Sampling and Sampling Distributions

Illustrations:

1. The mean length of life of a certain cutting tool is 41.5 hours with a standard
deviation of 2.5 hours. What is the probability that a simple random sample of
size 50 drawn from this population will have a mean between 40.5 hours and 42
hours.

2. A continuous manufacturing process produces items whose weights are

normally distributed with a mean weight of 800 gms. and a standard deviation
of 300 gms. A random sample of 16 items is to be drawn from the process.

a) What is the probability that the arithmetic mean of the sample exceeds
900 gms?. Interpret the results
b) Find the values of the sample arithematic mean within which the middle
95 per cent of all sample means will fall.

3. An oil refinery has backup monitors to keep track of the refinery flows
continuously and to prevent machine malfunctions from disrupting the process.
One particular monitor has an average life of 4300 hours and a standard
deviation of 730 hours. In addition to the primary monitor, the refinery has set
up two standby units, which are duplicates of the primary one. In the case of
malfunction of one of the monitors, another will automatically take over in its
place. The operating life of each monitor is independent of the other.

a) What is the probability that a given set of monitors will last at least
13,000 hours?
b) At most 12,630 hours?

4. Big Bazar, a chain of 130 shopping malls has been bought out by another larger
nationwide supermarket chain. Before the deal is finalized, the larger chain
wants to have some assurance that Big Bazar will be consistent money maker.
The larger chain has decided to look at the financial records of 25 of the Big Bazar
outlets. Big Bazar claims that each outlet’s profits have an approximately normal
distribution with the same mean and a standard deviation of Rs. 40 million. If the
Big Bazar management is correct, then what is the probability that the sample
mean for 25 outlets will fall within Rs.30 million of the actual mean.

5. Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of a life insurance company wants to undertake a

survey of the huge number of insurance policies that the company has
underwritten. The company make a yearly profit on each policy that is
distributed with mean Rs. 8000 and standard deviation Rs.300. It is desired that
the survey must be large enough to reduce the standard error to no more than 1.5
per cent of the population mean. How large should sample be.

QT- 17
6. Safal, a tea manufacturing company is interested in determining the
consumption rate of tea per household in Delhi. The management believes that
yearly consumption per household is normally distributed with an unknown
mean  and standard deviation of 1.50 kg.

a) If a sample of 25 household is taken to record their consumption of tea for

one year, what is the probability that the sample mean is within 500 gms
of the population mean
b) How large a sample must be in order to be 98 per cent certain than the
sample mean is within 500gms of the population mean.

7. A motorcycle manufacturing company claims that its particular brand of

motorcycle gave an average highway km per litre rating of 90. An independent
agency tested it to verify the claim. Under controlled conditions, the motorcycle
was driven for a distance of 100 km on each of 25 different occasions. The actual
kms per litre achieved during the trip were recorded on each occasion. Over the
25 trials, the average and standard deviation turned out to be 87 and 5 kms per
litre, respectively. It is believed that the distribution of the actual highway km
per litre for this motorcycle is close to a normal distribution.

If the rating of 90 km per litre of the agency is correct, find the probability that
the average kms per litre over a random sample of 25 trials would be 87 or less.

8. Car stereos of manufacturer A have a mean lifetime of 1400 hours with a

standard deviation of 200 hours, while those of manufacturer B have a mean
lifetime of 1200 hours with a standard deviation of 100 hours. If a random
sample of 125 stereos of each manufacturer are tested, what is the probability
that manufacturer A’s stereos will have a mean lifetime which is at least

a) 160 hours more than manufacturer B’s and

b) 250 hours more than manufacturer B’steroes

9. The particular brand of ball bearings weighs 0.5 kg with a standard deviation of
0.2 kg. What is the probability that two lots of 1000 ball bearings each will differ
in weight by more than 2 gms.

10. The strength of the wire produced by company A has mean of 4,500 kg and a
standard deviation of 200 kg. Company B has a mean of 4,000 kg and a standard
deviation of 300 kg. If 50 wires of company A and 100 wires of company B are
selected at random and tested for strength, what is the probability that the
sample mean strength of A will be at least 600 kg. more than that of B?

