CE462-CE562 Principles of Health and Safety-Birleştirildi PDF

CE462 / CE562
Health & Safety in Construction
Buğra Devrimci
Özyeğin University
Fall 2019 / 2020
Introduction: Buğra Devrimci
Engineering & HSE professional with over 20 years of front-line project
management experience in Construction
Educational Background
• BSc. in Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical
University, Turkey
• Dipl. Ing. (MSc.) in Construction Management,
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Health & Safety Background

• TBG (Tiefbau Berufs Genossenschaft),
Safety Engineering G1&G2, Illertissen, Germany
• Bovis Lend Lease License to Practices,
(Demolition, Excavation, Electrical Works, Work
at Height, Scaffoldings etc), London, UK
• CITB (Construction Industry Training Board),
Site Safety Manager, Glasgow, UK
2
“Communication is your ticket to success, if
you pay attention and learn to do it
effectively.”
Theo Gold
“The single biggest problem in

communication is the illusion that it has
taken place. ”
George Bernard Shaw
Communication
Buğra Devrimci
Mobile: +90 533 3118182

E-mail: bugra.devrimci@ozyegin.edu.tr
bugradevrimci@yahoo.com
Office : MF G01H
Office Hours: Fridays 14.00-14.30 & 17.30-18.00
4
Course Content & Calendar
Week Date Subject

1 27.09.2019 Principles of Health & Safety Management
2 04.10.2019 Legal Responsibilities
3 11.10.2019 Types & Ways of Accident Occurance
4 18.10.2019 Work at height / Fall prevention
5 25.10.2019 Manual Handling / Excavations
6 01.11.2019 Fire / Electrical Safety / Control of substances hazardous to Health
7 08.11.2019 Midterm Exam
15.11.2019
8 (Withdrawal Effective Health & Safety Management Systems
Week)
9 22.11.2019 Assessing Risks
10 29.11.2019 Controlling Risks
11 06.12.2019 Identifying Hazards
12 13.12.2019 Investigating Accidents and Incidents
13 20.12.2019 Health & Safety Plan (Project)
14 27.12.2019 PPE / Site Welfare
5
Assessment Methods
CE462 / CE562
1) Final Exam 40%

2) Midterm Exam 30%
3) Project 20%
4) Attendance/ Interaction 10%
6
Week 1 – Principles of Health & Safety Management
Content
1) Why is Health & Safety Important?

2) Basic Statistics
3) Safety Culture
4) Reasons For Managing Health & Safety
7
Principles of Health & Safety Management
Why is Health & Safety Important?
8
9
The World Health Organization's

definition of health is “a state of
complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or
infirmity.”
The definition of safety is “Relative

freedom from danger, risk, or
threat of harm, injury, or loss to
personnel and/or property,
whether caused deliberately or by
accident .”
10
Health is a basic human right

The right to health was first proclaimed in 1948 in the preamble of the WHO
Constitution (1) and later the same year in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (2). In 1976, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (3) entered into force, reaffirming in its Article 12 the enjoyment of the
highest attainable state of health as a human right under international law.
Health is a major societal resource and asset

• Good health benefits all sectors and the whole of society – making it a valuable
resource.
• What makes societies prosper and flourish also makes people healthy – policies
that recognize this have more impact.
• Health performance and economic performance are interlinked
Being healthy is important to fulfill responsibilities towards

• Oneself
• Family & Beloved ones
• Public
11
12
Health & Safety at Work

Basic Statistics
13
Health & Safety at Work – Basic Statistics
Cases of fatal occupational injury

(All Sectors)
4500
4000
EU Population:
3500
512M
3000
Turkey
2500
Population:
80M 2000
1500
1000
500
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Turkey EU
14
Cases of non-fatal occupational injury

in Construction
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Turkey United Italy Greece Germany Sweden United
States Kingdom
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
15
Cases of fatal occupational injuries in Construction

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
States Kingdom
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
16
Fatal occupational injuries per 100'000

workers in Construction
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
States Kingdom
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
17
Occupational Incidents According To Area Of Activity; Source: SGK 2013
F&B Metal Mining Production Textile Construction
Fatalities According To Area Of Activity; Source: SGK 2013

300
256
250
200
150
100 73
50 18 20 22 25
Textile Mining Production Factories Transportation Construction
18
Safety Culture
19
Safety Culture
20
What is Safety Culture?
Shared values that determine how people

think about and approach EHS
21
Safety Culture
In order to be healthy,
everybody has to act, eat
and drink accordingly and
live suitably to ensure
oneselfs and the
environments safety.
Safety Culture is an attitude &

behaviour. Learn & Teach!
Never say:
• Nothing happens to me!
• The work I everyday do!
• The button I always touch!
• The gas I always breath!
22
Safety Culture - Attitude
“When anyone asks me how I can best describe my experience of nearly 40

years at sea, I merely say uneventful. Of course there have been winter gales,
storms and fog and the like, but in all my experience, I have never been in an
accident of any sort worth speaking about”.
“I have seen but one vessel in distress in all my years at sea. I never saw a
wreck and have never been wrecked, nor was I ever in any predicament that
threatened to end in disaster of any sort”.
Captain. E J Smith in 1907 (Captain of RMS Titanic)
The RMS Titanic sank in the early morning of

15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean,
four days into the ship's maiden voyage from
Southampton to New York City.
Cause: Collision with iceberg on 14 April

Deaths: 1,490–1,635
23
Safety Culture – Safety Culture in Organisations
Energy Institute(UK) has divided Safety Culture into five levels of

development in their Hearts & Minds Toolkit:
• Pathological: people don’t really care about HSE and are only driven by
regulatory compliance and/or not getting caught.
• Reactive: safety is taken seriously, but only after things have gone wrong.
Managers feel frustrated about how the workforce won’t do what they are told.
• Calculative: focus on systems and numbers. Lots of data is collected and
analysed, lots of audits are performed and people begin to feel they know "how
it works". The effectiveness of the gathered data is not always proven though.
• Proactive: moving away from managing HSE based on what has happened in
the past to preventing what might go wrong in the future. The workforce start to
be involved in practice and the Line begins to take over the HSE function, while
HSE personnel reduce in numbers and provide advice rather than execution.
• Generative: organisations set very high standards and attempt to exceed them.
They use failure to improve, not to blame. Management knows what is really
going on, because the workforce tells them. People are trying to be as informed
as possible, because it prepares them for the unexpected. This state of "chronic
unease" reflects a belief that despite all efforts, errors will occur and that even
minor problems can quickly escalate into system-threatening failures.
24
Safety Culture - Safety Culture in Organisations
25
Safety Culture – Creating a Safety Culture
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, 1943
Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before

individuals can attend to needs higher up.
Further Reading: Transcendence (philosophy & religion)
26
Culture - Starts with the Leadership Team
27
Creating a
Culture
28
A health and safety policy is a written

statement by an employer stating the
company's commitment for the
protection of health and safety of
employees and the public.
Part 1: Statement of intent

State your general policy on health and safety
at work, including your commitment to
managing health and safety and your aims.
The Employer or most senior person in the
company should sign it and review it regularly.
Part 2: Responsibilities for health and safety
List the names, positions and roles of the
people in your business who have specific
responsibility for health and safety.
Part 3: Arrangements for health and safety
Give details of the practical arrangements
you have in place, showing how you will
achieve your health and safety policy aims.
This could include, for example, doing a risk
assessment, training employees and using
safety signs or equipment.
29
Safety Culture – Assignment
• Please prepare a Health and Safety Policy Statement of your own

small size Construction Company.
30
Reasons For Managing Health & Safety
31
MORAL LEGAL FINANCIAL
32
Moral Reasons
Everyone has a moral obligation not to cause

harm to others. Society’ s attitude is that
employers have a moral obligation, based on
the concept of a duty of reasonable care,
towards their employees and other persons
who may be affected by their business
products, services and activities.
It is unacceptable to put the health and safety

of people at risk.
33
Legal Reasons
Law is a body of rules designed to regulate the

behaviour of society. The effects of law can
either be preventive, punitive or compensatory.
In many parts of the world, law is divided into

two sections criminal and civil law.
Modern Health and Safety laws tend to set

targets following a style based on goal setting
which encourages organisations to self
regulate, rather than relying on compliance
with specific technical requirements, These
National Regulations:
place more emphasis on the duty holder to • Occupational Health &
comply with the principles and requirements of Safety Law No: 6331
the law rather than the enforcing authority • Labour Law No: 4857
lying down, and then enforcing prescriptive mevzuat.basbakanlik.gov.tr
tecnical rules.
34
Financial Reasons
The costs of accidents will vary from country to

country depending upon many factors such as
the country cost base, the social security
system and the medical care regimes.
The true cost of accidents is a lot higher than

most people realise, with indirect costs being
substantially more than the direct costs
involved.
35
Direct Costs of Accidents

• Medical Costs
• Insurance Fees
• Compensation
• Lost time at work
Indirect Costs of Accidents

• Legal fees
• Overtime
• Damages to equipment, property, goods
• Stop of work
• Inspections
• Reduced efficiency
• Reduced staff motivation
• Replacement of affected staff
36
Reasons For Managing Health & Safety – Examples to Compensation Costs
37
Good Health & Safety is Good For Business
It should be remembered that effective health

and safety management can in itself, produce
financial benefits and not just through the
avoidance of enforcement action.
It can also help to:
• Reduce absences and sick leave

• Retain staff
• Maintain a good reputation
• Boost productivitiy and profits
• Reduce insurance premiums
38
Good Health & Safety is Good For Business
For every $ spent:

Medical costs fall by $3.27
Absenteeism costs fall by $2.73
“The wide adoption of such programs could

prove beneficial for budgets and productivity
as well as health outcomes”
(Baicker K, et al. Workplace wellness programs

can generate savings. Health Affairs, 2010)
39
Source: Joan Burton. WHO Healthy

Workplace Framework and Model,
2010.
http://www.who.int/occupational_healt
h/healthy_workplace_framework.pdf
40
The Secret Siphon
41
CE462 / CE562
Thank You!
Fall 2019 / 2020
CE462 / CE562
Buğra Devrimci
Fall 2019 / 2020
Week 2 – Legal Responsibilities
Content
1) Historical Background of Laws, Regulations & Practices

2) The State in Health & Safety Law
3) The United Nations
4) The International Labour Organisation
5) Health & Safety in Turkey
i. Historical Background
ii. Challenges in Turkey
iii. The Health & Safety Law No: 6331
I. Duties of the State
II. Duties of the Employer
III. Duties of the Worker
iv. Female / Child / Disabled Workers
v. Legal Processes
2
Legal Responsibilities
Historical Background of
Laws, Regulations & Practices
3
Historical Background - Chronology
Juvenal
mentioned
Ancient varicosis
Egypt: desease Dr.
Imhotep among Bernardino The first
recognized Hippocrates standing Ramazzini regulation
back elaborated workers and introduced (Health &
injuries on lead eye importance Morals of
among poisining in deseases of relation Apprentices
pyramid mines among iron b/w work Act) was
workers workers and illness. introduced
460- in UK
2780 370 BC 60-140 1633-
BC 1802
BC 1714
23-79 1788 1833

1792 100-
BC
BC 200
AD Issue of Factory
Roman Pliny Act was
Chimney
The code of discovered intro-
Sweepers
Hammurabi interrelation Greek
Act based duced
includes the btw dusty doctor
on Sir in 1833
earliest work places Galen
Percivall in the
known and investigated
Pott’ s UK
construction coughing/ lead
studies on
laws. gasping. He poisoning
chimney
discussed patology
sweeps
poisoning and harms
cancer
effects of of acid
sulphur & vapours in
lead and copper
introduced quarries
the first PPE
of leader
masks.
4
Historical Background – The Code of Hammurabi
Almost 4,000 years ago (1792 BC) , King Hammurabi of

Babylon, Mesopotamia, laid out one of the first sets of laws.
Hammurabi’s Code is among the oldest translatable

writings. It consists of 282 laws, most concerning
punishment. Each law takes into account the perpetrator’s
status.
The code also includes the earliest known construction laws, designed to align the
incentives of builder and occupant to ensure that builders created safe homes:
229.If a builder builds a house for a man and does not make its construction firm, and the
house which he has built collapses and causes the death of the owner of the house, that
builder shall be put to death.
230.If it causes the death of the son of the owner of the house, they shall put to death a
son of that builder.
231.If it causes the death of a slave of the owner of the house, he shall give to the owner
of the house a slave of equal value.
232.If it destroys property, he shall restore whatever it destroyed, and because he did not
make the house which he builds firm and it collapsed, he shall rebuild the house which
collapsed at his own expense.
233.If a builder builds a house for a man and does not make its construction meet the
requirements and a wall falls in, that builder shall strengthen the wall at his own expense.
5
Historical Background – Industrial Revolution
• Forming of proper Health and Safety regulations start with the

industrial revolution
• 1775, first occupational desease (Chimney sweep's cancer)
reported by surgeon Percivall Pott.
• In 1788, Chimney Sweepers Act passed to try to stop child labour.
Many boys as young as four were being used as chimney
sweeps.
• In 1802, the first regulation (Health & Morals of Apprentices Act)
was introduced in UK
• Factory Act was introduced in 1833 in the UK (revised in 1847).
• Workers younger than 21 not allowed to work on night shifts
• Working time limited to 12 hours on work week days (reduced to 11
hours in 1847) and 9 hours on saturdays.
• Minimum worker age is 10
• In 1847, daily working hours was limited to 10 hours and weekly
working hours was limited to 63 hours per week for workers younger
than 18.
6
Historical Background – 20th Century
1919 - Establishment of International Labour Organisation (ILO)

1945 – Establishment of the United Nations
1946 - Recognition of ILO by United Nations as specialised body
1948 - Establishment of World Health Organisation
1957 - Creation of The European Economic Community with the Treaty of Rome
1972 - Member States of the European Economic Community affirmed their intention to
transform the whole complex of their relations into a European Union at Paris Summit
1974 - The Advisory Committee for Safety, Hygiene and Health Protection at Work was
set up to assist the Commission in the preparation and implementation of activities in
that field.
1987 - The adoption of the Single European Act brought health and safety at work into
the EEC Treaty for the first time in an article laying down minimum requirements and
allowing the Council to adopt occupational health and safety directives by qualified
majority.
1989 - The adoption of Framework Directive 89/391/EEC, with its specific focus on the
culture of prevention, was a milestone.
1994 - Establishment of the European Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) (https://www.osha.europa.eu)
7
Historical Background – Workplace Health and Safety History, to the 1920s, USA
https://youtu.be/SrTIEKadV2I
8
Historical Developments of Law
Mechanisms of law develop over many years to reflect the society they seek to
protect. Historically they either develop from social beliefs to reflect the cultural
perspectives, or from religious codes.
Most western societies have developed their laws from Roman law which grew
extensively during the rise of the Roman Empire. In its latter stages it was adapted
by Napoleonic and Germanic.
In contrast other countries have developed systems based on Socialist Law

(Communist States) predominantly based around the Soviet model, religious text
(Qur’an) as seen in the majority of Islamic states or case precedence (common
law) as illustrated predominantly by the UK model.
9
Historical Developments of Law
Laws have continued to develop dramatically over the last century with countries
coming together for economic benefits.
This has seen a growth in federal administrative laws that regulate how businesses
interact; it is in this forum that health and safety has seen the greatest change.
This form of centralised governance can also be seen in other countries where
individual states come together to form a federation e.g. GCC (Gulf Cooperation
Council) states. Initially this can be for economic strength, but to regulate all the
members equally, legal standards develop.
10
The State in Health & Safety Law
11
The State in Health & Safety Law
Health and Safety is regulated in very differing ways throughout the world; this can
be through direct legislation or indirect sanctions that are addressed in other forms
of legal/cultural mechanisms.
In most western societies health and safety tends to be legislated for in physical
statute, this kind of state is known as an activist state.
States are categorised in two forms from legislative perspective:
• Activist States
• Reactivist States
12
The State in Health & Safety Law – Activist States
Activist states see society, or aspects to it, as

defective and in need of improvement. The state
sees its role as being protective, i.e. a nanny state. It
encroaches into the social lives of its citizens for their
material and moral betterment. This form of state is
directive in nature and can sometimes intimidate its
citizens by telling them what to do and how to
behave.
States that adopt this form of legal framework

develop operating standards, and impose penalties
via criminal sanctions for failure to meet those
standards. This form of control means that many of
the legal instruments become prescriptive using
explicit words such as «must» and «should». This
leaves little open to interpretation on the part of
those subjected to its control and in some cases
can stem innovation.
13
The State in Health & Safety Law – Reactivist States
The Reactivist state sees its task as simply supporting existing social practice,
protecting order and being a natural arbiter between conflicting and private
interests.
The onus is not on control but on defining rules in which freely chosen goals may
be pursued.
Thus, this form of legislature tends to be more dynamic and adaptable to
change. It allows those under its guidance and control to determine their own
route of compliance, as such setting their own goals as to how far they wish to go
beyond the required standard, this form of state tends to make laws that set
goals as to what is required but not how to achieve it.
14
The State in Health & Safety Law - Legal Mechanisms
Some countries have simplistic legal mechanisms developed over many years to
control the behaviour of its citizens. In contrast, some societies have developed
their laws to reflect the diversity of their respective population and its ever
changing values and beliefs.
In countries where there is some form of written law that addresses health and
safety it will generally be approached in one of two ways:
• prescriptive
• goal setting
15
The State in Health & Safety Law - Legal Mechanisms / Goal Setting Laws
• In contrast to prescriptive laws, goal setting mechanisms seek to achieve an

outcome not an output.
• The method of compliance is not measured, only the success or failure.
• Many of the countries that adopt this form of legislative structure tend to have
the common law as its basis. The common law was fundamentally brought
about in the middle ages in England. Its development tends to be through the
judiciary that interpret how it should be applied known as precedence.
• The key benefit of «goal setting» legislation is its ability to adapt to change; it
sets a general principle that is not linked to any particular given period of
time. As such, as society and technology advance the legal instrument is
unaffected and still has relevance. In contrast, this is not the case with
prescriptive legislation in that it has to be changed to meet the challenges of
an evolving economy.
• The drawback of goal setting law is its ambiguity. It allows individuals to make
their own interpretation of how to comply with the standard. This can prove
difficult for the state that strives to treat all equally, particularly with new
technology where the dangers may not be known. However, as the UK have
shown it is not for the State to determine the measures needed to control the
dangers. It is for the employer to show they did all they could have done.
16
The State in Health & Safety Law - Legal Mechanisms / Prescriptive Laws
• Prescriptive legislation is a form of legal instrument which tells those under its
control what they must do and in some cases how to do it. Because of its
inflexibility, prescriptive legislation tends to be very slow to change.
• Many western societies follow this rigid system as its roots stem from the
Romano Germanic Codex.
• Whilst its aim is to control its citizens in every aspect of their lives, it fails to adapt
to societal and economic changes at the same pace. In general terms, states
that adopt this approach tend to have written constitutions that set out the
principle aims of the state; these are very rigid and whilst they can be added
to, they are entrenched and cannot be removed. Evidence of this type of
legislature can be seen in Europe, North America and Australia for example,
where numerous regulations or amendments stem from the original body of text
or Act.
• Predominantly health and safety legislation falls into criminal law; these laws are
determined by the state as an offence against it, commonly known as criminal
offence. Where a particular criminal sanction fails, there may be others that
address the way in which individuals are protected.
17
The State in Health & Safety Law - Legal Mechanisms / Comparisons
Prescriptive Legislation Goal Setting Legislation

