I.

INTRODUCTION

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is

composed of trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in

nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out

specialized functions. Cells also contain the body’s hereditary material

and can make copies of themselves. Cells have many parts, each with a

different function. Some of these parts, called organelles, are specialized

structures that perform certain tasks within the cell.

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Cell Basics

All living organisms in the kingdoms of life are composed of and

depend on cells to function normally. Not all cells, however, are alike.

There are two primary types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Examples of eukaryotic cells include animal cells, plant cells, and fungal

cells. Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaeans.

Cells contain organelles, or tiny cellular structures, that carry out

specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Cells also

contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), the

genetic information necessary for directing cellular activities.

Cell Reproduction

Eukaryotic cells grow and reproduce through a complex sequence

of events called the cell cycle. At the end of the cycle, cells will divide

either through the processes of mitosis or meiosis. Somatic cells replicate

through mitosis and sex cells reproduce via meiosis. Prokaryotic cells

reproduce commonly through a type of asexual reproduction called

binary fission. Higher organisms are also capable of asexual reproduction.

Plants, algae, and fungi reproduce through the formation of reproductive

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cells called spores. Animal organisms can reproduce asexually through

processes such as budding, fragmentation, regeneration, and

parthenogenesis.

Cell Processes: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Cells perform a number of important processes that are necessary

for the survival of an organism. Cells undergo the complex process of

cellular respiration in order to obtain energy stored in the nutrients

consumed. Photosynthetic organisms including plants, algae, and

cyanobacteria are capable of photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, light

energy from the sun is converted to glucose. Glucose is the energy source

used by photosynthetic organisms and other organisms that consume

photosynthetic organisms.

Cell Processes: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Cells also perform the active transport processes of endocytosis and

exocytosis. Endocytosis is the process of internalizing and digesting

substances, such as seen with macrophages and bacteria. The digested

substances are expelled through exocytosis. These processes also allow for

molecule transportation between cells.

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Cell Processes: Cell Migration

Cell migration is a process that is vital for the development of tissues

and organs. Cell movement is also required for mitosis and cytokinesis to

occur. Cell migration is made possible by interactions between motor

enzymes and cytoskeleton microtubules.

Cell Processes: DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

The cell process of DNA replication is an important function that is

needed for several processes including chromosome synthesis and cell

division to occur. DNA transcription and RNA translation make the process

of protein synthesis possible.

ALLEGATION

Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists:

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden. While Rudolf Virchow

contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his attributions toward

it.

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 In 1839, Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant

was made up of cells or the result of cells. He also suggested that cells

were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the

outside. However, this was not an original idea of Schleiden. He claimed

this theory as his own, though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years

before him. This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern

cell theory.

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 In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are

composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures. This was a

major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about

animal structure up to this point compared to plants. From these

conclusions about plants and animals, two of the three tenets of cell

theory were postulated.

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. The cell is the most basic unit of life

Schleiden's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was

refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow, and Albert

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Kolliker.[7] In 1855, Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory. In

Latin, this tenet states Omnis cellula e cellula.[10] This translated to:

3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells

However, the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in

fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested

that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit. Remak

published observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and

Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes. He instead said that

binary fission, which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how

reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added,

the classical cell theory was complete.

The modern version of the Cell Theory includes the ideas that:

 Energy flow occurs within cells.

 Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.

 All cells have the same basic chemical composition.

NEGATION

(1) “The Cell–Theory” was written by Thomas Henry Huxley in Britain

and published in 1853 by The British and Foreign Medico–Chirurgical

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Review. The twenty-two page article reviews twelve works on cell theory,

including those in Germany by Caspar Friedrich Wolff in the eighteenth

century and by Karl Ernst von Baer in the nineteenth century. Huxley spends

much of “The Cell–Theory” on a cell theory proposed in the late 1830s by

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in Germany. Schleiden and

Schwann maintained that the cell was the most fundamental unit of life

and that the nucleus was the most significant cellular component. Huxley,

instead, promoted an epigenetic theory of the cell, for which properties of

life emerge from the outer cytoplasm, cell membrane, and wall (the

periplast), as opposed to the inner contents of the cell, including the

nucleus (the endoplast). Huxley’s arguments in “The Cell–Theory”

influenced future scientists about the role of epigenetic processes in

embryology and development.