Estimation and Confidence Interval

QT- 18
Illustrations:

1) The average monthly electricity consumption for a sample of 100 families is 1250
units. Assuming the standard deviation of electric consumption of all families is 150
units, construct a 95 per cent confidence interval estimate of the actual mean electric
consumption.

2) A survey conducted by a shopping mall group showed that a family in a metro – city
spends an average of Rs.500 on cloths every month. Suppose a sample of 81 families
resulted in a sample mean of Rs.540 per month and a sample standard deviation of
Rs. 150, develop a 95 per cent confidence interval estimator of the mean amount
spent per month by a family.

3) The quality control manager at a factory manufacturing light bulbs is interested to

estimate the average life of a large shipment of light bulbs. The standard deviation is
known to be 100 hours. A random sample of 50 light bulbs gave a sample average
life of 350 hours.

 Set up a 95 percent confidence interval estimate of the true average life of light
bulbs in the shipment .

4) The strength of the wire produced by company A has a mean of 4500 kg and a
standard deviation of 200 kg. Company B has a mean of 4000 kg and a standard
deviation of 300 kg. A sample of 50 wires of company A and 100 wires of company
B are selected at random for testing the strength. Find 99 per cent confidence limits
on the difference in the average strength of the populations of wires produced by the
two companies.

5) A random sample of 50 sales invoices was taken from a large population of sales
invoices. The average value was found to be Rs.2000 with a standard deviation of
Rs.540. Find a 90 per cent confidence interval for the true mean value of all the sales.

6) The personnel department of an organization would like to estimate the family dental
expenses of its employees to determine the feasibility of providing a dental insurance
plan. A random sample of 10 employees reveals the following family dental expenses
(in thousand Rs.) in the previous year: 11,37,25,62,51,21,18,43,32,20.

Set up a 99 per cent confidence interval of the average family dental expenses for the
employees of this organization.

QT- 19
7) In an effort to estimate the mean amount spend per customer for dinner at a city hotel,
data were collected for a sample of 49 customers. Assume a population standard
deviation of Rs.25.

(a) At 95 per cent confidence, what is the margin of error?

(b) If the sample mean is Rs.124, what is the 95 per cent confidence interval for
the population mean?

8) The following data have been collected for a sample from a normal population:5, 10,
8, 11, 12, 6, 15, 13.

(a) What is the point estimate of population mean and standard deviation?
(b) What is the confidence interval for population mean at 95 per cent confidence
interval?

9) The quality control department of a wire manufacturing company periodically selects

a sample of wire specimens in order to test for breaking strengths. Past experience
has shown that the breaking strengths of a certain type of wire are normally
distributed with standard deviation of 200 kg. A random sample of 64 specimens
gave a mean of 6200 kg. Determine a 95 per cent confidence interval for the mean
breaking strength of the population to suggest to the quality control supervisor.

10) A machine is producing ball bearings with a diameter of 0.5 inches. It is known that
the standard deviation of the ball bearings is 0.005 inch. A sample of 100 ball
bearings is selected and their average diameter is found to be 0.48 inch. Determine
the 99 per cent confidence interval.

11) Suppose we want to estimate the proportion of families in a town which have two or
more children. A random sample of 144 families shows that 48 families have two or
more children. Setup a 95 per cent confidence interval estimate of the population
proportion of families having two or more children.

12) An auditor for an insurance company would like to determine the proportion of
claims settled by the company within 2 months of the receipt of the claim. A random
sample of 200 claims is selected, and it is determined that 80 were paid the money
within 2 months of the receipt of the claim. Setup a 99 per cent confidence interval
estimate of the population proportion of the claims paid within 2 months.

13) A shoe manufacturing company is producing 50,000 pairs of shoes daily. From a
sample of 500 pairs, 2 per cent are found to be of substandard quality. Estimate at 95
per cent level of confidence the number of pairs of shoes that are reasonably expected
to be spoiled in the daily production.