• Tells its citizens what to do and • Tells its citizens what to achieve
how to do it • Uses wording that allows qualitative
• Uses explicit wording e.g. and very quantitative interpretation
«should do», «must», and e.g «reasonably practicable»
«shall» • Allows for enterpreneural innovation
• Can constrain innovation • Dynamic not affected over time
• Slow to adapt to change • States allow individuals to use their own
• States control growth of expertise to meet the standard
technology • Not over burdensome of state allows
• Overly bureaucratic single instrument to address all issues
• Easy to enforce against • Allows for enforcer to work in
partnership instead of having to use
sanctions
18
The United Nations
19
The United Nations (UN)
A Charter for the UN was drawn up at the United

Nations Conference on International
organization in San Francisco in October 1945,
and the UN officially came into existence on 24
October 1945. The role of the United Nations is
defined in the Charter to:
• Maintain international peace and security

• Develop friendly relations among nations
• Cooperate in solving international economic,
social, cultural and humanitarian problems
and in promoting respect for human rights
and fundamental freedoms
• Be a Centre for harmonizing the actions of
nations in attaining these ends
There are six principal organs of the UN, 15 agencies, several programmes
and bodies.
20
The United Nations (UN) - Organs & Agencies of The United Nations (UN)
Principle Organs Agencies, Programmes, Bodies and Entities

• General Assembly • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
• Security Council • United Nations Procurement Divisions (UNDP)
• Economic and social • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
council • World Food Programme (WFP)
• Trusteeship Council • Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
• International Court of • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
Justice • Inter-Agency Procurement Services Office (IAPSO)
• Secretariat • United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)
• Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO)
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
• World Health Organizations (WHO)
• United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO)
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
• International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAD)
• International Labour Organisation (ILO)
• World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)
• World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
• Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
21
International Labour Organisation
22
The role of the International Labour Organisation (ILO)
In 1919, the signatory nations to the Treaty of Versailles

created the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in
recognition of the fact that:
‘’conditions of labor exist involving such injustice, hardship

and privation to large numbers of people as to produce
unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are
imperiled.’’
To tackle this problem, the newly founded ILO established a

system of international labour standards (ILSs) through a
collection of international conventions and
recommendations with the input of representatives of
governments, employers and workers from around the
world.
The ILO’s founders recognized in 1919 that the global

economy needed clear rules in order to ensure that
economic progress would go hand in hand with social
justice, prosperity and peace for all.
23
Lunch Atop A Skyscraper – NY/USA 1932
https://youtu.be/7QCYDzsQ_yM
24
Conventions & Recommendations
• International labour standards are legal instruments drawn up by the ILO’s

constituents (governments, employers and workers) and set out basic
principles and rights at work.
• They are either conventions, which are legally binding international treaties
that may be ratified by member states, or recommendations, which serve
as non-binding guidelines.
• In many cases, a convention lays down the basic principles to be

implemented by ratifying countries, while a related recommendation
supplements the convention by providing more detailed guidelines on how
it could be applied. Recommendations can also be autonomous, i.e. not
linked to any convention.
• Conventions and recommendations are drawn up by representatives of

governments, employers and workers and are adopted at the ILO’s annual
International Labour Conference.
25
Conventions & Recommendations (ILO) continued
• Once a standard is adopted, member states are required under the ILO
Constitutions to submit them to their competent authority (normally the
parliament) for consideration. In the case of conventions, this means
consideration for ratification.
• If it is ratified, a convention generally comes into force for that country one
year after the date of ratification. Ratifying countries commit themselves to
applying the convention in national law and practice and reporting on its
application and regular intervals.
• The ILO provides technical assistance if necessary. In addition, representation

and complaint procedures can be initiated against countries for violations of
convention they have ratified.
26
Roles & responsibilities on Health&Safety defined by ILO
In the publications C155-Occupational Health & Safety Convention 1981 and

R164-Occupational Health & Safety Recommendation 1981, the ILO details
the underlying roles and responsibilities for health and safety.
These can be summarised under:
• International Governments
Further Reading:
• Enterprise ILO C167 & R175 –
Safety & Health in
• Workers Construction
Conventions ratified by Turkey:

https://www.ilo.org/ankara/conventions-ratified-by-turkey/lang--tr/index.htm
27
Other matters covered by the Convention & Recommendation
Within the same Convention (C155) and Recommendation (R164) the following
areas are also covered:
• Consultation with Workers, safety representative and the formation of safety

committees
• Arrangements for occupational health support and health surveillance of
workers
• The need for a health and safety policy and an effective health and safety
management system including the monitoring of health and safety
performance
• Arrangements for cooperation and coordiantion in shared workplaces.
Implementing these requirements:

• The ILO Convention and recommendations are implemented within formal
legal systems by the introduction of national laws. For example, in the European
Community, EU Directives and Regulations have been implemented to ensure
these requirements are embedded within the national legal framwork for all
member states.
• In countries where the legal framwork is less formal, the Convention and
Recommendations are used directly as the guiding document.
28
Health & Safety in Turkey
29
Health & Safety in Turkey – Ottoman Empire
1865 – Dilaver Paşa Nizamnamesi

(Regulation) issued for Zonguldak coal
minings
This regulation was never signed by Sultan
Abdülaziz and could not get into force. Did
not address accidents and incidents that
happened frequently at coal minings. This
regulation targeted to increase production
and is the first written document to include
Health& Safety related items.
1869 – Maadin Nizamnamesi

Maadin Nizamnamesi was not applied by
employers. Most important item of the
regulation is that it removed the obligation
for work included in Dilaver Paşa
Nizamnamesi.
30
Health & Safety in Turkey – Republic Of Turkey
1921 – Havzai Fahmiyye Amele Kanunu

1930 – Umumi Hıfzısıhha Kanunu
1932 – Turkey becomes a member of ILO
1936 – Issue of Labour Law No: 3008
1971 – Issue of Labour Law No: 1475
1974 – Ministry of Social Security was established
1983 – Ministry of Labour and Ministry of Social
Security were merged
2003 – Issue of Labour Law no: 4857
2012 – Occupational Health & Safety Law No:6331
31
Health & Safety in Turkey - Challenges
• The biggest challenge of Turkey is considered to be the

high rate of unregistered labourforce. Estimated rate of
Turkey’ s unregistered workers is thought to be
approximately 40%.
• Working hours exceeding legally allowed levels form
another big source of problem which result in
decreased concentration and increased work burn-
out with increased probabilities of accident and
incidents occurances.
• Small & Medium Size Enterprises (SME/KOBİ) insufficient

resources for Health & Safety make them number one
places where accidents and incidents occur.
• Insufficient number of inspectors result in majority of the

enterprises not being inspected.
• Lack of necessary education/training, which is key for

creating proactive/generative Safety Culture results in
lack of safety awareness and safety conciousness
among organisations.
32
Health & Safety in Turkey – Health & Safety Law No: 6331
• Health & Safety Law No: 6331 which was issued in 2012 can be regarded as a
milestone from Health & Safety perspective.
• The Health & Safety Law regulates roles and responsibilites of state, employer
and employee.
• The law states that a national Health & Safety Council be formed to make
studies and recommendations on policies and strategies on Health & Safety
throughout Turkey.
• The law holds it mandatory for enterprises with over 50 employees to form a
Health and Safety committee.
• The law introduces authorities and responsibilities of government inspectors

including the authority to stop work in case of life danger.
• The law introduces the obligation to organisations to employ Health & Safety
professionals holding licenses as follows:
• For very hazardous workplaces Type A License
• For hazardous workplaces Type B License
• For less hazardous workplaces Type C License
33
• The Health & Safety Law No: 6331 is compatible with EU norms and meets the
requirements of the agreements of International Labour Organisation.
• The law is based on the principles of «continuous improvement» and

«preventive approach» which aims to evaluate, control and take preventive
action about risks rather than taking precautions after the incident has
happened.
• According to the law, even though employers purchase 3rd party services,
ultimate Health & Safety liability stays with the employer.
• The employer is obliged to ensure that a risk assessment is carried out.
• According to the Law, for the active involvement of employees in Health &
Safety matters, the employer is responsible for:
a. Training and informing the employees
b. Appoint an employers representative
c. Consultation with employees
d. Provision of employees right to make suggestions
e. Not limit the rights of employees to inform authorities in case of
insufficient precautions
34
• Prior to the issue of the Health and Safety Law No: 6331, there was no specific
regulation on Health & Safety.
• The following laws were referenced to with regards to Health&Safety issues

before 2012:
• Labour Law for general rights and responsibilities

• Criminal Law for criminal responsibilities
• Public Health Law (1930) for matters about health in production
• Social Security Law for occupational health and safety definitions
• Commercial (obligations) law for compensations due to occupational
incidents
35
• The Health&Safety Law 6331 sets rights and

responsibilities to the
• State
• Employer
• Employee
• Responsibilities on Health&Safety applications

at work remain with the Employer and the
Employee.
• Consequences of occupational incidents are

shared between the Employer and the
Employee no matter if material or immaterial.
36
Health & Safety Law No: 6331 – Duties of The State
• Issue necessary law and regulations to ensure preventive, prohibitive and

compulsary measures
• Specialized health facilities for the provision of periodic health checks for
workers at dangerous and very dangerous workplaces.
• Make necessary studies for the recovery and acquisition of a (new) profession
of injured/handicapped workers as a result of occupational incidents
• Regular assessment of root causes of incidents to take necessary precautions.
• Education at technical schools and relevant departments of Universities
37
Health & Safety Law No: 6331 – Employer’s Duties
1. The employer shall have a duty to ensure the safety and health of workers in
every aspect related to the work. In this respect, the employer shall;
a. take the measures necessary for the safety and health protection of workers,
including prevention of occupational risks and provision of information and training,
as well as provision of the necessary organization and means and shall ensure that
these measures are adjusted taking account of changing circumstances and aim to
improve existing situations.
b. monitor and check whether occupational health and safety measures that have
been taken in the workplace are followed and ensure that nonconforming situations
are eliminated.
c. carry out a risk assessment or get one carried out;
d. take into consideration the worker's capabilities as regards health and safety where
he entrusts tasks to a worker;
e. take appropriate measures to ensure that workers other than those who have
received adequate information and instructions are denied access to areas where
there is life-threatening and special hazard.
2. In case an employer enlists competent external services or persons, this shall not
discharge him from his responsibilities in this area.
3. The workers' obligations in the field of safety and health at work shall not affect
the principle of the responsibility of the employer.
4. Measures related to health and safety at work may in no circumstances involve
the workers in financial cost.
38
Employer’s Duties / Principles of protection from risks
The employer shall fulfil these responsibilities on the basis of the following
principles:
a. avoiding risks.
b. evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided.
c. combating the risks at source.
d. adapting the work to the individual, especially as regards the design of

work places, the choice of work equipment and the choice of work
and production methods
‘Method Of’ Statements
Assignment: Please list down the 10 points to be included in

a Method Of Statement (10 Point rule / 10 point plan)
39
Employer’s Duties – Risk assessment, control, measurement and research
1. The employer shall conduct an assessment of risks to health and safety of

workers or get one carried out, taking into account the following points:
a. The situation of workers who might be affected by certain risks.
b. Choice of work equipment, the chemical substances or preparations used.
c. Workplace organization and housekeeping.
d. The situation of female workers and other workers such as young workers, older
workers, disabled, pregnant or breastfeeding workers who need specific
policies.
2. The employer shall identify the occupational health and safety measures
to be taken as well as the protective gear or equipment to be used as a
consequence of the risk assessment.
3. The employer shall ensure that controls, measurements, examinations and

research are carried out to identify the risks which are linked to the
working environment and to which the workers are exposed.
40
Employer’s Duties – Occupational health and safety services
1. In order to provide occupational health and safety services including activities

related to the protection and prevention of occupational risks, the employer
shall:
a. designate workers as occupational safety specialist, occupational physician and other

health staff.
b. meet the need for means, space and time to help designated people or organizations
fulfil their duties.
c. ensure cooperation and coordination among all people and bodies responsible for
providing health and safety services at workplaces
d. implement measures related to occupational health and safety and that are in
accordance with the legislation and notified in writing by the designated persons or
organizations providing services
e. inform designated persons, external services consulted and other workers and their
employers from any outside enterprise or undertaking engaged in work in his
undertaking or enterprise receive adequate information as regards the factors known
to affect, or suspected of affecting, the safety and health of workers.
41
Employer’s Duties – Emergency plans, fire-fighting and first aid
1. The employer shall;
a. assess the foreseeable emergency situations which could arise and identify
those that might possibly and potentially affect workers and work environment
taking into account the work environment, substances used, equipment and
environmental conditions present in the workplace and take measures to
prevent and limit adverse effects of emergency situations.
b. conduct measurement and assessments to afford protection against adverse

effects of emergency situations and prepare emergency plans.
c. designate a sufficient amount of persons adequately equipped in prevention,

protection, evacuation, fire fighting, first aid and other related issues taking into
account the size and specific hazards of the undertaking, nature of the
activities, number of employees and other persons present in the enterprise.
The number of such workers, their training and equipment available to them
shall be adequate and the employer shall arrange emergency drills and
trainings and make sure that the rescue teams are always available to
respond.
d. arrange any necessary contacts with external services, particularly as regards

first aid, emergency medical care, rescue work and fire-fighting.
42
Employer’s Duties – Evacuation
1. In the event of serious, imminent and unavoidable danger, the employer

shall:
a. take action and give instructions to enable workers to stop work and/or
immediately to leave the work place and proceed to a place of safety.
b. for as long as the situation remains unchanged and unless there is a strict
necessity; not ask workers, except for those who are adequately equipped
and specially assigned to do so, to resume work.
2. The employer shall ensure that all workers are able, in the event of serious
and imminent danger to their own safety and/or that of other persons,
and where the immediate superior responsible cannot be contacted, to
take the appropriate steps in the light of their knowledge and the
technical means at their disposal, to avoid the consequences of such
danger. Their actions shall not place them at any disadvantage, unless
they acted carelessly or there was negligence on their part.
43
Employer’s Duties – Right to Abstain from Work
1. Workers exposed to serious and imminent danger shall file an application to the
committee or the employer in the absence of such a committee requesting an
identification of the present hazard and measures for emergency intervention. The
committee shall convene without delay and the employer shall make a decision
immediately and write this decision down. The decision shall be communicated to the
worker and workers' representative in writing.
2. In the event that the committee or the employer takes a decision that is supportive of the
request made by the worker, the worker may abstain from work until necessary measures
are put into practice. The worker shall be entitled to payment during this period of
abstention from work and his/her rights arising under the employment contract and other
laws shall be reserved.
3. In the event of serious, imminent and unavoidable danger; workers shall leave their
workstation or dangerous area and proceed to a safe place without any necessity to
comply with the requirements in the first paragraph. Workers may not be placed at any
disadvantage because of their action.
4. Where the necessary measures are not taken despite the requests by workers, workers
under labour contract might terminate their employment contract in accordance with
the provisions of the law applicable to them. As for the workers under collective
bargaining agreement, the abstention period as defined in this article shall be deemed
as actual work time.
44
Employer’s Duties – Recording and Notification of Occupational Accidents and
Diseases

a. keep a list of all occupational accidents and diseases suffered by his workers and
draw up reports after required studies are carried out.
b. investigate and draw up reports on incidents that might potentially harm the workers,
work place or work equipment or have damaged the work place or equipment
despite not resulting in injury or death.
2. The employer shall notify the Social Security Institution of the following situations
within a prescribed time as follows:
a. Within three work days of the date of the accident.
b. Within three work days after receiving the notification of an occupational disease
from health care providers or occupational physicians.
3. Occupational physicians or health care providers shall refer workers who have
been pre-diagnosed with an occupational disease to health care providers
authorized by the Social Security Institution.
4. Occupational accidents referred to health care providers shall be notified to