The introduction of “The Cell–Theory” briefly discusses historical

definitions of organic life and focuses on development. Huxley says that

Schleiden and Schwann’s cell theory significantly contributes to science in

that it synthesizes data about cells that profoundly changed the field. He

then criticizes Schleiden and Schwann’s interpretation of cellular life by

stating that their work is based on erroneous understanding of structure,

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which led them to poor interpretations of physiology. Huxley focused on the

structural and morphological assumptions of plant cells made by Schleiden

and Schwann’s cell theory.

Huxley denies the assumptions that Schwann derived from

Schleiden’s botanical research, namely the anatomical autonomy of the

cell, the importance of the nucleus to cell structure, and the importance of

the nucleus in cell division. He rejects the importance placed on the

nucleus by cell theory, arguing instead for a passive nucleus, or endoplast.

Huxley stresses the importance of the cell membrane and wall, or the

periplast, in cellular processes. To him, cells were the products of an

organism’s life processes, and not entities that facilitated such processes.

(2) The Theory of Spontaneous Generation

The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) was one of the earliest

recorded scholars to articulate the theory of spontaneous generation, the

notion that life can arise from nonliving matter. Aristotle proposed that life

arose from nonliving material if the material contained pneuma (“vital

heat”). As evidence, he noted several instances of the appearance of

animals from environments previously devoid of such animals, such as the

seemingly sudden appearance of fish in a new puddle of water.

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 This theory persisted into the seventeenth century, when scientists

undertook additional experimentation to support or disprove it. By this time,

the proponents of the theory cited how frogs simply seem to appear along

the muddy banks of the Nile River in Egypt during the annual flooding.

Others observed that mice simply appeared among grain stored in barns

with thatched roofs. When the roof leaked and the grain molded, mice

appeared. Jan Baptista van Helmont, a seventeenth century Flemish

scientist, proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels left

in an open container for 3 weeks. In reality, such habitats provided ideal

food sources and shelter for mouse populations to flourish.

II. METHODOLOGY

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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OpBylwH9DU

While the invention of the telescope made the Cosmos accessible

to human observation, the microsope opened up smaller worlds,

showing what living forms were composed of. The cell was first

discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. He remarked that it

looked strangely similar to cellula or small rooms which monks

inhabited, thus deriving the name.

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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XjKmR2heH8

However what Hooke actually saw was the dead cell walls of plant

cells (cork) as it appeared under the microscope. Hooke’s description

of these cells was published in Micrographia. The cell walls observed by

Hooke gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in

most living cells. The first man to witness a live cell under a microscope

was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the algae

Spirogyra. Van Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria.

III. CONCLUSION

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 Based on the evidences and experiment that the scientists

conducted. All cell arises from pre-existing cell which proves that

Spontaneous Generation is not the origin of another organism. It was

proved that organism like maggot did not originate from meat. Cell

theory define as a scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living

organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural /

organizational unit of all organisms, and all cells is derived from precursor

cells.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Cell - the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically

microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a

membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which

is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

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2. Theory - a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain

something, especially one based on general principles independent of

the thing to be explained.

3. Organelle - any of a number of organized or specialized structures

within a living cell.

4. Pre-existing cell - New cells can be created only by a process of

reproduction performed by already existing cells.

5. Spontaneous Generation - the supposed production of living organisms

from nonliving matter, as inferred from the apparent appearance of life in

some supposedly sterile environments.

6. Microscope - an optical instrument used for viewing very small objects,

such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified

several hundred times.

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7. Eukaryotic Cell - cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and are

enclosed by a plasma membrane. ... These organisms are grouped into

the biological domain Eukaryota.

8. Prokaryotic Cell - are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells,

which are found in Archaea and Bacteria, the other two domains of life.

9. Organism - any individual entity that propagates the properties of life. It

is a synonym for "life form".

10. Life - the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic

matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional

activity, and continual change preceding death.

REFERENCES

The Theory of Spontaneous Generation

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/spontaneous-

generation/

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Cell Theory: A Core Principle of Biology

https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-theory-373300

History of Cell Biology

https://bitesizebio.com/166/history-of-cell-biology/

Cell theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_theory

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