QT- 20
Illustrations of Hypothesis Testing

QT- 21
 “Z Test”

Illustrations:

1. Individual filing of income tax returns prior to 30 June had an average

refund of Rs. 1200. Consider the population of ‘last minute’ filers who file
their returns during the last week of June. For a random sample of 400
individuals who filed a return between 25 and 30 June, the sample mean
refund was Rs.1054 and the sample standard deviation was Rs. 1600.
Using 5 per cent level of significance, test the belief that the individuals
who wait until the last week of June to file their returns to get a higher
refund than early the filers.

2. A packaging device is set to fill detergent powder packets with a mean

weight of 5 kg with a standard deviation 0.21 kg. The weight of packets
can be assumed to be normally distributed. The weight of packets is
known to drift upwards over a period of time due to machine fault, which
is not tolerable. A random sample of 100 packets is taken and weighed.
This sample has a mean weight of 5.03 kg. Can we conclude that the
mean weight produced by the machine has increase?. Use a 5 per cent
level of significance.

3. The mean life time of a sample of 400 fluorescent light bulbs produced by
a company is found to be 1600 hours with a standard deviation of 150
hours. Test the hypothesis that the mean life of the bulbs produced in
general is higher than the mean life of 1570 hours at =0.01 level of
significance.

4. A continuous manufacturing process of steel rods is said to be in ‘state of

control’ and produces acceptable rods if the mean diameter of all rods
produced is 2 inches. Although the process standard deviation exhibits
over time with standard deviation,  = 0.01 inch. The process mean may
vary due to operator error or problems of process adjustment.
Periodically, random samples of 100 rods are selected to determine
whether the process is producing acceptable rods. If the result of a test
indicates that the process is out of control, it is stopped and the source of
trouble is sought. Otherwise, it is allowed to continue operating. A
random sample of 100 rods is selected resulting in a mean of 2.1 inches.
Test the hypothesis to determine whether the process be continued.

QT- 22
5. An ambulance service claims that it takes, on the average 8.9 minutes to
reach its destination in emergency calls. To check on this claim, the
agency which licenses ambulance services has then timed on 50
emergency calls, getting a mean of 9.3 minutes with a standard deviation
of 1.8 minutes. Does this constitute evidence that the figure claimed is too
low at 1 per cent significance level.

6. An auto company decided to introduce a new six cylinder car whose

mean petrol consumption is claimed to be lower than that of the existing
auto engine. It was found that the mean petrol consumption for 50 cars
was 10 km per litre with a standard deviation of 3.5 km per litre. Test for
the consumption at 5 per cent level of significance, the claim that in the
new car petrol consumption is 9.5 km per litre on the average.

7. A firm believes that the tyres produced by process A on an average last

longer than tyres produced by process B. To test this belief, random
samples to tyres produced by the two processes were tested and the
results are:

Process Sample Size Average Lifetime Standard Deviation (in

(in Km) Km)
A 50 22,400 1,000
B 50 21,800 1,000

Is there evidence at 5% level of significance that the firm is correct in its

belief.

8. An experiment was conducted to compare the mean time in days required

to recover from a common cold for person given daily dose of 4 mg of
vitamin C versus those who were not given a vitamin supplement.
Suppose that 35 adults were randomly selected for each treatment
category and that the mean recovery times and standard deviations for the
two groups were as follows:

Vitamin C No Vitamin Supplement

Sample size 35 35
Sample mean 5.8 6.9
Sample standard deviation 1.2 2.9

Test the hypothesis that the use of vitamin C reduces the mean time
required to recover from a common cold and its complications, at the level
of significance  = 0.05.

QT- 23
9. The Educational Testing Service conducted a study to investigate
difference between the scores of female and male students on the
Mathematics Aptitude Test. The study identified a random sample of 562
female and 852 male students who had achieved the same high score on
the mathematics portion of the test. That is, the female and male students
viewed as having similar high ability in mathematics. The verbal scores
for the two samples are given below:

Female Male
Sample Mean 547 525
Sample standard deviation 83 78

Do the data support the conclusion that given populations of female and
male students with similar high ability in mathematics, the female
students will have significantly high verbal ability?. Test at  = 0.05
significance level. What is your conclusion?