the Social Security Institution within ten days at most and authorized health care
providers shall notify the Social Security Institution of the occupational diseases
within the same period of time.
45
Employer’s Duties – Health Surveillance
a. ensure that workers receive health surveillance appropriate to the health and safety
risks they incur at work.
b. Health examination of workers is required under the following situations:
i. Pre-assignment.
ii. Job change after the assignment.
iii. In case of return to work following repetitive absence from work due to
occupational accidents, occupational diseases or health problems upon
request.
iv. At regular intervals recommended by the Ministry in the course of employment
taking into account the workers, the nature of work and hazard class of the
enterprise.
2. Workers to be employed in enterprises classified as hazardous and very
hazardous shall receive a medical report before employment.
3. Medical reports required to be received as per this law shall be obtained from
occupational physician working in workplace health and safety unit or joint
health and safety unit.
4. The employer shall cover all expenses arising from health surveillance and any
additional expense related to this surveillance. The health surveillance may in no
circumstances bring financial burden to workers.
5. Health data of workers undergoing a medical examination shall be kept
confidential in order to ensure protection of personal data.
46
Employer’s Duties – Worker Information
1. The employer shall inform the workers and workers' representatives of the
following issues taking into account the characteristics of the enterprise for the
purposes of ensuring and maintaining the occupational health and safety:
a. the safety and health risks and protective and preventive measures.
b. their legal rights and responsibilities.
c. Workers designated to handle first aid, extra ordinary situations, disasters, fire-fighting
and the evacuation.
a. as soon as possible, inform all workers who are, or may be, exposed to serious and
imminent danger of the risk involved and of the steps taken or to be taken as
regards protection
b. ensure that employers of workers from any outside undertakings and/or enterprises
engaged in work in his undertaking and/or enterprise receive adequate information
concerning the points referred to in paragraph 1 which is to be provided to the
workers in question.
c. ensure that support staff and workers' representatives shall have access to the risk
assessment, protective and preventive measures related to safety and health at
work, the information yielded by measurements, analysis, technical controls,
records, reports and inspections.
47
Employer’s Duties – Training of Workers
1. The employer shall ensure that each worker receives safety and health training. This
training shall be provided on recruitment, in the event of a transfer or a change of job, in
the event of a change in equipment or introduction of any new technology. The training
shall be adapted to take account of new or changed risks and repeated periodically if
necessary.
2. Workers' representatives shall be entitled to appropriate training.
3. Workers failing to present documents to prove that they have received vocational
training on their job might not be employed in jobs classified as hazardous and very
hazardous which require vocational training.
4. Workers who have had occupational accident or disease shall receive additional training
on reasons for the accident or disease, ways to protect themselves and safe working
methods. Furthermore; workers who are away from work for any reason for more than six
months shall receive refresher training before return to work.
5. Workers from outside undertakings and/or enterprises might not start to be employed in
jobs classified as hazardous and very hazardous unless they can present documents to
prove that they have received appropriate instructions regarding health and safety risks.
6. The employer who is the party to temporary employment relationship shall ensure that the
worker receives training on health and safety risks.
7. Trainings mentioned in this article may in no circumstances bring financial burden to
workers. Time spent on trainings shall be deemed as actual work time. In case the time
allocated for trainings exceeds weekly working hours, hours worked in excess of weekly
working hours shall be considered as overtime.
48
Employer’s Duties – Consultation with and Participation of Workers
1. The employer shall consult workers or representatives authorized by trade

unions in enterprises with more than two workers' representatives or workers'
representatives themselves in the absence of trade union representative to
ensure the consultation and participation of workers. This presupposes:
a. Consultation with regard to occupational health and safety, the right of workers
and/or their representatives to make proposals and allowing them to take part in
discussions and ensuring their participation.
b. Consultation as regards the introduction of new technology and the consequences
of the choice of equipment, the working conditions and the working environment for
the safety and health of workers.
2. The employer shall ensure that support staff and workers' representatives shall
be consulted in advance with regard to:
a. The assignment of occupational physicians, occupational safety specialists and other

staff inside the enterprise or the enlistment, where appropriate, of the competent
services or persons outside the undertaking and/or enterprise and designation
people to be in charge of first aid, fire fighting and evacuation.
b. Identification of the protective equipment and protective and preventive measures
to be introduced as a consequence of risk assessment.
c. Prevention of health and safety risks and providing protective services.
d. Worker information.
e. The planning of training to be provided to workers.
49
Employer’s Duties – Consultation with and Participation of Workers cont’d
3. Workers and/or their representatives are entitled to appeal to the authority

responsible for safety and health protection at work if they consider that the
measures taken and the means employed by the employer are inadequate for
the purposes of ensuring occupational health and safety. The workers may not be
placed at a disadvantage because of their respective activities.
50
Workers Duties
1. It shall be the responsibility of each worker to take care as far as possible

of his own safety and health and that of other persons affected by his
acts or commissions at work in accordance with his training and the
instructions related to occupational health and safety given by his
employer
2. To this end, workers must in particular, in accordance with their training

and the instructions given by their employer:
a. make correct use of machinery, apparatus, tools, dangerous substances,
transport equipment and other means of production; use such safety devices
correctly and refrain from changing or removing arbitrarily safety devices fitted
b. make correct use of the personal protective equipment supplied to them and
protect themselves.
c. immediately inform the employer and/or the workers' representative of any
work situation they have reasonable grounds for considering represents a
serious and immediate danger to safety and health and of any shortcomings in
the machinery, apparatus, tools, facilities and buildings;
d. cooperate with the employer and/or workers' representative to enable any
tasks or requirements imposed by the competent authority to protect the
safety and health of workers at work to be carried out
e. cooperate with the employer and/or workers' representative for occupational
health and safety of workers within their field of activity.
51
Workers Duties – Workers' Representative
1. In the event that no person might be elected or chosen to represent workers,
the employer shall designate a workers' representative considering the risks.
The number of representatives shall be identified in the following way:
Number of Workers Number of Representatives
2-50 1
51-100 2
101-500 3
501-1000 4
1001-2000 5
> 2000 6
2. Where there is more than one workers' representative, the chief representative
shall be elected among the other workers' representative.
3. Workers' representatives shall have the right to ask the employer to take
appropriate measures and to submit proposals to him to mitigate hazards
4. Workers' representatives may not be placed at a disadvantage due to their
respective activities and the employer shall provide them with the necessary
means to enable such representatives to exercise their rights and functions.
5. Where there is an authorized trade union represented in the enterprise, the
trade union representative shall act as workers' representative.
52
Female / Child / Disabled Workers
Article 50 of the Constitution of Republic of Turkey states:
«No one shall be required to perform work unsuited to his/her age,

sex and capacity.
Minors, women, and physically and mentally disabled persons, shall

enjoy special protection with regard to working conditions.»
53
Legal Processes
LEGAL PROCESSES AS A RESULT OF

ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS
A. CRIMINAL
LEGISLATION
B. CIVIL LEGISLATION
54
Legal Processes
OCCUPATIONAL
INCIDENT/ACCIDENT
CIVIL LAW
(SOCIAL SECURITY & CIVIL LAW
CRIMINAL LAW
GENERAL HEALTH (LABOUR LAW)
INSURANCE LAW)
Cause of Cause of Treatment

Material Moral
death as a injury as a / Income
Incapacity Compensa Compensa
result of result of to family
-tion -tion
negligence negligence members
Compensa
-tion for loss
of support
55
Legal Processes - Criminal Law
• Situations resulting injuries or death, may lead to the responsible persons

imprisonment.
Claimant: Public (Kamu)

Defendant: Natural Person
• Deliberate act (kast): the perpetrator has weighted the motives for the
conduct against its consequences and the criminal character of the conduct
before deciding to act in such a manner.
• Negligent act (taksir): results from a criminal negligence or a defective

discharge of duty
• Conscious negligent act (bilinçli taksir): gross deviation from a reasonable

standard of care
56
Punishment of negligent acts causing death (TCK85)
TCK 85
Cause of multiple deaths or

Cause of death to 1 person death to 1 person and In case of conscious
3-6 years multiple injuries negligence, the sentence is
imprisonment 3-15 years increased by half
imprisonment
57
Punishment of negligent acts causing injury (TCK89)
TCK 89
Cause of injury to 1 person Cause of multiple injuries Sentence is increased by

3-12 months 6months - 3 years half or full based on level of
imprisonment imprisonment injury
Note:
Investigation and prosecution of negligent acts are subject to grievance which is
not the case for conscious negligence.
58
Legal Processes - Civil Law
• In case of injuries or death as a result of occupational incidents, people may

ask for compensation.
Claimant: Affected party

Defendant: Natural Person or legal entity
The claimant needs to prove the following:

• That the defendant had a legal responsibility towards the injured person
• That the defendant was in breach of his/her legal responsibility
• That the harm was caused due to this breach
59
CE462 / CE562

Thank You!
Fall 2019 / 2020
CE462 / CE562
Buğra Devrimci
Fall 2019 / 2020
Week 3 – Types and Ways of Accident Occurances
Content
1) Definitions
2) Accident Triangles
3) Accident Causation Models
4) Consequences of Accidents
5) PPE
2
Types and Ways of Accident Occurances
Theories of Loss Causation
It is important to be able to understand

the performance of an organisation in
relation to historical events.
Knowledge of undesirable events or

circumstances which can lead to injury or
ill-health in the workplace is of particular
value to organisations when setting out
their safety management systems and risk
control measures to prevent further
undesirable occurances.
The terminology used in defining such

events and recording the information
gained from accident and incident
investigation should be clearly understood
by all those involved in the organisation.
Such events are often called incidents or

near misses.
3
Definitions
Accident
Accidents can be defined as any unplanned, unforeseen, or

unexpected event which results in loss.
It can result in injury, infection, disease, or death, as well as loss of

property or damage to the environment. In addition to the personal
suffering they can bring about, accidents also have business
consequences in the form of compensation costs, loss of productivity,
decreased employee morale, and in some cases fines, citations, and
damage to the company's reputation.
While that definition makes accidents seem quite broad, they're a

narrow category when compared with incidents. That's because
accidents are really a subset of incidents (although the two terms are
often used interchangeably).
4
Definitions
Incident
Both incidents and accidents are unplanned, unforeseen, and

unexpected events. The difference is that accidents result in losses
while incidents don't result in serious damage or harm. Incidents even
include near misses, which are events that could have resulted in a
serious accident but in which the adverse consequences have been
avoided.
5
Definitions
Near Miss
A near miss is an unintentional incident that could have caused

damage, injury or death but was narrowly avoided.
In the context of safety, a near miss may be attributed to human error

(unsafe act), or might be a result of faulty safety systems or processes in
an organization (unsafe condition).
6
Definitions
Unsafe Condition
Unsafe condition is an unsatisfactory physical condition existing in a

workplace environment immediately before an accident that was
significant in initiating the event.
Unsafe Act
Unsafe act is any act that deviates from a generally recognized safe
way or specified method of doing a job and which increases the
probabilities for an accident. It must contain an element of
unsatisfactory behavior immediately before an accident that was
significant in initiating the event. Examples of unsafe acts include
choosing short cuts, using defective equipment, and lack of attention.
7
8
Unsafe Condition
Examples to Unsafe Conditions

• Inadequate or missing guards to machines
• Excessive heat or cold
• Defective tools
• Fire hazards
• Ineffective Housekeeping
• Hazardous atmosphere(s)
• Excessive noise levels
• Exposure to radiation
• Inadequate illumination or ventilation
9
Unsafe Acts
Examples to Unsafe Acts

• Working without authority
• Failure to warn others of a danger
• Leaving equipment in a dangerous condition
• Mis-using equipment (wrong speeds etc.)
• Disconnecting safety devices, such as guards
• Using known defective equipment
• Using equipment the wrong way or for wrong task
• Failure to use or wear Personal Protective Equipment
• Bad loading of vehicles
• Failure to lift loads correctly (mechanically and physically)
• Being in an unauthorised place
• Unauthorised servicing and maintaining of moving equipment
• Horseplay
• Smoking in areas where it is prohibited
• Drinking alcohol or taking non prescribed drugs
10
Unsafe Acts
11
Unsafe Acts
12
Unsafe Acts
13
Unsafe Acts
https://youtu.be/N5VGasCy_TE
14
Definitions
Hazard
A hazard is any object, situation, or behavior that has the potential to cause
injury, ill health, or damage to property or the environment.
Health and safety hazards exist in every workplace. Some are easily identified
and corrected, while others are necessary risks of the job and must be managed
in other ways (for instance, by using protective equipment).
Control of
Hazards
15
Why is it important to track incidents
Tracking and Measuring Incidents
Incidents don't always have serious effects, but most companies still respond
to these events, either by recording them in order to analyze and track safety
metrics or by taking proactive steps such as holding a brief safety meeting to
address the event or conducting a review of the effects that led to the
incident.
This practice makes perfect sense from a health and safety standpoint.
Tracking all incidents and their potential or actual costs is a critical aspect of
managing your performance data. This information highlights where you
should focus your efforts to prevent these incidents from recurring (sometimes
with worse consequences). Companies can then manage the identified risks
by taking the appropriate administrative control decisions (treat, tolerate,
transfer, terminate).
16
Accident Triangles
Why Smaller Incidents Matter
Near misses and other less serious incidents might not seem like important events to
track, but they have a surprisingly big impact.
Now consider this pyramid, which provides a graphic representation of how
incidents and accidents relate to each other in terms of both frequency and
severity. The relationship depicted in the pyramid reveals that severe accidents
and injuries are often the culmination of several less serious incidents. By taking
steps to reduce the number of risky behaviors and near misses, we are also
preventing serious injuries. Conversely, employers or safety professionals who
dismiss or don't pay attention to near misses can expect the rate of recordable or
lost time injuries and fatalities to increase.
Heinrich’ s Triangle Theory Bird’ s Triangle Theory
17
https://youtu.be/GoakBEspXKY
12 mins
18
Accident Causation Models
Preventing accidents is extremely difficult in the absence of an

understanding of the causes of accidents.
Many attempts have been made to develop a prediction theory of

accident causation, but so far none has been universally accepted.
Researchers from different fields of science and engineering have
been trying to develop a theory of accident causation which will help
to identify, isolate and ultimately remove the factors that contribute to
or cause accidents.
• Single Cause approach

• Multiple Causation theory
• The pure chance theory
• Biased liability theory
• Accident proneness theory
• The energy transfer theory
• The “symptoms versus causes” theory
19
Accident Causation Models - The Domino Theory (Heinrich)
According to W.H. Heinrich (1931), who developed Causes Of Accidents

the so-called domino theory, 88% of all accidents are (Heinrich)
caused by unsafe acts of people, 10% by unsafe 2%
actions and 2% by “acts of God”. He proposed a 10%
“five-factor accident sequence” in which each
factor would actuate the next step in the manner of
toppling dominoes lined up in a row. The sequence of
accident factors is as follows:
1. Ancestry and social environment 88%

2. Fault of Person
3. Unsafe act / unsafe condition
4. Accident unsafe acts of people
5. Injury. unsafe actions
acts of God
20
The Domino theory
In the same way that the removal of a single domino in the row would interrupt
the sequence of toppling, Heinrich suggested that removal of one of the factors
would break the chain reaction and prevent the accident and resultant injury;
with the key domino to be removed from the sequence being number 3.
Although Heinrich provided no data for his theory, it nonetheless represents a
useful point to start discussion and a foundation for future research.
21
A. Ancestry and social environment
The first domino in the sequence deals with worker personality traits.
Heinrich explains that undesirable personality traits, such as stubbornness, greed,

and recklessnes can be «passed along the inheritance» or develop from a
persons social environment, and that both inheritance and environment (what
we usually refer to now as nature and nurture) contribute to Faults of Person
B. Fault of Person
Heinrich explains that inborn or obtained character flaws such as bad temper,
inconsiderate, ignorance and recklessness contribute at one remove to accident
causation. According to Heinrich, natural or environmental flaws in the workers
family or life cause these secondary personal defects, which are themselves
contributors to Unsafe Acts, or the existence of Unsafe Conditions.
22
C. Unsafe act / Unsafe Condition
The third domino deals with Heinrich’ s direct cause of incidents.
Heinrich defines these factors as things like starting machinary without warning
and absence of railguards.
Heinrich felt that unsafe acts and unsafe conditions were the central factor in
preventing incidents, and easiest causation factor to remedy, a process which he
likened to lifting one of the dominoes of the line. These combining factors (A, B
and C) cause accidents.
D. Accident
Of accidents, Heinrich says, «The occurance of a preventable injury is the natural

culmination of a series of events or circumstances which invariably occur in a
fixed logical order.
He defines accidents as, «Events such as falls of persons, striking of persons by

flying objects are typical accidents that cause injury.
23
E. Injury.
Injury results from accidents and some types of injuries Heinrich specifies in his
«Explanation of Factors» are cuts and broken bones.
24
Accident Causation Models - Bird & Loftus Domino Theory
Bird & Loftus Domino Theory

Bird and Loftus were concerned that the Heinrich Domino theory placed all the
blame upon an individual and his/her background without consideration of the
influence of management.
They also suggested that by focusing only on unsafe acts and conditions in order to
prevent accidents management action was limited. Bird and Loftus modified the
Domino sequence.
The Bird and Loftus sequence suggests that a lack of management control permits
basic causes (personal and job factors), leading to immediate causes(e.g.
Substandard practices, conditions or errors), which are the direct cause of the
accident, which results in loss. Loss may be categorised as negligible, minor, serious
or catastrophic.
25
Accident Causation Models - Multiple causation theory
Multiple causation theory is an outgrowth of the domino theory, but it postulates

that for a single accident there may be many contributory factors, causes and
sub-causes, and that certain combinations of these give rise to accidents.
According to this theory, the contributory factors can be grouped into the
following two categories:
Behavioural. This category includes factors pertaining to the worker, such as

improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and inadequate physical and
mental condition.
Environmental. This category includes improper guarding of other hazardous work

elements and degradation of equipment through use and unsafe procedures.
The major contribution of this theory is to bring out the fact that rarely, if ever, is an
accident the result of a single cause or act.
26
Structure of Accidents
The belief that accidents are caused and can be prevented makes it imperative
for us to study those factors which are likely to favour the occurrence of
accidents. By studying such factors, the root causes of accidents can be isolated
and necessary steps can be taken to prevent the recurrence of the accidents.
• These root causes of accidents can be grouped as “immediate” and

“contributing”.
• The immediate causes are unsafe acts of the worker and unsafe working
conditions.
• The contributing causes could be management-related factors, the

environment and the physical and mental condition of the worker. A
combination of causes must converge in order to result in an accident.
27
Structure of Accidents
28
Accident Causation Models – Identifying Causes
Root Cause Analysis
A practical multi-causation approach to accident analysis is achieved by the

development of root cause analysis.
Root cause analysis can use a simple «fault tree» technique for identifying all of
the direct causes and then analysing each of them in turn to find out the
underlying causes. (Behavioural factors like human error should also be
considered when doing root cause analysis).
The root cause analysis looks at the immediate causes and then goes on to
examine the root causes of the accident.
29
Accident Causation Models - Multiple causation theory
Root Cause Analysis
30
Accident Causation Models - Activity
Develop a simple fault tree to identify the possible causal factors of an
accident in which an employee is struck and seriously injured by a large
goods vehicle as it reversed into a loading bay of a warehouse.
31
Consequences Of Accidents
32
From Health & Safety point of view, accidents have two consequences:
Injuries and health-illnesses.
Economic cost of
workplace injury and
new cases of work-
related ill health in
Construction in 2016/17
(UK)
Working days lost in UK

(2015/16 to 2017/18)
• Workplace injury (15%)

