Arabic Gen 104

Yashwantrao C3G/GEN 104
Chavan Arabic
Maharashtra
Open University
C3G/GEN 104
ARABIC
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University
Vice Chancellor : Prof. Dr. Deelip Mhaisekar
SCHOOL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION SCHOOL COUNCIL
Dr. Rajendra Vadnere Shri. Ashwin B. Sonone Mr. Rajendra katore
Director Associate Professor Chairman, U. K. Metal Industries
School of Continuing Education Film and Television Institute MIDC, Ambad
Y.C.M. Open University, Nashik Pune Nashik
Dr. Surya Gunjal Mr. Goyanka Shankar Mr. P. V. Patil

Director Country Head Deputy Director
School of Agricultural Science WOW Factors India Pvt., Ltd. District Vocational & Training Centre
Y.C.M. Open University, Nashik New Delhi Nashik
Dr. Jaydeep Nikam Dr. Pramod Khandare Mrs. Jyoti Shetty

Associate Professor Assistant Professor Principal
School of Continuing Education School of Computer Science S. P. More College
Y.C.M. Open University, Nashik Y.C.M. Open University, Nashik Panvel (E)
Dr. Sunanda More Dr. Abhay Patil Dr. Rucha Gujar

Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
School of Science & Technology School of Healt Science School of Continuing Education
Y.C.M. Open University, Nashik Y.C.M. Open University, Nashik Y.C.M. Open University, Nashik
Prof. Ram Thakar

Assistant Professor
School of Continuing Education
Y.C.M. Open University, Nashik
DEVELOPED BY EDITOR
International language Dr. Rajendra Vadnere

Promoting Institute. Director
Nagpur School of Continuing Education
COURSE CO-ORDINATOR
Prof. Ram Thakar

Assistant Professor
School of Continuing Education
PRODUCTION
Shri. Anand Yadav

Manager
Print Production Centre
YCMOU, Nashik
 2016, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik 422 222

First Published : July 2016
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Published by : Dr. Dinesh Bhonde, Registrar, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik 422 222.
Anurath/AH16-216
CONTENT
Sr. No. UNIT – I (Page No. 01 to 46)

Introduction of Arabic Language and its Heritage
1 Origin of Language
2 History of Arabic Language
3 Ancient Arabic Language
4 Classical Arabic Language
5 Classical Arabic Prose
6 Contemporary Arabic Language
7 Root words and their identification
8 Transformation and Signal identification
UNIT – II (Page No. 47 to 63)

Applied Grammar Part – 1
9 Alphabets
10 Alphabet Phonetics
11 Definite Article
12 Identification of Feminine Gender
13 Imperative and Negative
14 Personal Pronouns
15 Objective and Possessive Pronouns
16 The Prepositions
17 Verb, Subject and Object
UNIT – III (Page No. 64 to 116)
18 Past Tense / III Person / Singular / Masculine

19 Past Tense / III Person / Plural / Masculine
20 Past Tense / III Person / Singular / Feminine
21 Past Tense / III Person / Plural / Feminine
22 Past Tense / II Person / Singular / Masculine
23 Past Tense / II Person / Plural / Masculine
24 Past Tense / II Person / Singular / Feminine
25 Past Tense / II Person / Plural / Feminine
26 Past Tense / I Person / Singular / Masculine, Feminine
27 Past Tense / I Person / Plural / Masculine, Feminine
28 Past Tense Passive Voice
29 Past Tense
UNIT – IV (Page No. 117 to 171)

30 Imperfect Tense / III Person / Singular / Masculine

31 Imperfect Tense / III Person / Plural / Masculine
32 Imperfect Tense / III Person / Singular / Feminine
33 Imperfect Tense / III Person / Plural / Feminine
34 Imperfect Tense / II Person / Singular / Masculine
35 Imperfect Tense / II Person / Plural / Masculine
36 Imperfect Tense / II Person / Singular / Feminine
37 Imperfect Tense / II Person / Plural / Feminine
38 Imperfect Tense / I Person / Singular / Masculine, Feminine
39 Imperfect Tense / I Person / Plural / Masculine, Feminine
40 Imperfect Tense Passive Voice
41 Imperfect Tense
42 Broken Plural
UNIT – V (Page No. 172 to 186)
Classical and Contemporary Arabic
43 Classical Arabic Seen Passages

44 Classical Arabic Un-seen Passages
45 Contemporary Arabic Seen Passages
46 Contemporary Arabic Un-seen Passages
UNIT – VI (Page No. 187 to 212)