10. In a sample of 1000, the mean is 17.5 and the standard deviation is 2.5. In
another sample of 800, the mean is 18 and the standard deviation is 2.7.
Assuming that the samples are independent, discuss whether the two
samples could have come from a population which have the same
standard deviation.

11. The mean production of wheat from a sample of 100 fields is 200 lbs per
acre with a standard deviation of 10 lbs. Another sample of 150 fields
gives the mean at 220 lbs per acre with a standard deviation of 12 lbs.
Assuming the standard deviation of the universe as 11 lbs, find at 1 per
cent level of significance, whether the two results are consistent.

QT- 24
 “t – Test”

Illustrations:

1. An automobile tyre manufacturer claims that the average life of a

particular grade of tyre is more than 20,000 km when used under normal
conditions. A random sample of 16 tyres was tested and a mean and
standard deviation of 22,000 km and 5,000 km, respectively were
computed. Assuming the life of the tyres in km to be approximately
normally distributed, decide whether the manufacturer’s claim is valid.

2. A fertilizer mixing machine is set to give 12 kg of nitrate for every 100 kg

of fertilizer. Ten bages of 100 kg each are examined. The percentage of
nitrate so obtained is: 11, 14, 13, 12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 11 and 12. Is there reason
to believe that the machine is defective?.

3. A random sample of size 16 has the sample mean 53. The sum of the
squares of deviation taken from the mean value is 150. Can this sample be
regarded as taken from the population having 56 as its mean?. Obtain 95
per cent and 99 per cent confidence limits of the sample mean.

4. In a test given to two groups of students, the marks obtained are as

follows:

First group: 18 20 36 50 49 36 34 49 41
Second group: 29 28 26 35 30 44 46

Examine the significance of the difference between the arithmetic mean of

the marks secured by the students of the above two groups.

5. The mean life of a sample of 10 electric bulbs was found to be 1456 hours
with standard deviation of 423 hours. A second sample of 17 bulbs
chosen from a different batch showed a mean life of 1280 hours with
standard deviation of 398 hours. Is there a significant difference between
the means of the two batches.

6. The manager of a courier service believes that packets delivered at the

end of the month are heavier than those delivered early in the month. As
an experiment, he weighed a random sample of 20 packets at the
beginning of the month. He found that the mean weight was 5.25 kgs
with a standard deviation of 1.20 kgs. Ten packets randomly selected at
the end of the month had a mean weight of 4.96 kgs and a standard
deviation of 1.15 kgs. At the 0.05 significance level, can it be concluded
that the packets delivered at the end of the month weigh more.

QT- 25
 7. 12 students were given intensive coaching and 5 tests were conducted in a month.
The scores of tests 1 and 5 are given below:
No. of students : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Marks in 1st Test : 50 42 51 26 35 42 60 41 70 55 62 38
Marks in 5th test : 62 40 61 35 30 52 68 51 84 63 72 50

Do the data indicate any improvement in the scores obtained in tests 1

and 5.

8. To test the desirability of a certain modification in typist’s desks, 9 typists

were given two tests of almost same nature, one on the desk in use and
the other on the new type. The following difference in the number of
words typed per minute were recorded:

Typists : A B C D E F G H I
Increase in number of words : 2 4 0 3 -1 4 -3 2 5

Do the data indicate that the medication in desk increases tying speed.

9. Ten oil tins are taken at random from an automatic filing machine. The
mean weight of the tins is 15.8 kg and the standard deviation is 0.50 kg.
does the sample mean differ significantly from the intended weight of 16
kg.

10. Nine items a sample had the following values: 45, 47, 50, 52, 48, 47, 49, 53
and 50. The mean is 49 and the sum of square of the deviation from mean
is 52. Can this sample be regarded as taken from the population having 47
as mean?. Also obtain 95 per cent and 99 per cent confidence limits of the
population mean.

