals are closer to the Electronegativity = I.E. + EA
1 a hybrid orbital greater will be the 93 T 1 electronegativity of an atom is 79 T
nucleus. /2
Electronegativity average of IE and EA
Higher the oxidation state,
more will be the Mulliken values are ≈ 2.8
Electronegativity of Mn2+ is more Pauling values are 2.8 times greater
2 43 F electronegativity. 2 58 F times greater than Pauling
than Mn3+ than Mulliken values.
values.
Higher the oxidation state,
more will be the Pauling values are 2.8 times
Electronegativity of Mn7+ is more Mulliken values are ≈ 2.8 times
3 T electronegativity. 3 T smaller than Mulliken
than Mn3+ greater than Pauling values.
values.
An sp hybrid atom is more Generally greater the s –
According to Mulliken According to Mulliken, the
electronegative than sp2 hybrid atom. character in a hybrid orbital
4 T 4 Electronegativity = I.E. + EA / 2 T electronegativity of an atom
greater will be the
is average of IE and EA
Electronegativity
The ability to gain electrons
D – block metals are less S-block elements have
Oxidizing power of halogens decreases down the group
1 electropositive than metals of s – lower ionisation energy than 85 1 52 T 29
decreases down the group due to increasing atomic
block d-block.
T size.
D – block metals are more S-block elements have Reducing power of alkali metals The ability to lose electrons
2 electropositive than metals of s – 66 F lower ionisation energy than 59 2 decreases down the group F increases down the group. 22
block d-block.
Reducing power of alkali metals The ability to lose electrons
Chemical reactivity of non – metals Due to decreasing electron
3 58 T 36 3 increases down the group T increases down the group. 82
decreases down a group affinity.
The most reactive non-metal is The most reactive non- Oxidising power of halogens The ability to gain electrons
chlorine. metal is Fluorine. increases down the group. decreases down the group
4 43 4 F 0
due to increasing atomic
F size.
The valency shell of element A
contain 3 electrons while the valency
Valency w.r.t oxygen
shell of element B contains 6 Element A Valency = +3 Valency w.r.t oxygen decreases from
1 178 T 45 1 F increases from group I to VII 0
electrons. The probable formula of the Element B valency = -2 group I to VII along the period
along the period
compound formed between the two is
A2B3
CO is an acidic oxidic 22 F CO is a neutral oxide. Valency w.r.t hydrogen increases Valency with respect to
across a period. hydrogen in a period,
2 #REF! 2 F 0
increases from 1 to 4 and
then decreases back to 1.
NO is a basic oxide. F NO is a neutral oxide. Valency w.r.t hydrogen decreases Down a group the valency
3 88 3 F 0
down a group. remains the same.
Al2O3 is a neutral oxide. F It is an amphoteric oxide.
Valency w.r.t oxygen increases from Eg. Na₂O, MgO, Al₂O₃,
4 106 4 67 T 0
group I to VII along the period SiO₂, P₂O₅, Cl₂O₇.
In thermodynamic
calculations the molar
The molar ionization enthalpy is larger
1 72 T ionisation enthalpy is larger 103 0
by 5/2 RT than ionisation energy
by 5/2 RT than ionisation
energy.
The 8ᵗʰ period if introduced in the long The 8ᵗʰ period would also
2 form of periodic table would consist of 93 T have the filling up of ‘g’ 61 0
50 elements. subshell
The electronegativity will
The electronegativity of any element depend on the element to
3 is not constant but varies depending 109 T which an atom is bonded for 138 0
on the element to which it is bound example electronegativity of
C in CH₄ and CF₄ is different
Element with at no 71 has 3
The binary compound formed by the electrons in its valence shell
4 element (A) with atomic number 71 106 F (4f¹⁴ 5d¹6s²) and hence 116 0
and fluorine will have the formula AF₂ forms a fluoride with formula
AF₃
Isotopes of an element have the same Isotopes differ in the values
5 54 F 50 0
electronegativity of electronegativity
The correct order of
The correct order of oxidising property
6 57 F oxidising property is F > O > 57 0
is F > Cl > O > N
Cl > N
The successive electron
Successive electron gain enthalpies gain enthalpies will always
7 57 T 92 0
become less negative. be more and more positive
(endothermic).
The alkali metals and the
Chemical reactivity is higher at the
halogens are the most
8 two extreme ends at of period and 91 T 88 0
reactive elements of the
lowest in the centre
periodic table.
Amongst SeO₂, Sb₂O₃ and Bi₂O₃ the The most basic oxide will be
9 59 F 57 0
most basic oxide is Sb₂O₃ Bi₂O₃ as Bi is more metallic
The family of elements with
The family of elements with highest
10 69 F highest ionisation energies 73 0
ionization enthalpy are halogens.
are noble gases.