Translation and Conversation
47 Translation Proficiency and its Importance

48 Simple sentences of Arabic to medium of instruction
49 Daily life simple Conversation
50 Short Greetings in Arabic
51 Gestures and Appeals
52 Numbers
53 Days of week, Months and Year
54 Translation from Classical Arabic Prose
55 Translation from Ancient Arabic Prose
UNIT - I :
Introduction of Arabic
Language & its Heritage
1) Origin of Arabic Language
2) History of Arabic Language
3) Ancient Arabic Language
4) Classical Arabic Language
5) Classical Arabic Prose
6) Contemporary Arabic Language
7) Root words and their Identification
8) Transformation and Signal Identification
1
1 - Origin of Arabic Language
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Arabic language has a status of official language of 25 countries amid Asian and African continents
and mother tongue of 300 million people across the world. Apart from this, it is in daily reading and
reciting of more than 2 thousand million Muslims throughout the world as The Qur'an is in Arabic.
Moreover, they perform their prayers and religious customs in that language only, though their mother
tongue or national language is different. Therefore, we can say that this language is used in all the
corners of the world.
Arabic is one of the ancient and classical languages of the world. Along with the passage of time,
many ancient languages have lost their identity. But Arabic is the one which is survived till today and
is in use of common man throughout its history. Presently Arabic is national language of 25 countries
and also a mother tongue of millions of people. However keeping alive its ancient heritage, the
language has also kept pace with the changing times and has met desires of being a progressive and
developing language.
It will be appropriate to discuss here, few of the parameters commonly in use by the experts of the
languages, to assess the status of any language. Amongst them, some parameters are - How
extensive and varied is the literary style of the language? How descriptive and ornate is its fashion?
How deep is its imagination? How consistent and certain are the rules of its grammar? How sweet
and melodious are its words? How attractive is it in style? What impact does it put in its listening?
How simple and easy is it for others to learn? How scientific its grammar is? How it stands to the test
of changing times?
The Arabic language is affirmative to all these questions. It is therefore said that its qualities are
incomparable and excellent.
2
2 - History of Arabic Language
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According to experts of human languages and historians of repute, Arabic language belongs to the
category of Semitic languages. In this category, Arabic language has ancient historical past of
thousands of years. History of humanity is available since the deluge and Noah's survival. However,
earlier to Noah, from the preliminary stage of human race, its history is not available with us. The Bible
describes the span and period between Adam and Noah. Modern scientific discoveries of human cells
deny it. Therefore, in the west, people have lost faith on religious scriptures. The Qur'an does not
express any time-period between Noah and Adam. However, in other literature, from The Bible, same
paragraphs came in.
Many other languages of Middle East and Asian countries are included in Semitic language category.
However, unfortunately either most of them have lost their identity or are not in use anywhere. Hebrew
language, known as elder sister of Arabic, was no longer in common use for many centuries. From
the last century, Hebrew got a new life due to the continuous presence and popularity of Arabic
language throughout the history. Even after the continuous efforts to revive it, still Hebrew has not
gained popularity. Therefore, amongst all Semitic languages, only Arabic has the history of a
progressive and continuous presence, popularity and usage from ancient times.
Arabic language originated in Arabia. This region is a peninsula. Indian Ocean and Red sea are at its
one side, while Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf surround it from the other. In north only, its land joins
with Iraq and Syria. The Peninsula has very little fertile land as water is not available easily, nor there
are rivers. From ancient times, the island remained protected from external influence due such
environment and unfavourable climatic conditions. Outside power and culture never had any
remarkable influence on the local language, customs, traditions and culture.
Compared to other regions of the world, the population is very less due to the desert, infertile land and
scarcity of resources. From ancient times till seventh century, the area never experienced any
civilizational development in the Peninsula. There was clannish and tribal life system without any
central rule. Therefore, we do not find historical manuscript, books, rock inscriptions and such
3
historical antiques of remote past. No significant writing we find before a book called Al-Qur'an
appeared on the horizon.
Before the appearance of The Qur'an, the source of information about the language, literature and
culture of the Peninsula, remains mostly in the traditional fables, in the form of tribal history, war
stories, family lineage, both in prose and poetry. Our source of knowledge about the origin of Arabic is
mentioned in short.
The southern part of the Arab Peninsula is called Yemen. African continent is on the other side of the
Red Sea. Coastal region of Iran and other Asian countries are at the north - east of Yemen. Due to its
favourable geographical location, once Yemen had international business relations. Long before the
Christian era, due to the efforts of one, Ya'Arab-bin-Qat'aan and his descendants, Arabic language
progressed and prospered in the desert of the Peninsula.
Ka'ba, the cubicle structure at Mecca, built and renovated by Prophet Ibrahim and his elder son Ismail.
However Prophet Ibrahim left the place but his son Prophet Ismail settled there with his mother as the
water gushed forth from the spring called Zam-Zam. It is still the only source of water for Mecca today.
The availability of water attracted other Arab tribes to settle there. Among these Arab tribes, the first
came and settled there was tribe of Jirham. Prophet Ismail married a girl of that tribe, and the
generation was called Quraish in later days. The town slowly got the importance in the Peninsula, due
to its religious importance and pilgrimage.
The time may be 3 thousand years BC. The family of Ibrahim came there from Mesopotamian town of
Kin'aan, south of today's Iraq. Obviously Arabic was not their language. But due to the settlement of
Arab tribes, Arabic became the language of Mecca and remains till date.
Historians noted some peculiarities in the people of this thinly populated Peninsula from ancient times.
Their memory was quite strong in comparison with other parts of the world. They were very sensitive
about their language, tribal linkage, customs, culture, clans and their heritage. They developed some
traditional values for the sake of their language and its preservation. Every common person was
expected to memorize major events and occasion of his race and clan. In spite of lack of book and
pen, common people had a special custom of creating and following poetry, its types, rules and
principles. To ornament the language, the prose as well as poetry, both the forms of the language
4
have rules of rhythm, alliteration, rhyme, assonance, bloom, tune etc. Everyone was expected to
follow it.
From the primitive age, they were proud of their poetry. People were used to memorize the poetry as
much as they could. They were awarded on the basis of volumes of their memory of Poetry. They
used to demonstrate this kind of fine art in public. They were using it at the time of three occasions of
all Arab gathering at Mecca on Hajj pilgrimage, Umrah pilgrimage and Ukkaz festival. Local and tribal
festivals were other than these.
Arabic language has a unique factor in it. Its words have their own rhythm, beat, alliteration, rhyme,
assonance and tune common in both, poetry as well as prose also. Ancient Arabs had a privilege of
enjoyment through listening to its melodious words. If the prose is rhythmic, it provides the joy of
poetry also.
Common person was supposed to know the description of his family, ancestral background, tribal
links and information regarding his clan and race. It was the fashion to memorize such information. It
was for the sake of their survival. It was also providing them the security in their traveling. This custom
also helped them to keep intact their own language for centuries. History of family and clan was also
necessary for settling the marriages. During fairs like Hajj, Umrah and Akkaz in Mecca city, it was
customary as religious obligation to exhibit proficiency in the language. During Hajj, it was also
customary to demonstrate the clan and family bravery tales of wars. These were the reasons; they
could protect their language progressively and effectively over the ages.
Arabic alphabets have an exceptional quality in their sound. Slightest change in their pronunciation
could create a difference in meaning similar to the difference in the earth and sky. For example, when
the word 'Qalb' pronounced with the sound of 'Q', it means 'heart'. And when if it is pronounced by 'K'
as 'Kalb', it means 'dog'! Therefore, the pronunciation is very much significant. Similarly three lettered
root-word is also very sensitive to utterances of any one of them, as it changes the meaning
dramatically.
5
3 - Ancient Arabic Language
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Pre - Historic Period
The tragedy of humankind is that he does not know the initial history of its own race. Ancient history is
difficult to look for. But according to the information from different sources available after Noah's
deluge, historians had included Hebrew and Arabic into Semitic languages on the basis of human
dialects and languages developed in different parts of the world. Semitic languages were in use in
varied forms of dialects in Asia and Africa. Names of different dialects of Semitic language are not
fully available. However, according to the reputed historians, they are Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic (in
ancient times spoken in between Syria and Lebanon), Amharic (Ethiopian region), Syrian, Kuldish,
Ashuriyan (banks of Tigris river in Iraq region), Kanyanic (north Iraqi region), Finic, Accadic, Finsic,
Moabic (eastern parts of Dead Sea), Amuriac, Nabatic (south-west Jordanian reigion) etc. Some of it
have lost their identity totally and some are either available in libraries or museum.
The Post Period of Noah's Deluge:
On this earth, only human being has the capability of expressing himself through the medium of
different languages. He is able to write it also. In the history of human languages, historians noted
three most ancient languages spoken after Noah's deluge. Amongst them, one is Sanskrit. Its
descents bloomed in our country, Bharat. Latin got the presence and developed in the Western region
of the globe. Hebrew and other Semitic languages developed in the Middle - East and Africa. These
three languages are treated as mothers of all the languages. Since ancient times China maintained
secrecy for its history, heritage, language and technology, hence we are not describing Chinese here.
When these languages got their script, Hebrew alphabets were written from the beginning from right
to left. Sanskrit and Latin languages were written from left to right. Strangely, the linguists found a
unique similarity in the grammar of all these three languages which are supposed the mother of all the
languages.
6
Latin and Sanskrit along with Hebrew, almost became extinct in their birthplaces with the passage of
time. However, Arabic language remained in use in its geographical region from ancient times till date.
Ancient history narrates that due to atmospheric and weather conditions, Arabs had no political and
financial importance in the rest of the world. The Peninsula never experienced any invasion of outer
powers. This helped them to protect their language and culture from outer influence. From ancient
times, Arabs are proud of their language. Since about five thousand years, Mecca remains a holy
religious centre for all the Arabs. It also provided them the opportunity to protect their heritage,
customs, language and its all forms through yearly Hujj and Umrah pilgrimage. They were so proud of
their language that because of its correct pronunciation they, themselves called as 'Arabi'. Meaning of
the word 'Arabi' is an eloquent and articulate person, who speaks the language with correct
pronunciation. They used word 'Ajami' for others, which means one who is not profound, cannot
pronounce properly.
For the pronunciation of alphabet 'S' (g ), there are four different alphabets with different sounds.
Similarly for the pronunciation of (µO) Z, there are four different sounds. T (V), K (H$) and A (A) have
two types. Sound of G (J), P (n) and Ch (M ) were considered to be against the eloquence of the
language. Sound of H (h) with another alphabet was considered against the rhythm of Arabic, hence
not included in the language, like Q>, R>, Y, K, J, \$, ^, N>, T, Th, Dh, Gh, Ph, Bh, Chh etc.
7
4 - Classical Arabic Language
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The Arabian Peninsula could not secure the written records of their Arabic script, monumental carving
or things similar to that until seventh century. The main reasons may be the situation of the Peninsula
and its political, financial and climatic conditions. The script and signs at the ruins of 'Madaene-Saleh'
also do not help us in this regard. After the introduction of the Qur'an, situation changed and from
seventh century we find records of Arabic script. History of written Arabic and its development, growth
and progress are safe from the said period till date. In the computer age, development in the script
and its progress is also notable.
From ancient time, literary ratio has been very less in Arab region. Along with economic reasons non -
availability of paper was also contributing illiteracy from ancient times. China had the monopoly in
papermaking. So we have the only source to know about ancient Arabic through their tales,
genealogy, prose and poetry from its memorized version.
Since ancient times, people had tribal and clan-like lifestyle in Arab region. The land is not fertile.
Water scarcity has been always there as the region is river-less. They were not known to any political
power and its control on area or central level. There was no central and authoritative law and order
system. The Peninsula has always been restive. But the town of Mecca always remained safe from all
such unruliness. People of Mecca always got respect due to its central position and holiness. Meccan
people were enjoying the honor as well as safety in the land for their traveling and trade activities.
Therefore, they were predominantly traders, as Mecca and its suburbs also do not have Palm-trees
even.
The Peninsula is situated between Asia and Africa. Meccan people were also having privilege of
international trade due to the safety and honor they were enjoying. From the fertile Asian lands, they
used to import and export it to Africa and Europe as they had the channels and gulfs to these regions.
Arab region became the centre for international trade.
8
As Arabic language had a phonetic beauty, it gained a special position in the other close regional
languages. In prose and poetry, Arabic language has set its own example in sonic style of language.
Prose or poetry, both types of literature become more effective if read in proper tune, rhythm, sonic
effect. Arabic literature has a unique quality of phonetic sounds.
Due to international trade, Arabs, especially Quraish tribe of Mecca were aware of different languages
and culture of nearly regions. Meccan people had the privilege to manifest their language and its
dialect. From ancient times, the main gatherings of all the Arabs at Hujj and Umrah provided them the
opportunity to invent new laws, words and styles in the language and made it acceptable to all.
Their contribution in the development of Arabic language by new methods, invention of new words,
measuring the depth of words and its temperature, peculiarity in description and laws related to the
grammar of the language, gained acceptance within whole Arab region, due to their being custodian
of the holy shrine. International trade relations helped in crystallizing the script also. Meccan people
were treated as more intelligent among Arabs due to their international trade and religious
importance.
In comparison with other languages of the areas they travelled, they found their language much richer
than others. This also played a vital role in their love to their language. The phonetic qualities they
had, was not found in other languages they came across.
9
5 - Classical Arabic Prose
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However, in the shape of ancestral testimonies, Arabs were having the record of their language and
culture much before the Christian era started. In the middle of seventh century, a book in Arabic gave
a new look to the Arabic language, its prose, its poetry and its literature. Within a decade, it had its
influence and acceptability in the nearby regions. By the passing of time, its influence crossed Persia,
once a super power and reached at the bank of Sindhu River. On northern side, it touched the
borders of Russia. In the west of the peninsula, it influenced vast regions of African continent. At
north-west it spread up to Mediterranean gulf dividing Asia and Europe.
This book is known as 'The Qur'an', which is in Arabic language. In the history of the world, no other
single book has so indelible impact on the vast areas of the globe. The volume of its acceptance as
the Magnum Opus of language is noted in the history. Its way of description, its fashion of prose, its
style of poetry, its figurativeness in melody, its ways of expressions, its rules of grammar got
enormous acceptance in the world which is unparalleled in the history. A single book does all.
Every area of the world has the history of their respective languages. Being a great and ancient
nation, India also has a history of its languages and their developments. We have the history that
denotes how and in which particular age the language developed. At what time its alphabets took
shape and the script is borrowed? From which language, its origin is? How long it was in use? Which
dynasty made it as their state language? In which period a particular language was used in general?
What was its level of acceptance? In which period its different qualities of prose and poetry invented.
How many dialects came out of it?
History also keeps record of different ages in which the languages either develops or perishes as it
also keeps record of the era in which language accepts style, idioms and phrases from other
languages. Many times languages leave their old styles and techniques and invent new ones.
Meanings of the words also change shape in different perspectives. We can notice that the English of
19th century used by Bernard Shaw is no more in use now. Present Bangla language is totally
different than the language of its master-peace 'Gitanjali' compiled by Rabindranath Tagore.
10
Language of great Urdu poets like Meer, Sauda, and Saukhta has been abandoned now.
Urdu-E-Moalla and Lucknowi fashion has become a history.
But linguist and historians unanimously announce that it is only Arabic language, which has the same
values in prose and poetry which were set long before by a single book called Al-Qur'an. Till our age
of information technology, Arabic literature and its values have the same standard to be measured
with. Its prose, poetry, imagination, similes, metaphors, examples, proverbs and figure of speech have
the same high standards set long before. Its high values and ethics, remained consistent for the last
fifteen centuries. It is unfound in any other language prevailing today, old or new.
11
6 - Contemporary Arabic Language
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There are 25 nations across Asia and Africa where Arabic language is in use and has the grade of
national language. Apart from this, Arabic is the religious language of all the Muslims throughout the
world as The Qur'an is in Arabic and The Prophet spoke in Arabic. Muslims do their prayers and
perform their religious obligations in Arabic only; however, they speak their own national or regional
languages. Arabic has this distinction among all the languages. It is strange that not all of them
understand what they are reciting.
It is noteworthy that Arabic language is not confined to any particular religion. It is wrong to say that
only Muslims know and speak this language. Nations having Arabic as their national language have
population of Non-Muslims in large. Lebanon, although an Arab nation has the population of
Non-Muslims as much as 50 percent, the mother tongue of all of them is Arabic. Egypt, Syria, Jordan,
Iraq, Israel, Sudan, Tanzania, Libya, and many countries have the population of Non-Muslims from 20
to 50 percent.
Since last few centuries, industrial development has put some impression, either positive or negative
on the languages. Cosmopolitan cities have their own language other than the language of literature.
Linguists opine that the literacy value of these cosmopolitan languages is almost zero.
Languages spoken in great and vast nations experience many discrepancies in the pronunciations.
Different regions speak the same language with other tone and grammar. Arabic also has the same
fate. But when one switches over to the news bulletins on radio or television, he will get the language
adorned with all the literary value. Similarly, poetry and prose of the language will also have standards
set by language experts.
Arabic has its own standards set long before and it is followed every where in every age. As far as the
Arabic literature is concerned, one will find the same standards very much accepted and set in all the
Arabic speaking nations.
12
We know the fact that there are millions of people who are not Muslims, but their mother tongue is
Arabic. They also have served Arabic language in their capacity through out the history. Today also
we find many persons, universally acclaimed laureate in Arabic prose and poetry. It is strange that in
old time and even today, compilers of Arabic Dictionaries were Christians by faith. Today, dictionary
composed by Mr. Munir Ba'Albaqi and Mrs. Ruhi Ba'Albaqi is treated the most authentic one.
Academic and the literalistic works in Arabic by Non-Muslims is widely acclaimed through out the
world in all the times.
13
7 - Root Words and their Identification
ROOT eãX Am¡a CgH$s nhMmZ ^ãø ³þjö³þÊø†ô Ãû Úø æø èö ³þn$³×þô‘û Ÿøû ] Áö ^Ëø ûÖ Ÿøû ø]
Arabic language has a unique feature in it, unparallel to other languages. Almost all its verbs have the
construction of only three alphabets. This feature never changes except with technical words coming
from other languages. Acclaimed linguists suggest the learners to concentrate on this unique feature.
This technique makes the language easy to learn. The language does not have so many root-words.
It consists of two thousand plus root-words only. Once the learner discovers the root-word from any
verb, he will achieve the grip on the language. There will be no need to learn the meanings of so
many words. His stock of words or vocabulary will become enormous. Some examples of root-words
mentioned below.
!|h”! áŒ|! Ù2h! …Áá!…Õ7! áÕÝ! Ý…t! 2tŒ! Ù]Ý ! ]Å2! ÝÙÅ! ÙÑÅ!Ñ…Í
FRQ, AQL, ILM, DAA, MAL, SJD, JRM, MKN, ShKR, NZR, BDL, HSN, SBH
Before or after these root-words, if one or two particular alphabets will appear, grammar laws will
change accordingly. The laws are uniform and have the rules. If the student learns this way, it is very
easy for him to learn the grammar. He has to learn only the rules, which apply universally. By this way
he can understand meanings and different shades of thousands of words. By these rules, if he knows
any root-word, he himself can construct the sentence in past, present, future or universal tenses. He
can also make it singular, dual, plural, masculine or feminine.
These unique rules, if one teaches with modern and scientific system of learning, are very much
helpful to the beginners. Rules of the grammar related to number and gender as well as tenses
change very systematically and uniformly.
There are many languages having system of writing from right to left. Out of them, our Constitution
declares three as scheduled languages of India. They are Sindhi, Kashmiri and Urdu. All these three
right hand languages have the alphabets derived from Arabic alphabets with some regional
supporting alphabets. If a person can read Arabic, he can easily read all these three Indian
languages. Due to Arabic alphabets, these languages have good numbers of Arabic words also.
14
These Indian languages have the basic grammar similar to almost all Northern and Central Indian
languages. To understand these Indian languages, one can get the help from other Indian languages.
With the help of this most modern method and unique system, learning Arabic becomes very easy.
The beginner may feel difficulty in joining the small alphabets while writing Arabic, which is right-hand
written language. Modern language-experts have developed simple computer based system, which
enables the student to learn it within few days.
15
8 - Transformation and Signal Identification
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Initial grammar as indicators:
During eighth century, acceptability of Arabic language increased manifold in new areas due to
invention of new shapes, styles and signals. This innovation served many purpose of the language.
The design of these newly invented signs not only made it easy to read, but helped Non-Arab public to
pronounce it perfectly. It also made its grammar exceedingly easy and exceptional. Now it became
much uncomplicated and easy for learning, understanding, reading as well as writing. This invention
made it more popular in Non-Arab regions.
These innovations are called 'Erab'. In India, they are known as Zer, Zabar, Pesh, Jazam, Tashdid
and Tanvin. They are used above and below the alphabets. They are also used as vowels as are
used in English. Moreover, Its use defines the rules of grammar. According to modern linguist, in
simple style, if they are explained like traffic signals, grammar of Arabic becomes easier to learn for
Non-Arabic people.
Arabic language was at preliminary stage, when it started spreading out of Arab regions, during 7th
century A.D. Its alphabets acquired greater beauty when it spread from Persia, Iran to Indus River and
Samarkand, Tashkent and Bukhara in Russia and regions of Africa including Egypt. With the
innovation of 'Erab', its alphabets became more ornamental. Calligraphy and fonts became very
popular in new areas around the world.
Arabic language started getting acclamation from various parts of the world, which adorned it in all the
ways. Spain at the West and Indian Subcontinent in the East also contributed in developing and
decorating the script of Arabic. Indonesia and Malaysia in Far-East also contributed in their capacity.
Here started a long period of Arabic Calligraphy, which is in continuance today also. Various
dimensions have been discovered in the script of this language. To mention the few, Kufi, Baghdadi,
Nastaliq, Andlusia, Aswad, Naskh, Rouqai, Zakhraf, Zohra, Sulus and many more. History records the
enthusiasm and zeal in inventing new fonts and styles round the world.
16
Hebrew language also has the style to write it from right to left. It is more ancient then the Arabic. It is
explicit from the ancient history of middle-east region that during the period of great kings like David
and Solomon, it was an official language of a vast region of the Middle East and Asia. In the three
thousand years history of Israel, Hebrew remained their religious and official language. The fall of this
language commenced from the first century of Christ. Its alphabets are akin to that of ancient Arabic.
Even at present, it carries its ancient form. It is perceived that there was no development in its script
during the long intervening period.
Meanwhile, Arabic had the privilege of getting services from different peoples, races and regions. It
was achieving new heights in its script. Ornamentation and beautification of its calligraphy was
continuously in process. Monumental proofs and volumes of Al-Qur'an are now human heritage.
Before invention of printing technology, it was necessary for Muslims of every corner of the world to
prepare The Qur'an for their own use in their own handwritings. This was one of the great reasons of
global ornamenting of Arabic script in a great way. In the absence of statuette and figurine culture in
Muslims, the calligraphic inscriptions developed more ornately on historical structures on the gates
and walls of Mosques, palaces, mansions and various erections. New inventions in the calligraphy of
Arabic language are in practice till today.
Educational, geographical, political and economical conditions were the reasons for non-availability of
Arabic literature and inscriptions before arrival of The Qur'an. We find ancient collections and volumes
of The Qur'an of initial primitive Arabic style. They are available in various museums of the world.
Museums of Egypt and Russia have the largest collection. Historians studied it and prepared the
record of the innovations in the writing ornamentation. Ever since, the Arabic writing has a record of
fifteen centuries constant developments.
As we discussed, in Arabic language, generally every verb has three alphabets. The signals called
'Eraab' appear on each alphabet expresses four principles mentioned below.
1. Gender of the subject.
2. Tense of the verb.
3. Number of the subject.
4. Information about I, II and III persons.
17
The source of this information is the use of 'Erab' appearing above or below of each of the three