11. The electric bulbs of 10 random samples from a large consignment gave
the following data:

Item Life in ’000 hours

QT- 26
 1 4.2
2 4.6
3 3.9
4 4.1
5 5.2
6 3.8
7 3.9
8 4.3
9 4.4
10 5.6

Can we accept the hypothesis that the average life time of the bulbs is 4000
hours.

12. A random sample of size 16 has 53 as a mean. The sum of the squares of
the deviations taken from mean is 135. Can this sample be regarded as
taken from the population having 56 as mean. Obtain 95 per cent and 99
per cent confidence limits of the mean of the population.

13. A drug manufacturer has installed a machine which automatically fills 4

gm of drug in each phial. A random sample of fills was taken and it was
found to contain 5.02 gm on an average in a phial. The standard deviation
of the sample was 0.002 gms. Test at 5% level of significance if the
adjustment in the machine is in order.

14. Two salesmen A and B are working in a certain district. From a sample
survey conducted by the Head Office, the following results were obtained.
State whether there is any significant difference in the average sales
between the two salesmen.

Salesman
A B
No. of samples : 20 18
Average sales (Rs in thousand) : 170 205
Standard deviation (Rs in thousand) : 20 25

15. The means of two random samples of sizes 9 and 7 are 196.42 and 198.82
respectively. The sum of the squares of the deviations from the mean are
26.94 and 18.73 respectively. Can the sample be considered to have been
drawn from the same normal population.

QT- 27
16. Strength tests carried out on samples of two yarns spurn to the same
count gave the following results:

Sample size Sample mean Sample variance

Yarn A 4 52 42
Yarn B 9 42 56

The strength is expressed in Kg. Is the difference in mean strengths

significant of the real difference in the mean strengths of the sources from
which the samples are drawn

17. A random sample of 12 families in one city showed an average monthly

food expenditure of Rs. 1380 with a standard deviation of Rs 100 and a
random sample of 15 families in another city showed an average monthly
food expenditure of Rs 1320 with a standard deviation of Rs 120. Test
whether the difference between the two means is significant at  = 0.01
level of significance of  = 0.01.

18. You are given the following data about the life of two brands of bulbs:

Mean Life Standard Sample size

Deviation
Brand A 2000 hrs. 250 hrs. 12
Brand B 2230 hrs. 300 hrs. 15

Do you think there is a significant difference in the quality of the two

brands of bulbs.

19. Eight students were given a test in statistics, and after one month’s
coaching, they were given another test of the similar nature. The
following table gives the increase in their marks in the second test over the
first.

Roll No. Increase in marks

1 2
2 -2
3 6
4 -8
5 12

QT- 28
 6 5
7 -7
8 2

Do the marks indicate that the students have gained from the coaching.

20. An IQ test was administered to 5 persons before and after they were
trained. The results are given below:

Candidate I II III IV V
IQ before training : 110 120 123 132 125
IQ after training : 120 118 .25 136 121

Test whether there is any change in IQ level after the training programme.

21. Eleven sales executive trainees are assigned selling jobs right after their
recruitment. After a fortnight they are withdrawn from their field duties
and given a month’s training for executive sales. Sales executed by them
in thousands of rupees before and after the training, in the same period
are listed below:

Sales Before Training Sales After Training

23 24
20 19
19 21
21 18
18 20
20 22
18 20
17 20
23 23
16 20
19 27

Do these data indicate that the training has contributed to their

performance.
“F-Test”

Illustrations:

1. A research was conducted to understand whether women have a greater

variation in attitude on political issues then men. Two independent
samples of 31 men and 41 women were used for the study. The sample
variances so calculated were 120 for women and 80 for men. Test whether

QT- 29
 the difference in attitude toward political issues is significant at 5 per cent
level of significance.

2. The following figures relate to the number of units of an item produced

per shift by two workers A and B for a number of days

A : 19 22 24 27 24 18 20 19
B : 26 37 40 35 30 30 40 26 30 35 45

Can it be inferred that worker A is more stable compared to worker B?