• Work-related illness (85%)
33
Accident Types
• Falls from a height https://www.upehs.com/unsafe-act-poor-rigging-skill/
• Trapped by something
collapsing/overturning Accident
• Struck by moving, including kinds for the
flying/falling, object top causes
of fatal
• Struck by moving vehicle injuries in
• Contact with electricity or Construction
electrical discharge (UK)
• Contact with moving machinery
• Strike against something fixed or
stationary
Accident
• Injured while handling, lifting or kinds for the
carrying top causes
• Slips, trips or falls on same level of non-fatal
injuries in
• Drowning or asphyxiation Construction
• Exposure to, or contact with, a (UK)
harmful substance
• Exposure to fire
• Exposure to an explosion
• Injured by an animal
• Acts of violence
• Other kind of accident
34
Nature of the injury
• Amputation
• Loss or reduction of sight
• Fracture
• Dislocation
• Concussion and internal injuries
• Lacerations and open wounds
• Contusions
• Burns
• Poisonings and gassings
• Sprains and strains
• Superficial injuries
• Multiple injuries
• Other injuries caused by contact with electricity
• Injuries not elsewhere classified
• Injuries not known
35
Health Hazards in Construction
Chemical Biological
• Lead • Insects
• Silica • Funghi
• Asbestos • Bacteria
• Solvents • Viruses
• Mineral Oils
• Carbon Monoxide
Physical Psyho-social
• Noise • Stress
• Vibration • Work Pressure
• Ionising Radiation • Monotony
• Heat and Cold • Unsociable Hours
• Electricity
• Pressure
36
How Biological and Chemical Hazards affect the body
Routes of entry of Biological & Chemical hazardous substances
Every form of hazardous substance, chemical or biological, will

affect the body in a different way, based upon its route of entry.
• Inhalation (Respiratory disorders)

• Direct contact (Skin deseases)
• Absorption
• Ingestion
• Injection, inoculation & implantation
37
Nature of the Health Illness

• Cancer
• Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD)
• Skin Deseases
• Respiratory Disorders
• Hand-Arm Vibration
• Deafness
• Stress
• Biological (AIDS, Hepatitis, etc)
• Radiation induced diseases
38
Cancer – Skin Cancer
39
Cancer – Lung Cancer
Normal city dwellers lung Heavy Exposure to Asbestos
40
Skin Deseases – Contact Dermatitis
41
Skin Deseases – Cement Burn
42
Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
43
PPE
BUT
PPE must be relied upon
only as the last resort.
44
PPE
What is PPE?
PPE is equipment that will protect the user against health or safety risks at
work. It can include items such as safety helmets and hard hats, gloves,
eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety
harnesses.
Assessing suitable PPE

To make sure the right type of PPE is chosen, consider the different
hazards in the workplace and identify the PPE that will provide
adequate protection against them; this may be different for each job.
45
The hazards and types of PPE
Eyes
Hazards: Chemical or metal

splash, dust, projectiles, gas
and vapour, radiation.
Options: Safety spectacles,

goggles, face-shields, visors.
Note: Make sure the eye

protection has the right
combination of
impact/dust/splash/molten
metal eye protection for the
task and fits the user properly.
46
Head
Hazards: Impact from falling or

flying objects, risk of head
bumping, hair
entanglement.
Options: A range of helmets,

hard hats and bump caps.
Note: Some safety helmets

incorporate or can be fitted
with specially-designed eye
or hearing protection. Don’t
forget neck protection, eg
scarves for use during welding.
Do not use head protection if it
is damaged – replace it.
47
Breathing
Hazards: Dust, vapour, gas, oxygen-

deficient atmospheres.
Options: Disposable filtering face-piece

or respirator, half- or full-face respirators,
airfed helmets, breathing apparatus.
Note: The right type of respirator filter

must be used as each is effective for only
a limited range of substances. Where
there is a shortage of oxygen or any
danger of losing consciousness due to
exposure to high levels of harmful fumes,
only use breathing apparatus – never use
a filtering cartridge. Filters only have a
limited life; when replacing them or any
other part, check with the
manufacturer’s guidance and ensure the
correct replacement part is used.
48
Protecting the body
Hazards: Temperature extremes,

adverse weather, chemical or metal
splash, spray from pressure leaks or spray
guns, impact or penetration,
contaminated dust, excessive wear or
entanglement of own clothing.
Options: Conventional or disposable

overalls, boiler suits, specialist protective
clothing, eg chain-mail aprons, high-
visibility clothing.
Note: The choice of materials includes

flame-retardant, anti-static, chain mail,
chemically impermeable, and high-
visibility. Don’t forget other protection,
like safety harnesses or life jackets.
49
Hands and arms
Hazards: abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts

and punctures, impact, chemicals,
electric shock, skin infection, disease or
contamination.
Options: Gloves, gauntlets, mitts, wrist-cuffs,

armlets.
Note: Avoid gloves when operating machines

such as bench drills where the gloves could get
caught. Some materials are quickly penetrated
by chemicals so be careful when you are
selecting them. Barrier creams are unreliable
and are no substitute for proper PPE. Wearing
gloves
for long periods can make the skin hot and
sweaty, leading to skin problems; using separate
cotton inner gloves can help prevent this. Be
aware that some people may be allergic to
materials used in gloves, e.g. latex.
50
Feet and legs
Hazards: Wet, electrostatic build-up,

slipping, cuts and punctures, falling objects,
metal and chemical splash, abrasion.
Options: Safety boots and shoes with

protective toe caps and penetration-
resistant mid-sole, gaiters, leggings, spats.
Note: Footwear can have a variety of sole

patterns and materials to help prevent
slips in different conditions, including oil or
chemical-resistant soles. It can also be
anti-static, electrically conductive or
thermally insulating. It is important that the
appropriate footwear is selected for the risks
identified.
51
If I’d only known
Part 1: https://youtu.be/jXF0zUPS0AM
Part 2: https://youtu.be/hsUFEWsTMAE
Part 3: https://youtu.be/kThozWOgagM
52
CE462 / CE562

Thank You!
Fall 2019 / 2020
CE462 / CE562

Work at Height / Fall Prevention
Buğra Devrimci
Fall 2019 / 2020
Week 4 – Work at Height / Fall Prevention
Content
Introduction
Work on Roofs
Flat Roofs
Sloping Roofs
Fragile Roofs
Scaffolding
Introduction
Types of Scaffolds
Scaffold Components
System Scaffolds
Scaffolds Towers
Erecting, Altering & Dismantling of Scaffolds
Scaffold Collapses
Scaffold Safety Checklists
Ladder Safety
Fall Arrest
Safety Nets
Airmats
Harnesses
Fall Prevention Coordinator
2
Introduction
3
ILO Convention C167, Article 18:
Where necessary to guard against danger, or where the height of a
structure or its slope exceeds that prescribed by national laws or
regulations, preventative measures shall be taken against the fall of
workers, and tools or other objects or materials.
Falls – Edge Protection

• Suitable and sufficient steps shall be taken to prevent, so far as is reasonably
practicable, any person falling.
Falling Objects
• All reasonable precautions must be taken to prevent danger from falling
materials or objects.
• Measures, such as toe boards, brick-guards and working platforms must
comply with the requirements.
• Where it is not reasonably practicable to prevent materials or objects falling,
other steps such as debris nets, fans or exclusion zones must be taken.
• Materials and equipment to be stored safely to prevent collapse, overturning
or unintentional movement.
4
Hierarchy of Control
Work from the ground


Work from the building

Access Scaffold

Tower Scaffold

Stepladder

Ladder (50% of all falls)

Safety Nets, Air Mats etc.

Safety Harness
5
Standards & Regulations
Requirements for Scaffoldings (TS EN12810, TS EN12811, TS EN74, TS

EN338)
Requirements for guard-rails
Requirements for working platforms
Mobile Platforms/Access Scaffolds (TS EN 1495+A2)
Elevated Work Platforms (TS EN 280:2013+A1)
Requirements for personal suspension equipment (TS EN 361)
Requirements for means of arresting falls (TS EN 1263)
Requirements for ladders (TS EN 131-1)
YAPI İŞLERİNDE İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ YÖNETMELİĞİ
https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2013/10/20131005-2.htm
http://www.guvenliinsaat.gov.tr/images/yay%C4%B1nlar/yapi_isleri.pdf
İŞ EKİPMANLARININ KULLANIMINDA SAĞLIK VE GÜVENLİK ŞARTLARI YÖNETMELİĞİ

https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.18318&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=
6
Statistics
Accident kinds for the top causes of fatal injuries in Construction (UK)
7
Statistics
Accident kinds for the top causes of non-fatal injuries in Construction (UK)
8
Statistics
Fatal Injuries in UK (Construction 1986-1992)

Falls from Height – Trade Category
9
Work on Roofs
Work on Roofs
10
Flat Roofs
Flat Roofs
11
Flat Roofs
On flat roofs, falls most frequently occur:

• from the edge of the roof
• through openings or gaps
• through fragile materials
12
Flat Roofs
Where the design of the roof does not provide permanent edge
protection, then temporary edge protection will be required which
should:
• give protection during the full course of the work

• be strong and rigid enough to prevent people from falling & to
withstand other loads likely to be placed on it
• be designed in such as way that it is not necessary to remove it to
work at the edge of the roof.
13
Flat Roofs
Flat roof edge protection supported at ground level.
Ground level support allows work up to the roof edge without obstruction.
14
Flat Roofs
Edge protection supported on the roof edge upstand
15
Flat Roofs
Temporary flat roof edge protection.

Adjustable supports enable work to progress with protection in place
16
Sloping Roofs
Sloping Roofs
17
Sloping Roofs
On traditional pitched roofs, most falls occur:

• from the eaves
• from the roof, typically slipping down the roof, then falling from the
eaves
• from the roof, falling internally e.g demolition, roof truss erection
• from gable ends
• Full edge protection is required on all roof elevations where access

is required except for very short duration work
• If work on roof requires access within 2m of gable ends, edge
protection will be needed at those ends
18
Sloping Roofs
Scaffold platform at
eaves level provides
edge protection,
working platform and
storage space for
materials.
19
Sloping Roofs
20
Sloping Roofs – Roof Ladders
• On most sloping roofs, suitable roof ladders or crawling boards

will be essential, in addition to edge protection.
• If pitch of roof is shallow, the surface provides a good foothold
AND a high standard of edge protection is provided, roof
ladders may not be needed
Roof ladders or crawling boards should be:

• designed and fabricated to be fit for purpose
• strong enough to support workers when spanning across the
supports for the roof covering
• large enough to span the supports (at least 3 rafters)
• secured or placed to prevent accidental movement
21
• The anchorage at the top should not depend on the ridge capping.
• The ridge iron should be large enough to clear the ridge tile.
22
23
24
25
Fragile Roofs
Fragile Roofs
26
Fragile Roofs
A fragile material is any material or assembly that can not take

the weight of a person and any load they may be carrying.
Typical fragile materials include: 6
1. roof lights
2. liner panels on built-up roofs
3. fibre cement sheets
4. corroded metal sheets 5
5. glass (including wired glass)
6. wood wool slabs
3 4
1 2
27
Fragile Roofs
Fragile roof accidents can be prevented by:

• careful planning
• suitable equipment
• high level of supervision
• well trained and disciplined operatives
Preventing falls through fragile material:

• A safe working platform on the roof, and safe access to the
working position must be provided
– platforms or coverings must be provided and used to
support the weight of any person
– guard rails or coverings are required to prevent who is
passing or working near fragile material from falling
through.
28
Fragile Roofs
Preventing falls through fragile material:

• Stagings (min. 600mm wide) fitted with guard rails can
be used where the roof pitch permits
• Operatives should not have to continually move
stagings to progress over the roof - ensure sufficient are
available
• Precautions should be taken to prevent unauthorised
access to a fragile roof
29
Fragile Roofs
• Demarcation of access routes and work areas
Construct a simple barrier some distance from the roof edge to
identify the work area and access to it.
30
Fragile Roofs
31
Scaffolding
Safety
32
Scaffolding Safety
33
Bamboo Scaffolds – Hong Kong
34
Timber Scaffolds – Egypt
35
Scaffolding Safety
Before the erection of any scaffold the following points must be

clearly defined:
• What is the scaffold for?
• Exactly where is it to be erected?
• What materials are to be used?
• Can safe access be provided for the erection and use of the
scaffold?
• How many working platforms will there be?
• What loadings will be imposed upon those working platforms, and on
the scaffold as a whole?
• Is the ground condition where the scaffold is to be erected suitable?
• How and where can the scaffold be tied in?
• How will the scaffold be braced?
36
Scaffolding Safety
No scaffold may be erected, modified

or dismantled, except under the
supervision of an experienced and
competent person.
All structures should be inspected by

the competent person before use.
37
Scaffolding Safety - Types of Scaffold
Types of Scaffold
• Putlog
• Independent Tied (tube & fitting or system)
• Birdcage
• Mobile Tower – (tube and fitting or system)
• Specialist (Cantilever, Truss-out, Slung etc.)
38
Types of Scaffold
Putlog
Scaffold
39
Types of Scaffold
Independent
Tied
40
Types of Scaffold
Birdcage
Scaffold
41
Types of Scaffold
Mobile
Tower
(tube &
fittings)
42
Types of Scaffold
Mobile
Tower
(system)
43
Types of Scaffold
Specialist
(Truss-out)
44
Types of Scaffold
Specialist
(Cantilever)
45
Types of Scaffold
Specialist
(Slung)
46
Types of Scaffold
Trestle
• Max Height = 2m
• Where no risk of significant
injury like fall onto bars
47
Types of Scaffold
Mobile
Elevating
Work
Platforms Scissor
Lift
Telescopic
boom
Combined
telescopic &
Articulating articulating
boom boom
48
Scaffold Components
49
50
51
The Scaffold Frame
52
The Standard
Standards are the vertical element of the scaffold that carry the
weight of the structure and the imposed load(s).
Standards should be:

• placed vertically
• spaced closely enough to provide an adequate support
• on a base plate and sole boards to prevent displacement
• any joints should be staggered between lifts
53
The Standard
TUBES: Common Faults
54
The Standard
55
Ledgers
Ledgers should be:
• horizontal and fixed securely to inside of standards with right-angled

load bearing couplers.
• so fitted that joints are staggered, and not in the same bay.
56
Transoms
Length of Transoms (and Putlogs)
• The length of transoms (and putlogs) will vary according to their

intended use, but must relate to the minimum width of platform
shown in the table later.
• Working platforms are subject to a minimum width of 600 mm.
• Transoms should be securely fixed to ledgers or standards with right-
angled or putlog couplers
• The ends of the transoms (or putlogs) should not project an
unnecessary distance outwards.
57
Couplers
Right angle coupler Swivel coupler
Putlog coupler
58
Joints to Standards & Ledgers
Joints in standards and ledgers must be ‘staggered’.
Joints can be made using a joint pin but if any axial tension could be
imposed sleeve couplers must be used.
Joint Pin Sleeve coupler
59
60
61
Sole Boards & Base Plates
Sole Boards:
On firm ground:
1000 cm2 = 500 mm x 225 mm x 35mm
On Soft ground:
1,700 cm2 = 765 mm x 225 mm x 35 mm
On very soft ground

(a minimum of 2 standards per board)
3,400 cm2 = 1.55 m x 225mm x 35 mm
62
Foundations
63
Foundations
64
Foundations
65
Foundations
66
Foundations
67
Foundations
68
Foundations
69
Foundations – Bad Practice
70
71
72
73
74
Foundations – Public Footpath
75
76
77
Foundations – Heavy Duty Foundations
78
Foundations – Sloping Foundations
79
Foundations – Sloping Foundations – Bad Practice
80
Scaffold Ties
Movable Ties: Non movable Ties:

Ties that may be temporarily Used where the structure is
moved for the execution of sound enough to take the
work including: possible implied loads and will
remain in place for the life of
Through Tie - A tie assembly the scaffold.
through an opening in a wall
(door/window).
Reveal Tie - The assembly of a

revel tube with wedges
or screwed fittings and pads, if
required, fixed between
opposing faces of an opening
in a wall together with tubes.
81
Scaffold Ties
82
Scaffold Ties
Movable
Through Tie
83
Scaffold Ties -
84
Scaffold Ties
Movable
Reveal Tie
85
Scaffold Ties – Non-Movable Tie
Ring bolt (50-55 mm diameter) Wire tie (with smaller ring)
86
Scaffold Ties
87
Scaffold Ties
88
Scaffold Ties
89
Scaffold Ties
90
Scaffold Ties
Box Tie
91
Scaffold Ties
92
Scaffold Ties
93
Scaffold Ties
Lip Tie
94
Scaffold Ties
95
Rakers
96
Rakers
97
Rakers
98
Ledger Bracings
Ledger bracing should be fitted on alternate bays of standards,

except where the width of the bays are 1.5m or less and when
they should be fitted on every third pair.
Ledger bracing should be fitted:

• to ledgers or standards using load bearing fittings, which will
have a minimum slip resistance of 5kN.
• to the full height of the scaffold.
• to start at base plate level.
99
Ledger Bracings
100
Façade Bracings
Facade bracing must be provided for all scaffolds unless the

longitudinal stability of the scaffold is obtained by other means, i.e
• the scaffold bracing must be connected either as a zig-zag from the

bottom to top, between a pair of standards or as a continuous
diagonal sloping tube.
• the bracing must be connected to every lift of extended transoms,
with right-angled couplers, or to every standard with swivel couplers.
• there must be one such brace assembly along each face of the
scaffold, at intervals not exceeding 30 m.
• all joints should be made with sleeve couplers.
• however, when joint pins are used, the splicing tube should overlap
by a minimum of 300mm and be fixed with two swivel couplers on
either side of the joint.
101
Façade Bracings
102
Façade Bracings
103
The Scaffold Frame
104
Scaffold Boards
105
Scaffold Boards
106
Scaffold Boards
Normal Maximum Minimum Maximum

thickness of span overhang overhang
board (mm) between (mm) (mm)
transoms (m)
38 1,5 50 150
50 2,6 50 200
63 3,25 50 250
107
Scaffold Boards
108
Scaffold Boards
109
Scaffold Boards
110
Working Platforms / Requirements
Working platform & any supporting structure
Condition of surfaces
• The support surface must be of sufficient strength and of suitable
composition to safely support the supporting structure, the working
platform and any intended load
Stability of supporting structures

• Suitable, of sufficient strength and rigidity for the purpose for which it
will be used
• Stable when erected & where necessary, securely attached to
another structure
• Remain stable after alteration or modification
111
Working Platforms / Requirements
Stability of working platforms