alphabets of the verb. This way Arabic becomes easy for learners. Increase in the number of
alphabets of the verb will indicate change in tense, gender, number and persons.
Use of 'Al' before any word has the law of article 'The' in English. In nouns, the same law of article
'The' will apply. An attachment of an alphabet like ! k³v‘ ! é³‚³e^³³Â ! èv³Ö^³³‘ at the end of the verb will
change it in feminine gender. Persons not knowing Arabic learn it very easily by this modern method
based on computer technology also.
Use of any one alphabet out four X y X Z X ] X ~ before the verb will change the tense of the
sentence. Change of 'Erab' appearing above the first alphabet of the word by 'Pesh' will change the
sentence from active voice to passive voice.
Invention of computer in the present age also made easier to learn Arabic language. It has made
possible to learn the course of 'Functional Arabic' within a short time. For people not speaking Arabic
language, efficient persons designed this course with the help of modern scientific methods. They
consider learning of Arabic easier than any other language. Teaching Arabic grammar with this new
method is now becoming popular.
18
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32
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Semitic ^mfmAm| _| d¡go Vmo _Ü`nyd© Am¡a E{e`m H$s AZoH$ ^mfmAmo§ H$mo {JZm J`m h¡, na§Vw CZ_o§ go A{YH$ ^mfmE§ g_má hmo JB© h¡§ŸAm¡a
dV©_mZ `wJ _| dh àM{bV Zhr§ h¡§Ÿ& B©~amZr Hebrew ^mfm {Ogo Aa~r ^mfm H$s ~‹S>r ~hZ hmoZo H$m ñVa àmá h¡, H$B© `wJmo§ VH$ AnZo hr
joÌ _o§ AàM{bV hmo JB© WrŸ& _mZd B{Vhmg Ho$ AZwgma Aa~r ^mfm H$s bJmVma CnpñW{V Am¡a bmoH${à`Vm Ho$ H$maU `h g§^d hmo gH$m
{H$ B~amZr Hebrew ^mfm H$mo {\$a go Or{dV {H$`m Om gHo$Ÿ& ~rgdr§ eVmãXr go Cgo {\$a go Or{dV H$aZo Ho$ à`ËZmo§ Ho$ ~mdOyX A^r
VH$ Cgo bmoH${à`Vm Zht {_b gH$s h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE Semitic ^mfmAmo§ _o§ àmMrZV_ Am¡a E{Vhm{gH$ ê$n go ha `wJ _o CnpñWV Am¡a
bJmVma CÞVr H$aZo dmbr ^mfm H$m ñWmZ Ho$db Aa~r hr H$mo àmá h¡Ÿ&
àË`j h¡ {H$ Aa~r ^mfm H$m Ama§^ Aa~ Ûrn _o hþAmŸ& `h joÌ nyU© ê$n go Ûrn Z hmoH$a Ûrn-g_mZ h¡Ÿ& EH$ Amoa Aa~ gmJa Am¡a
\$m[ag H$s Im‹S>r, Am¡a Xygar Amoa {hÝX _hmgmJa Am¡a Red Sea Ho$ Ob go {Kam hþAm h¡Ÿ& Ho$db CÎma _o B©amµH$ Am¡a {gar`m Ho$ ^y-joÌ
go {_bVm h¡& gmYmaUV… _ê$ñWb joÌ h¡Ÿ& H¥$fr `mo½` ^y_r ~hþV H$_ h¡, Am¡a Z{X`m§ Zht h¡§Ÿ& _m¡g_ H$s CJ«Vm Am¡a Vmn_mZ H$s
à{VHy$bVm Zo àmMrZH$mb go hr Bg Ûrn-ñdê$n H$mo ~mhar à^md go ~‹S>o hX VH$ gwa{jV aImŸ& `hm§ H$s ^mfm Am¡a gä`Vm na ~mhar
^mfmAm| Am¡a gä`VmAmo§ H$m H$moB© C„oIZr` à^md H$^r Zhr§ n‹S>mŸ&
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_ê$ñWb ^y_r, H¥$fr A`mo½` joÌ Am¡a Ob H$s H$_r Ho$ H$maU `hm± H$s OZg§»`m ^r {díd Ho$ Xygao joÌmo§ Ho$ AZw_mZ _| ~hþV H$_ ahr h¡Ÿ&
Tribal àH$ma Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ H$maU {díd H$s Xygar gä`VmAm| H$s Vah ^mfm H$s hñV-{b{IV dñVwE§, nm§Sw>-{b{n`m§, {ebmboI, nwñVHo$§
Am{X Aa~ _o§ Zht nmB© OmVrŸ& Aa~ Ho$ B{Vhmg _o Hw$aAmZ ear\$ go nyd© {H$gr {dídgZr` nwñVH$ H$m H$moB© dU©Z Zht {_bVmŸ& µHw$aAmZ go
nyd© ^mfm Am¡a CgHo$ gm{hË` Ho$ à{V OmZH$mar H$m ómoV H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$WmE§, JmWmE§, JÚ-nÚ Am¡a _m¡{IH$ H$hm{Z`m§ hr h¡§Ÿ&
àmMrZ Aa~r ^mfm go gå~§{YV _m¡{IH$ dU©Z Ho$ AZwgma Omo OmZH$m[a`m§ {díd H$mo {_bVr h¡§, h_ Cgo `hm± g§{já _o§ dU©Z H$aVo h¡§Ÿ& `_Z
H$m joÌ Aa~ Ûrn Ho$ X{jU _o h¡Ÿ& Red Sea H$s Im‹S>r Ho$ Xygar Amoa A\«$sH$s _hmÛrn h¡ & `_Z Ho$ CÎma-nyd© _o B©amZ Am¡a Xygao
E{e`mB© Xoe Ho$ g_wÐVQ>r` joÌ h¡§Ÿ& ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñW{V Ho$ H$maU {H$gr `wJ _o `_Z Ho$ joÌ _o A§Vam{ï´>` ì`mnma ~‹S>r àJVr na WmŸ& `hm±
{H$gr `m'Aa~-{~Z-µH$VhmZ Zm_H$ {H$gr ì`{º$ Am¡a CZHo$ d§e Ûmam Aa~r ^mfm H$s àJ{V Am¡a CÞ{V H$s _m¡{IH$ JmWmE§ {_bVr h¢Ÿ&
èw nyd© VrZ hµOma dfm] go _¸$mh eha H$mo {Ogo hµOaV B~«m{h_ Ho$ ~‹S>o nwÌ hµOaV Bñ_mB©b Ho$ ñWm{`V hmoZo na Yrao-Yrao Aa~ _| H|$Ðr`
ñWmZ {_bZo bJmŸ& hOaV Bñ_mB©b Mesopotamia gm_«amÁ` Ho$ ^mJ, dV©_mZ X{jUr B©amµH$ Ho$ joÌ H$ZAmZ go AmH$a _¸$mh _o
ñWm{nV hþEŸ& àË`j h¡ {H$ CZH$s ^mfm Aa~r Z ahr hmoJrŸ& _¸$mh _o Ob H$s CnbãYr Ho$ H$maU Aa~ Ho$ EH$ d§e {Oah_ Ho$ bmoJ dhm±
ñWm{nV hþEŸ& `hr H$maU ahm hmoJm {H$ _¸$mh _o Aa~r ^mfm H$mo hr àYmZVm Am¡a H|$Ðr`Vm àmá ahrŸ&
Bg joÌ Ho$ bmoJm| _o Hw$N> EH$m§H$s {deofVmE§ Adí` ê$n go nmB© OmVr ahr§Ÿ& CXhmaUV… AnZr ^mfm Ho$ gå~§Y _o§ Xygao joÌm| H$s VwbZm _| do
h_oem A{YH$ gMoV ahoŸh¢ & ^mfm H$s ajm Ho$ {bE CZ_| Hw$N> naånamE§ Wr§ & gd©-gmYmaU$ H$mo AnZo d§e H$s KQ>ZmE| Am¡a àg§J µO~mZr
`mX hmoVo WoŸ& gmYmaU OZVm H$s H$b_ Am¡a nwñVH$ Ho$ Cn`moJ go Xyaro Ho$ ~mdOyX AnZr ^mfm Ho$ H$mì`, CgHo$ àH$ma, {Z`_mdbr Am¡a
{gÕm§V V` H$aZo Am¡a CZH$m nmbZ H$aZo H$s ^r EH$ {deof naånam ahrŸ& H$mì` _o nÚ-JÚ, dµOZ, ~ha, VwH$mÝV, Vmb-b`, ñda-ÜdZr,
_¡{IH$ ñda-gyMH$, AË`mZwàmg AmXr H$m Ñ‹T>Vm go AZwgaU Zo ^mfm H$mo EH$ Eogo gwa-Vmb go gwemo{^V {H$`m {OgH$m Ñï>mÝV Zht
{_bVmŸ& Am{XH$mb go hr CÝh| AnZo H$mì` na Jd© ahmŸ& H$mì` _m¡{IH$ àH$ma go H§$R>ñW H$aZm OZgmYmaU H$s ê${M _o§ ahmŸ& nÚ _o§ ^r
eãXmo§ Ho$ _mYw`© lmdU go gwZZo _o§ {Zambr àgÞVm àmá hmoVr h¡Ÿ& nÚ AJa gwa-Vmb _o n‹T>m OmE Vmo ^r JÚ O¡gm AmZ§X XoVm h¡Ÿ&
Aa~ Xoe> EH$ _hmZ ^y^mJ h¡ {H$ÝVw BgH$m A{YH$m§e ^mJ _éñWb h¡Ÿ& `{X gmao {díd H$s aoV EH$Ì H$a| Vmo ^r Aa~ amï´> Ho$ _éñWb H$s
aoV Ho$ ~am~a Zht hmo gH$VrŸ& Bg J_© Am¡a C‹S>Vo ahZo dmbr aoV Am¡a CgHo$ ~mXbm| _| EH$ Aa~r _Zwî` H$s _yb^yV ny§Or {OZ VÏ`m| na
34
AmYm[aV Wr CZ _| EH$ Vå~y , Omo Cgo gy`© H$s VoµO {H$aUm| go gwa{jV aIo & EH$ D§$Q {Ogo Amdí`H$VmZwgma dmhZ O¡go Cn`moJ _| bmò
AWdm CgHo$ XyY Am¡a _m§g go ^yI {_Q>mò ! CgHo$ M_© go OyVo Am¡a gXu Ho$ gm_mZ ~Zmò ! EH$ CgH$s Vbdma {Ogo dh AnZr gwajm Ho$
{bE Cn`moJ H$ao ! {H$ÝVw Cnamoº$ dñVwAm| _| H$moB© ^r CgH$s Cƒ b{bV H$bmAm| H$mo g§Vwï> Zhr H$a gH$Vr Wr Am¡a Zm CgH$s AmË_m H$mo
g§Vmof nhþ§Mm gH$Vr Wr & do {MÌ A§{H$V Zht H$a gH$Vo Wo, Š`m|{H$ do a§Jm| go An[a{MV Wo & _y{V© {eënH$bm Ho$ {bò CZHo$ nmg O¡go
Mm{hE d¡go nËWa CnbãY Zht Wo & dmñVwH$bm, {eënH$bm, Am¡a {MÌH$bm, BZ {df`m| go do AZ{^k Wo, Bg{bE {H$ CZHo$ nmg `mo½`
gmYZ CnbãY Zht Wo & do ~‹S>o ~‹S>o ñ_maH$ I‹S>o Zht H$a gH$Vo Wo, Š`m|{H$ B_maVr H$m_m| _| bJZo dmbr bH$‹S>r Ho$ {bE dZ Am¡a XrJa
gm_mZ Zht WoŸ& CZH$s g~go ~‹S>r g_ñ`m OrdZ H$mo gwa{jV aIZm WmŸŸ& g§ñH¥${V H$s gwajm Ho$ H$moB© Xygao n`m©` CnbãY Zht WoŸ&
dmñVd _| Aa~ bmoJmo§ Zo AnZr nyar eº$s AnZr ^mfm H$s ajm H$aZo, Cgo JÚ-nÚ go gOmZo, Cg_| aMZm`| H$§R>ñW H$aZo na bJm Xr !
AnZr ^mfm _| àJ{V H$aVo ahZm CZH$s é{M ~Z JB© Wr & H$mì`-aMZm, KQ>ZmE§, H$hm{Z`m| Am¡a d§eñVw{V Cg H$mb Ho$ Aa~r OZ_mZg
H$m EH$_mÌ gm§ñH¥${VH$ d amï´>r` Yamoha _mZm OmVm WmŸ& CZH$m B{Vhmg, CZH$m gm{hË` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V g~ Hw$N> nÚ-H$mì` _| hr {Z{hV
hmoVm ahm !
df© _o§ H$_ go H$_ VrZ ~ma H${d`m| Am¡a H$hmZr gwZmZo dmbm| Ho$ gå_obZ hmoVo Wo ! `h gå_obZ _ŠH$mh H$s dm{X`m| _| CŠH$mµO Ho$ _obo Am¡a
hO Ho$ {XZm| _o hmoVo Wo Ohm§ gmao Aa~ go bmoJ AmVo Wo & Omo H${d àW_ ñWmZ àmá H$aVm Wm Cgo Cnhma Am¡a _mZ gå_mZ XoH$a Jm¡admpÝdV
{H$`m OmVm Wm & gå_m{ZV ì`{º$ H$s H$mì` aMZm H$mo aoe_r H$n‹S>m| na ñdU© Ajam| go {bIH$a H$m~m Ho$ Xrdmam| na gmb â bQ>H$m`m
OmVm Wm, Vm{H$ Xygao Aa~ bmoJ O~ _ŠH$mh eha Am`| Vmo Bg H$mì` aMZm H$mo n‹T>H$a AmZ§{XV hm|Ÿ&
Aa~r ^mfm H$s dU©_mbm Ho$ CƒmaUm| _| Wmo‹S>m gm A§Va ^r AW© H$s {d{^ÞVm _| n¥Ïdr Am¡a AmH$me g_mZ \$H©$ S>mb XoVm h¡Ÿ& O¡go eãX
µH$ë~ H$m AW© öX`/{Xb Am¡a H$ë~ H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ Hw$ÎmmŸ& "H$' H$s AmdmµO Ho$ {bE Xmo Aja AmVo h¡Ÿ& EH$ H$m CƒmaU K Ho$ g_mZ hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a Xygao H$m Q Ho$ g_mZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ñda n[adV©Z go AW© ~Xb OmVm h¡ & Bgr àH$ma VrZ Aja dmbo eãXmo§ H$s `m¡{JH$ (root) _| EH$
hr Aja H$m AÝVa `m ñda-n[adV©Z ~mV H$mo ~Xb XoVm h¡Ÿ&
35
àmMrZ H$mb _| Aa~r ^mfm Üô mû‚ô Ïø ûÖ ] ‚ô ãû Âø oû Êô èö ³nþ$³þeô †ø ³þÃø ûÖ ] èö ³þÇø ³þ×%Ö ø]
B{Vhmg go nyd© H$m H$mb -
_mZdOm{V H$s Q´>oOoS>r h¡ {H$ Bg n¥Ïdr na Cgo AnZo ñd`§ Ho$ ~gZo H$m Ama§{^H$ B{Vhmg Zhr§ _mbw_Ÿ& _mZd B{Vhmg BVZm àmMrZ h¡ {H$
ImoOm Zhr Om gH$VmŸ& na§Vw Zyh Noah Ho$ ObßbmdZ Ho$ níMmV Omo {d{^Þ OmZH$mar`m± àmá hmoVr h¡§, CgHo$ AmYma na _mZdr ~mo{b`m|
Am¡a ^mfmAm| Ho$ AZwHy$b, B{Vhmg boIH$mo§ Zo B~«mZr Hebrew Am¡a Aa~r H$mo Semitic ^mfmAmo§ _o {JZm h¡Ÿ& Semitic ^mfmE§
E{e`m Am¡a A\«$sH$m Ho$ {demb joÌmo§ _| {d{^Þ ~mo{b`m| Am¡a ^mfmAm| Ho$ ê$n _| àM{bV WtŸ& Semitic ^mfm Ho$ d§e H$s {d{^Þ
~mo{b`mo§ Ho$ AZoH$ Zm_ ^½Zmdeof (Amgmao-µH$Xr_m) _| {_bVo h¡§Ÿ& O¡go Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic ({gar`m Ed§ bo~ZmZ Ho$
joÌm| _| ~mobr OmVr Wr), Amharic (BWmo{n`Z joÌ), Syrian, Kuldish, Ashuriyan ({Q>J[ag ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmam| Ho$ joÌ),
Kanyanic, Finic, Accadic, Finsic, Moabic (Dead Sea Ho$ nydu joÌ), Amuriac, Nabatic (CÎma-npíM_
OmoaS>Z joÌ), BË`m{XŸ& CZ_| go Hw$N> Vmo nyU©V… ê$n go g_mßV hmo MwH$s h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> Ho$db J«§Wmb`m| Am¡a Museum H$s emo^m h¢Ÿ&
Zyh Noah Ho$ ObßbmdZ Ho$ níMmV H$m H$mb:-
YaVr na nmò OmZodmbo àm{U`m| _o§ Ho$db _Zwî` hr Eogm h¡ Omo AnZo AÝV…H$aU H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bò {d{^Þ ^mfmAm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVm
h¡, Am¡a Cgo {b{IV ê$n ^r Xo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& _mZdr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m EH$ amoMH$ AÜ`m` `h ^r h¡ {H$ Zyh Noah Ho$ ObßbmdZ
Ho$ níMmV, {OZ ~mo{b`m| Zo ^mfmAm| H$m ê$n {b`m, B{VhmgH$mam| Zo CÝh| VrZ ^mJmo§ _| {dVaU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {Og_| EH$ ^mfm g§ñH¥$V h¡Ÿ&
BgH$m d§e h_mao Xoe ^maV _| \$bm-\y$bmŸ& npíM_ Ho$ joÌmo§ _o bmVrZr ^mfm Latin AnZo {d{^Þ ê$n _o§ {damO_mZ ahrŸ& _Ü` nydu
E{e`m Am¡a A\«$sH$m Ho$ joÌm| _o B~«mZr Hebrew, Am¡a CgHo$ d§e H$s ^mfmAmo§ Zo AnZm AnZm ñWmZ ~Zm`m &
36
BZ ^mfmAmo§ Ho$ {bò O~ boIZr H$m Am{dîH$ma hþAm, Vmo B~«mZr Hebrew H$s {b{n Xmò§ go ~mò§ ahrŸ& g§ñH¥$V Am¡a Latin ^mfmE| ~mE|
go XmE| {bIr OmZo bJr Ÿ& _Ja ^mfm {dfmaXm| Zo BZ VrZm| ^mfmAmo§ Ho$ ì`mH$aU _o§ AmíM`©-OZH$ én go EH$ Xygao go g_mZVm H$mo ^r
ImoOm h¡Ÿ& Xygar ImoO `h ^r hþB©, H$s àmMrZ ^mfmAmo§ Ho$ g§nyU© B{Vhmg _o§ Aa~r ^mfm AnZo ^yJmob na EH$mH$s én _o§ AmO VH$ {dY_mZ
Am¡a à`wº$ h¡Ÿ& àmMrZ H$mb go hr MrZr gä`Vm B{Vhmg, H$bm, dm{UÁ`, ì`mnma Am¡a CÚmoJ Ho$ àVr MrZr emgZ Am¡a àOm _| Jmon{Z`Vm
H$mo AnZm`mŸ& Bg H$maU àmMrZ MrZ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s {dñVmanyd©H$ OmZH$mar CnbãY ZhtŸ&
àm`Xrn Aa~, àmMrZ H$mb go AnZo dmVmdaU Am¡a _m¡g_ Ho$ H$maU {díd H$s Xygar Om{V`mo§ Ho$ {bò H$moB© Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$
_hËdVm H$m dmhH$ Zht ahmŸ& ~‹S>o gm_«mÁ`m| Ho$ AmH«$_U go ~Mo ahZo Ho$ H$maU ^r dhm§ H$s gä`Vm Am¡a ^mfm ~‹S>r hX VH$, ~mhar {dZme
Am¡a {_lU go gwa{jV ahrŸ& Aa~mo§ H$m àmMrZ H$mb go hr, AnZr ^mfm na Jd© ^r ahm h¡Ÿ&
nm±M hµOma dfm] go A{YH$ go, eha _¸$mh gd©ñV Aa~ Xoe Ho$ {bò n{dÌ Ym{_©H$ Ho$ÝÐ ~Zm hþAm h¡Ÿ& àmMrZ H$mb go hr, dhm± Ho$
gå_obZ, {deofH$a hO Ho$ dm{f©H$ Adga, C_ah H$s `mÌm na CZ_o§ CZH$s AnZr [a{V [admOmo§, AnZr ^mfm, Am¡a CgHo$ JÚ Am¡a nÚ Ho$
àXe©Z H$s H$WmE§ B{Vhmg _| gwa{jV h¢Ÿ& AnZr ^mfm na CZHo$ Jd© H$s Xem BVZr ahr {H$ Ajamo§ Ho$ ghr CƒmaU Ho$ AmYma na hr CÝhmo§Zo
AnZo Amn H$mo Aa~ H$hmŸ& eãX "Aa~' H$m AW© hmoVm h¡, dmH$nQw>, Omo ^mfm H$mo ghr CƒmaU Ho$ gmW ~mobZo dmbmŸhmo & Am¡a Xygam| Ho$ {bE
CÝhmoZo§ AO_r eãX H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m, {Og H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ ^mfm ~mobZo _| Jy§JmŸ& eãXmo§ H$m ghr CƒmaU Zm H$a gH$ZodmbmŸ& Aja "g'
Ho$ {d{^Þ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE Mma {d{^Þ Aja, Am¡a CZH$s AbJ AbJ Üd{Z h¡Ÿ& "µO' Z Ho$ CƒmaU H$s ^r `hr Xem h¡Ÿ& "V' ^r Xmo àH$ma
Ho$ h¡§Ÿ& "H$' ^r Xmo àH$ma Ho$ h¡§ Am¡a "A' ^r Xmo àH$ma Ho$Ÿ& BgHo$ {dn[aV "J', "n' Am¡a "M' H$s AmdmµO H$mo ^mfm H$s dmH$nQw>Vm Ho$ {déÕ
_mZm J`m & Bgr àH$ma "h', H$mo {_bm H$a Xmo Ajamo§ H$s AmdmµO H$mo ^r Aa~r H$s Rhythm Ho$ {déÜX _mZH$a gpå_{bV hr Zht
{H$`mŸJ`m & O¡go Q>, R>, Y, K, J, \$, ^, N> BË`m{X &
37
àmMrZ Aa~r ^mfm Üô mû‚ô Ïø ûÖ ] ‚ô ãû Âø oû Êô èö ³nþ$³þeô †ø ³þÃø ûÖ ] èö ³þÇø ³þ×%Ö ø]
àmMrZ B{Vhmg _| Aa~r ^mfm H$s {b{n Ho$ boI-à_mU Records gwa{jV Zht h¡§Ÿ& àm`Ûrn H$s amOZ¡{VH$, A{W©H$ Am¡a dm§{eH$
n[apñWVr`m± Bg Ho$ _w»` H$maU aho hmo§Ÿ& "_XmEZo-gmboh' Ho$ I§S>ha H$s {b{n Am¡a {MÝh Ho$ àH$ma AbJ h¡§Ÿ& O~{H$ {nN>bo EH$ hµOma nm±M
gm¡ dfm}§ go µHw$aAmZ H$s {dÚ_mZVm Ho$ H$maU, {b{n H$s nÕVr Ho$ [aH$mS>© {_bVo h¢ & Cg Xm¡a go ^mfm H$s boIZ-e¡br _o§, {ZV-Zò
Am{dîH$mam| H$m B{Vhmg ^r gwa{jV h¡Ÿ& Bg Vah dV©_mZ _o§ computer Ho$ A{dîH$ma Ho$ ~mX, ^mfm H$s {b{n Am¡a CgH$s emo^m _o§
CÞVr H$mo ^r ZmoQ> {H$`m Om ahm h¡Ÿ&
àmMrZ H$mb go hr Aa~ joÌ _| gmjaVm H$m AZwnmV ~hþV hr Aën ahm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ H$maUm| _| Am{W©H$ pñV{W`m| Ho$ gmW gmW H$mJµO H$m
AmgmZr go CnbãXY Zm hmoZm ^r h¡Ÿ& H$mµJµO na àmMrZ H$mb go hr MrZ H$m EH$m{YH$ma WmŸ& na§Vw Aa~r ^mfm H$s CÞ{V H$m B{Vhmg,
CZH$s H$WmAm|, d§emdbr Am¡a JÚ-nÚ Ho$ Ûmam Adí` {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
`Ú{n Aa~ joÌ _o§ _mZd OrdZ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ àH$ma H$m ahmŸ& àm`Ûrn H$s YaVr H¥$fr `mo½` ZhtŸ h¡ & Z{X`mo§ Ho$ Zm hmoZo go, nmZr H$s H$_r
h_oem ahrŸ& amÁ` ñVa na `m H|$Ðr` ñVa na gÎmm H$m H$moB© B{Vhmg Zht {_bVmŸ& H$mZyZ ì`dñWm Zm_ H$s MrµO H$m ^r H$moB© {µOH«$ Zht
{_bVmŸ& Ûrn _| Aem§{V ^r WrŸ& _Ja Bg_o§ eha _¸$mh, {deof ê$n go EH$m{H$H$ ahm & AnZr H|$Ðr`Vm Am¡a n{dÌVm Ho$ H$maU, _¸$mh Ho$
dm{g`mo§ H$mo ~‹S>r AmXa H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIm OmVm ahmŸ& CZH$s `mÌmE§ Am¡a ì`mnma, g_yMo Aa~ _| gwa{jV WoŸ& CÝho§ àËòH$ àH$ma H$s em§Vr
àmá WrŸ& Bg{bE A§Vam©ï´>r>` ì`mnma ^r CZHo$ hmWm| _o§ WmŸ& E{e`m Ho$ CnOmD$ joÌ, Am¡a A\«$sH$m Am¡a `wamon Ho$ ~rM hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, Aa~
joÌ A§Vam©ï´>r>` ì`nma H$m H|$Ð ahmŸ&
Amg-nmg Ho$ joÌmo§ H$s ^mfmAmo§ na AnZr ñd[a` gw§XaVm Ho$ H$maU, Aa~r ^mfm H$mo EH$ {deof ñWmZ àmá ahmŸ& Mmho JÚ hmo `m nÚ,
Üd{Z gw§XaVm _o§ Aa~r AnZr {_gmb ñd`§ h¡Ÿ& JÚ `m nÚ, gm{hË` Ho$ XmoZmo§ hr àH$ma gwa-Vmb Am¡a b` Ho$ gmW hmo§, `m gmYmaU ê$n _o
n‹T>o OmE§, ÜdZr H$s EH$mH$s à^mdembr hmoVr h¡&Ÿgm{hpË`H$ Aa~r H$m JÚ Am¡a nÚ, XmoZm| H$mo gwa-Vmb _o gwZZo na, _mZd B§{Ð`mo§ na EH$
hr àH$ma H$m Aga n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&
38
AnZr ñda gw§XaVm Ho$ H$maU, CZ Xoem| _| ^r Aa~r bmoH${à` h¡, Ohm± H$s gmYmaU OZVm H$mo Aa~r ^mfm H$m kmZ ZhtŸ& _mZd ÌdUVm na
H${R>Z JwµOaZo dmbo eãX Bg _| _m¡OyX Zhr§ h¡§Ÿ& O¡go g§ñH¥$V H$m Aja "U>' `m AÝ` ^mfmAm| Ho$ I, ^, J, K, M, N>, n, \$, S>, T> BË`m{X
Aja, Aa~r ^mfm _| Zht h¡§Ÿ&
~mhar à^md
Aa~m| Am¡a {deofV… _¸$mh Ho$ Hw$a¡{e`mo§ H$mo A§Vam©ï´>r>` ì`mnma Ho$ H$maU H$ar~, Ho$ {d{^Þ joÌmo§ H$s ^mfm, Am¡a gä`Vm H$s OmZH$mar WrŸ&
Bg H$maU Aa~r ^mfm H$mo CÝhmoZo§ A{YH$ gw§XaVm Am¡a emo^m àXmZ H$sŸ& _¸$mh _o Hw$a¡er`m| Ûmam ^mfm _| H$s JB© CÞVr Am¡a A{dîH$ma
H$mo g§nyU© Aa~ _o§, bmoH${à` hmoZo _| H$moB© ~mYm Zht WrŸ& àmMrZ H$mb go hr Aa~r ^mfm H$s CÞVr _| ^r hO Am¡a C_ah Ho$ gå_obZmo§ H$m
EH$ {deof `moJXmZ ahm h¡Ÿ& ^mfm H$s ZB© {d{Y`m§, eãXmo§ H$s ZB© JhamB©, VwbZmAmo§ H$s EH$mH$s, dU©Zmo§ Ho$ AZmoIonZ _| Zò A{dîH$ma, Am¡a
CÝho§ g_yMo Aa~ _| bmoH${à` ~ZmZo H$m Adga CÝho§ àmá ahmŸ& A§Vam©ï´>r>` ì`mnm[aH$ gå~§Ymo§ go _¸$mh dmbmo§ H$mo EH$ A{YH$ bm^ `h ^r
hþAm, H$s {b{n _| {ZIma AmVm J`mŸ& Aa~ Ho$ AÝ` Hw$Qw>§~mo§ H$s VwbZm _|, Hw$a¡e `m _¸$mh Ho$ dmgr A{YH$ kmZr WoŸ&
39
emór` Aa~r ^mfm Ho$ JÚ è³nþ$³Óþ ô ‰ô ¡øÓø ³ûþÖ ] èö ³nþ$³þeô †ø ³þÃø ûÖ ] †ö ³%þû³ßþ$Ö ø]
_¸$mh dm{g`m| H$s gä`Vm, Am¡a Aa~r ^mfm H$m gm{hË` d H$mì` èw nyd© H$m h¡Ÿ& gmVdr§ eVmãXr Ho$ _Ü` _o§ Aa~r H$s EH$ Eogr nwñVH$
gm_Zo AmB© {OgZo Aa~r ^mfm, CgHo$ gm{hË`, CgHo$ JÚ-nÚ VWm gm{hË` Ho$ ha$ {d^mJ _| ^mfm H$mo EH$ Z`m ê$n {X`m & {\$a EH$ hr
XeH$ _| dh ^mfm, Aa~ joÌ go {ZH$b H$a, Amg-nmg Ho$ joÌmo§ na AnZm A{_Q> à^md S>mbmŸ& Wmo‹S>o hr g_` _| CgH$m à^md nyd© _| B©amZ
go hmoVo hþE, CÎma _o ê$g H$s gr_mAmo§ VH$ ~‹T> J`mŸ& CÎma-npíM_ _| `wamon Ho$ Ûma VH$ Am¡a npíM_ _|A\«$sH$m Ho$$~‹S>o ^mJ VH$ \¡$b J`mŸ&
`h {H$Vm~ h¡ Hw$aAmZ, {Og H$s ^mfm Aa~r h¡Ÿ& {H$gr EH$ {H$Vm~ Ho$ H$maU ^mfm H$s ê$naoIm, JÚ-nÚ H$s e¡br, Amb§H$marH$ {_R>mg,
dU©Z, A§XmµO {dMma àH$Q> H$aZo H$s e¡br _| A{_Q> à^md H$m à_mU AmO VH$ {díd Ho$ B{Vhmg _| {H$gr Am¡a ^mfm _| Zhr§ {_bVmŸ&
`wamon, _Ü`-nyd©, A\«$sH$m Am¡a E{e`m Ho$ A{V[aº$, {deof ê$n go ^maV _|, àËòH$ ^mfm H$s CÞ{V H$m EH$ B{Vhmg h¡Ÿ& {H$g àH$ma go,
{H$g `wJ _o§ {H$g ^mfm Zo {H$VZr CÞ{V àmá H$s Ÿ& CgHo$ Ajamo§ Ho$ ê$n, {b{n H$s àUmbr, Cn`mo{JVm d ñVa, JÚ H$s JwUdÎmm, nÚ H$s
e¡br BË`m{X Cg ^mfm Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ gmW gwa{jV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ^mfmAm| H$m nVZ H$h| `m CÞ{V, àËòH$ eVmãXr _| Bg_| AZoH$ n[adV©Z
AmVo h¡§,Ÿ {Og_| A§XmµO ~Xb OmVo h¡§ Am¡a ZE _whmdao CâVo h¢Ÿ& nwamZo A§XmµO Am¡a nÕVr H$m Cn`moJ g_má hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& nwamVZ gm{hË`
na Eogm g_` ^r AmVm h¡ {H$ gm{hË` ñd`§ hr AnZo eãXm| Ho$ AW© H$mo Xygam Am`m_ XoVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr {bE h_ XoIVo h¡§ {H$ CÞrgdr§ eVmãXr
Ho$ ~Zm©S>em H$s ^mfm, AmO Cn`moJ _o§ Zht h¡Ÿ& Q>¡Jmoa H$s JrVm§Obr H$s ~§Jbm ^mfm dV©_mZ ~§Jbm ^mfm go {d{^Þ hmo MwH$s h¡Ÿ& CXw© Ho$
OÝ_ Ho$ g_` Ho$ _ra, gm¡Xm Am¡a gm¡◊Vm H$s ^mfm H$m ^r n[aË`mJ hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& CXw©-E-_moA„m Am¡a bIZD$dr VµO© ^r Zï> hmoH$a ~rVr
hþB© KQ>Zm ~Z MwH$m h¡Ÿ&
_Ja `hm± ^mfm {dfmaX Am¡a B{VhmgH$ma ñnîQ én go ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§ {H$ Aa~r ^mfm {díd H$s Ho$db EH$ hr Eogr ^mfm h¡, Omo {nN>bo
EH$ hµOma nm±M gm¡ dfm] _| EH$ hr JVr go Om ahr h¡Ÿ& CgH$m gm{hË`, JÚ-nÚ H$m ñVa, CgH$s Cn_mE§, H$bnZmE§, CXhmaU, bmoH$mo{º$,
ê$nH$ Ab§H$ma AmXr AmO VH$ EH$mH$s Am¡a à~b ê$n go gwa{jV h¡§Ÿ& CgHo$ CƒV_ _mnX§S> n§Ðh eVmãXr`m| go dhr h¢Ÿ& {díd H$s Xygar
^mfm _o BgH$s {_gmb Zhr {_bVrŸ&
40
g_H$m{bH$ Aa~r ^mfm †ô ’û Ãø ûÖ ] ]„ø âF oû Êô èö ³nþ$³þeô †ø ³þÃø ûÖ ] èö ³þÇø ³þ×%Ö ø]
Aa~r Ohm± ~mobr OmVr h¡ Am¡a {OZ Xoem| H$s dh gaH$mar ^mfm h¡, h_mao AmO Ho$ Bg `wJ _| CZ Xoem| H$s g§»`m 25 h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$
Aa~r H$s EH$ {deofVm Xw{Z`m H$s AÝ` ^mfmAmo§ _| Zhr nmB© OmVr & Aa~r ^mfm _wgb_mZmo§ H$s Ym{_©H$ ^mfm h¡, Bg{bE {H$ Bg ^mfm _o
Hw$aAmZ h¡Ÿ& Bgr ^mfm _| n¡J§~a _mohå_X Zo ~mVMrV ^r H$s WrŸ& gmao g§gma _| _wgb_mZ Z_mµO Am¡a AnZo Ym{_©H$ H$V©ì` AmXr Ho$db
Bgr ^mfm _| AXm H$aVo h¡§Ÿ& Mmho CZH$s _mV¥^mfm Hw$N> ^r hmoŸ& Bg àH$ma go `h {díd H$s Ho$db EH$ hr Eogr ^mfm h¡, Omo gmao OJ _|
~mobr Am¡a n‹T>r OmVr h¡Ÿ& `h ~mV AbJ h¡ {H$ µJ¡a-Aa~ _wgb_mZ Bg H$m AW© {~ëHw$b hr Z OmZVo hmo§Ÿ&
`Ú{n gmoMZo `mo½` ~mV `h h¡ {H$ Aa~r ^mfm {H$gr {deof Y_© go Ow‹S>r hþB© Zht h¡Ÿ& Ho$db _wgb_mZ hr `h ^mfm ~mobVo, {bIVo Am¡a
n‹T>Vo hm|, `h ^r E{Vhm{gH$ Vm¡a go JbV h¡§Ÿ& Bg Vah {OZ Xoem| H$s ^mfm Aa~r h¡, dhm± Ho$ gd©dmgr _wg{b_ Zht h¢Ÿ& bo~ZmZ _| _wgb_mZ
Ho$db 50% hr h¢Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma go {_ò, BamµH$, BgamB©b, OmoaS>Z, {gar`m, gyS>mZ, VZµOm{Z`m, {b{~`m Am¡a AZoH$ Xoem| H$s OZg§»`m _|
20% go 50% µJ¡a-_wg{b_ h¢ O~{H$ CZH$s _mV¥^mfm Aa~r hr h¡Ÿ&
{nN>br Hw$N> eVmpãX`m| Ho$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ A{dîH$mam| Zo ^mfmAm| H$s àJVr _| gH$mamË_H$ Am¡a ZH$mamË_H$, XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ à^md S>mbo h¡§Ÿ&
_hËdnyU© eham| H$s Am_ ~mob-Mmb H$s ^mfm _| A§Va Am`m h¡Ÿ& ^mfmAmo§ Ho$ Xjmo§ Ho$ AZwgma Bg àH$ma H$s ehar ~mob-Mmb H$s ^mfm H$s
gm{hË` JwÊdËVm eyÝ` hþAm H$aVr h¡Ÿ& {demb joÌmo§ _| ~mobr OmZodmbr ^mfmAmo§ Ho$ CƒmaUm| _| joÌr` à^md ^r {_b hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& Aa~r
^mfm ^r Bg à^md go AbJ Zht h¡Ÿ& _Ja O~ g_mMma nÌmo§, ao{S>`mo Am¡a T.V. H$s ^mfm na AmE§ Vmo Bgr gm{hpË`H$$ Aa~r ^mfm go
g§nH©$ n‹S>Vm h¡, Omo {nN>br n§Ðh eVmpãX`m| go AnZo D§$Mo ñWmZ na AmgrZ h¡Ÿ& AmO ^r Aa~r ^mfm Ho$ àËòH$ n[al_ H$s e¡br,
Ab§H$marVm Am¡a ì`mH$aU H$mo ^mfm Ho$ emhH$ma, Hw$aAmZ Ho$ {gÕm§Vmo na hr naIm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
`h EH$ dmñV{dH$Vm h¡ {H$ H$B© {_br`Z Aa~ OZgmYmaU Ym{_©H$ ê$n go _wpñb_ Zht h¡§Ÿ& CZ_| D§$Mo ñVa Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma, H${d Am¡a
kmZr hþE h¡§, {OZ H$s à{gÜXVm Xw{Z`m _| à_m{UV h¡Ÿ& AmO ^r Aa~r ^mfm H$m g~go à_m{UV Am¡a à{gÕ eãX H$moe "Ab_y[aX' V¡`ma
H$aZo dmbo ì`{º$ _wZra ~mAb~mH$s Am¡a ê$hr ~mAb~mH$s bo~ZmZ Ho$ BgmB© h¢Ÿ& àmMrZ H$mb go hr Aa~r ^mfm Ho$ AZoH$ µJ¡a {d{eï> àIa
gm{hË` {dfmaX Am¡a H${d hmo MwHo$ h¢, {OZ H$s godmAm| H$mo Iwbo ê$n go gmao OJ Zo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
41
ROOT eãX Am¡a CgH$s nhMmZ ^ãø ³þjö³þÊø†ô Ãû Úø æø èö ³þn$³×þô‘û Ÿøû ] Áö ^Ëø ûÖ Ÿøû ø]
Aa~r ^mfm H$m EH$ AX²^wV JwU {díd H$s AÝ` ^mfmAm| _| Zht {_bVmŸ& gmYmaUV… BgH$s àËòH$ "{H«$`m' (verb) VrZ Aja H$s hmoVr
h¡Ÿ& Bg {Z`_ _| n[adV©Z Zht hmoVm & Mmho H$moB© eãX ~rg Ajam| H$m hr Š`m| Zm hmo, CgH$m root eãX Ho$db VrZ Aja H$m hr hmoJmŸ&
^mfmAm| Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ Xjmo§ Zo Aa~r H$s Bg Iy~r H$mo à`moJ H$aZo na ~b {X`m h¡& Bg$ H$maU AÝ`-^mfr`m| Ho$ {bE Aa~r ^mfm grIZm
gab hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& BÝht root Aja dmbo eãXm| H$s nhMmZ gmYmaU ì`{º$ H$mo H$am Xr OmE Vmo CgHo$ nmg eãXmo§ H$m ^§S>ma {~Zm H$ï>
O_m hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& Cgo Xmo hµOma eãX `mX H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht ahVrŸ& ^mfm _| _yb-eãX Xmo hµOma Ho$ µH$ar~ h¡Ÿ& h_ BgHo$ Hw$N>
CXmhaU àñVwV H$aVo h¡§ O¡go
!|h”! áŒ|! Ù2h! …Áá!…Õ7! áÕÝ! Ý…t! 2tŒ! Ù]Ý ! ]Å2! ÝÙÅ! ÙÑÅ!Ñ…Í
h g Z - ~ X b - Z µO a - e H$ a - _ H$ Z - O a _ - g O X - _ A b - X µA A - µA b _ - µA µH$ b - µ\$ aµH$
Root eãX Ho$ Ama§^ _o§, A§V _o§ `m _Ü` _o§ Xygao Ajamo§ Ho$ AmZo go ì`mH$a‹U Ho$ Xygao {Z`_mo§ H$mo H«$_mZwgma ~Vm`m OmE, Vmo àËòH$
{Z`_ AÀN>r Vah g_P _o§ Am OmVm h¡ & N>mÌ H$mo Ho$db {Z`_ grIZm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bgo h_ formula ^r H$h gH$Vo h¡§Ÿ& {dkmZ Ho$
formula H$s Vah `{X {gIm`m Omò Vmo {Z`_ AÀN>r Vah ~wpÜX _o§ ~¡R> OmVo h¡§Ÿ& Xmo hµOma eãXmo§ Ho$ AmYma na N>mÌ H$mo hµOmamo§ eãXmo§
H$s OmZH$mar àmá hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& àËòH$ eãX Ho$ {bò ~ma-~ma eãXH$mof H$s Adí`H$Vm Zht ahVr Am¡a N>mÌ ~‹S>r gabVm go eãX Ho$ AW©
_mby_ H$a boVm h¡Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma H$s {ejm _o§AYw{ZH$ d¡km{ZH$ A{dîH$mam| go ~‹S>r ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡Ÿ& µJ¡a-Aa~ OZVm H$mo Aa~r ^mfm grIZo _o§ ~‹S>r gabVm
ahVr h¡Ÿ& ^mfmAmo§ Ho$ dV©_mZ Xjmo§ Zo Hw$N> dfm}§ _o§ Bg ZB© VH$ZrH$ Ho$ AmYma na Aä`mgH«$_ V¡`ma {H$E h¢,Ÿ{Og_| gab {Z`_ d
formula {gImE OmVo h¡§Ÿ& AZw^d Zo BgHo$ bm^ H$mo ^r à_m{UV {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
42
{d{^Þ Xoem| _| `mVm`mV Ho$ {Z`_mZwgma OZVm XmE§ `m ~mE§ go AnZo dmhZ MbmVr h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma {díd _o ^mfmAmo§ H$mo ^r XmE§ go ~mE§
Am¡a ~mE§ go XmE§ {bIZo H$s àWm h¡Ÿ& npíM_ _| Latin ^mfm go {ZH$br ^mfmE§ ~mE§ go XmE§ {bIr OmVr h¡§Ÿ& nyd© _o§ ^r XodZmJar `m g§ñH¥$V
^mfm go {ZH$br ^mfmE§ ~mE§ go XmE§ {bIr OmVr h¡§Ÿ& _Ü` nyd© Am¡a B©amZ go boH$a {g§Yw ZXr VH$ Hebrew `m Aa~r ^mfm go {ZH$br
^mfmE§ XmE§ go ~mE§ {bIr OmVr h¡§Ÿ& E{e`m _| H$B© ^mfmE§ Eogr h¡§ Omo XmE§ go ~mE§ {bIr OmVr h¢Ÿ& Bg_| A{YH$ ^mfmE§ {d{^Þ Xoem| _|
amîQ´>^mfm H$m ñWmZ ^r aIVr h¡§,ŸAm¡a gd©gm_mZ OZVm H$s _mV¥^mfm h¢Ÿ& ^maV _| qgYr, H$e_rar Am¡a CXw© ^r Bgr g_yh _| AmVr h¡§Ÿ&
Aa~r ^mfm grI boZo Ho$ ~mX XmE§ go ~mE§ dmbr AÝ` ^mfmAmo§ H$m n‹T>Zm Am¡a grIZm ^r gab hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
XmE§ go ~mE§ {bIr OmZodmbr gmar ^mfmAmo§ H$s {b{n-nÕVr {_bVr OwbVr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, Aa~r {b{n-nÕVr H$m kmZ hmo OmZo Ho$ Cnam§V,
gmYmaU ì`{º$ AÝ` Eogr ^mfmAmo§ H$mo n‹T> gH$Vm h¡, Omo XmE§ go ~mE§ {bIr OmVr h¡§Ÿ& XmE§ go ~mE§ {bIr OmZodmbr ^mfmAmo§ H$m kmZ àmá
H$aZo Ho$ {bE bmoJmo§ H$mo {d{^Þ Ajamo§ H$mo {_bmH$a eãX ~ZmZo `m n‹T>Zo _| H${R>ZmB© noe AmVr h¡Ÿ& Bg H${R>ZmB© H$mo ^r AmYw{ZH$ VH$ZrH$
Ûmam Xya {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& dV©_mZ `wJ _o§ H$B© do~-gmB©Q>²g na `h VH$ZrH$ noe H$s OmVr h¡, {OgHo$ H$maU n‹T>Zo-{bIZo H$s H${R>ZmB©
H$m C{MV hb ^r {ZH$b AmVm h¡Ÿ&
43
{MÝhm| H$m ~XbZm Am¡a CgH$s nhMmZ ^ãø ³þjô³þÊø†ô ³Ãþû ³Úþø ˆöö̂ ³þÚû …ø æø ^âø †ô nû³þnô³Çþû ³øþi lö ^øn³þ×ôÛø Âø
Ama§{^H$ ì`mH$aU gyMH$-`§Ì signal H$s Vah
èw H$s AmR>dr§ eVmãXr _| Aa~r ^mfm H$m {dñVma {díd Ho$ AZoH$ joÌm| _o§ hmo ahm WmŸ& Cg g_`-AdYr _| Aa~r boIZr _| EH$
A{dîH$ma Zo Bgo AÝ` joÌmo§ _| n‹T>Zo, {bIZo Am¡a g_PZo Ho$ {bE ~hþV gab ~Zm {X`mŸ& µJ¡a-Aa~ joÌm| _| BgH$s bmoH${à`Vm H$mo ~hþV
~‹‹T>m {X`m & BZ A{dîH$mam| H$mo Eam~ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ^maV _| go Bgo µOoa, µO~a, noe, OµO_, VeXrX Am¡a VZdrZ H$hVo h¡§Ÿ& Aja Ho$
Cna-ZrMo Bgo bJm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& `h A§J«oµOr Ho$ vowel H$s Vah H$m_ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ à`moJ go ì`mH$aU Ho$ {Z`_ V` hmoVo h¢Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$
AmYw{ZH$ {dfmaXm| Ho$ AZwgma gab ^mfm _| `Xr Bgo traffic signal H$s Vah g_Pm`m OmE Vmo Aa~r H$s grammar, µJ¡a-Aa~
bmoJm| Ho$ {bE EH$ X_ gab hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ&
èw H$s gmVdt eVmpãX _o§^mfm O~ Aa~ joÌm| go ~mha \¡$bZo bJr, Cg g_` BgH$s boIZ-e¡br Ama§{^H$ àH$ma H$s Wr & O~ BgH$m
{dñVma µ\$m[ag Am¡a BamZ go hmoVo hþE qgYw ZXr VH$ Am¡a ê$gr joÌm| _| g_aµH§$X, VmeH§$X Am¡a ~w◊mam VH$, Am¡a A\«$sH$s joÌm| _| ^r hþAm,
Vmo BgHo$ Ajam| H$mo ZB© ZB© gw§XaVm àmá hmoZo bJrŸ& Eam~ Ho$ A{dîH$ma Ho$ gmW gmW, Ajam| H$mo gwemo^Z ^r {_bZo bJmŸ& {díd Ho$ ~hþV
gmao joÌm| _| ^mfm H$s godm H$sŸJB©& npíM_ _|, ñnoZ _| ^r Am¡a ^maVr` Cn_hmÛrn _o§ ^r ^mfm Am¡a {b{n H$mo gwemo{^V H$aZo Ho$ H$m_ hþEŸ&
A{Vnyd© B§S>moZo{e`m Am¡a _bo{e`m _| ^r Bg na H$m_ hþAmŸ&
O~ Bg ^mfm H$m {dñVma Cg `wJ H$s Am~mX Xw{Z`m Ho$ A{YH$ joÌ VH$ {demb hþAm Om ahm WmŸ Eam~ (µO~a, µOoa, noe H$s haŠVmo§) Ho$
Cn`moJ Zo, Bg ^mfm H$mo AÝ` µJ¡a-Aa~ joÌmo§ _| A{YH$ bmoH${à` ~Zm {X`mŸ& µOoa, µO~a, noe, OµO_, VeXrX Am¡a VZdrZ H$s ImoO
Am¡a Cn`moJ Zo, Bg H$s {b{n H$mo A{YH$ gw§Xa ~Zm {X`mŸ& BgH$s {b{n _| ZB©-ZB© {XemE§ ImoOr JB©Ÿ& O¡go Hy$\$s {b{n, ~µJXmXr {b{n,
ZgVmAbrH$ {b{n BË`m{XŸ& Xoem| H$s gr_mAmo§ go nao, {d{^Þ _hmÛrnmo§ _| BgHo$ {dñVma Am¡a CÞ{V Ho$ H$m`© bJmVma hmoVo ahoŸ&
44
Hebrew ^r XmE§ go ~mE§ {bIr OmZodmbr ^mfm h¡ Am¡a Aa~r ^mfm go ^r A{YH$ àmMrZ h¡Ÿ& _Ü`-nydu joÌ Ho$ àmMrZ B{Vhmg go ^r
àH$Q> hmoVm h¡ {H$, XmD$X Am¡a gwb¡_mZ Ho$ `wJ, _o§ EH$ {demb joÌ H$s gaH$mar ^mfm ahrŸ WrŸ& ~Zr-BgamB©b Ho$ VrZ hµOma dfm] Ho$ B{Vhmg
_| CZH$s Ym{_©H$ Am¡a gaH$mar ^mfm ^r ahrŸ& _Ja èw H$s eVmpãX Ho$ Ama§^ go CgH$m nVZ hþAmŸ& CgHo$ Aja nwamVZ Aa~r go {_bVo
OwbVo h¡§Ÿ& dV©_mZ H$mb _| ^r BgH$s {b{n _| nwamVZVm hr nmB© OmVr h¡Ÿ& Eogm AZw^yV hmoVm h¡ {H$ ~rM Ho$ `wJ _| Cg_o§ H$moB© CÞ{V Zht
hþBŸ© &
Hw$aAmZ ear\$ Aa~r _| hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, {díd Ho$ AZoH$ joÌ Ho$ bmoJm| Zo BgH$s {b{n H$mo A{YH$ go A{YH$ gw§Xa ~ZmZo Am¡a emo^m XoZo Ho$
H$m`© _|, ânya ^mJ {b`mŸ& qàQ>tJ àog Ho$ A{dîH$ma Ho$ nyd©, ha joÌ Ho$ _wgb_mZm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr, {H$ AnZo n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE µHw$aAmZ
ear\$ H$mo AnZo hmWm| go {bI|Ÿ& Bg H$maU BgHo$ Ajam| H$s Am¡a {bImdQ> H$s gOmdQ> _| {díd Ho$ H$B© joÌ Ho$ bmoJmo§ Zo ^mJ {b`mŸ& _mZd
`m àmUr`m| H$s N>{~ H$m [admµO, _wgb_mZm| _| Z ahZo Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ E{Vhm{gH$ {Z_m©Umo§ _| ^r µHw$aAmZ Ho$ íbmoH$ VameZo H$s H$bm ~hþV
nZnrŸ& Bg H$maU ^r Aa~r H$s {bImdQ> _| ha `wJ _| A{dîH$ma hmoVo ahoŸ& n§Ðh eVmpãX`mo§ Ho$ B{Vhmg _o§, `h ^mfm bJmVma CÞ{V H$aVr
ahr h¡Ÿ&
èw H$s gmVdt eVmãXr VH$, Aa~r _| H$moB© J«§W `m {H$Vm~ B{VhmgH$mam| H$mo Zht {_bVrŸ& BgH$m H$maU joÌ H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$
hmbV hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& na§Vw Hw$aAmZ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ à{VboI, {díd Ho$ AZoH$ g§J«hmb`m| _o§ gwa{jV h¡§Ÿ& Bg_| {deof H$aHo$ {_ò Am¡a ê$g Ho$
g§J«hmb` AmVo h¡Ÿ& Cg `wJ H$s {b{n Am¡a VËníMmV H$s eVmpãX`mo§ go AmO VH$ Aa~r ^mfm H$s {b{n _o§ bJmVma A{dîH$ma H$m`© Omar
h¡Ÿ&
O¡g h_ OZVo h¢ Aa~r ^mfm _| gmYaUV… àËòH$ {H«$`m (verb) VrZ Aja H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àËòH$ Aja na haH$V AmZo go Mma {gÕm§V
àH$Q> hmoVo h¡§ &
1) H$Vm© H$m qbJ gender of subject
2) {H«$`m H$m H$mb - tense of verb
3) H$Vm© H$s g§»`m - number of subject
4) AÝ`, _Ü`_ E§d àW_ nwéf H$s OmZH$mar - III, II & I person
45
`h Mmam| OmZH$m[a`m§ ha Aja na `m CgHo$ ZrMo µOoa, µO~a, noe Ho$ Ûmam hr {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg nÕVr go n‹T>mZo na Aa~r ^mfm grIZo
dmbm| Ho$ {bE ~‹S>r gab hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& {\$a VrZ Ajar {H«$`m Ho$ gwH$‹S>Zo `m \¡$bZo go g§»`m _mby_ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ &
Bg àH$ma go {H$gr ^r eãX Ho$ nhbo Ab ~‹‹T>Zo go Cg_o§ {deofVm n¡Xm hmo OmVr h¡, {Og àH$ma A§J«oµOr Ho$ eãX Ho$ nhbo the H$m à`moJ
{H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma órqbJ Ho$ {MÝhmo§ _| VrZ {g½Zb ! kv‘ ! é‚e^Â ! èvÖ^³‘ _| go H$moB© EH$ AmE Vmo eãX H$m qbJ ~Xb
OmVm h¡ & AJa `h AÀN>r Vah ~w{Õ _| ~¡R> OmE, Vmo qbJ nhMmZZo _| AmgmZr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& {H«$`m Ho$ nyd© y X Z X ] X ~ bJZo go
H$mb ~Xb OmVm h¡Ÿ& {H«$`m Ho$ àW_ Aja na, noe AmZo go H$_©dmÀ` passive voice ~Z OmVm h¡ &
AmO Ho$ dV©_mZ `wJ _o§ computer H$s ImoO Zo Bg ^mfm H$mo grIZm A{V gab ~Zm {X`m h¡Ÿ& "\§$H$eZb Aa~r" Ho$ Bg Aä`mgH«$_
H$mo ^r BVZo H$_ g_` _| grIZm g§^d H$a {X`m h¡& AmYw{ZH$ d¡km{ZH$ nÕVr Ûmam AÝ` ^mfmAmo§ H$s {ejm Ho$ {bE {ejm {dfmXm] Zo `h
Aä`mgH«$_ V¡`ma {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CZH$m _V h¡ {H$ AÝ` ^mfmAm| H$s VwbZm _| Aa~r grIZm A{YH$ gab h¡Ÿ& Bg nÕVr Ho$ AZwgma Aa~r H$s
ì`mH$aU grammar grIZo Ho$ {bE {MÝhmo§ signals Ûmam n[aM` H$s AmYw{ZH$ nÕVr, ~‹S>r VoµOr go bmoH${à` hmo ahr h¡Ÿ&
46
UNIT - II :
Applied Grammar
Part - I
1) Alphabets
2) Alphabet Phonetics
3) Definite Article
4) Identification of Feminine Gender
5) Imperative and Negative
6) Personal Pronouns
7) Objective and Possessive Pronouns
8) The Prepositions
9) Verb, Subject and Object
47
1 - Alphabets
dU©_mbm ènñ^rãÖ] Íæ†vÖ]
ƒ 2 ï | t ' l h ]
µOmb Xmb ◊¡ hµ ¡ Or_ g
µ o Vo ~o A{b\$
zal dal khai hai jim se te be alif
Á ½ š ” 7 Œ ‡ …
O
µ m|` Vµ m|` O
µ m° X g°mX erZ grZ µO o ao
zoen toen zad sad sheen seen ze re
á Ý Ù Õ Ñ Í É Å
ZyZ _r_ bm_ H$mµ\$ µH$mµ\$ µ\o$ µJEZ µAEZ
nun meem lam kaf qaf fe gayn ayn
° p ð b å æ
ò ò håµOm ho ho dmd
ye ye hamza he he waw
48
2 - Alphabet Phonetics
ñda-gyMH$ dU©_mbm ^ã¿Ë×iæ èm‚reŸ] Íæ†vÖ l]ç‘Ÿ]

