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Group1 was Italians, Group 2 French, and Group 3 American. Determine if there is a
significant difference among the groups using a 5% level (alpha is .05).
Group1: Italian
Group 2: French
Group 3: American
NOTE that “N” is the combined sample size for all three groups.
Ho (the null) will represent that all the groups are statistically the same.
The Ha (alternative or research) hypothesis will represent that at least one of the groups is
statistically significantly different.
Ha: mean group 1 ≠ mean group 2 ≠ mean group 3
Step 2: Determine the “degrees of freedom” also called df for each group and for the
combination of groups:
The df BETWEEN is calculated by subtracting 1 from the number of groups you have. We
have three groups here.
Next, the df WITHIN is calculated by first determining the individual df for each group and
then adding them together:
df group1 = 70 – 1 = 69
df group 2 = 70 – 1 = 69
df group 3 = 70 – 1 = 69
Step 3: Use the F-Table or a technology to get the “cut-off” values for this F-test ANOVA.
Remember that all hypothesis tests have cut-off values that you use to determine if your
F-test result is in the rejection region or not.
NOTE: The F-Table cannot contain all possible values. So most F Tables contain some
values and you will choose the closet value to your df numbers.
IMPORTANT: Because of this, different textbooks or examples will have slightly different
cut-off values for their F-tests. In this case, I am using the table below and my cut-off value is
3.07. However, a similar example might have a cut-off of 3.09 for example.
To get a more exact cut-off, use Excel to run the ANOVA. Excel will generate the p values
for you.
First Step:
This grand mean is the sum of all of your individual means, divided by the total number of
your groups. We have three groups. So we add the three group means together and divide
by 3.
Second Step
Calculate the variance of the means. NOTE that 3.7 is the grand mean. Note that 4.0, 3.7,
and 3.4 are individual group means. Note that “2” is the df BETWEEN.
s^2M = ( [ 4.0 – 3.7 ]^2 + [3.7 – 3.7 ]^2 + [3.4 – 3.7]^2 ) / dfBETWEEN
= ( .09 + 0 + .09 ) / 2
= .18/2
= .09
The s^M is computed by subtracting the grand mean in this problem of 3.7 that we
calculated in the first step from each individual group mean. Then, we squared each
difference. Then, we added those results. Then, we divided by the dfBETWEEN which is 2 in
this example.
Do not let formulas scare you.
Third Step
Remember, the s^2M was just calculated in the second step. The “n” is the size of each
group sample. If your groups are different sizes, use the average size.
Fourth Step
Here, these are the three individual variances of each group. See the table at the start of the
example. You will see that Group 1 has a variance (s^2) of 4.4 and group 2 has a variance
or 5.2, and group 3 has a variance of 6.1. To get the average of the three group variances,
we add them together and divide by 3. This is what we did here in the fourth step.
Last Step!
Now we are ready to calculate F because we have calculated all the parts that we need for
F.
F = s^2BETWEEN / s^2WITHIN
F = 6.3/5.233 = 1.20
The s^2 BETWEEN is what we calculated in the third step above and the s^2WITHIN is what
we calculated in the fourth step above.
Step 5: Determine the final result and conclusion for your ANOVA F-test
We can reject Ho only when our test value (1.20 in this case) is LARGER THAN our cut-off
value (3.07 in this case).
We can say there is not enough evidence to conclude that people from the three groups of
Italian, French, and American drink a sig diff amount of coffee per day. Therefore,
statistically, we say that the amount of coffee consumed by these groups is NOT sig diff.
NOTE: These results are made up and are pretend. This is not a real test, nor a real
conclusion. This is pretend and only for example purposes.