• Stable & remain stable when altered or modified
• Secured so that it cannot be accidentally displaced
• Controlled dismantling to prevent accidental displacement
Safety on working platforms

• Sufficient size for free passage & safe use of equipment or material
• Must not be less than 600 mm
• No gaps in platform which could injure a person slipping, tripping or
falling
• Handholds and footholds to prevent slipping
Loading
• Not to be overloaded which could cause overloading or
deformation
112
Working Platforms
Platform Widths
113
Working Platforms
114
Guardrails & Toeboards
Requirements for Guardrails:
– be suitable and of sufficient strength and rigidity, including supporting
members
– be secured so it cannot be accidentally displaced
– be placed to prevent the fall of person, material or object
Dimension requirements:
Height: 910 mm or greater (Turkey = 1000mm)
Toe Board: 150 mm or greater
Unprotected gap: must be no greater than 470 mm
115
Guardrails & Toeboards
116
Brick Guards
117
Brick Guards
118
System Scaffolds
119
System Scaffolds
120
System Scaffolds
121
System Scaffolds
122
System Scaffolds
123
System Scaffolds
124
System Scaffolds
125
System Scaffolds
126
System Scaffolds
127
System Scaffolds
128
System Scaffolds
129
System Scaffolds
130
System Scaffolds
131
System Scaffolds
132
System Scaffolds
133
System Scaffolds
134
What’s Wrong?
135
What’s Wrong?
136
What’s Wrong?
137
What’s Wrong?
138
What’s Wrong?
139
What’s Wrong?
140
What’s Wrong?
141
Scaffold
Towers
142
143
144
145
Scaffold Tower
146
Scaffold Tower
If you use a tower scaffold:
• Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for

erection, use and dismantling.
• the tower MUST be vertical and the legs
should rest on firm, level ground.
• lock any wheels and outriggers.
• provide a safe way to get to and from
the working platform i.e. internal ladders.
• Ensure correct fittings used.
• Ensure swivelling castors have brakes and
are secured to uprights.
• Ensure working platform size within base
dimension.
• Ensure working platform is close boarded
and evenly supported.
• Do not overload.
• Ensure security of stacked material; use of
brick guards.
147
Scaffold Tower
148
Scaffold Tower
149
Scaffold Tower
Height to least base ratio:
Refer to manufacturers instructions!!
150
Scaffold Tower
Platform Access:
• Via ladders (not the tower stages)
• Ladders fixed to the narrowest side
• Always on the inside
• Preferably via internal steps
• Smallest access opening left in
platform or guard-rail
• Opening covered
151
Scaffold Tower
Protection against falls:

• Towers over 2 metres high:
• Toe boards 150 mm
• Guard rails 910 mm (1000mm in Turkey)
• No gap to exceed 470 mm
Tower Scaffold less than 2 metres high:
• A single rail might be sufficient, when risk assessed

• Harnesses could be used for ‘table top’ working in
between services, attached above head height.
152
Scaffold Tower
153
Scaffold Tower
154
Scaffold Tower
155
Scaffold Tower – Mobile Scaffold Tower
When moving a mobile tower:
• check that there are no power lines or overhead obstructions in the

way.
• check that there are no holes or dips in the ground.
• do not allow people or materials to remain on it, as towers tip over
very easily when being moved.
156
Scaffold Tower
157
Scaffold Tower
158
Scaffold Tower
159
Scaffold Tower
160
Scaffold Tower
161
Scaffold Tower
162
Scaffold Tower
163
Scaffold
Collapses
180
Stability Requirements
Stability of Structures
• Precautions must be taken to ensure that the stability of any
structure (temporary or permanent) is not adversely affected
by construction work.
• Structures, including scaffolding, must not be overloaded and
loads must be evenly distributed.
• The erection and dismantling of temporary works, including
scaffolding and falsework must be supervised by a competent
person.
181
Scaffolding Collapses
182
183
184
185
Why Scaffolds collapse:
• Lack of knowledge
• Lack of co-ordination
• Contravention of Standards & regulations
• Failure to comply with instructions
• Failure to comply with drawing/information
• Insufficient Ties / ties removed
• Poor/damaged materials
• Poor Foundations
• Incorrectly erected
• Insufficient/incorrect Bracing
• Failure to conduct regular inspections
186
Scaffold Safety Checklist
187
Scaffold, Work at Height, Edge Protection Coordinator
Inspection
• A competent person to be satisfied in advance that it is safe
to work on working platforms.
• The inspection should include associated plant, equipment
and materials
• Working Platform should be inspected
– Before first use
– After substantial changes
– After significant events
– At least every 7 days
IF NOT SATISFIED, THE WORK MUST NOT PROCEED
188
Scaffolding Safety Checklist – Independent Tied Scaffold
Check from the ground:

• soundness of base, adequate spread of load, no nearby
excavation
• line of standards and ledgers; verticality of standards
• spacing of transoms
• staggering of joints (vertical and horizontal)
• working platform: check line and even support of boards,
overhang, lapped boards
• longitudinal and ledger bracing
• security of boards, toe-boards and guard-rails
• means of access
189
Scaffolding Safety Checklist – Independent Tied Scaffold
Check from the scaffold:

• ties, particularly on lift below working platform
• special loadings by protective fans, wind sails; anchorage and
spread of load
• security of boards, toe-boards and guard-rails
• security and correct use of all fittings, particularly on transoms
and bracing
• condition of tubes and fittings
• damage by loads swinging from cranes or by falling material
• overloading
• security of stacked materials
190
Scaffolding Safety Checklist – Mobile Scaffold Tower
• Swivelling castors with brakes, secured to uprights

• all bracing connected correctly
• least base to height relation, external 3:1, internal 3½:1 (Check
manufacturers instruction)
• working platform size within base dimension
• working platform close boarded and evenly supported
• working platform: guard-rails and toe-boards
• correct fittings used
• ladder access properly secured clear of ground, lashed with wire
• overloading
• security of stacked material; use of brick guards
• no riding on a mobile scaffold when it is being moved
• board on ladder, when not in use
• wheels locked correctly when tower is in use
191
Scaffolding Safety Checklist – Scaffold Inspections
‘Tagging’ system to be used:
• It identifies who owns/uses it

• It identifies who has conducted an
inspection
• It shows the users that an inspection
has been completed
• It indicates whether it is safe to use
• It shows load capabilities
• It proves that regular inspections are
being conducted.
192
Scaffolding Safety Checklist
193
Scaffolding Safety Checklist - Scafftag
194
Scaffolding Safety Checklist - Scafftag
195
Inspection Reports
Reports
Reports on the inspections required:
• To be completed during that working period
• To be submitted within 24 hours
• A copy to be kept on site
• A copy retained for 3 months after work is complete
No report is required to be provided if:

• A person cannot fall more than 2 metres
• A mobile tower scaffold is in place for less than 7 days.
196
Scaffolding Safety Checklist
Particulars to be included in a report of Inspection

• Name and address of the person on whose behalf the inspection
was carried out
• Location of the place of work inspected
• Description of the place of work, including plant, equipment or
material
• Date and time of inspection
• Details of any defects
• Details of action taken to rectify defects
• Details of any further action considered necessary
• Name and position of the person making report
197
Scaffolding Safety Checklist – Inspection Report
198
Scaffolding Safety
Spot the
Hazard
199
Scaffolding Safety
200
Scaffolding Safety
201
Scaffolding Safety
202
Scaffolding Safety
203
Scaffolding Safety
204
Scaffolding Safety
205
Scaffolding Safety
206
Scaffolding Safety
207
Scaffolding Safety
~7m
208
Ladder Safety
Ladder
Safety
209
Ladder Safety
Requirements for Ladders

• Safely founded
• Access ladders securely tied
• Extend sufficiently above stepping off point unless other
handholds available
• Have rest platforms if rising 9m or more.
210
Ladder Safety
For safe working the ladder needs to be strong enough for

the job and in good condition:
• Stiles must not be damaged, buckled or warped

• Rungs must not be cracked or missing
• Safety feet, if fitted, are not missing
• DO NOT use makeshift ladders
• DO NOT carry out repairs to damaged ladders
• DO NOT use painted ladders
• DO NOT use ladders made for DIY
211
Ladder Safety
212
Ladder Safety
213
Ladder Safety
214
Ladder Safety
• The ladder should be angled (1 out to 4 up)

• Top of ladder rests against a solid surface
• Both feet of the ladder are on a firm footing
and cannot slip
• The ladder should be secure from slipping
by tying the stiles at the top
• If the ladder cannot be fixed, a second
person must “foot” the ladder while it is
being used
215
Ladder Safety
216
Ladder Safety
217
Ladder Safety
218
Ladder Safety
219
Ladder Safety
220
Ladder Safety
221
Ladder Safety
222
Ladder Safety
223
Ladder Safety
224
Ladder Safety
225
Ladder Safety
226
Ladder Safety
227
Ladder Safety
• The ladder must extend at least 1 meter above any

landing place, unless other adequate handholds are
available
• Landing areas are provided if the vertical distance
exceeds 9 m
• Ensure tie rod is on the underside of the rung
• If using extension ladders, each section must overlap
2 rungs - for ladders up to 5 metres (closed length)
3 rungs - for ladders 5 to 6 metres
4 rungs - for ladders over 6 metres
228
Ladder Safety
• DO NOT carry loads up a ladder

• Beware of electrical hazards if you are using a metal ladder
• Only one person on a ladder at a time
• Don’t overreach from a ladder - move it
229
Ladder Safety
Ladder Storage:
• Dry, inside, away from excessive heat sources and direct sun
• Laid flat, not suspended by the stiles or rungs
• Away from transport areas
• Away from overhead obstructions (cables)
• Away from Chemicals (acids etc.)
230
Trestle Scaffold
231
Ladder Safety
232
Fall Arrest
Fall Arrest
The Last Resort
233
Fall Arrest
Requirements for means of arresting falls
Means of arresting falls, including nets and harnesses must be:

• Of suitable strength to safely arrest a falling person
• Securely attached
• Steps taken to ensure equipment does not injure falling person
234
Fall Arrest
235
Fall Arrest – Safety Nets
• Safety nets have high energy absorbtion capacity offering a

“soft landing” that minimises injury
• Should be fitted as close as possible to the underside of the

working platform
• Safety nets overlain with fine mesh debris cover can also protect
those working below
236
Particularly suited to open span structures with minimum

obstructions
237
• When rigging nets it is important to maintain their energy absorbing

characteristics
• Too many fixing points, net becomes rigid & imposes larger loads on
structure and net
• Too few fixings, the net will sag too greatly and deflect too much
under load
• Follow Code of Practice (TS EN 1263) and manufacturers instructions
• Wherever possible nets should be rigged to prevent falls of 2m or
more
238
Consider how to install and dismantle the nets
239
Safe Systems for Steel Framed Construction
Commence 2nd floor decking

after nets are installed
Guardrails installed with steel beams
2nd floor access for netting off completed deck
Commence 1st floor decking

after nets are installed
1st floor access for netting from ground level

Fall Arrest – Air Mats
241
Fall Arrest – Air Mats
242
Fall Arrest
Requirements for Personal Suspension Equipment
• Personal suspension equipment shall be suitable & of sufficient

strength for the work being undertaken and the load carried
• Being securely attached to a structure or item of plant
• Control measures to prevent any person falling or slipping
• To prevent uncontrolled movement of that equipment
243
Fall Arrest – Safety Harnesses
When using harnesses and

lines, remember:
• a harness will not prevent
a fall - it can only minimise
the risk of injury
• allow for a free-fall
distance of no more than
2m
• consider how to recover
anyone who does fall
244
245
• Anyone who needs to attach themselves must do so from a

safe position
• the harness lanyard should be attached above the wearer
where possible
• any anchorage point must be capable of withstanding the
shock load in the case of a fall
• installation of equipment to which harnesses will be fixed must
be supervised by a competent person
• make sure everyone who uses a harness knows how to check
wear and adjust it before use and how to connect themselves
to a suitable anchor point
246
247
Scaffold, Work at Height,

Edge Protection Coordinator
248
• Where appropriate brief scaffold sub or work

package contractors on the design
requirements of the scaffold (e.g. required
usage, anticipated loadings, competent
persons, etc.)
• Ensure scaffold design calculations and
drawings have been checked by a second
engineer.
• Check that only trained personnel erect, alter or
dismantle scaffolds
• Ensure handover certificates are obtained as
necessary and then visually inspect the scaffold
before acceptance.
• Control the operation of any scaffold safety
system in use (e.g. scafftag) and monitor those
systems used by sub/work package contractors.
• Undertake the statutory inspection of scaffolds
or ensure this has been carried out by other
competent parties.
249
• Ensure in consultation with the

REGISTER - INSPECTION REPORT OF SCAFFOLDS, EXCAVATIONS, COFFERDAMS,
CASSIONS & PERSONAL SUSPENSION EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION (HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE) REGULATIONS 1996
Temporary Works Co-ordinator (if 1. Name and address of person for whom inspection was carried out.
appointed for the site) that the

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
foundations for scaffolds are 2. Site address

.....................................................
3. Date and time of inspection
DAY MONTH YEAR TIME (24 CLOCK)
satisfactory. .....................................................
.....................................................
4. Location and description of workplace (including any plant, equipment or materials)

inspected.
• Ensure that the scaffold ............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
inspection form contained within .............................................................................................................................

.
the register is completed as 5. Matters which give rise to any health and safety risks.
required for common user

............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
scaffolds or that sub/work

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
package contractors undertake 6. Can work be carried out safely? Y/N
7. If not, name of person informed.
this for scaffolds for which they 8. Details of any other action taken as a result of matters identified in 5 above.
are responsible. .............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
9. Details of any further action considered necessary.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
10. Name and position of person making the report.
11. Date report handed over.
250
• Ensure a Fall Prevention Plan is in place, which has been briefed to

all concerned.
• Check that only trained and competent persons are allowed to

install or use personal suspension equipment, safety nets or
harnesses.
• Check that all personal suspension equipment is inspected and the

results recorded in the register or its equivalent where sub/work
package contractors are responsible for the equipment.
251
• Monitor that personnel involved are given a brief on the job in

hand.
• Ensure an emergency recovery procedure has been drawn up to

safely recover a person injured at height.
• Ensure Working in Riser Shafts at extreme height are addressed and

make arrangements for its implementation, including daily
monitoring.
252
Management of Edge Protection
Strategically plan the provision of edge protection & consider:

• who will supply;
• who will maintain;
• arrangements for inspection and recording the results;
• arrangements for handover from contractors to contractor, where
appropriate.
• These arrangements should be written down and issued to all

contractors concerned.
• Consider the need for written handover certificates, depending
on the complexity of the arrangements.
253
CE462 / CE562

Thank You!
Fall 2019 / 2020
CE462 / CE562

Excavations
Buğra Devrimci
Fall 2019 / 2020
Week 5 – Excavations
2
Week 5 – Excavations
Content
Introduction
Definitions
Hazards
Excavations
Ground Conditions
Collapse Scenarios
Basic Principles of Support
Battered, Double-sided, Single-sided support
Standard Systems of Support for Trenches
Related Safety Aspects
Access to Excavations
Guarding of Excavations
Lighting, Ventilation, Means of Escape, Noise
Underground Services
3
Excavations
Introduction
4
Excavations
Introduction
What is an excavation?
Removal of soil & rock in lesser or greater quantities.
Excavations in Construction
• trench for a pipeline and/or other utility
• Strip/pad foundations
• large basements
• motorway cutting
• tunnel (under the road or under the sea)
5
Excavations
Introduction
• Excavation Work is an essential part of the construction process

particularly in relation to constructon of foundations, drainage work
and underground services of all kind.
• Soil conditions and types can vary widely

• Fine sand (flows easily)
• Stiff clay (more cohesive)
• Rock
• Earth
• Other
• No soil can be relied upon to support its own weight for any length of
time. An unsupported excavation will eventually collapse, the
question is when.
• A cubic meter of soil weighs 1,3 tonnes; even a small fall of earth is
capable of inflicting serious injury or death
• Deep trenches look dangerous, so precautions are taken. Most

deaths occur in trenches less than 2,5m deep.
6
Excavations
Introduction
Number of Fatalities (USA) – 239 (1985 - 1989)
45
41
40 38
Percent of Fatalities
35
30
25
20
16
15
10
5
5
0
5 - 9' 10 - 14' 15 - 20' >20'
1,5m-3,00m 3m-4,5m 4,50m-6m >6m
Depth of Trench
7
Excavations
Introduction - Hazards
• Collapse of sides of excavation - https://youtu.be/eErtPWiG0DU

• Fall of people and machines into the excavation
• Fall of materials into the excavation
• Unsafe access
• Undermining nearby structures etc
• Hazardous atmosphere / confined space
• Flooding
• Underground services
• Failure of support system - https://youtu.be/fl6xY86_60I
• Working outside limits of support
• Vehicle movements
8
Excavations
• Unexploded ordnance
• Rats/wildlife
• Contaminated land
• Underground chambers
• Poor lighting
• Inadequate workforce
• Children
• Explosives (failure in use)
• Earthquakes
9
Excavations
10
Excavations
11
Excavations
12
Excavations
13
Excavations
14
Excavations
Ground
Conditions
15
Excavations
Ground Conditions
Why do excavations collapse?
• Mechanical failure of soil

• Breakdown of soil caused by moisture
• Failure of soil caused by vibration
• Extra loading on sides of excavation
• Excavation on previous excavations
• Side of excavation being struck by a heavy load
• Variation of soil type (i.e. Layers, soft pockets etc)
16
Excavations
Trench Collapse Scenarios
Spoil
Tension
Cracks
Old Utility Trench
(Crossing Utility)
Previously
Disturbed
Old Utility Trench Areas
(Parallel Utility)
Bedding Material
17
Excavations
Soft Zone Failure
Soft Soft
Stable Stable
18
Excavations
Layered Soils
Strong
Weak
Weak
Strong
19
Excavations
Air Drying
20
Excavations
Soft Pockets
Sand
Pockets
21
Excavations
Rotational Failure
22
Excavations
Wedge Failure
23
Excavations
Effects of Water
Rain
Surface Run Off
Stable
Ground
Ground
Water
Water Accumulation
Soft Saturated
Zone
24
Excavations
Basic
Principles of
Support
25
Excavations
Excavation Support
Basic Principles of Support
Battered sides Double Sided Single Sided Support