The customary pronunciation of the words as very much important in Arabic Language as it is in any
other language. But Arabic language has peculiarity as it has alphabets having special eloquence and
intonation. Arabic language is unique in this regard. For example, for the sound of word 'S', it has four
different eloquence. The alphabets are m l k _ Similarly 'Z' also has four different intonation and
its alphabets are p n i f . How to pronounce distinctly the sound of 'K' t u and 'T' o ] . If these
alphabets are not pronounced with their exact pronunciation, the listener will misunderstood it and
such mistake may change the meanings also.
In Arabic Language there are some signs used as vowels. They are Zer (Fatah), Zabar (kasrah),
Pesh, (Dhamma) etc, are equally important to be pronounced. Jazam (Sukoon) and Tashdeed are
also signs for pronunciation. This is not found in other languages.
The use of alphabets with their exact pronunciation is the most important factor in Arabic which is
called phonetics. This quality of Arabic language makes it a distinct and perfect language. The exact
pronunciation is must for this language. The alphabets of similar pronunciation, when they are used
with their exact pronunciation distinctly, it gives a differentiating impact, impression and meaning.
! áƒ] ! ]„m] ! ]çe„Ò ! oÒƒ ! ØnÖƒ = Simple Z = f [1
! 2]‡ ! kßm‡ ! ÜÂ‡ ! äÖˆÖ‡ = Stressed Z = i [2
! Ü• ! ÌÃ• ! Üní• ! ÌnÃ• ! Üjö–ìö = Z + D = n [3
! k×$¾ æø ! áæ†¿ßÚ !†¿Þ ! Ýç×¿Ú ! Ü×¾ ! ÜÖ^¾ =Z+W p [4
! ‹öÛû\$ Ö ø] ! †öÛøÏøûÖ ø] ! š
º …ûø] ! ÜºnûôÖ ø] ! ‚öÛûvøÖû ø] = Z [5
! à$ âöçû¿öÂôæø ! ]‚÷–öÂø ! Üãö³þn%’ôÂô ! ð÷^\øÂô ! ÜâöçÛöiö…û $̂ Âø !]ˆ& Âô = q [6
! ÌønûÒø ! à$ jö³þßûÒö ! ÌºjûÒô ! gº×ûÒø ! hº^jøÒô = u [7
! ]†÷m†_øÛÎø ! ]…÷^_ßûÎô ! ]…÷ç’öÎö ! ‹ønû›ô]†Îø ! Íû„øÎø = t [8
49
3 - Definite Article
{ZíM` dmMH$ eãX Ìm†ÃjÖ] ÝŸ