The element with atomic number 118 T The element named The element lying in 3rd period, 13th
The element lying in 3rd
is a noble gas. Oganesson with atomic group forms a neutral oxide.
period 13th group is Al
2 50 number 118 lies in the 3 66 F
which forms an amphoteric
seventh period and
oxide.
eighteenth group.
The element with atomic number 117 T Tennessine(atomic number The formula XO₃ represents an oxide XO₃ represents an oxide of
is called as Tennessine. 117) is the second heaviest of group 3. group 16.
5 59 6 48 F
element and is artficially
synthesized.
The chemical formula of an oxide of The chemical formula of an Ascending to Moseley, a straight line Moseley observed that the
group 15 is XO₅. oxide of group 15 will be graph is obtained on plotting (image) root of frequency of x-ray is
8 52 F 9 124 T
X₂O₅. (Where ν = frequency and Z is the directly proportional to the
atomic number) atomic number.
General electronic configuration of For n= 4 and x = 5 the
outermost and penultimate shell of an electronic configuration is
According to IUPAC recommendation atom is 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s². The
11 (image) (Kurchatovium) has been 93 T Factual 12 (image). If n = 4 and x = 5, then the 166 T element has 7 electrons in
named as Rf (Rutherfordium) group number in which the element outermost and penultimate
lies is 7, shell, hence the group
number is 7.
M – O–H bond between M
and O will break if M is
The general electronic configuration The general electronic electropositive but if M is
Generally non – metal hydroxides are
14 of lanthanoids and actinoids is 76 T configuration is (n – 2)f¹ ⁻ ¹⁴ !5 44 T electronegative then the O –
acidic
(image) (n – 1)d⁰ ᵒʳ ¹ ns² H bond breaks and the
compound behaves as an
acid.
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Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Hg has an electronic Compounds of inner transition metals Due to presence of
It is not necessary for all the elements There exist abnormal configuration [Xe]4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ are usually coloured. unpaired electrons in the f
(image) is placed in the 6th period,
16 in a particular group to have similar 104 T electronic configuration like 69 17 48 T 6s². it has 12 electrons in 18 58 T orbitals.
12th group.
electronic configuration. that in Cu and Cr. the last and the penultimate
shell.
Gadolinium(64) has 7 electrons in its f There are 7 electrons
The elements (image) to 30(image) lie The 1st transition series Sc The atomic number of the element The atomic number will be
19 56 T 58 20 71 F 21 subshell. 49 T present in the 4f orbital of
in the 4th period. to Zn lies in the 4th period. lying the 5ᵗʰ period, 15ᵗʰ group is 53 51
Gadolinium.
As the ionic character The element Eu(63) has a half filled f There are 7 electrons
With increase in % ionic character increases the electrostatic subshell. present in the 4f orbital of
The ionisation energy of hydrogen in The 1st excited state of H is
22 71 T 23 there is decrease in length of the 74 F force of attraction increases 24 48 T Europium.
the first excited state is 3.4 ev. the 2nd shell.
bond due to which the cation and
anion approach closer.
The inert gases are placed before the The inert gases are placed Elements with atomic number 58 to The lanthanides are place Cerium(58) shows a maximum Cerium has 4 valence
alkali metals in the modern periodic in the extreme right in 71 are place along with ₅₇La in the together with lanthanum in oxidation of +4 in its compounds. electrons.
25 80 F 60 26 81 T 27 60 T
table Group 18. same group. the 3rd group of the periodic
table.
Elements in the Group number 18 are Elements in the Zero group The first three elements of the 11ᵗʰ The element Cu, Ag, Au of Inner transition elements are light Inner transition elements
called noble metals. (Group number 18) are group are called as coinage metals. the 11th groups were used metals with low melting and boiling are heavy metals with high
called noble gases because in making of coins. points. melting and boiling points.
28 56 F owing to their stable 164 29 72 T 30 81 F
electronic configurations,
they hardly react with other
elements.
The group VIII is divided into three The group VIII comprises of K, Ca and Sc are the elements of the K, Ca and Sc are the The elements of the 6th period have The elements of the 6th
sub-groups. three sub-groups: 10, 11 same group. elements of the same their two outermost shells incomplete. period have their three
31 48 T 60 32 48 F 33 74 F
and 12. period. outermost shells
incomplete.
₂₅Mn lies in the 5ᵗʰ group Mn is present in group 7. The lanthanides are placed in Group The lanthanides are placed The element lying in the 5th period Tin is a metallic element.
34 26 F 25 35 6 of the modern periodic table. 67 F in group 3, period 6 of the 36 and 14th group is a non-metal. 67 F
modern periodic table.