(sloped or benched) Support (Standard (Designed)
or Designed)
26
Excavations
Excavation Support
Standard Solutions
The use of standard solutions should be
applied only in the following
circumstances:
• Double sided narrow trench support <6m
deep in non-water bearing ground
• Shallow pits <6m deep
• Where water problems have been
eliminated
Designed Solutions
• Where designed solution are
needed, it is essential that
adequate soil data is available
• The design of support methods
requires services of a specialist
27
Excavations
Excavation Support
• Adequate support depends on:

• the type of excavation
• the nature of the ground
• ground water conditions
• In general, support is not required for excavations where

there is no danger of any material falling or collapsing.
• All supports should be erected, altered and dismantled

under the supervision of a competent person.
28
Excavations
Excavation Support
Angles of Repose
Battered Sides
• Safest method - accidents
very rare.
• Excavations battered to
safe angle of repose -
dependent on soil type.
• Specialist advice needed

in waterlogged ground as
some system of
dewatering will be
needed to improve
stability.
29
Excavations
Excavation Support – Battered Sides
30
Excavations
Excavation Support – Battered Sides
31
Excavations
Excavation Support
Double Sided Support

• Forces exerted by the earth are
transmitted from one side of the
excavation to the other by
walings and horizontal struts.
• Most excavations lend

themselves to Standard
Solutions (“Traditional” support
systems or “Proprietary” systems)
in case of trenches.
32
Excavations
Excavation Support
Single Sided Raking/Anchor Support

• Only one face of the excavation is involved.
• Earth pressure from the excavated face is resisted by transferring

the load through the support material via walings to either raking
shores or ground anchors.
33
Excavations
Excavation Support
34
Excavations
Excavation Support
35
Excavations
Excavation Support
Single Sided Cantilever Support
Can only be used:
• in ground conditions which are

sufficiently stable to provide the
necessary resistance to balance the
overturning forces or
• where the effects of superimposed

loads and their stability is not critical.
• Must always be designed by a

competent person.
36
Excavations
Excavation Support
37
Excavations
Standard
Systems of
Support for
Trenches
38
Excavations
Standard Systems of Support (Traditional)
Close Boarded (Poling Board) System
39
Excavations
Open & Close Boarded (Poling Board) System
40
Excavations
Open Sheeting
41
Excavations
Standard Systems of Support (Proprietary)
Shield/Drag Box
42
Excavations
Box Support System
43
Excavations
Plate Lining Systems
44
Excavations
Hydraulic Struts/Walings
45
Excavations
Related
Safety
Aspects
46
Excavations
Related Safety Aspects - Access to Excavations
• Safe means of getting into and climbing out of excavations

must be provided.
• Ladders must be of suitable size and sufficient strength.
• Ladders must be on a firm base, sufficiently secured to prevent

them slipping, and must extend at least 1.00m above ground.
• Climbing into or out of an excavation using the walings and

struts is strictly prohibited.
47
Excavations
48
Excavations
49
Excavations
50
Excavations
51
Excavations
Related Safety Aspects – Guarding Excavations
• Steps must be taken to prevent people, machines and

materials from falling the excavation.
• Where a person may fall 2 meters or more, barriers must be
erected.
• Any structure forming a guardrail must be of sufficient
strength and suitable of the purpose.
• The main guard rail should be at least 910mm (Turkey
1000mm) above the edge of the excavation with an
intermediate rail so positioned that there is no gap greater
than 470mm .
• Spoil heaps can form an effective barrier.
• Barriers can be removed to permit access but must be
replaced as soon as possible.
52
Excavations
53
Excavations
54
Excavations
55
Excavations
56
Excavations
57
Excavations
58
Excavations
59
Excavations
60
Excavations
61
Excavations
62
Excavations
63
Excavations
64
Excavations
65
Excavations
66
Excavations
67
Excavations
68
Excavations
69
Excavations
Stop Blocks
• Where vehicles are used for

tipping materials into an
excavation, safety measures
such as well anchored stop
blocks, should be used to
prevent the vehicle overrunning
the edge.
• Stop blocks must be placed at a

sufficient distance from the edge
to avoid the danger of it
breaking away under the weight
of the vehicle.
• Reversing must be done under

the direction of a banksman.
70
Excavations
Stop Blocks - Examples of vehicle restraints
71
Excavations
Related Safety Aspects – Guarding Excavations – Stop Blocks
72
Excavations
Related Safety Aspects – Lighting, Ventilation, Means of Escape, Noise
Lighting
• During darkness, edges of excavation should be illuminated especially where
they are adjacent to public thoroughfares.
• During the winter, or in deep excavations, shafts and tunnels, lighting will be
necessary to enable operations to proceed safely.
Ventilation
• Excavations must be kept free from toxic or explosive gases (Gases heavier
than air will tend to settle in excavations (methane, sulphur diaoxide, carbon
monoxide, leakage from liquified petroleum gas equipment etc)
Means of Escape https://youtu.be/_lqOsySfbSY
• All persons working in an excavation should be instructed in escape and
rescue procedures in case of emergency.
Noise
• Particularly in case of piling, noise is a hazard in excavation. Necessary steps
should be taken to reduce noise and the use of relevant PPE.
73
Excavations
74
Excavations
75
Excavations
76
Excavations
Underground
Services
77
Excavations
Underground Services - Hazards
• Contact with electric cables

– major burns
– electrocution
• Damage to gas pipes or high pressure fuel lines
– major fire or explosion
– Fumes
• Damage to water pipes
– flooded excavation
• Damage to sewer pipes
– toxic or flammable gases
– risk of infection
• Communication cables
78
Excavations
79
Excavations
80
Excavations
81
Excavations
82
Excavations
https://youtu.be/lGt0of_Uu6U
83
Excavations
84
Excavations
85
Excavations
Detection of Underground Services
Study cable plans:

• Contact statutory authorities and/or site owner for
available drawings
• Remember cables snake
• Depth of services shown may be incorrect
• Services may have been moved or added to without the
authority and knowledge of their owners
• Some services may not be shown on any drawings
86
Excavations
Carry out a visual survey:

• Look for
– manholes
– stopcock covers
– hydrants
– street lamps etc
• Lift covers
– look for direction of pipes etc.
87
Excavations
C.A.T
(Cable Avoidance
Tool)
Types of detectors:
• Hum detectors
• Radio frequency
• Transmitter-receiver
• Metal detectors
• Ground probing
radar
88
Excavations
Safe digging practice:

• Mark routes with paint, tape or wooden pegs
• Isolate cables and pipes where possible
• TREAT ALL CABLES AS LIVE UNTIL PROVED OTHERWISE
• NO “one-man” operations
• DO NOT use hand held power tools near the expected route of
the service
• Contact statutory authority if a service cannot be positively
identified once exposed.
• Contact statutory authority if advice is needed on temporary
support
• Contact owner if service is damaged during excavation
• Smoking, naked flames and electrically operated power tools
are prohibited when locating gas mains
• Insulated protective gloves, boots and mats should be used
when locating cables
89
Excavations
Permit to Excavate:
• A PERMIT TO EXCAVATE must
be in place before exposing
services is permitted and the
control measures listed MUST
BE STRICTLY ADHERED TO.
90
Excavations
When in doubt
seek expert
advice!
91
CE462 / CE562

Excavations
Thank You!
Fall 2019 / 2020
Introduction: Barış Taşcıoğlu
Mr. Baris Tascioglu is a health and safety professional with 15+ years of
experience in construction, retail , oil & gas industries.
He holds:
• BSc. Civil Engineering Diploma, YTÜ

• Specialist Member SIIRM ( International Institute
of Risk and Safety Management, UK)
• Tech IOSH ( Technical Member of Institution
Occupational Health and Safety, UK)
• NEBOSH IGC ( International General Certificate in
Occupational Health and Safety, UK)
1
Musculoskeletal Risks and Controls / Manual Handling
Contents:
1. What is Manual Handling

2. Musculoskeletal Risks and Controls
3. Types of Injuries
4. Back Pain
5. Risk Assessment
6. Reducing the Risk of Injury
7. Hazard Spotting Exercise
2
Learning Outcomes:
• Outline types, causes and relevant workplace examples of

injuries and ill-health conditions associated with repetitive
physical activities, manual handling and poor posture
• Explain the assessment and control of risks from repetitive

activities, manual handling and poor posture.
3
What is Manual Handling ?
4
Musculoskeletal Risks and Controls
Manual Handling
According to the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR),

manual handling is defined as:
‘...any transporting or supporting of a load (including the lifting, putting

down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or bodily
force’
The MHOR establish a clear hierarchy of measures for dealing with risks
from manual handling:
• avoid hazardous manual handling operations so far as is reasonably

practicable;
• assess any hazardous manual handling operations that cannot be

avoided; and
• reduce the risk of injury so far as is reasonably practicable.

5
Manual Handling
Legislation :
• Elle Taşıma İşleri Yönetmeliği (Resmi Gazete 11 Şubat 2004,TR

Sayı:25370)
• Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992, UK (MHOR)
6
Manual Handling
You need to consider three steps:
• Does the load need to be moved at all?
• Can it be moved mechanically?
• If it has to be moved manually:
 manual handling assessment

 trained people
7
Manual Handling
A manual handling operation could include:
• lifting loads
• lowering loads
• pushing loads
• pulling loads
• carrying or moving loads either by hand, or other bodily

force.
8
Manual Handling
Employers’ Duties
• Avoid the need to undertake manual handling operations.
• Make a suitable and sufficient assessment.
• Take appropriate steps to reduce the risk of injury.
• Provide employees with information.
• Provide manual handling training.
• Monitor manual handling operations.
9
Manual Handling
Employers responsibility:
• Assessment must be carried out by a competent

person.
• Could be done by a team which includes employees’

representative.
• Assessors should consider reducing any risk found

during an assessment.
10
Manual Handling
The Tasks
Do they involve:
• holding or manipulating loads at distance from the trunk?
• unsatisfactory bodily movements or posture
- twisting the trunk?
- stooping?
- reaching upwards?
Do they involve:
• excessive movements of loads, especially:
- excessive lifting or lowering distances?
- excessive carrying distance?
• excessive pushing or pulling of loads?
• risk of sudden movement of loads?
11
Manual Handling
The Tasks
Do they involve:
• frequent or prolonged physical effort?
• insufficient rest or recovery periods?
• a rate of work imposed by a process?
12
Manual Handling
The Loads
Are they:
• heavy?
• bulky?
• difficult to grasp?
• unstable, or with contents likely to shift?
• sharp, hot or otherwise potentially damaging?
13
Manual Handling Assessment
The Working Environment
Are there:
• space constraints preventing good posture?
• uneven, slippery or unstable floors?
• variations in level of floors or work surfaces?
• extremes of temperature or humidity?
• poor lighting conditions etc.
14
Manual Handling Assessment
Individual Capability
Does the job:
• require unusual strength, height etc?
• create a hazard to those who might reasonably be

considered to be pregnant or to have a health problem?
• require information or training for its safe performance?
15
Manual Handling Video
In Queensland over 50 per cent of workers’

compensation claims are for musculoskeletal
disorders (also known as MSDs or sprains and
strains). This film shows how businesses across
various industries are identifying and managing
hazardous manual tasks.
https://youtu.be/
dLGoXRb51dE
16
Introduction to Ergonomics
Ergonomics: is : “ An approach which puts human needs and capabilities

at the focus of designing technological systems.” Adverse health effects
associated with ergonomics may be:
Physiological Psychological
These sciences are applied by the ergonomist towards two main

objectives:
• The most productive use of human capabilities
• The maintenance of human health and well-being
17
Physical Ergonomics
Physical Ergonomics is the specific aspect of ergonomics concerned

with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and
biomechanical characteristics. Areas of application include:
• Working postures
• Materials handling
• Repetitive movements
• Workplace layout and safety and health
Examples of jobs and workplace situations that give rise to risks of

these injuries and ill health conditions include:
18
Physical Ergonomics
Production/Assembly Lines Working in restricted work spaces
19
Use of DSE: Display screen equipment Manual Handling of Objects and People
The Human Musculoskeletal System
The human musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton,

made up of bones and held together by ligaments.
The skeletal muscles of the body are attached to the

bones at both ends by their tendons, and when they
contract due to the action of nerve impulses, they
cause movement to happen.
The Skeleton
The adult skeleton is made up of 206 distinct bones,
Ranging in size from the largest, the femur (or thigh
bone) to the smallest, the stapes in the middle ear.
Anewborn Baby has over 270 bones, some of which
fuse together; the skeleton takes 20 years before it is
fully developed.
20
Anatomy Definitions
Muscles Abdominal Muscles Ligaments Nerves
Muscles are located The abdominal muscles Ligaments are made of The nervous system consists
throughout control the lower part of strong fibrous tissue. They of millions of nerve fibres,
The body and are designed have a small degree of which transmit electrical
the spine. When air is
to produce movement. elasticity and are used to impulses between the barin
inhaled,the diaphragm
and the rest of the
Constructed from bundles moves down and the hold bones together. A
body.When a nerve is
of fibres,muscles receive abdominal muscles ligament can be damaged irritated, the effects can be
messages from the contract.The pressure if stretched too far and felt along the length of the
brain,which cause them to inside the abdomen torn, or if it is held under nerve.In the case of a
contract or relax,resulting increases to provide a tension for long periods- particular irritated nerve in
in movement of joints. structural support for the resulting in permanent the lower back,pain can be
front of the spine. elongation. all the way down to the foot.
21
Types of Injuries
A range of injuries and ill-health

conditions, notably Work Related
Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs) can
be caused where work equipment,
environment and task impose postures
and movements upon the body and WRULDs Fractures Back Pain
stresses upon the muscles, ligaments

and joints.
The types of injury and ill-health

Conditions resulting from the
Eye Effects Fatigue Stress
repetitive physical activities, manual
handling and poor posture, include:
22 Sprains and Strains Musculoskeletal Injury or Lacerations

Discomfort
Kinds of Accident Causing Injury
Handling
17%
34% Machinery
Falls
21% Struck by
5% Trip
15% 8%
Other
23
Sites of injuries caused by handling
Back
8% 6% 3% Finger/thumb
45% Arm
9%
Lower limb
13% Rest of torso
16% Hand
Other
24
Primary Causes of Back Pain
Degeneration (Wear and Tear)

The normal ageing process produces “wear and
tear” in all the weight –bearing joints including
the spine.The degree of “wear and tear” ,
however, varies from individual to individual and
may be accelerated by other factors. For example,
the repeated vibration and shocks on the spine
experienced by a lorry or tractor driver, or the the
additional stresses placed upon the spine of an
over-weight person.
Traumatic Injury
Traumatic injury is caused by sudden,violent
stresses applied to the spine.This can result in
damage to the muscles, ligaments and, in
exceptional cases, damage to the inter-vertebral
discs or the vertebrae.
25
Primary Causes of Back Pain
Cumulative Stress
This is probably the most common cause of back pain but

the least recognized. As the term implies, cumulative
stress occurs gradually. Poor sitting and standing postures,
poorly designed work environments, obesity and poor
muscle condition can all result in twinges of back pain.
These twinges are an indication that the spine is being
subjected to “minor stresses” and an accumulation of
these small incidents may lead to a significant episode of
back pain.
Psychological
Psychological pain with no physical symptoms may occur in

cases of hysteria, depression or acute anxiety. It has been
shown that stress may be a predisposing factor to the
likelihood of back injury through an accident. Chronic back
pain sufferers may become depressed and experience
exaggerated pain perception.
26
Work Related Upper Limb Disorders
The main risk factors for Work Related Upper Limb Disorders are:
Task Related Factors Environmental Related Factors Organizational Factors Work Related Factors
Repetition-the more a task is Excessive vibration forces New employees who may
High Workloads and tight
repeated,the greater the risk Cold temperatures need time to acquire skills/rate
deadlines
Working posture/joint Poor lighting of work
Lack of control over the
posture-if they are awkward Individuals wlth difference in
work
and/or held for prolonged competence and skills
periods in a static or fixed Workers of varying body
position Use of force(such as sizes,i.e.height,reach;this can
squeezing a pair of pliers,or lead to adopting poor postures
pressing controls with thumb when working at shared
or fingers worksatations
Handling and gripping objects Vulnurable groups,e.g. younger
e.g.tools, gloves can increase workers and new or expectant
gripping force required mothers
Duration-includes the length of Workers with particular health
time of the task in each conditions or disabilities
shift,plus the number of Workers with particular health
working days the task is conditions or disabilities
performed 27
Control Measures
Effective control of risks associated with

repetitive physical activities, manual handling
and poor posture is delivered through a process
of risk assessment and management.
Specific risk factors to consider:
• Force, frequency / duration, posture,

personal and environmental factors need to
be established, prioritized and addressed in
accordance with the principles of prevention
• Ergonomic approaches to the design of work

equipment,working environments and
systems of work (work design) and the
selection and control of workers
(organizational approaches) are utilized
together to deliver effective controls.
28
Manual Handling Operations
Manual handling is defined in UK legislation (implementing European Directive