Answer using the F-test at 5 per cent level of significance.

3. The mean diameter of a steel pipe produced by two processes A and B, is

practically the same but the standard deviation may differ. For a sample
of 22 pipes produced by A, the standard deviation is 2.9 m, while for a
sample of 16 pipes produced by B, the standard deviation is 3.8m. Test
whether the pipes produced by process A have the same variability as
those of process B.

4. Tests for breaking strength were carried out on two lots of 5 and 9 steel
wires respectively. The variance of one lot was 230 and that of the other
was 492. Is there a significant difference in their variability?

5. Two random samples drawn from normal population are:

Sample 1 Sample 2
20 27
16 33
26 42
27 35

QT- 30
 23 32
22 34
18 38
24 28
25 41
19 43
30
37

Obtain estimates of the variances of the population and test whether the
two population have the same variance.

6. In a sample of 8 observations, the sum of the squared deviations of items

from the mean was 94.50. In another sample of 10 observations the value
was found to be 101.70. Test whether the difference is significant at 5 per
cent level of significance (at 5 per cent level of significance critical value of
F for v1 = 3 and v2 = 9 degrees of freedom is 3.29 and for v 1 = 8 and v2 = 10
degrees of freedom, its value is 3.07)

7. Most individuals are aware of the fact that the average annual repair costs
for an automobile depends on the age of the automobile. A researcher is
interested in finding out whether the variance of the annual repair costs
also increases with the age of the automobile. A sample of 25 automobiles
that are 4 years old showed a sample variance for annual repair cost of
Rs. 850 and a sample of 25 automobiles that are 2 years old showed a
sample variance for annual repair costs of Rs. 300. Test the hypothesis
that the variance in annual repair annual repair costs is more for the older
automobiles, for a 0.01 level of significance.

8. The standard deviation in the 12 – month earnings per share of 10

companies in the software industry was 4.27 and the standard deviation in
the 12 – month earning per share for 7 companies in the telecom industry
was 2.27. Conduct a test for equal variance at  = 0.05. What is your
conclusion about the variability in earning per share for two industries?

Chi – Square Test

QT- 31
Illustrations:

1. Two hundred randomly selected adults were asked whether TV shows as

a whole are primarily entertaining, educational or a waste of time (only
one answer could be chosen). The respondents were categorized by
gender. Their responses are given in the following table:

Opinion
Gender Entertaining Educational Waste of time Total
Female 52 28 30 110
Male 28 12 50 90
Total 80 40 80 200

Is this evidence convincing that there is a relationship between gender and

opinion in the population interest.

2. A company is interested in determining whether an association exists

between the commuting time of their employees and the level of stress –
related problems observed on the job. A study of 116 assembly –line
workers reveals the following:

Stress
Commuting Time
High Moderate Low Total
Under 20 min 9 5 18 32
20 – 50 min 17 8 28 53
Over 50 min 18 6 7 31
Total 44 19 53 116

At  = 0.01 level of significance , is there any evidence of a significant

relationship between commuting time and stress?.

3. A certain drug is claimed to be effective in curing colds. In an experiment

on 500 persons with cold half of them were given the drug and half of
them were given sugar pills. The patients’ reactions to the treatment are
recorded in the following table:

Consequence
Treatment
Helped Reaction No Effect Total
Drug 150 30 70 250
Sugar pills 130 40 80 250

QT- 32
 Total 280 70 150 500

On the basis of the data, can it be concluded that there is a significant

difference in the effect of the drug and sugar pills?.

4. In an anti-malaria campaign in a certain area, quinine was administered to

812 persons out of a total population of 3248. The number of fever cases
reported is shown below:

Treatment Fever No Fever Total

Quinine 20 792 812
No Quinine 220 2116 2436
Total 240 3008 3248

Discuss the usefulness of quinine in checking malaria.