» ( The) ~~ m, ôZ b§Tb§ÏZÇ Ôì @* ƒwEZ » ( wZ ) ~qzÑÆkZnÆä™Za ¤S~x ¬ÌZ Ë~!²
Xì @*
ƒwEZ
X CW7+à6, ÌZk QªXì * -ZÐ~k
@YƒÁq ,
izŠ c*
',
izŠ Ô7zŠÐ6,
ÂkZ Âì @* #
W ó w Z L ~ÌZ ËZ
Xì @*YJ 7,Zg7 ó w Z 6,
L Yp°xÑ~p ÖZáZzäƒqzÑÐ ( ~ | z x ut s r q c b ` [ Z ) szw~‡
X @* 7Ã w 6,
YJ 7, • ó w Z L ~p ÖZáZzäƒqzÑÐ ( y w p o n m l k i g f Š _ ]) szwF
H$_ar Aja ( ~ | z x ut s r q c b ` [ Z ) go ewê$ hmoZo dmbo Ajam| _| w {_bZo na Ab nyam n‹T>m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
eågr Aja ( y w p o n m l k i g f Š _ ]) go ewê$ hmoZo dmbo Ajam| _| Ab bJZo na w H$mo Zht n‹T>m OmVmŸ&
' AL ' is used in Arabic exactly as 'The' is used in English.
When 'AL' is prefixed before a common noun, from two Pesh, Zer, Zabar only one will remain. i.e.Tanveen is not use.
If noun starts with a Moon Letter ( ~ | z x ëG ¡ s r q c b ` [ Z) the letter w of definite article is fully pronounced.
If noun starts with Sun Letter ( y w p o n m l k i g f Š _ ]) the letter w of definite article is not pronounced and is
assimilated into first letter of noun. This first letter is double pronounced.
Íæ†u oŠÛ Íæ†u p†ÛÎ

