1.

0 EVOLUTION GENERAL
KAISER GARRIDO 12 HA 7 BIOLOGY
OVERVIEW 2. MUTATION
 Change in the molecular make-up of an individual
EVOLUTION  Always random
1.NATURAL SELECTION  Not all mutations matter to evolution
 CHARLES DARWIN:
 Causes
Natural Selection (Origin of Species)
1. DNA Fails to copy accurately
2.ACQUIRED CHARACTERS
2. External influences create
 JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARK
mutation.
2 TYPES OF EVOLUTION 3. Recombination: combination of
A.MICROEVOLUTION DNA Strands that are artificially
>Evolution of alleles; happens in the individual constructed for a specific
B.MACROEVOLUTION purpose.
>Evolution of species;happens between species 3. GENE FLOW
a.Biological = Physical traits needed  Also called MIGRATION
b.Molecular = No physical traits needed  When a fertile individual migrates to another location
c.Sexual = Can capulate or mate causing change in the population
d.Social = Same species interact with each other  Sec and genetic shuffling
EVIDENCES  A process that can introduce new gene
A. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY & EMBRYOLOGY combinations into a population and is an important
(Homo/Analogous Structure) source of genetic variation.
 Functions and origin 4. GENETIC DRIFT
 Homo- function yes or no: same origin  Change in frequency of an existing gene variant due
(Vertebrae forelimbs) to random sampling.
 Analogous- same function:Different origin  Uses chances and luck
(Bird wing and insect wings)  In every generation the genes of the next generation
 Vestigial : no function: Same origin will be the “lucky” genes and not necessarily be the
(Human Coccyx) “better” genes.
B. FOSSILS (through direct observation)  Does not work to produce adaptations.
 Documents the pattern of evolution,  FOUNDER
 Sheds light to the origin of new groups of organism  There is an original population and a
 Stratification of sedimentary rocks (physical) certain group wants to be isolated
 Radiometric Dating (Chemical)  When a few individuals became isolated
C. GENETICS / MOLECULAR EVIDENCES from a larger population, this smaller
 Estimates divergence of species from a common group may establish a new population
ancestor. (ex. Cytochrome C) whose gene pool differs from the source
 Similarities in RNA,DNA,andprteins are used as population
indicators of common ancestry.  They found a new population
D. BIOGEOGRAPHY  BOTTLENECK
 Study of the distribution of different plants and animals  a sharp reduction in the size of a
worldwide. population due to environmental events
 Impact of geographic barriers such as mountains, or human activities.
deserts, large bodies of water,  Caused by severe drop in size of
 Continental drift due to movement of Earth’s techtonic population.
plates-related groups of organism  The lucky ones are the one with wings
 Migration/weather/climate and fins.
MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION  Ex. Dinosaurs and asteroid
1. NATURAL SELECTION (seen in finches)
- A process in which individual that have certain inherited
EVOLUTION
traits tend to survive and reproduce better
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
 ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
 Not the strongest, not the intelligent, but the one
o When you only choose a desired trait
MOST RESPONSIVE TO CHANGE.
 SEXUAL SELECTION
 Shrewbury, Western England
o Sexes compete for mating
 The Voyage of the HSM Beagle
 COEVOLUTION
o “I Think” = Tree of life
o Happens when 2 or more species affects each
o To chart poorly known stretches of the
other’s evolution.
South American Coastline
o Normally seen as species interact closely
o Origin of species by means of nat.
together on very frequent times.
Selection
o Mutualistic Relationships
o Pollinators
o Predators & Preys (Lion vs Gazelle) ENDOSYMBIOSIS
o Competition ENDOSYMBIOSIS
 ADAPTATION  The start of the cell; two types
o If an individual adapts, Higher survival 1. Occurred when a non-photosynthetic organism and the
o Inherited characteristics of organisms that non-photosynthetic changes to a synthetic organism eat a
enhances their chances of survival and photosynthetic organism.(1st Endosymbiosis)
reproduction in specific environments. 2. Occurs when the another free-living organism eats the
photosynthetic organism at the end of the 1st endosymbiosis.
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 EVOLUTiON AS A PATTERN
 Revealed by data from many scientific disciplines,
including biology, geology, physics and chemistry
(EVIDENCES)
EVOLUTiON AS A PROCESS
 Evolution consists of mechanism that produce the
observed pattern of change. (MECHANISM)

KEY ELEMENTS
 Descent over time
 Genetic Modification
 Unpredictable & Natural

IMPORTANT!
IMPORTANT!
 Individuals do not evolve, population evolve.
 Natural Selections can amplify or diminish only
those heritable traits that differ among the
individuals in a population.
 Environmental factors vary from place to place and
over-time.
 “Everything comes from a common ancestor”
o Change in genetic composition of a
population from generation to generation
o Phylogenetic tree = cladogram
 Darwin argued that a similar process occurs in
nature. He based his argument on two observations
from which he drew two inferences.
o Members on two population often vary in
their inherited traits. (different)
o All species can produce more offspring then
their environment can’t support.
 Descent with modification = Diversity
 Extinct doesn’t mean dead; they cant reproduce
offspring