5. Based on information from 1000 randomly selected fields about the

tenancy status of the cultivation of these fields and use of fertilizers,
collected in an agro-economic survey, the following classifications were
noted:

Owned Rented Total

Using Fertilizers 416 184 600
Not using fertilizers 64 336 400
Total 480 520 1000

Would you conclude that owner cultivators are more inclined towards the
use of fertilizers at  = 0.05 level of significance?. Carry out the chi-square
test as per testing procedures.

6. A survey of 800 families with 4 children each revealed following

distribution:

No. of boys : 0 1 2 3 4
No. of girls : 4 3 2 1 0
No. of families : 32 178 290 236 64

Is this result consistent with the hypothesis that male and female births
are equally probable.

7. The figures given below are (a) the theoretical frequencies of a distribution
and b) the frequencies of the normal distribution having the same mean,
standard deviation and the total frequency as in (a):

QT- 33
 a) 1 5 20 28 42 22 15 5 2
b) 1 6 18 25 40 25 18 6 1

Do you think that the normal distribution provides a good fit to the data .

8. A survey of 320 families with 5 children each revealed the following

distribution:

No. of boys : 5 4 3 2 1 0
No. of girls : 0 1 2 3 4 5
No. of families : 14 56 110 88 40 12

Is the result consistent with the hypothesis that male and female births are
equally probable.

9. The number of customers that arrived in 128,5 – minute time periods at a

service window were recorded as:

Customer : 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency : 2 8 10 12 18 22
Customer : 6 7 8 9
Frequency : 22 16 12 6

Is the probability distribution for the customer arrivals a Poisson

distribution with a 0.05 level of significance.

QT- 34
Illustrations of Analysis of Variance

QT- 35
 “One way Anova”

Illustrations:

1. Three brands A, B and C of tyres were tested for durability. A sample of

four tyres of each brand is subjected to the same test and the number of
kilometers until wear out was noted for each brand of tyres. The data in
thousand kilometers is given in the table. Test whether all the brands are
significantly different at 5% level of significance.

Population
Observations
(Number of Brands)
A B C
1 26 18 23
2 25 16 19
3 28 17 26
4 12 18 30
Sum 91 69 98
Sample size 4 4 4
Mean 22.75 17.25 24.50

2. To test the significance of variation in the retail prices of a commodity in

three principal cities, Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi four shops were chosen
at random in each city and the prices who lack confidence in their
mathematical ability observed in rupees were as follows:

Mumbai : 16 8 12 14
Kolkatta : 14 10 10 6
Delhi : 4 10 8 8

Do the data indicate that the price in the three cities are significantly
different. Check the hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

3. As head of the department of a consumer’s research organization, you

have the responsibility for testing and comparing lifetimes of four brands
of electric bulbs. Suppose you test the life – time of three electric bulbs of
each of the four brands. The data are shown below, each entry
representing the lifetime of an electric bulb, measured in hundreds of
hours:

QT- 36
 Brand
A B C D
20 25 24 23
19 23 20 20
21 21 22 20

Can we infer that the mean lifetimes of the four brands of electric bulbs
are equal.

QT- 37
 “Two way anova”

Illustrations:

1. The following table gives the number of refrigerators sold by 4 salesmen

in three months May, June and July

Month Salesman
A B C D
May 50 40 48 39
June 46 48 50 45
July 39 44 40 39

Is there a significant difference in the sales made by the four salesmen?. Is

there a significant difference in the sales made during different months.

2. To study the performance of three detergents and three different water

temperatures, the following ‘whiteness’ readings were obtained with
specially designed equipment:

Water Temperature Detergent A Detergent B Detergent C

Cold water 57 55 67
Warm water 49 52 68
Hot water 54 46 58

Perform a two – way analysis of variance, using 5 per cent level of

significance.

QT- 38
3. A tea company appoints four salesmen A, B, C and D and observes their
sales in three seasons – summer, winter and monsoon. The figures (in
lakhs) are given in the following table:

Salesman
Season
A B C D Total
Summer 36 36 21 35 128
Winter 28 29 31 32 120
Monsoon 26 28 29 29 112
Totals 90 93 81 96 360

b) Do the salesmen significantly differ in performance.

c) Is there significant difference between the seasons.

QT- 39