†örø\$ Ö ø] Ð †ºrødø hö^jø³Óþ ô ³þÖû ø] Ð hº^øjÒô
(The) no‹S> no‹S> (The) {H$Vm~ {H$Vm~
the tree a tree the book a book
EXERCISE
Ýöçû³nøþ ³þÖû ø] Ýºçû³møþ Üönûuô†$ Ö ø] Üºnûuô…ø Øöqö†$ Ö ø] Øºqö…ø

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ùöçû‰ö†$ Ö ø] Ùºçû‰ö…ø könû³þfø³þÖû ø] kºnû³þeø ½ö]†ø’ôùÖ ø] ½º]†ø‘ô

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
àömû ‚ôùÖ ø] àºmû2ô àöÛFuû†$ Ö ø] àºÛFuû…ø àönûÚôŸøû ø] àºnûÚô ø]

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ÔöôÖ^ÛøÖ ø] ÔºôÖ^Úø Ýö^Ãø_$ Ö ø] Ýº^Ãø›ø †övûføÖû ø] †ºvûeø

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
‹öÛû\$ Ö ø] ‹ºÛûdø †öÛøÏøûÖ ø] †ºÛøÎø o% fôß$Ö ø] o' fôøÞ

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
50
4 - Identification of Feminine Gender
órqbJ H$s nhMmZ &Þ©ÛÖ] èÇn‘ èÊ†ÃÚ
Xì @*$¸ÂÂ Ôì @*
ƒ/ WÆÌZ ÌË
W l ( èñ ( é ~y
Aa~r ^mfm _| O~ ^r {H$gr g§km Ho$ A§V _| l ( èñ ( é AmVm h¡ Vmo dh órqbJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
If the last alphabet of any noun is l ( èñ ( é it shows that the Noun is Feminine.
Examples : CXmhaU ¡÷%Ú:

éº ‚eô^Âø Ð º‚eô^Âø èºvøôÖ^‘ø Ð xº³ôÖþ ^‘ø
EXERCISE
éº ‚øeô^Âø º‚eô^Âø ºèÛ$ Âø Ü' Âø ºé†ønûÇô‘ø †º nûÇô‘ø

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
èº ³þÃønûÊô…ø Äº nûÊô…ø èº³øþßnûÚôø] àºnûÚôø] ºé†ønûfôÒø †º nûfôÒø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
èº øßÚôç+ Úö àº Úôç+ Úö ºè³þm$ çôÎø p' çôÎø èº øÖ^ìø ºÙ^ìø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
éº‚øuô]æø ‚ºuô]æø èºÛøôÖ^Âø ÜºôÖ^Âø ºèÛø×ôŠûÚö Üº ×ôŠûÚö
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ºè×ønûÛôqø Øº nûÛôqø ºèÒø†ô\ûÚö Õº †ô\ûÚö ºèÎø2ô^‘ø Ñº2ô^‘ø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ºèfø³Öôþ ^›ø gºôÖ ^›ø ºè³×þøÚô ^Òø ºØÚô ^Òø èº ×øiô^Îø ºØiô^Îø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
èº Ûø‘ô^Âø Üº ‘ô^Âø èº³þÎø…ô^‰ø Ñº…ô^‰ø ºé†øeô^‘ø º†eô^‘ø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
51
5 - Imperative and Negative
AmkmH$mb E§d ZH$mamË_H$ o`ßÖ] æ †ÚŸ] ØÃÊ
X ë ó %Z÷ L ÐZ ñYÅ„
 ZpgŠ c*
ñYc*
Š¬»ä™x » ðÃÃË~÷T
Xì @*
Yc* Ãsw~y
Š}Šxb W( 7) Ñ ¬Æqg é}E!N÷~kZì @*
WgzZXì @* ƒwEZ ó 4÷ L nÆä™IÐx »Ë
O~ {H$gr {H«$`m _| Amkm hmo Vmo Cgo †Ú] ØÃÊ AmkmH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ& O~ {H$gr H$m_ H$mo H$aZo go _Zm {H$`m Omahm hmo Vmo Cgo o`Þ ØÃÊ
ZH$mamË_H$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Eogo {H«$`m _| ^{dî`H$mb Ho$ nhbo Ÿ bJm XoVo h¢Ÿ& Am¡a AmIar Aja na H$moB© _mÌm Zht hmoVrŸ&
When there is an order or request in a verb, it is called Imperative. When There is Negative order in a verb, it is called Negative.
Imperative AmkmH$mb †Ú]

Plural ~hþ dMZ ¦ Dual {Û dMZ ½ Single EH$ dMZ uZz Gender - ½
]çû×öÃøÊûô] ¡øÃøÊûô] ØûÃøÊûô]
( m.g) æ°èO
?
z™ƒ z™VâzŠ ? ™Â
Vw_ g~ H$amo Vw_ XmoZmo§ H$amo Vy H$a nwq„J
You (all) do You (two) do You do
àø×ûÃøÊûô] ¡øÃøÊûô] oû×ôÃøÊûô]

?
z™ƒ z™VâzŠ ? ™Â $¸
( f.g) /
Vw_ g~ H$amo Vw_ XmoZmo§ H$amo Vy H$a órqbJ
You (all) do You (two) do You do
Negative ZH$mamË_H$ o`Þ

]çû×öÃøËûøi Ÿø ¡øÃøËûiø Ÿø ØûÃøËû³þiø Ÿø
( m.g) æ°èO
?
Ö ƒ
z™# z™# Ö VâzŠ ? Ö Â
™#
Vw_ g~ _V H$amo Vw_ XmoZmo§ _V H$amo Vy _V H$a nwq„J
You (all) don't You (two) don't You don't
àø×ûÃøËû³øþi Ÿø ¡øÃøËûøi Ÿø oû×ôÃøËûøi Ÿø

z™# ?
Ö ƒ Ö VâzŠ ?
z™# Ö Â
™# $¸
( f.g) /
Vw_ g~ _V H$amo Vw_ XmoZmo§ _V H$amo Vy _V H$a órqbJ
You (all) don't You (two) don't You don't
52
EXERCISE
o`Þ †Ú]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! hû†ô–ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! hû†ô•ûô] †Ò„Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! êø†ô–ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! êø†ô•ûô] nwq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]çûeö†ô–ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ]çûeö†ô•ûô]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! oûeô†ô–ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! oûeô†ô•ûô]
&Þ©Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! êø†ô–ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! êø†ô•ûô]
órq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! àøeû†ô–ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! àøeû†ô•ô]û
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! gûâø„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! gûâøƒûô]
†Ò„Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ^føâø„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! û
^føâøƒô] nwq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]çûföâø„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ]çûföâøƒûô]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! oûfôâø„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! oûfôâøƒûô]
&Þ©Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ^føâø„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ^føâøƒûô]
órq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! àøfûâø„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! àøfûâøƒûô]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ØûÃørûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ØûÃøqûô]
†Ò„Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ¡øÃørûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ¡øÃøqûô]
nwq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]çû×öÃørûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ]çû×öÃøqûô]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! oû×ôÃørûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! oû×ôÃøqûô]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ¡øÃørûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ¡øÃøqûô] &Þ©Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! àø×ûÃørûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! àø×ûÃøqûô] órq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! hû†ô\ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! hû†ôdûô]
†Ò„Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! êø†ô\ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! êø†ôdûô]
nwq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]çûeö†ô\ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ]çûeö†ôdûô]
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! oûeô†ô\ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! oûeô†ôdûô]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! êø†ô\ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! êø†ôdûô] &Þ©Ú
!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! àøeû†ô\ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! àøeû†ôdûô] órq„J
53
EXERCISE
o`Þ †Ú]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! †û’ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! †û’öÞû ]ö †Ò„Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]†ø’ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]†ø’öÞû ]ö nwq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]æû†ö’ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]æû†ö’öÞû ]ö
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! pû†ô’ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! pû†ô’öÞû ö]
&Þ©Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]†ø’ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]†ø’öÞû ]ö
órq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! áø†û’ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! áø†û’öÞû ]ö
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! Øûìö‚ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! Øûìö2û ö]
†Ò„Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ¡øìö‚ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ¡øìö2û ö] nwq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]çû×öìö‚ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]çû×öìö2û ]ö
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! oû×ôìö‚ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! oû×ôìö2û ]ö
&Þ©Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ¡øìö‚ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ¡øìö2û ö]
órq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! àø×ûìö‚ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! àø×ûìö2û ]ö
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! †û¿ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! †û¿öÞû ]ö
†Ò„Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]†ø¿ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]†ø¿öÞû ]ö
nwq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]æû†ö¿ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]æû†ö¿öÞû ]ö
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! pû†ô¿ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! pû†ô¿öÞû ]ö
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]†ø¿ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]†ø¿öÞû ]ö &Þ©Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! áø†û¿ößûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! áø†û¿öÞû ]ö órq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! †ûÒö„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! †ûÒöƒûö]

†Ò„Ú
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]†øÒö„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]†øÒöƒûö]
nwq„J
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]æû†öÒö„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]æû†öÒöƒûö]
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! pû†ôÒö„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! pû†ôÒöƒûö]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ]†øÒö„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ]†øÒöƒûö] &Þ©Ú
órq„J
!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! áø†ûÒö„ûøi Ÿø !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! áø†ûÒöƒûö]
54
6 - Personal Pronouns
nwéf dmMH$ gd©Zm_ èn’í\Ö]†ñ^Û–Ö]

EE
Xì *
@ Y ¹Ì( detached ,Jà Zzg {eªîÏ}©3!],J7Z n kZÔ 'ƒ7~ a
pronouns )] Ð VÈZ , ;ZÃc*
—
Aa~r ^mfm _| gd©Zm_ Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& EH$ hmoVo h¡§ Omo gå~§Y gyMH$ Aì`d Ho$ gmW AmVo h¢, Am¡a Xygao AHo$bo hr AmVo h¢,
{Ogo nwéf dmMH$ gd©Zm_ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
The Pronouns in Arabic are divided into two forms, Detached & Attached . The Detached Pronouns are as follows.
Examples : CXmhaU V ¡÷%Ú

He is a Scholar dh {dÛmZ h¡ ÜºôÖ ^Âøçøâö
Third Person AÝ` nwéf gñ^Æ äÿ Çn‘
English qhXr æ… ] oe†Â
he dh (EH$ dMZ nwq„J) ( æ°èO uZz) {z çøâö

they (m) do g~ (nwq„J)  {z
( æ°èO ) ƒ Üûâö
they ( dual - m / f ) do XmoZm| VâzŠ {z ^Ûøâö
she dh (EH$ dMZ órqbJ) $¸uZz)
(/ {z oøâô
they (f) do g~ (órqbJ) (/  {z
$¸ ) ƒ à$ âö
Second Person _Ü`_ nwéf †•û äÿ Çn‘
you (sing - m ) Vy (EH$ dMZ nwq„J) ( æ°èO uZz) Â køÞû ø]

you all ( m ) Vw_ g~ (nwq„J$) ( æ°èO ) ?
ƒ Üûjö³þÞû ø]
you ( dual-m / f ) Vw_ Xmo (nwq„J/órqbJ) $¸ / æ°èO ) zŠ ?
(/ ^Ûøjö³þÞû ø]
you (sing - f ) Vy (EH$ dMZ órqbJ) $¸uZz)
(/ Â kôÞû ø]
you all ( f ) Vw_ g~ (órqbJ) (/  ?
$¸ ) ƒ à$ jö³þÞû ø]
55
First Person àW_ nwéf Üù×ÓjÚ äÿ Çn‘
I (com ) Male & Female _¢ (nwq„J / órqbJ) $¸™è)

( nÆVâzŠ/ ~ $¸ /™è)
(/ ^øÞ ø]
we (com) Male & Female h_ (nwq„J / órqbJ) ( nÆVÂgú/VzŠ%{Š c*
iÐkZ c*
zŠ ) ë $¸ /™è)
(/ àövûøÞ
$¸ªVzq õ 0*å ¸~ ! ²ìg w ì » ] !*
Ô/ kZ X , ™wÅÀF,
Æ) Z] á Zz äƒ q zÑÐ ],Jy Z [ Z
/Z6,gîÆw VX ì Cƒ ._ÆZ‰gzZì CC6,gîãZzÃ ¦ gz Z Ô½ Ôu Zz Ô™è
Z‰X Ïƒ ¦ ˜ i ÑÌ¸mZ Âƒ ¦ Z‰¤
X Ïƒ/$¸ ˜ i ÑÌ¸ Âƒ/ $¸
A~ ZrMo {bIo Ama§^ Am¡a {dYo` dmŠ`m| go Aä`mg H$a|Ÿ& Bg ~mV H$m Ü`mZ aho {H$ Ama§^ Ho$ AZwgma hr {dYo` hmoJmŸ& dMZ, g§»`m Am¡a
qbJ ^r Ama§^ Ho$ AZwgma hmoJmŸ&
Now we should do the exercise with Nominative Sentences. Be careful that if subject is single then its predicate
will also always be Single. And so will be Dual or Plural, Masculine or Feminine.
!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! †ºÒô^døçøâö !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! Øº aô^qøçøâö !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! ÜºÖô^Âø çøâö
!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! éº †øÒô^dø oøâô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ºè³þ×øaô^qø oøâô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! èºÛøÖô^Âø oøâô
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (™è) áô]†øÒô^dø^Ûøâö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (™è) áô ¡øâô^qø^Ûøâö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (™è) áô^ÛøôÖ^Âø ^Ûøâö
$¸ ) áô^øi †øÒ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ( / ô ^dø^Ûøâö $¸ ) á^jø³×þøâô ^q
!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! ( / ø ^Ûøâö $¸ ) áô^øjÛøôÖ^Âø ^Ûøâö
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ( /
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! áøæû†öÒô^dø Üûâö !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! áøçû×öaô^qø Üûâö !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! áøçûÛöÖô^Âø Üûâö
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lº]†øÒô^dø à$ âö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lº¡øaô^qø à$ âö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! lº^ÛøôÖ^Âø à$ âö
!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! †ºÒô^dø køÞû ø] !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! Øºâô^qø køÞû ø] !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! Üº ôÖ^Âø køÞû ø]
!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! éº †øÒô^dø kôÞû ø] ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! èº³×þøâô^qø kôÞû ø] !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! ºèÛøôÖ^Âø kôÞû ø]
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (™è)ôá]†øÒô^dø ^Ûøjö³þÞû ø] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (™è) áô¡øâô^qø ^Ûøjö³þÞû ø] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (™è) ôá^ÛøôÖ^Âø ^Ûøjö³þÞû ø]
$¸ ) ôáîø†Ò
!!!!! !!!!!!!! ( / ô ^dø ^Ûøjö³þÞû ø] $¸ ) áô^jø³×þøâô^q
!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ( / ø ^Ûøjö³þÞû ø] $¸ ) ôá^øjÛøôÖ^Âø ^Ûøjö³þÞû ø]
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ( /
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! áøæû†öÒô^dø Üûjö³þÞû ø] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! áøçû×öâô^qø Üûjö³þÞû ø] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! áøçûÛöÖô^Âø Üûjö³þÞû ø]
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lº]†øÒô^dø à$ jö³þÞû ø] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lº¡øâô^qø à$ jö³þÞû ø] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lº^ÛøôÖ^Âø à$ jö³þÞû ø]
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! †ºÒô^dø ^øÞ ø] !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! Øºâô^qø ^Þø ø] !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ºÜôÖ^Âø ^Þø ø]
!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! éº†øÒô^dø ^øÞ ø] !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! èº³þ×øâô^qø ^Þø ø] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! ºèÛøôÖ^Âø ^Þø ø]
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! áøæû†öÒô^dø àövûøÞ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! áøçû×öâô^qø àövûøÞ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! áøçûÛöôÖ^Âø àövûøÞ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lº]†øÒô^dø àövûøÞ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lº¡øâô^qø àövûøÞ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lº^ÛøôÖ^Âø àövûøÞ
56
7 - Objective and Possessive Pronouns
H$Vm© gd©Zm_ oÖçÃËÛÖ]æ oÊ^•Ÿ]†ñ^Û–Ö]
ªîÏ}G
¹Ì ( Attached Pronouns) ],J ðƒ ~ a 3O!],J7Z n kZ Cƒ ~ a Ð ( sw ÔÌZ ) p ÖZ}uzŠèa , ;t
your book ( Voar {H$Vm~) Ôøeö^jøÒô = øÕ + hö^øjÒô Xì @*
Y
Omo gd©Zm_ {H$gr g§km `m eãX Ho$ gmW bJ H$a AmVo h¢, CÝh| H$Vm©-gd©Zm_ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& (Attached Pronouns )
Pronouns attached to Noun or other words are called Objective or Possessive Pronouns.
$¸gzZ™èèa\ x ÓÆ1gzZ½ X ‰ G„6,Š ã

V7 ~ / CÅ-
M @* +\Z ÆîÏ}G
zPE 3O!],
J~ × ‰ØŠn
H7c*
Xì Š $¸7Z nkZ ÔDƒ
Ù Š~×Æ/
ZC
ZrMo ~Zmò Jò ImZm| _| gd©Zm_ H$mo CZHo$ qbJ Am¡a g§»`m Ho$ AZwgma aIm J`m h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ CÎm_ nwéf _| nwq„J Am¡a órqbJ Ho$ {bò g_mZ
gd©Zm_ hmoVo h¢Ÿ, Bg H$maU Bgo AbJ ImZm| _| Zht aIm J`mŸ&
In the table below, Pronouns are written as per Gender and Number. In the case of First Person as well as in Duals,
no change occurs in Objective or Possessive Pronouns, hence no separate table is made.
Male nwq„J †Ò„Ú