An element X belongs to the fourth Chromium(24) has a half filled d Chromium has an The element belonging to the 4th The element has 5 valence
period and 15th group. It has subshell. exceptional electronic period and 15th group will have 4 electrons.
37 119 T The element is Arsenic. 38 42 T 39 98 F
completely filled s orbital and half configuration. shells and 3 valence electrons.
filled p-orbital.
Halogens are the most reactive non- The reactivity amongst non- The element Ag(47) belongs to 5th The outermost shell of silver
Germanium(32) is a transition Germanium is a
39 metals of the periodic table. 64 T metals is highest for 41 38 F 42 period. 41 T is the 5th shell.
element. representative element.
halogens.
The alkali metals are good oxidising The alkali metals are strong For transition metals the All the elements of the 5th period are Xenon is the only gas in the
For transition metals the total number
agents reducing agents. total number of outer s and solids. 5th period
42 43 F 43 of outer d electrons indictes its group 87 F 44 46 F
d electrons indictes its
number.
group number.
Alkali metals can be obtained by Alkali metals can be The number of elements in the 8th The number of elements in HI is the strongest halogen
electrolysis of their aqueous solutions. obtained by electrolysis of period would be 48. the 8th period would be 50. Amongst halogen acids HF is the acid due to bond
45 73 F 46 53 F 53 47 41 F
their molten salts. strongest dissociation energy being
the least.
The atomic number of the The first transition series is placed in The 3d subshell is filled For isoelectronic species (image)
The atomic number of the alkaline
alkaline earth metal of the the 4th period. after the 4s subshell where z* = effective nuclear Smaller the Z* larger will be
48 earth metal of the 8th period, if 91 F 49 56 T 79 50 #REF! T
8th period, if discovered will according to Aufbaus character. the radius.
discovered will be 128.
be 120. principle.
The total elements in the 5th period The 4th and 5th period Radii of polyatomic ions is determined Born-Haber cycle is used to
Suppose an orbital may 4th period will comprise of are 18. contain 18 elements each. using Born-Haber cycle. determine the lattice energy
accommodate three electrons then 4s, 3d and 4p subshells. and then the values of radii
51 108 T 52 44 T 48 53 73 T
the number of elements in the 4th Hence total elements will be are calculated which are
period will be 27. 3 + 15 + 9 = 27. consistent with the value of
lattice energy.
The total number of electrons present The last element of the 5th The inner transition elements are The radius of cation will be
in the last element of the 5th period is period is Xenon with atomic placed in the 4th and 5th period. If a cation forms compounds with smaller in the compound
36. number 54. The inner transition different co-ordination number, then with lower coordination
54 82 F 55 67 F elements are placed in the 67 56 radius of cation will be larger in the 149 F number.
6th and 7th period. compound with lower coordination CN 4 6 8; Ionic radii of Li ⁺
number. 073 0.9 1.06
(image)
The 4th element of the 2nd period is a Carbon is a non-metal. Non metals form acidic oxides An ion will have larger size
metalloid. in high spin complex
The oxides formed by non metals are A metal ion has larger size in high Fe ³⁺ CN = 6
57 49 F 58 43 T 59 49 T
acidic spin complex. H.S. = 0.79A⁰
L.S. = 0.69A⁰
(image)
Moving across the transition
series, the increasing Zₑff
The maximum covalency of The ionisation of a
Maximum covalency of 2nd period The ionisation of a hydrogen atom Atomic radius of Fe , Co , Ni , Cu is and the increasing
60 44 F 2nd period is 4 due to 61 69 F hydrogen atom would give 62 50 T
element is 5 would give rise to a hydronium ion. nearly same. electronic repulsions
absence of d-orbitals rise to a proton H ⁺.
balance each other in the
middle of the series.
For ₃₀Zn the electronic
Maximum number of bonds formed by Maximum bonds are 4 eg Carbon can have 6 ionisation The value of shielding constant for the
63 48 F 64 38 T Carbon has 6 electrons. 65 76 T configuration is (1s²) (2s²
Nitrogen are 3 NH₄⁺ (image) energies. outermost electron in ₃₀Zn is 25.65.
2p⁶) (3s² 3p⁶) (3d¹⁰) (4s²)
The solubility of alk. Earth
metal sulphates decreases Melting point of alkali metals
The solubility of alkaline earth metal The melting point of alkali metal The correct order of atomic radii is Yb Moving across a period the
66 73 F down the group due to 67 66 T depends on lattice energy 68 54 T
sulphates increases down the group halides decreases down the group > Ce > Lu > Sn atomic size decreases.
decrease in hydration which decreases down the
energy. group.
If the % ionic character of a bond in a
69 compound is less than 20% the 95 T TRUE
compound will be coloured
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