90/269/EEC) as the:
“Transporting or supporting of loads by hand or bodily force”
And a load is defined as a
“Discrete moveable object”
Manual handling will thereof include lifting, pulling,

pushing and carrying of:
• Inanimate objects, e.g. cement bags, parcels, boxes,
• Live objects, e.g. people, animals
29
General Management Strategy
There is now international acceptance of both the scale of the manual handling problem
and methods of prevention. Manual handling training alone has not been successful in
reducing the risk.
An accepted approach to the management of manual handling risk is provided in the

following hierarchy of measures:
• Avoid hazardous manual handling where there is a risk

of occupational injury., so far as is reasonably practicable
• Assess the risk of any hazardous manual handling
tasks that cannot be avoided.
• Reduce the risk of injury, by implementing control
measures by designing the tast to meet the needs of
the worker,e.g.breaking the load into smaller,weights
etc.
• Review the assessment
30
Manual Handling Risk Assessment
Where it is not reasonably practicable to avoid hazardous manual handling operations at

work, a detailed risk assessment should be undertaken.
An ergonomic approach is taken. A range of physical factors needs to be considered,

which can be categorized under the following headings:
Numerical Guidelines
Reducing the Risk of Injury
For unavoidable manual handling operations the employer must take appropriate steps to reduce
the risk of injury to employees. In deciding appropriate steps to reduce the risk of injury, it is usually
convenient to again consider the task, the load, the working environment and individual capability.
However the extent to which any of these factors can be changed may differ between different
types of work.
Mechanical Assistance
The use of mechanical aids usually involves some elements

of manual handling but will reduce the forces required and
allow more efficient handling techniques.All handling aids
must be well maintained, and there should be a recognized
procedure for reporting faults and defects.
Organisation of The Work System
There are a variety of possible changes to the workstation

or task that can reduce the risk of injury due to manual
handling; changing the layout of a work area to reduce
the need for carrying loads from one place to another;
placing large and awkward loads on shelves at or near to
waist level; etc
Changes to the Load
The risk associated with manual handling can often be

reduced by making relatively straight-forward changes to
the load itself.Examples include:making the load lighter
and / or smaller in size, e.g. by purchasing smaller units,
making the load easier to grasp,e.g. by placing the loa in
rigid container or by the provision of handholds
Changes To The Working Environment
The working environment should be designed,

constructed and maintained to maximize available space,
minimize unnecessary obstructions and hazards
(e.g.closed doors , uneven floors) and where possible,
ensure that operations can be conducted on the same
level.
Proper Design of Pushing and Pulling Tasks
Approximately two-thirds of push-pull accidents involve

objects that were NOT supported on wheels, e.g.furniture
Strategies to eliminate or reduce the risks associated with
manually pushing or pulling loads SHOULD: eliminate the
need to push or pull by providing mechanical or other
equipment.(e.g. conveyors (powered and non-powered),
powered trucks, lift tables, or slides or chutes)
Proper Design of Lifting and Lowering Tasks
The need to manually lift heavy or bulky objects, and

reduce unnecessary bending,twisting an reaching should
be eliminated or reduced wherever possible by:
optimizing material flow through the workplace,providing
mechanical equipment such as lift tables,vacuum
systems,lift trucks and cranes, and reducing the weight of
the load
Proper Design of Carrying Tasks
Carrying materials that are too heavy or too bulky are

important factors associated with musculoskleteal strains
and sprains.Wherever possible, the need to carry should
be eliminated; where this is not possible, the weights to
be carried should be reduced by design or specification of
the load itself or its container.Reducing the bulk of
materials to be carried and reducing travel distances are
also effective means of reducing risk.
Mechanical Handling
Mechanical aids vary from simple, manually operated

tools to power assisted trucks and lifting devices.All
mechanical aids “lighten the load” and make activities
more efficient- this can lead to fewer injuries and higher
productivity.However, the use of handling aids can create
different kinds of risks (vehicle and pedestrians coming
into contact with each other, exceeding the Safe Working
Load (SWL) or lifting devices / accessories,traps,nips, etc)
Mechanical handling aids include:
• Simple tools to improve grip and increase leverage,

such as lifting hooks,manhole cover lifters and paving
slab handlers.
• Trucks and trolleys,e.g.sack trucks,pallet trucks and
roll cages
• Lifting devices, such as block and tackle improve
mechanical advantagewhen lifting or lowering loads
manually.Powered hoists further reduce the amount
of manual effort
Information and Training For Employees
Where tasks involve a risk of injury, employees shoul be provided with general information about
the risks,precautions, safe systems of work and precise information on the:
• Weight of each load
• Heaviest side of any load whose centre of gravity is not positioned centrally
The training alone is not effective to control risk.

However, training programmes should include the following:
Hazard Spotting Exercise
Manual Handling
Correct posture is essential.
Important points are:
• correct position of feet
• flexible knees
• straight back
• arms close to the body for lifting and carrying
• correct grip or hold
• chin in, head up
• use of body weight
https://ww
w.youtube.
com/watch
?v=NgKEidZ
ynfM
Office Work
Manual Handling
Manual Handling
Manual Materials Handling in Construction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3R20Rlh
v8w
Ministry of Labour inspectors talk about safe materials

handling in construction :
• Policy
• Procedures
• Injury Records
• Training
• Risk Assessment
• Control Measures
CE462 / CE562

Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health
(COSHH)
Buğra Devrimci
Fall 2019 / 2020
Week 6 – COSHH
Content
Introduction
Classification of Dangerous Substances
Hazardous Substances on Construction Sites
Employer’s Duties
Control of Exposure
2
COSHH
Introduction
3
COSHH
Relevant Regulations
Working with Carcinogen & Mutagen Substances

• Kanserojen ve Mutajen Maddelerle Çalışmalarda Sağlık Güvenlik
https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.18695&MevzuatIliski=0&sour
ceXmlSearch=
Working with Chemicals

• KİMYASAL MADDELERLE ÇALIŞMALARDA SAĞLIK VE GÜVENLİK ÖNLEMLERİ HAKKINDA
YÖNETMELİK
https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.18709&MevzuatIliski=0&sour
ceXmlSearch=
• The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging) Regulations 1994 (UK)

• The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 (UK)
4
COSHH
Introduction
A substance is deemed to be hazardous when it is either:

• Specified by law
• Recognised from experience
• Recognised with common sense
Hazardous substances can cause:

• injury to health
• disablement
• disfigurement
• death
5
COSHH
Introduction
Hazardous substances can enter the body several ways:

• inhalation (breathed in)
• ingestion (swallowed)
• absorption (absorbed through the skin)
• penetration (puncture wound or abrasion)
6
COSHH
Classification of Dangerous Substances
• Explosive/Flammable
• Harmful
• Irritant
• Corrosive
• Toxic
• Carcinogen
• Mutagen
• Teratogen
• Agents of Anoxia
• Narcotic
• Oxidising Agent
7
COSHH
Dangerous Substances Signage
Harmful/ Irritant Corrosive

Substances which may on contact
Harmful: Substances which cause with living tissues, destroy them.
death or acute or chronic damage
to health when inhaled, swallowed
or absorbed via the skin.
8
COSHH
Biohazard
Oxidising Biological agents include bacteria,
An oxidizing agent is a chemical viruses, fungi, other microorganisms
species that transfers and their associated toxins. They
electronegative atoms, usually have the ability to adversely affect
oxygen, to a substrate. Combustion human health in a variety of ways,
and many explosives, involve atom- ranging from relatively mild, allergic
transfer reactions. reactions to serious medical
conditions—even death.
9
COSHH
Non-ionising radioactive
Non-ionizing radiation includes the Ionising Radioactive
spectrum of ultraviolet (UV), visible Ionizing radiation is a type of
light, infrared (IR), microwave (MW), energy released by atoms in the
radio frequency (RF), and extremely form of electromagnetic waves or
low frequency (ELF). Lasers particles. Acute health effects
commonly operate in the UV, visible, such as skin burns or acute
and IR frequencies. Non-ionizing radiation syndrome can occur
radiation can pose a considerable when doses of radiation exceed
health risk to potentially exposed certain levels.
workers if not properly controlled.
10
COSHH
Flammable Laser hazard

A combustible material is something Relatively small amounts of laser
that can combust (burn) in air. light can lead to permanent eye
Flammable materials are combustible injuries. Moderate and high-power
materials that ignite easily at ambient lasers are potentially hazardous
temperatures. In other words, a because they can burn the retina of
combustible material ignites with some the eye, or even the skin.
effort and a flammable material
catches fire immediately on exposure
to flame.
11
COSHH
Explosive Toxic:
An explosive material is a Substances which in very low
reactive substance that contains quantities cause death or acute
a great amount of potential or chronic damage to health
energy that can produce an when inhaled, swallowed or
explosion if released suddenly, absorbed via the skin.
usually accompanied by the
production of light, heat, sound,
and pressure.
12
COSHH
EXERCISE
• Identify common hazardous materials (and
activities) found on construction sites.
• What effect do these materials have on the
human body?
• What steps can you take to eliminate or minimise
these effects?
13
COSHH
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES - DUST

SUBSTANCE / HAZARD ACTIVITIES CONTROL METHODS
CEMENT: Dermatitis from Masonry and plaster Minimise spread of material,
chromate impurities, skin in particular respiratory protection for dry
burns, harmful to mouth and mixing/handling, gloves,
nose from lime content and waterproof boots, personal
when wet hygiene, barrier creams
before and after working
MAN MADE MINERAL Insulation work in Minimise cutting and
FIBRE: Rockwool; irritant to particular handling, respiratory
respiratory tract, eyes and skin protection when MEL likely
to be exceeded. One piece
overall, gloves
GYPSUM: Irritant to throat, Plastering and Control – see cement
nose and eyes masonry work
SILICA: Silicosis, and Grit blasting of Wet methods, process
increased risk of respiratory masonry, concrete enclosure with dust
complaints scabbling, tunnelling extraction; respiratory
in silicate rock etc protection
WOOD-DUST: Irritants, Carpentry work. Most Off-site preparation.
allergic reactions (e.g western problems connected On-site: enclosure &
red cedar and other hard with use of power exhaust ventilation; air
woods) Resin bonded machinery supplied helmet
materials very irritating. Monitoring of exposure
14
COSHH
15
COSHH
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES - CHEMICALS

ACIDS/ALKALIS: Chiefly masonry Use weakest concentrations
Hydrochloric, hydrofluoric and cleaning possible.
sulphuric acids commonly
used. Corrosive action on skin Skin and eye protection;
if in contact with stonework, personal hygiene.
etc.; fume causes respiratory
irritation.
SITE CONTAMINANTS: Site redevelopment Thorough site examination
These hazards are present in involving groundwork, and clearance (Developers
the soil/structures arising from demolition, tunnelling responsibility).
previous “industrial” activities activities in particular.
or exist naturally; Toxic metals/ Respiratory protection and
materials at gas works, Work near protective clothing.
tanneries, hospitals e.g contaminated water
cadmium, arsenates, cyanides, courses Highest hygiene standards
phenols;
Dangerous by inhalation, Immunisation against
ingestion and skin contact / tetanus
absorption
Microbiological risks include

Weil’s disease, tetanus,
hepatitis B.
16
COSHH
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES - CHEMICALS

LUBRICANTS: Mineral oils Near machinery, Filtration to reduce mist,
cause dermatitis, acne and mould release good ventilation, respiratory
possibly skin cancer; agents; formwork, protection and protective
respiratory damage in mist mist from clothing (impervious to oil),
form. compressors and air personal hygiene.
tools in confined
spaces.
SOLVENTS: e.g toulene, Used in many Select safest material and
xylene etc. Present in many activities, but method of application.
construction products e.g particularly decorative Ensure good ventilation
paints, lacquers, glues, applications, tile always. Confined spaces
strippers and thinners. fixing, use of resin require mechanical
Solvents are harmful through systems on site. ventilation / use of air line or
inhalation of fume (or With most materials, self-contained breathing
accidental ingestion) and via risks increase in apparatus, and similar
skin contact – dermatitus can relation to quantity standards for spray work.
result. used and frequency / “Air-less” or “mist-less”
duration, particularly spray techniques should be
spray applications or considered.
work in ill-ventilated / Impervious protective
confined spaces. clothing and good washing
facilities / barrier creams
are important.
17
COSHH
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES - FUMES & GASES
WELDING, BRAZING, Welding etc. Local exhaust ventilation
CUTTING: Produce a wide Includes other trades first choice for confined
variety of fumes depending on working in vicinity. spaces; good general
metals being worked on, the ventilation; air supplied
electrodes used, fluxes etc. Confined spaces are helmet.
Fumes are highly irritating to particularly hazardous
respiratory system. Main gases Monitoring of exposure.
involved are carbon monoxide,
nitrous fumes and ozone
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE: Work involving Confined spaces
Extremely toxic: irritates eyes, sewers, drains, procedures; exhaust and
nose and throat, and excavations in made forced ventilation; airline /
potentially lethal. ground, demolition of self contained apparatus;
sulphur stripping monitoring
plants in refineries
CARBON DIOXIDE: An Boreholes in chalk See above.
asphyxiant heavier than air and limestone, CO2,
welding in confined
spaces.
CARBON MONOXIDE: Operation of LPG Site away from confined
Toxic equipment, petrol or spaces;
diesel plant in, or Mechanical ventilation;
close to, confined Exhaust filter efficiency
spaces.
18
COSHH
Employers Duties
EMPLOYERS DUTIES UNDER COSHH

• Assess risks to health caused by
substances at work
– Identification of all substances in use
– Obtaining hazard data sheets
• Prevent or control exposure
• Ensure use of control measures
• Monitor the work environment
• Carry out necessary health surveillance
• Provide information, instruction & training
19
COSHH
Control of Exposure
CONTROL OF EXPOSURE
• Stop using the substance
• Use a less hazardous substance
• Use the same substance in a less hazardous form
• Totally or partially enclose the process and use local

exhaust ventilation
• Prevent or minimise the extent to which dust, gases,

vapours and fumes are given off
• Limit the area of contamination
• Restrict numbers of people exposed
• Introduce regular cleaning
20
COSHH
Control of Exposure
CONTROL OF EXPOSURE (cont.)

• Provide means for safe storage and disposal of substances
21
COSHH
Use of Control Measures
USE OF CONTROL MEASURES
• Provide suitable personal protection equipment
• Prohibit eating, smoking and drinking in the

contaminated area
• Provide adequate washing and changing facilities
• Set up a system to ensure correct use of clothing &

equipment
• Emergency procedures - disposal of waste
22
CE462 / CE562

COSHH
Thank You!
Fall 2019 / 2020
CE462 / CE562

Electrical Safety
Buğra Devrimci
Fall 2019 / 2020
Week 6 – Electrical Safety
Content
Introduction
Hazards
Site Distribution
Cables
Residual Current Devices
Lighting
Static Electricity
Overhead Power Lines
2
Electrical Safety
Introduction
3
Electrical Safety
Relevant Regulations
Electrical Internal Regulation

ELEKTRİK İÇ TESİSLERİ YÖNETMELİĞİ
https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.10391&M
evzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=
High Voltage Regulation:

ELEKTRİK KUVVETLİ AKIM TESİSLERİ YÖNETMELİĞİ
https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.9949&Me
vzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=
Earthing Regulation:
ELEKTRİK TESİSLERİNDE TOPRAKLAMALAR YÖNETMELİĞİ
https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.10392&M
evzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=
4
Electrical Safety
Hazards
Common Electrical Hazards

• Electric Shock
• Severe and deep-seated burns caused by high
temperature resulting from electric arcing
• Ultraviolet radiation caused by electric arc –
damage to eyes (arc eye)
• Fire
• Explosion
5
Electrical Safety
Hazards - Electric Shock
Electric Shock
• The severity of the shock will depend on the level of electric current
and the duration of the contact.
• Fuses cannot be regarded as adequate protection against electric
shock. A fuse is intended only to protect equipment from damage.
They are commonly rated at 6,10,13, 16,or 20 amps for domestic and
normal business use.
Level of Current Effect

Low level 1 milliamp unpleasant tingle to loss of
balance/fall
Medium Level 10 milliamp Muscular tension so that
anything grasped is hard to
release
High Level > 50 milliamp for 1 Fibrillation of the heart,
second burning of the skin at the
points of contact
6
Electrical Safety
Hazards – Electric Shock
Causes of Electric Shock

• Contact between a live conductor and earth
• Contact between phase and neutral conductors (as the
body is likely to be of less resistance than any load)
The majority of electrical accidents happen because people

are working on or close to equipment which is either:
• Assumed to be dead, but in fact is live
• Known to be live, but workers have not received adequate
training, lack adequate equipment or have not taken
adequate precautions
7
Electrical Safety
Site Distribution
• As a general guide, all wiring should conform to the Electrical

Internal Regulations, IEC or IEE Regulations, even though much of
it will be temporary.
• Makeshift arrangements should be avoided
• All switch gear should be freely accessible and capable of being
locked.
• Wherever possible a reduced voltage system should be used.
8
Electrical Safety
Site Distribution
9
Electrical Safety
Site Distribution
10
Electrical Safety
Site Distribution
• All supply distribution and transformer units should be marked with a

warning sign as per regulations.
• A supplementary sign with the word DANGER, and indicating the
highest voltage likely to be present, should be placed below the
warning sign.
• All metal parts of the distribution systems and fixed appliances not
carrying a current must be effectively earthed. Earthing via water
pipes or gas pipes is not permitted.
11
Electrical Safety
Cables
All cables should have an overrall protective sheathing. The most

common types in use are:
Sheathing Type Features Remarks

Though rubber Resistant to wear Not used near
sheathing (TRS) and abrasion solvents or oils
Poly Vinyl Chloride For site office Not suitable for
(PVC), Halogen Free and permanent outside work at low
PolyEthylene (XLPE) work temperature
Polychloroprene This is the best all
(PCP) round type
12
Electrical Safety
Cables
All buried cables should be:

• at least 0,5m below ground
• Protected with the tiles or covers or placed in a duct
• In a trench marked to indicate their route
All cables on the ground should be:

• Only permitted for short periods
• Provided with additional protection, such as a reinforced sleeve
• Clearly marked, so as not to constitute a tripping hazard
Suspended cables are permissible on conditions that:

• There is no tension or strain on connectors
• They are adequately marked for protection
• They are supported on proper hooks, not nails
• Spans over 3m are supported by catenary wires on poles
• They are at a minimum height of 5,8m above ground
13
Electrical Safety
Residual Current Devices
• When installed, these devices sense a current flow to earth, or an

imbalance in the current in the circuit.
• They disconnect the supply before a person can receive a
potentially lethal shock.
• They protect plant and equipment and prevent the installation
from catching fire.
• RCD’ s do not reduce current flow, nor the voltage, only the time
that the current flows (about 30 milliseconds) and thereby the
severity of the shock.
• It should be noted that the use of a RCD does not give 100%
guarantee of safety.
• RCD’s should be 30milliamp
14
Electrical Safety
Lighting
• Lighting is needed for safety, productivity and security

• There are many different types of lighting, most suitable should be
selected considering factors like colour rendition, humidity, and
flammable or explosive atmosphere
Lighting should be
• Mounted as high as possible above the work level
• Positioned so as to prevent glare, dazzle or reflection
• Able to change position as work proceeds
• Adaptable, remembering that 50-100% more light is required for
persons over 40 years of age
• Treated as a heat source, with the possibility of burns or fire
hazards
15
Electrical Safety
Lighting
Levels of illumination
• Illumination is measured in units of
lumens or lux
• Light meters are used to check
levels of illumination.
• Illumination should be measured at
the workplace, not at the light
fitting
16
Electrical Safety
Lighting
17
Electrical Safety
Static Electricity
• Materials which are normally considered

to be insulators can generate and store
significant electrostatic charge voltages.
• Static electricity is produced by the build-
up by the electrons on insulating or
isolated conducting materials that
become charged.
• Arcing can occur when the charge
potential is sufficient to cause discharge
to an object at a lower potential, usually
at earth potential.
• Fires and explosions may occur as a result
of static electricity
18
Electrical Safety
Static Electricity
Basic electrostatic charging mechanisms:

• Manual Rubbing (i.e. cleaning solvents/petrol spillages with synthetic rugs
like nylon bristles)
• Mechanical processing (transport highly insulating materials by conveyors
through areas containing flammable liquids)
• Handling granular materials (Manual addition/emptying of granular
materials incl. powders)
• Handling highly insulating liquids (flow through pipes or stored in containers
made from highly insulating materials)
• Electrostatic charging by means of jets (Atomisation of a liquid at a jet
causes the droplets and nozzle to be charged)
• Actions of personnel (i.e. walk over floors carpeted with synthetic materials,
leave the car by sliding across a seat made of synthetic materials)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6VKxmUPb3g
19
Electrical Safety
Overhead
Power Lines
20
Electrical Safety
• Consult local electricity company before starting work

• Devise and implement a safe system of work
• To prevent danger:
– power lines to be made dead, or
– suitable precautions taken
21
Electrical Safety
• No part of a vehicle must be allowed within 15m of overhead

lines from steel towers
• No part of a vehicle must be allowed within 9m of overhead
lines from wooden poles
• If mobile cranes or excavators are used, the minimum
distance from the ground level barrier to the line should be
15m(steel tower) or 9m (wooden poles) PLUS the length of the
jib or the boom.
• Barriers should be erected parallel to overhead lines and not
less than 9m from it
• All dimensions are subject to electricity company approval
22
Electrical Safety
23
Electrical Safety
24
Electrical Safety
25
Electrical Safety
Ground level barriers could consist of:

• a stout post and rail fence
• a tension wire fence, earthed at both ends, having flags on the
wire
• large steel drums filled with rubble or concrete and placed at
frequent intervals
• an earth bank, not less than 1m high and marked with posts
• substantial timber baulks to act as wheel stops
• It is essential that all those involved, particularly machine
operators are aware of the hazards.
26
Electrical Safety
What to do in case of contact of equipment with overhead powerlines:

• Driver should not leave drivers cabin
• Detach equipment from overhead lines by driving, swinging etc
• Warn people outside to keep distance from equipment
• Don’t touch conducting parts like the equipment itself, the rigs and chains etc
• Get somebody to shut down the power lines
27
CE462 / CE562

Electrical Safety
Thank You!
Fall 2019 / 2020
CE462 / CE562

Fire
Buğra Devrimci
Fall 2019 / 2020
Week 6 – Fire
Content
Fire
Common Causes of Fire
Fire Hazards
General Fire Preventative Measures
Fire Escape Routes & Fire Signs
Fire Extinguishers
Hot Works
Site Accomodation
Fire & Emergency Plan
Fire & Emergency Procedures Coordinator
2
Fire
Bradford fire - 6mins
https://youtu.be/iIxN3ypB3rw
3
Fire
Common
Causes of
Fire
4
Fire
• Arson
• Hot Works
• Flames
• Welding spatter
• Radiant heat
• Hot materials
• Hot air guns
• Unsuitable heating appliances
(particularly LPG units)
• Children playing with fire
• Discarded cigarettes / matches
• Faulty electrical equipment (incl.
overloading, short circuits, sparks)
• Self igniting highly flammable vapour
(low flash point)
5
Fire
• Chemical reaction
• Hot fat fryers, toasters etc
• Lightning
• Halogen lamps
• Friction
• Sun (discarded glass)
• Overheating plant & equipment
• Sparks from electric switch or tools
Building Fire Regulations – Turkey:

Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik
https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/12/20071219-2.htm
6
Fire
Fire Hazards
Combustible Materials
• Deposit all waste material in suitable bins
• Beware rags and cloths if impregnated with flammable
substances. Store in metal bins
• Remove from site as soon as possible
• Rubbish often blocks emergency evacuation routes and
access for emergency services
7
Fire
Fire Hazards
Hot Works
• Equipment should be used properly and regularly
checked by trained and competent persons
• Combustible materials should be removed or covered
• Fire extinguishers must be close at hand
• Checks should be made when work is finished to ensure
nothing is left smouldering
8
Fire
Fire Hazards
Flammable Liquid
• Flammable liquids could vaporise at room temperature
and are easily ignited by a spark
• Adequate ventilation must be provided when using
glues, strippers, etc
• No smoking rules must be applied
9
Fire
General Fire
Preventative
Measures
10
Fire
Fire Compartments
• install designed fire
compartments as soon as
practicable
• pay particular attention to atrium,
lift shafts, service shafts which
provide a route for fire and smoke
Protective covers/sheetings
• including scaffold sheeting
• MUST comply with regulations
Smoke Spread in buildings
11
Fire
Escape Stairs
• install stairs with structure
• complete stair walls early to form fire compartment
Fire Protection Materials

• fire case or spray steel frames after the floor is cast
12
Fire
Dry Risers
• must be provided where the
building is 18 - 50 metres high
• erect dry risers with structure
• be fully operational before

building is enclosed
Wet risers:
• Must be provided where the
building is higher than 50 metres
from the brigade access level
13
Fire
• Dry Riser access

point at site
boundary
• access point must
be on the hoarding
line with a clearly
marked panel
• fire brigade must
be able to drive up
to this point
• A fire appliance
requires a
minimum of: 3.1
metres width X 4
metres height
14
Fire
Halogen Lamps
• banned on tripods as task lighting
• must be fixed to structure for area lighting
Hydrants
• clearly marked
• clear of obstructions
Smoking
• banned except for designated areas
15
Fire
16
Fire
Rubbish Control & Removal

• Allow an adequate budget for a
complete collection and removal
system
• Use closed skips for combustible waste,
lockable if outside site.
• Remove at skips at night, return to floors
for next day
• No burning on site
• Rubbish must be cleared daily - Avoid
dust
• Separate combustibles and remove to
open areas
• Protect compounds with smoke
detectors
• Clear dry vegetation regularly
17
Fire
Fire Brigade Access

The Project Manager must hold regular liaison meetings with
the fire brigade to review:
• Fire Brigade Access
• Dedicated emergency escape routes and staircases
• Temporary Hoisting Facilities
• Dry Riser/wet riser access points and fire points
• Fireman’ s lift, fire fighting shafts
• List of substances on site
• Temporary buildings and stores within the building
18
Fire
Planned Clear Access

• ALL escape routes must be kept clear at all times
• clear access for brigade essential
• marked on site plans
• security to be aware and able to assist
• fire warden responsibility
19
Fire
Escape Routes
Consider how all site personnel can escape from

their place of work, including visitors
20
Fire
Escape Routes
• Consider how
to escape from
a roof in case
of fire
21
Fire
Escape Routes - Fire Exit Signs
22
Fire
Fire Exit
23
Fire
Fire Exit
24
Fire
Fire Exit
25
Fire
Fire Action
26
Fire
Fire Detection & Fire Fighting
Sites to have suitable & sufficient:

• Fire fighting equipment.
• Fire detection & alarm systems.
• Equipment to be maintained & tested.
• All equipment to be suitably signed &
accessible.
• All instructed in use of any fire fighting
equipment.
• Further instruction required to those engaging
in hot work.
27
Fire
Fire Fighting – Fire Safety Signs
28
Fire
29
Fire
30
Fire
Fire
Extinguishers
31
Fire
Fire Extinguishers
Fire triangle
The triangle illustrates the

three elements a fire needs
to ignite: heat, fuel, and an
oxidizing agent (usually
oxygen).
You can prevent combustion

by removing any of the THREE
elements from the triangle by:
• Starvation - removal of fuels

• Smothering - removal of
oxygen
• Cooling - reduction of heat
32
Fire
Fire Fighting
• Types of Fire
– Class “A”- fires involving solid materials i.e. wood, paper.
– Class “B” - Flammable liquids. Includes solids which melt.
– Class “C” - Flammable gases.
– Class “D” - Metals e.g aluminium & magnesium
– Class “E” - Electrical fires
• Personnel should be trained as necessary
33
Fire
Selection of the Fire Extinguisher
34
Fire
Other Fire fighting equipment:
• Fire blanket
• Water hose
35
Fire
Hot Works
36
Fire
Hot Works Include:

• Welding, including Hot Air or Arc
• Cutting with flame
• Burning
• Soldering and brazing
• Naked flames
• Any areas where gas may be present (including bitumen
and asphalt boilers)
• Operations producing sparks e.g. disc cutting
37
Fire
Ensure:
• Area is safe to work
• Remove all combustible
material from area or cover
with fire resistant material
• Non-combustible screen for
welding and cutting
operations
• Provide suitable fire
extinguisher and fire
watcher
• PERMIT MUST BE USED
• Follow up checks on
completion
38
Fire
Inspections
• all hot works to cease 2 hours before normal work finishes
• 1st inspection, 30 minutes after hot works has ceased
• 2nd inspection, at the end of normal working hours
• Security guards should be made aware of Hot Work areas,
and check at intervals through the night
39
Fire
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
40
Fire
41
Fire
42
Fire
Storage of LPG
• Stored in the open air
• Metal fence compound (2m high)
• Level compacted or paved base
• Non-combustible roofing
• 2 outward opening gates
• Keep access clear
• Compound 3m from excavations, drains etc
• Compound located away from heat sources
• Dry powder fire extinguishers
• Lighting - 4m above ground & 2 m clear of nearest cylinder
• Keep area free from weeds - DO NOT use sodium chlorate
43
Fire
Storage of LPG
• Store minimum required for the work
• LPG cylinders stored separate from oxygen cylinders
• Keep empty cylinders separate from full ones
• Cylinders stored upright with valve uppermost and the valve
in the closed position
• Warning signs
– “HIGHLY FLAMMABLE LPG”
– “NO SMOKING”
– “NO NAKED LIGHTS”
44
Fire
Cylinder Handling
• hands & clothing should be free
from grit, grease or oil to prevent
cylinders from slipping, and to
prevent grit from getting into the
valve
• do not use the nozzle for handling
purposes
• cylinders should be kept and
moved in purpose made trolleys
• cylinders lifted by crane should
be secured in a special cradle
• do not drop cylinders on the
ground
45
Fire
Bitumen Boilers and Cauldrons

• Ensure LPG cylinder is at least 3m away from boiler or cauldron to
which it is attached.
• Keep other, full cylinders at least 6m from the boiler or cauldron,
and protected from heat.
• Regularly check supply hoses for crushing, damage to the metal
braiding or impregnation with bitumen.
• Never leave a bitumen boiler or cauldron unattended when the
burner is alight.
• Never move a bitumen boiler with the burner alight.
• Ensure a dry powder extinguisher is readily available.
46
Fire
Disc Cutting Producing Sparks

• Disc Cutting producing sparks may be carried out without a Hot
Work Permit provided that there is no risk of gas being present
and that the following precautions are enforced:-
• By use of fire blanket or other means ensure sparks do not
fall to areas below.
• A fire extinguisher (foam or powder) must be available
and positioned ready for use at cutting site.
• Sparks from operations must be contained to protect
other operatives.
• Eye protection must be worn.
47
Fire
Site Accommodation
48
Fire
Site Accomodation
Siting Requirements
• Non-combustible
Cabins
– Not allowed more
than 1.5m below,
or 7.5m above
street level
49
Fire
Site Accomodation
Siting Requirements
• Combustible cabins
– Not allowed
closer than 6m
from the building
works, with 6m
between units.
• Opposing walls to
adjacent units must
not both be fitted
with windows
50
Fire
Site Accomodation
Escape routes:
• There should always be at least 2 escape routes from stacked cabins
except where only 2 units are stacked and 1 escape route is
permitted
• Corridors and passages must be a minimum of 1.5m wide and signed
with maintained lighting (if required)
51
Fire
Fire & Emergency

Planning
52
Fire
Fire & Emergency Planning
“Every project should produce a “FIRE &

EMERGENCY PLAN”.
1st Objective:
Safety of public and site personnel
2nd Objective:
Protection of property and commercial
interest.
53
Fire
Emergency Management Procedures – General Principles
• Time spent on pre-planning for emergency

situations is never wasted.
• In emergencies, you only get one chance to
get it right.
• Emergency plans must be under constant
and critical review to ensure continued
relevance.
54
Fire
Fire&Emergency Planning – Typical Emergency Situations
• Fire • Terrorist activities

• Flood • Kidnapping / abduction
• Building collapse • Squatters
• Explosion • Confined spaces
• Serious injury • Evacuation of building’s
• Unexploded ordnance occupants
• Hit by aircraft • Power cuts
• Severe adverse weather • Rescue from safety harnesses
conditions • Public - trespass
• Environmental incidents • Public - rioting
• Release of chemicals, gases • Criminal activities
etc • Archaeological discovery
• Discovery of asbestos • Strike action
• Falls into water of persons / • Sabotage
materials
• Plant overturning
55
Fire
Fire&Emergency Planning – Key Areas to be included
The plan should consist of:

• Identification of emergency and disaster situations
• Precautions and procedures to be taken
• Allocation of responsibilities and duties
• Distribution of the emergency plan
• Communication with the press and media
• Arrangements to secure the site and make safe, following an

emergency
56
Fire
Fire&Emergency Planning – Items to be included in the Plan
• The Management organisation and • Good housekeeping of site,

responsibility for safety welfare facilities and offices
• Fire Prevention Measures • Type and frequency of fire
• No smoking policy inspections/audits.
• Safe use and storage of flammable • Hot Works Permit system
gases and materials • Site Accommodation location,
• Restrictions on use of halogen construction and detection and
lamps fire fighting systems.
• Restriction on use of petrol driven • Security measures to prevent
plant unauthorised access and arson
• Use of non flammable/fire • Prevention of spread of fire once
retardant materials for protection started including, early/temporary
of finished work formation of fire compartment.
• Regular 3 monthly testing of • Temporary detection and alarm
temporary electrical systems and systems, including early use of new
equipment. or existing systems.
• Waste management procedures
57
Fire
Fire&Emergency Planning – Items to be included in the Plan
• Temporary fire fighting systems • Identification and

• Existing fire detection, alarm or maintenance of emergency
fighting systems to be taken out service vehicles and personnel
of commission. access routes to and on site.
• Evacuations plans including: • System of continuous liaison
with emergency services and
– Escape routes
clients/occupants of the
– Means of sounding the building or adjacent properties.
alarm
• Training and fire drills
– Muster points
• System for ensuring all relevant
– System for summoning the information is available for the
emergency services emergency services on arrival
– System for ensuring all at site
persons have left the site. • Distribution of the Plan.
• Special Client requirements
• System for communicating fire
alert to client in occupied
premises.
58
Fire
Fire&Emergency Planning – Fire&Emergency Procedures Coordinator
• Prepare, publicise (to all affected including the fire brigade) and
update as necessary, an emergency/ fire plan for the site/ location.
• Take charge of any emergency situation until the emergency
services arrive and then liaise with the lead emergency service.
• Appoint a sufficient number of fire wardens
• Ensure that a deputy is available in his/her absence.
• Monitor that all procedures, precautionary measures and safety
standards as laid down in the Site Fire /Safety Plan are clearly
understood and complied with by all those on the project site.
• Where required by the Site Fire/Safety Plan ensure that a system using
Hot Work Permits is established and monitor compliance.
• Carry out weekly checks of fire fighting equipment and test all alarm
and detection devices installed on site as appropriate.
59
Fire
Fire&Emergency Planning – Fire&Emergency Procedures Coordinator
• Conduct weekly inspection of escape routes, fire brigade access, fire

fighting facilities and work areas and monitor the requirements laid
down in the Site Fire/Safety Plan.
• Liaise with the local fire brigade including arranging site inspections
and familiarisation tours.
• Liaise with fire security personnel where they are employed.
• Maintain a written record of all checks, inspections, tests, fire patrols
and fire drill procedures.
• Regularly monitor and check the detailed arrangements and actual
procedures for calling the fire brigade
• During an alarm, execute those duties required for the safe
evacuation of the site (without endangering yourself), and ensure
that all staff and visitors report to the assembly points.
• Promote “a fire safe working environment” at all times.
60
CE462 / CE562

Fire
Thank You!
Fall 2019 / 2020

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CE462 / CE562

Health & Safety in Construction

Health & Safety Background

“The single biggest problem in

Mobile: +90 533 3118182

Week Date Subject

1) Final Exam 40%

1) Why is Health & Safety Important?

Why is Health & Safety Important?

The World Health Organization's

The definition of safety is “Relative

Health is a basic human right

Health is a major societal resource and asset

Being healthy is important to fulfill responsibilities towards

Health & Safety at Work

Cases of fatal occupational injury

Cases of non-fatal occupational injury

Cases of fatal occupational injuries in Construction

Fatal occupational injuries per 100'000

F&B Metal Mining Production Textile Construction

Fatalities According To Area Of Activity; Source: SGK 2013

Textile Mining Production Factories Transportation Construction

Shared values that determine how people

Safety Culture is an attitude &

“When anyone asks me how I can best describe my experience of nearly 40

Captain. E J Smith in 1907 (Captain of RMS Titanic)

The RMS Titanic sank in the early morning of

Cause: Collision with iceberg on 14 April

Energy Institute(UK) has divided Safety Culture into five levels of

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, 1943

Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before

Further Reading: Transcendence (philosophy & religion)

Culture - Starts with the Leadership Team

A health and safety policy is a written

Part 1: Statement of intent

• Please prepare a Health and Safety Policy Statement of your own

Reasons For Managing Health & Safety

MORAL LEGAL FINANCIAL

Everyone has a moral obligation not to cause

It is unacceptable to put the health and safety

Law is a body of rules designed to regulate the

In many parts of the world, law is divided into

Modern Health and Safety laws tend to set

The costs of accidents will vary from country to

The true cost of accidents is a lot higher than

Direct Costs of Accidents

Indirect Costs of Accidents

Good Health & Safety is Good For Business

It should be remembered that effective health

It can also help to:

• Reduce absences and sick leave

Good Health & Safety is Good For Business

For every $ spent:

“The wide adoption of such programs could

(Baicker K, et al. Workplace wellness programs

Source: Joan Burton. WHO Healthy

The Secret Siphon

Health & Safety in Construction

1) Historical Background of Laws, Regulations & Practices

23-79 1788 1833

Almost 4,000 years ago (1792 BC) , King Hammurabi of

Hammurabi’s Code is among the oldest translatable