English qhXr æ… ] o³eþ †³Âþ
his / him CgH$m, Cgo Ð Q X eQ ǻ åô åö bü
their / them (dual, m / f.) CZ XmoZmo§ H$m »VâzŠyQ ^Ûøâö
their / them CZH$m, CÝh| 7Q X »yQ Üûâô Üûâö
you / your (sing.) Voam, VwPo NX Z¾ Õø
you / your (dual, m / f.) Vw_ XmoZm| H$m »VâzŠ ? ^ÛøÒö
you / your (pl.) Vw_ g~ H$m, Vwåh| ?
» X »ƒ ÜûÒö
my / me (com.) _oam, _wPo = X Z÷ oÞô ( p
our / us (com.) h_mam, h_| … X Zg ø ^øÞ
Female órqbJ &Þ ©Ú
her CgH$s, Cgo ÐQ X mQ ^âø

their / them CZH$m, CÝh| 7Q X »yQ à$ âô ( à$ âö
you / your (sing.) Voar, VwPo N X ~¾ Õô
you / your (pl.) Vwåhmam, Vwåh| » X Zg v à$ Òö
57
EXERCISE
!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! äüÛö×ø³þÎø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! äüÛö×ûÂô !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! äö³þßûÚô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! äô³þnû³þÊô
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ãøÛö×ø³þÎø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ^ ø̀ Ûö×ûÂô !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ^ãøßûÚô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ^ãønû³þÊô
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøãöÛö×ø³þÎø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ^ÛøãöÛö×ûÂô !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøãößûÚô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ^Ûøãônû³þÊô
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûãöÛö×ø³þÎø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ÜûãöÛö×ûÂô !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûãößûÚô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! Üûãônû³þÊô
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ ãöÛö×ø³þÎø !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! à$ ãöÛö×ûÂô !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! à$ ãößûÚô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! à$ ãônûÊô
!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ÔøÛö×øÎø !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! ÔøÛö×ûÂô !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ÔøßûÚô !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! Ôønû³þÊô
!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ÔôÛö×øÎø !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ô ô Ûö×ûÂô !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ÔôßûÚô !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! Ôônû³þÊô
!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ^ÛøÓöÛö×øÎø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøÓöÛö×ûÂô !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ^ÛøÓößûÚô !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøÓönû³þÊô
!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ÜûÓöÛö×øÎø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûÓöÛö×ûÂô !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ÜûÓößûÚô !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûÓönû³þÊô
!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! à$ ÓöÛö×øÎø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ ÓöÛö×ûÂô !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! à$ ÓößûÚô !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ Óönû³þÊô
! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! oûÛô×øÎø !!!!!!!!! !!!!!! oûÛô×ûÂô !!!!!!!!!! !!!!! oûßôùÚô !!! !!!!!!!!!!!! o$ ³þÊô
! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ßøÛö×øÎø !!!!!!!!! !!!!!! ^ßøÛö×ûÂô !!!!!!!!!! !!!!! ^ß$Úô !!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ^øß³þnû³þÊô
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! Ôônû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! äônû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! Ôônû³×þøÂø !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! äônû³þ×øÂø
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøÓönû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ^ãønû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ^ÛøÓönû×øÂø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ãønû³þ×øÂø
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûÓönû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ^Ûøãônû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ÜûÓönû³×þøÂø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^Ûøãônû×øÂø
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! à$ Óönû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! Üûãônû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! à$ Óönû³×þøÂø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Üûãônû³þ×øÂø
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! o$ øÖ ô] !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! à$ ãônû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! o$ ×øÂø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ ãônû³þ×øÂø
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ^ßø³nþû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! Ôønû³øþÖ ô] !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ^ßø³nþû³×þøÂø !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! Ôø nû³þ×øÂø
58
EXERCISE
!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! äö‰ö^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! åö†öËû³þÒö !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! äö³þeö ^jø³Òþ ô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! äö³þe% …ø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ ø̀ ‰ö^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! âø†öËû³þÒö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ãøeö ^jø³þÒô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ^ãø³þe% …ø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^Ûø ö̀ ‰ö^føôÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^Ûøaö†öËû³þÒö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^Ûøãöeö ^jøÒô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ^Ûøãö³þe% …ø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Üû ö̀ ‰ö^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Üûaö†öËû³þÒö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Üûãöeö ^jø³þÒô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! Üûãö³þe% …ø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ ö̀ ‰ö^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ aö†öËû³þÒö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ ãöeö ^jøÒô !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! à$ ãö³þe% …ø
!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! Ôø‰ö^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! Õø†öËûÒö !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! Ôøeö ^jøÒô !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! Ôøe% …ø
!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! Ô ô ‰ö^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Õô†öËûÒö !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! Ô ô eö ^jøÒô !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! Ôôe% …ø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøÓö‰ö^føôÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøÒö†öËûÒö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøÓöeö^jøÒô !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! ^ÛøÓöe% …ø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûÓö‰ö^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûÒö†öËûÒö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûÓöeö ^øjÒô !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! ÜûÓö³þe% …ø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ Óö‰ö^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ Òö†öËûÒö !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ Óöeö ^jøÒô !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! à$ ³þÓöe% …ø
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! oû‰ô^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! pû†ôËû³þÒö ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! oûeô^jø³þÒô !!!!!!!! !!!!!!! oûeôù …ø
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ^øß‰ö^fø³ôþÖ !!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ^Þø†öËû³þÒö ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ßø³þeö ^jø³þÒô !!!!!!!! !!!!!!! ^³øßþ e% …ø
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! Õô†ö³þÒûƒô !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! å†ö³þÒûƒô !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! ÔôÞö ^ÓøÚø !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! äö³þÞö ^ÓøÚø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøÒö†öÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^âø†ö³þÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ÛøÓöÞö^ÓøÚø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ ø̀ Þö ^ÓøÚø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûÒö†öÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^Ûøaö†ö³þÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ÜûÓöÞö ^ÓøÚø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^Ûø ö̀ Þö^ÓøÚø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ Òö†öÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Üûaö†ö³þÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ ÓöÞö ^ÓøÚø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Üû ö̀ Þö ^ÓøÚø
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! p û †ô³þÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ aö†ö³þÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! oûÞô ^ÓøÚø !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! à$ ö̀ Þö ^ÓøÚø
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^øÞ†ö³þÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Õø†ö³þÒûƒô !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^ßø³þÞö ^ÓøÚø !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! Ô ø Þö ^ÓøÚø
59
8 - The Prepositions
gå~§YH$ gyMH$ Aì`` é…^q Íæ†u
# tX Dƒg ÇŠæ~äC‰
( Noun) ÌS kZ ÂD W¬Æ ( Noun) ÌS ËZ Ü zc*x £»ÌZ Ë (Prepositions) g Y½zw
Xì @*,
ƒk -Z ÂƒÎ ó wZ L 6,
iq /ZgzZX Dƒk
ÌZ¤ , WÆ
izŠnÆsw~y
gå~§YH$ gyMH$ Aì`` (Prepositions) g§km H$s OJh `m g_` Xem©Vo h¢Ÿ& O~ g§km Ho$ nhbo AmVo h¢ Vmo, g§km Ho$ A§{V_ eãX Ho$ ZrMo Xmo µOoa
hmoVo h¢ , Am¡a `Xr Ab bJm hmo Vmo EH$ µOoa hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Prepositions in Arabic are used similarly as those in English. They are of two types, Separate and Inseparable.
The Separate Prepositions are either particles or invariable adverbs of Time or Place. When it comes before
noun, there happen to be two Zer on the last alphabet of Noun. And if Noun starts with 'AL' then there will be one
Zer only.
English qhXr æ…] †qø Íôæ†u
in _|, AÝXa +Z Ô ~
g0 oûÊô
from go Ð àûÚô
on, upon na, D$na 6,
zZ Ô6, o×FÂø
about, from go, gå~§{YV, ~ma| _| ~}g !*Ô 0 Ô Ð àûÂø
with gmW B‚ hô
for {bE n Ùø ( Ùô
towards, to Va\$, VH$ - Ô s§
J oÖF ô]
verily, oath H$g_ n æø
until `hm§ VH$ -VŒ
J oj#uø
like, as g_mZ, O¡go {H$ ‰ Ô #â Õø
Xì @*
ƒÐ]ÒwEZ »kŠ `gŠ6,
zZX 17 zÁg Yszw
These are Ten most commonly used Prepositions in Arabic. There are more or less seventeen prepositions.
gå~§YH$ gyMH$ Aì`` bJ^J 17 h¢Ÿ& A{YH$ Cn`moJ dmbo D$na {Xò Jò h¢ &
60
EXERCISE
English qhXr æ… ] oe†Â

in a house Ka _| ~y kõnû³eøþ oûÊô
about the prayer Z_mµO Ho$ ~mao _| 0Æi ú éô ç×F’$ Ö] àôÂø
on mountain nhm‹S> Ho$ D$na 6,
zZÆh N Øõfø³þqø o×FÂø
from the Qur'an Hw$aAmZ go ÐyWŒ
Û áôt†ûÏö³ûþÖ ] àøÚô
towards Allah A„mh H$s Va\$ s§ÅvZ äô×#Ö ] oøÖô]
like water nmZr Ho$ O¡gm #â Å ã0* Dðô ^ÛøûÖ ø] + ÕøE ðô^ÛøûÖ^Òø
with the name Zm_ Ho$ gmW B‚Æ x ** DÜô‰ûô] + hôE ÜôŠûeô
for Adam AmX_ Ho$ {bò nÆxŠ W DÝø2ø! + ÙôE Ýø2ø ŸôF
between the sky and the earth Xa{_`mZ Amg_mZ Am¡a µO_rZ Ho$ Æ}igzZy
WyxgŠ ô …ûŸøû]æø ðô ^ÛøŠ$ Ö] àønû³eøþ
š
behind you Vwåhmao nrN>o ú}g v ÜûÒö ðø ]…øæø
near Allah A„mh Ho$ nmg ÆvZ
k0* äô×#Ö] ‚øßûÂô
under the earth µO_rZ Ho$ ZrMo nÆ}i ô …ûŸøû] køvûøi
š
with you Voao gmW B‚}¾ ÔøÃøÚø
without Allah A„mh Ho$ {gdm ZÎÆvZ äô×#Ö] áøæû 2ö
until the day-break gy`m}X` VH$ -ò »ƒ
J †ôrûËøÖû] Äô×ø_ûÚø oj#uø
above the earth µO_rZ Ho$ D$na 6,
zZ Æ}i ô …ûŸøû] ÑøçûÊø
š
by the sky µH$g_ Amg_mZ H$s Åy
Wn ðô ^ÛøŠ$ Ö]æø
61
9 - Verb, Subject and Object
{H«$`m, H$Vm© Am¡a H$_© ÙçÃËÚ æ ØÂ^Ê ØÃÊ

\ \
ƒw E Z nÆk Q ( Object ) wBêL Zgz ZX ì @*
x »6,Tì @* Y Hw E Z nÆáZzä™x »Ë ( Subject) ¶Ã êL Z
Xì *
@YƒãZzÐã‚W~(,
ÐVß VÅn {°‡tXƒµ Zz
H$Vm© g§km H$m_ H$aZo dmbo Ho$ {bò {bIr OmVr h¡Ÿ& Am¡a H$_© g§km {Og na H$m_ H$m à^md hmo ahm hmoŸ& ZrMo {bIo CXmhaU go g_Pm Om
gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
Subject is used for the one who works i.e. doer & object for the one on whom work is done. Following
examples explain it clearly.

( Object) ÙçÃËÚ Üô‰] ( Subject) ØÂ^Ê Üô‰] ( Past Tense) o•^Ú ØôÃÊ
Ñºçû×öíûÚø Ðº ôÖ^ìø Ðø×øìø

ˆÅ Za ÑZzä™Za H Za äk Q
Omo n¡Xm H$s JB© n¡Xm H$aZo dmbm CgZo n¡Xm {H$`m
creature creator he created
EXERCISE
Translate the following : AZwdmX H$a| : ,™ÀF,
…º çû³þÓö\ûÚø †º ³Òþ ô ^dø †ø³þÓødø
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!
Ýºçû×ö¿ûÚø ÜºôÖ^¾ø Üø×ø¾ø
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!
…º çû’ößûÚø †º‘ô^øÞ †ø’øøÞ
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!
Ñºçû×öíûÚø ÐºôÖ^ìø Ðø×øìø
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!
hºçû–öÇûÚø gº•ô^Æø gø–øÆø
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!
62
EXERCISE
|ºçû³þjö³þËû³þÚø xº³þiô ^Êø xøjø³þÊø

…ºçû³þËö³þÓûÚø †º³þÊô ^Òø †ø³þËø³þÒø
Ùºçû³Ïþö ³ßþû³þÚø Øº³þÎô ^øÞ ØøÏø³øþÞ
Õºçû³þ×öÛûÚø ÔºôÖ ^Úø Ôø×øÚø
Ñºæû†öŠûÚø Ñº…ô^‰ø Ñø†ø‰ø
Åºçû³ßþöÛûÚø Äº³þÞô ^Úø Äøßø³þÚø
2ºçû³fþö³þÃûÚø ‚ºeô ^Âø ‚ø³føþ ³þÂø
2ºçû³r þ ö ŠûÚø ‚ºqô ^‰ø ‚ø³þrø‰ø
Åºçû³þ_öÏûÚø Äº³þ›ô ^Îø Äø_øÎø
ÙºçûÏö³þÃû³þÚø Øº³þÎô ^Âø ØøÏøÂø
Íºæû†ö³þÃûÚø Íº…ô ^Âø Íø†øÂø
…ºçû³þÒö„ûÚø †º³þÒô ]ƒø †ø³þÒøƒø
…ºçû³v þ ö ŠûÚø †ºuô^‰ø †ø³v þ ø ‰ø
Ýºçû³Óþ ö vûÚø ÜºÒô ûø Üø³Óþ ø uø
2ºçû³þ×öíûÚø ‚º³ôþÖ ^ìø ‚ø³þ×øìø
Ñºæû ‚ö’ûÚø Ñº2ô^‘ø Ñø‚ø‘ø
2ºçûqöçûÚø ‚ºqô ]æø ‚øqøæø
Ùºçû‘öçûÚø Øº‘ô ]æø Øø‘øæø
Ýºçû³þ×öÃûÚø ÜºôÖ^Âø Üø×ôÂø
hºæû†ö\ûÚø hº…ô ^dø hø†ôdø
ÁºçûËövûÚø ÀºÊô ûø ÀøËôuø
2ºçûãö\ûÚø ‚ºâô ^dø ‚øãôdø
2ºçûÛövûÚø ‚ºÚô ûø ‚øÛôuø
63
UNIT - III :
Applied Grammar
Part - II
1) Past Tense/III Person/Singular/Masculine
2) Past Tense/III Person/Plural/Masculine
3) Past Tense/III Person/Singular/Feminine
4) Past Tense/III Person/Plural/Feminine
5) Past Tense/II Person/Singular/Masculine
6) Past Tense/II Person/Plural/Masculine
7) Past Tense/II Person/Singular/Feminine
8) Past Tense/II Person/Plural/Feminine
9) Past Tense/I Person/Singular/Masc. Femi
10) Past Tense/I Person/Plural/Masc. Femi
11) Past Tense/Passive Voice
12) Past Tense
64
1 - Past Tense/IIIrd Person/Singular/Masculine
^yVH$mb/AÝ` nwéf/EH$ dMZ/nw{„§J †Ò„Ú / ‚u]æ / gñ^Æ äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , III = AÝ` nwéf , E.d. = EH$ dMZ , nw = nw{„§J
PT = Past Tense , III = Third Person , S = Single , M = Masculine
EXERCISE
English qhXr oe†Â Nos.
he did (PT, III, S, M) CgZo {H$`m (^y.H$, III, E.d, nw.) ØøÃøÊø 1
he wrote CgZo {bIm gøjø³þÒø 2
he helped CgZo _XX H$s †ø’øÞø 3
he demanded CgZo _m§Jm gø×ø›ø 4
he went dh J`m gøâøƒø 5
he killed CgZo µH$Ëb {H$`m Øøjø³þÎø 6
he entered dh Xm{Ib hþAm / àdoe {H$`m Øøìø2ø 7
he created CgZo n¡Xm {H$`m/ApñVËd _| bm`m Ðø×øìø 8
he made CgZo ~Zm`m ØøÃøqø 9
he saw CgZo XoIm †ø³þ¿øÞø 10
he hit CgZo _mam hø†ø•ø 11
he opened CgZo Imobm xøjø³þÊø 12
he earned CgZo H$_m`m gøŠøÒø 13
he denied CgZo B§H$ma {H$`m †øËø³þÒø 14
he sealed CgZo _wha bJmB© Üøøjìø 15
he raised, sent CgZo ôOm, CgZo CR>m`m &øÃøeø 16
he provided provision CgZo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m Ñø‡ø…ø 17
he lied CgZo PyR> ~mobm hø„ø³þÒø 18
he struggled CgZo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m ‚øãøqø 19
he copied CgZo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m ØøÏøÞø 20
65
EXERCISE
he gathered CgZo O_m {H$`m †ø\øuø 21
he collected CgZo O_m {H$`m ÄøÛøqø 22
he ate meals CgZo ImZm Im`m ÜøÃø›ø 23
he ate CgZo Im`m ØøÒø ø] 24
he understood CgZo AH$b bJmB© ØøÏøÂø 25
he percieved CgZo g_Pm †øÃødø 26
he dreaded / frightened dh K~am`m gøâø…ø 27
he became cautious / feared dh S>am …ø„øuø 28
he left / quited CgZo N>mo‹S>m Õø†ø³øþi 29
he left CgZo N>mo‹S>m …øƒøæø 30
he sat / took a seat dh ~¡R>m ‹ø×øqø 31
he sat / sat down dh ~¡R>m ‚øÃøÎø 32
he became owner dh _m{bH$ hþAm Ôø×øÚø 33
he blew CgZo \y$§°H$ _mar îøËøøÞ 34
he stole CgZo Mmoar H$s Ñø†ø‰ø 35
he proceeded dh AmJo ~‹T>m Ðøfø‰ø 36
he prevented / prohibited CgZo amoH$m, CgZo _Zm {H$`m ÄøßøÚø 37
he stayed dh ahm, dh R>ham/~gm àøÓø‰ø 38
he asked CgZo gdmb {H$`m Ùø^*‰ø 39
he thanked CgZo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m †ø³þÓødø 40
he worshipped CgZo B~mXV H$s ‚ø³føþ Âø 41
he prostrated CgZo gOXm {H$`m ‚ørø‰ø 42
he cut CgZo H$mQ>m Äø_øÎø 43
66
EXERCISE
he presented CgZo noe {H$`m š ø †øÂø 44
he differed CgZo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m Ñø†øÊø 45
he identified CgZo nhMmZm Íø†øÂø 46
he kept patience CgZo g~« {H$`m †øfø‘ø 47
he remembered CgZo `mX {H$`m †øÒøƒø 48
he cursed CgZo bmZV H$s, CgZo \$Q>H$mam àøÃøøÖ 49
he wronged CgZo µOwë_ {H$`m Üø×ø¾ø 50
he attended dh hm{µOa hþAm †ø–øuø 51
he raised CgZo D§$Mm {H$`m ÄøÊø…ø 52
he enchanted / played magic CgZo OmXw {H$`m †øvø‰ø 53
he reformed dh gwYam xø×ø‘ø 54
he profited CgZo bm^ {X`m ÄøËøøÞ 55
he reached dh nhþ§Mm Èø×øeø 56
he judged CgZo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m ÜøÓøuø 57
he came out dh {ZH$bm tø†øìø 58
he always remained dh h_oem ahm ‚ø×øìø 59
he violated CgZo Zm\$a_mZr H$s ÐøŠøÊø 60
he spoke truth CgZo gM H$hm Ñø‚ø‘ø 61
he plotted CgZo Mmb Mbr †øÓøÚø 62
he returned dh bm¡Q>m Äøqø…ø 63
he carried CgZo CR>m`m ØøÛøuø 64
he bore load CgZo ~moP CR>m`m …ø‡øæø 65
67
EXERCISE
he read CgZo n‹T>m *]†ø³þÎø 66
he took / caught CgZo nH$‹S>m, CgZo {b`m „øìøø] 67
he found CgZo nm`m ‚øqøæø 68
he met dh {_bm Øø‘øæø 69
he granted / offered CgZo àXmZ {H$`m gøâøæø 70
he promised CgZo dmXm {H$`m ‚øÂøæø 71
he pledged CgZo AhX, dMZ {H$`m ‚øãôÂø 72
he did mercy CgZo ah_ {H$`m Üøuô…ø 73
he knew CgZo OmZm Üø³×þôÂø 74
he worked CgZo H$m`© {H$`m ØøÛôÂø 75
he heard CgZo gwZm Äø³þÛô‰ø 76
he drank CgZo {n`m hø†ôdø 77
he rode dh gdma hþAm gøÒô…ø 78
he gave evidence / witness CgZo Jdmhr Xr ‚øãôdø 79
he grieved dh XwIr hþAm áø ô̂ uø 80
he felt pleasure dh Iwe hþAm |ø†ôÊø 81
he calculated CgZo {hgm~ bJm`m gøŠôuø 82
he suffered loss CgZo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m †øŠôìø 83
he guarded CgZo gwajm H$s ÀøËôuø 84
he disliked CgZo Zmng§X {H$`m åø†ôÒø 85
he praised CgZo Vmar\$ H$s ‚øÛôuø 86
he wasted CgZo ~~m©X {H$`m ¼øfôuø 87
he surrounded / expanded CgZo Koa {b`m, CgZo {dñV¥V {H$`m Äø‰ôæø 88
68
EXERCISE
he came dh Am`m ðø^qø 89
he taught CgZo {gIm`m Üø×$Âø 90
he denied CgZo PwQ>bm`m hø„$ Òø 91
he changed CgZo ~Xb {X`m Ùø‚$ eø 92
he stood up dh I‹S>m hþAm Ýø^Îø 93
he established CgZo I‹S>m {H$`m Ýø^Îø ø] 94
he drove out CgZo ~mha {ZH$mbm tø†øìûø] 95
he caused entrance CgZo àdoe {H$`m Øøìø2ûø] 96
he sent back CgZo bm¡Q>m`m Äøqø…ûø] 97
he sent CgZo ôOm Øø‰ø…ûø] 98
he reformed CgZo gwYma {H$`m xø×ø‘ûø] 99
he sent down CgZo CVmam Ùø ø̂ Þû ø] 100
he rewarded CgZo nwañH¥$V {H$`m ÜøÃøÞû ø] 101
he spent CgZo IM© {H$`m ÐøËøÞû ø] 102
he intended CgZo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m 2ø]…øø] 103
he destroyed CgZo ~~m©X {H$`m Ôø×øâûø] 104
he denied CgZo BÝH$ma {H$`m †ø³þÓøÞû ø] 105
he warned CgZo S>am`m …ø„øÞû ø] 106
he made a favour CgZo CnH$ma {H$`m àøŠøuûø] 107
he feeded CgZo ImZm {Ibm`m ÜøÃø›ûø] 108
he made to taste CgZo MIm`m Ñø]ƒøø] 109
he showed CgZo {XIm`m p…Fø] 110
69
2 - Past Tense/IIIrd Person/Plural/Masculine
^yVH$mb/AÝ` nwéf/~hþdMZ/nw{„§J †Ò„Ú / ÄÛq / gñ^Æ äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , III = AÝ` nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþdMZ , nw = nw{„§J
PT = Past Tense , III = Third Person , P = Plural , M = Masculine
EXERCISE
they did (PT, III, P, M) CÝhm|Zo {H$`m (^y.H$, III, ~.d, nw.) ]çû×ö³þÃøÊø 1
they wrote CÝhm|Zo {bIm ]çûfö³jøþ ³þÒø 2
they helped CÝhm|Zo _XX H$s ]æû†ö’øøÞ 3
they demanded CÝhm|Zo _m§Jm ]çûfö³þ×ø›ø 4
they went do JE ]çûfö³þâøƒø 5
they killed CÝhm|Zo µH$Ëb {H$`m ]çû×ö³jøþ ³þÎø 6
they entered do Xm{Ib hþE / àdoe {H$`m ]çû×öìø2ø 7
they created CÝhm|Zo n¡Xm {H$`m/ApñVËd _| bm`m ]çûÏö³þ×øìø 8
they made CÝhm|Zo ~Zm`m ]çû×öÃøqø 9
they saw CÝhm|Zo XoIm ]æû†ö³þ¿øøÞ 10
they hit CÝhm|Zo _mam ]çûeö†ø•ø 11
they opened CÝhm|Zo Imobm ]çûvöjø³þÊø 12
they earned CÝhm|Zo H$_m`m ]çûföŠøÒø 13
they denied CÝhm|Zo B§H$ma {H$`m ]æû†öËø³þÒø 14
they sealed CÝhm|Zo _wha bJmB© ]çûÛöjøìø 15
they raised, sent CÝhm|Zo ôOm, CÝhm|Zo CR>m`m ]çû%ö³þÃøeø 16
they provided provision CÝhm|Zo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m ]çûÎö‡ø…ø 17
they lied CÝhm|Zo PyR> ~mobm ]çûeö„ø³þÒø 18
they struggled CÝhm|Zo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m ]æû‚öãøqø 19
they copied CÝhm|Zo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m ]çû×ö³þÏøøÞ 20
70
EXERCISE
they gathered CÝhm|Zo O_m {H$`m ]æû†ö\øuø 21
they collected CÝhm|Zo O_m {H$`m ]çûÃöÛøqø 22
they ate meals CÝhm|Zo ImZm Im`m ]çûÛöÃø›ø 23
they ate CÝhm|Zo Im`m ]çû×öÒø ø] 24
they understood CÝhm|Zo AH$b bJmB© ]çû×öÏøÂø 25
they percieved CÝhm|Zo g_Pm ]æû†öÃødø 26
they dreaded / frightened do K~amE ]çûföâø…ø 27
they became cautious / feared do S>ao ]æû…ö„øuø 28
they left / quited CÝhm|Zo N>mo‹S>m ]çûÒö†ø³þiø 29
they left CÝhm|Zo N>mo‹S>m ]æû…öƒøæø 30
they sat / took a seat do ~¡R>o ]çûŠö×øqø 31
they sat / sat down do ~¡R>o ]æû‚öÃøÎø 32
they became owner do _m{bH$ hþE ]çûÓö³×þøÚø 33
they blew CÝhm|Zo \y$§°H$ _mar ]çûíöËøÞø 34
they stole CÝhm|Zo Mmoar H$s ]çûÎö†ø‰ø 35
they proceeded do AmJo ~‹T>o ]çûÏö³þfø‰ø 36
they prevented / prohibited CÝhm|Zo amoH$m, CÝhm|Zo _Zm {H$`m ]çûÃö³ßøþ Úø 37
they stayed do aho, do R>hao/~go ]çûßö³þÓø‰ø 38
they asked CÝhm|Zo gdmb {H$`m ]çû³þÖö ^*‰ø 39
they thanked CÝhm|Zo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m ]æû†ö³þÓødø 40
they worshipped CÝhm|Zo B~mXV H$s ]æû‚ö³føþ Âø 41
they prostrated CÝhm|Zo gOXm {H$`m ]æû‚örø‰ø 42
they cut CÝhm|Zo H$mQ>m ]çûÃö_øÎø 43
71
EXERCISE
they presented CÝhm|Zo noe {H$`m ]çû•ö†øÂø 44
they differed CÝhm|Zo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m ]çûÎö†øÊø 45
they identified CÝhm|Zo nhMmZm ]çûÊö†øÂø 46
they kept patience CÝhm|Zo g~« {H$`m ]æû†öfø‘ø 47
they remembered CÝhm|Zo `mX {H$`m ]æû†öÒøƒø 48
they cursed CÝhm|Zo bmZV H$s, CÝhm|Zo \$Q>H$mam ]çûßö³þÃøøÖ 49
they wronged CÝhm|Zo µOwë_ {H$`m ]çûÛö×ø¾ø 50
they attended do hm{µOa hþE ]æû†ö–øuø 51
they raised CÝhm|Zo D§$Mm {H$`m ]çûÃöÊø…ø 52
they enchanted / played magic CÝhm|Zo OmXw {H$`m ]æû†övø‰ø 53
they reformed do gwYao ]çûvö×ø‘ø 54
they profited CÝhm|Zo bm^ {X`m ]çûÃöËøÞø 55
they reached do nhþ§Mo ]çûÇö³×þøeø 56
they judged CÝhm|Zo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m ]çûÛöÓøuø 57
they came out do {ZH$bo ]çûqö†øìø 58
they always remained do h_oem aho ]æû‚ö×øìø 59
they violated CÝhm|Zo Zm\$a_mZr H$s ]çûÏöŠøÊø 60
they spoke truth CÝhm|Zo gM H$hm ]çûÎö‚ø‘ø 61
they plotted CÝhm|Zo Mmb Mbr ]æû†öÓøÚø 62
they returned do bm¡Q>o ]çûÃöqø…ø 63
they carried CÝhm|Zo CR>m`m ]çû×öÛøuø 64
they bore load CÝhm|Zo ~moP CR>m`m ]æû…ö‡øæø 65
72
EXERCISE
they read CÝhm|Zo n‹T>m ]æû ðö†ø³þÎø 66
they took / caught CÝhm|Zo nH$‹S>m, CÝhm|Zo {b`m ]æû„öìøø] 67
they found CÝhm|Zo nm`m ]æû‚öqøæø 68
they met do {_bo ]çû×ö‘øæø 69
they granted / offered CÝhm|Zo àXmZ {H$`m ]çûföâøæø 70
they promised CÝhm|Zo dmXm {H$`m ]æû‚öÂøæø 71
they pledged CÝhm|Zo AhX, dMZ {H$`m ]æû‚öãôÂø 72
they did mercy CÝhm|Zo ah_ {H$`m ]çûÛöuô…ø 73
they knew CÝhm|Zo OmZm ]çûÛö³×þôÂø 74
they worked CÝhm|Zo H$m`© {H$`m ]çû×öÛôÂø 75
they heard CÝhm|Zo gwZm ]çûÃö³þÛô‰ø 76
they drank CÝhm|Zo {n`m ]çûeö†ôdø 77
they rode do gdma hþE ]çûfö³þÒô…ø 78
they gave evidence / witness CÝhm|Zo Jdmhr Xr ]æû‚öãôdø 79
they grieved do XwIr hþE ]çûÞö ô̂ uø 80
they felt pleasure do Iwe hþE ]çûuö†ôÊø 81
they calculated CÝhm|Zo {hgm~ bJm`m ]çûföŠôuø 82
they suffered loss CÝhm|Zo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m ]æû†öŠôìø 83
they guarded CÝhm|Zo gwajm H$s ]çû¿öËôuø 84
they disliked CÝhm|Zo Zmng§X {H$`m ]çûaö†ôÒø 85
they praised CÝhm|Zo Vmar\$ H$s ]æû‚öÛôuø 86
they wasted CÝhm|Zo ~~m©X {H$`m ]çû_öfôuø 87
they surrounded / expanded CÝhm|Zo Koa {b`m, CÝhm|Zo {dñV¥V {H$`m ]çûÃö‰ôæø 88
73
EXERCISE
they came do AmE ]æû ðö^qø 89
they taught CÝhm|Zo {gIm`m ]çûÛö×$Âø 90
they denied CÝhm|Zo PwQ>bm`m ]çûeö„$ Òø 91
they changed CÝhm|Zo ~Xb {X`m ]çûÖö‚$ eø 92
they stood up do I‹So hþE ]çûÚö^Îø 93
they established CÝhm|Zo I‹S>m {H$`m ]çûÚö^Îø ø] 94
they drove out CÝhm|Zo ~mha {ZH$mbm ]çûqö†øìûø] 95
they caused entrance CÝhm|Zo àdoe {H$`m ]çû×öìø2ûø] 96
they sent back CÝhm|Zo bm¡Q>m`m ]çûÃöqø…ûø] 97
they sent CÝhm|Zo ôOm ]çû×ö‰ø…ûø] 98
they reformed CÝhm|Zo gwYma {H$`m ]çûvö×ø‘ûø] 99
they sent down CÝhm|Zo CVmam ]çûÖö ø̂ Þû ø] 100
they rewarded CÝhm|Zo nwañH¥$V {H$`m ]çûÛöÃøÞû ø] 101
they spent CÝhm|Zo IM© {H$`m ]çûÏöËøÞû ø] 102
they intended CÝhm|Zo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m ]æû2ö]…øø] 103
they destroyed CÝhm|Zo ~~m©X {H$`m ]çûÓö³þ×øâûø] 104
they denied CÝhm|Zo BÝH$ma {H$`m ]æû†ö³þÓøÞû ø] 105
they warned CÝhm|Zo S>am`m ]æû…ö„øÞû ø] 106
they made a favour CÝhm|Zo CnH$ma {H$`m ]çûßöŠøuûø] 107
they feeded CÝhm|Zo ImZm {Ibm`m ]çûÛöÃø›ûø] 108
they made to taste CÝhm|Zo MIm`m ]çûÎö]ƒøø] 109
they showed CÝhm|Zo {XIm`m ]æû ðö…Fø] 110
74
3 - Past Tense/IIIrd Person/Singular/Feminine
^yVH$mb/AÝ`-nwéf/EH$dMZ/órqbJ &Þ©Ú / ‚u]æ / gñ^Æ äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , III = AÝ` nwéf , E.d. = EH$ dMZ , ór = órqbJ
PT = Past Tense , III = Third Person , S = Single , F = Feminine
EXERCISE
she did (PT, III, S, F) CgZo {H$`m (^y.H$, III, E.d, ór) kû×øÃøÊø 1
she wrote CgZo {bIm kûfø³jøþ ³þÒø 2
she helped CgZo _XX H$s lû†ø’øøÞ 3
she demanded CgZo _m§Jm kûfø³þ×ø›ø 4
she went dh JB© kûføâøƒø 5
she killed CgZo µH$Ëb {H$`m kû×ø³jøþ ³þÎø 6
she entered dh Xm{Ib hþB© / àdoe {H$`m kû×øìø2ø 7
she created CgZo n¡Xm {H$`m/ApñVËd _| bm`m kûÏø³þ×øìø 8
she made CgZo ~Zm`m kû×ø³Ãþø qø 9
she saw CgZo XoIm lû†ø³þ¿øøÞ 10
she hit CgZo _mam kûeø†ø•ø 11
she opened CgZo Imobm kûvøjø³þÊø 12
she earned CgZo H$_m`m kûføŠøÒø 13
she denied CgZo B§H$ma {H$`m lû†øËø³þÒø 14
she sealed CgZo _wha bJmB© kûÛøjøìø 15
she raised, sent CgZo ôOm, CgZo CR>m`m kû%ø³þÃøeø 16
she provided provision CgZo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m kûÎø‡ø…ø 17
she lied CgZo PyR> ~mobm kûeø„ø³þÒø 18
she struggled CgZo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m lû‚øãøqø 19
she copied CgZo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m kû×ø³þÏø³øþÞ 20
75
PT = Past Tense , III = Third Person , S = Single , F = Feminine
EXERCISE
she gathered CgZo O_m {H$`m lû†ø\øuø 21
she collected CgZo O_m {H$`m kûÃøÛøqø 22
she ate meals CgZo ImZm Im`m kûÛøÃø›ø 23
she ate CgZo Im`m kû×øÒø ø] 24
she understood CgZo AH$b bJmB© kû×ø³Ïþø Âø 25
she percieved CgZo g_Pm lû†øÃødø 26
she dreaded / frightened dh K~amB© kûføâø…ø 27
she became cautious / feared dh S>ar lû…ø„øuø 28
she left / quited CgZo N>mo‹S>m kûÒø†ø³øþi 29
she left CgZo N>mo‹S>m lû…øƒøæø 30
she sat / took a seat dh ~¡R>r kûŠø×øqø 31
she sat / sat down dh ~¡R>r lû‚øÃøÎø 32
she became owner dh _m{bH$ hþB© kûÓø³þ×øÚø 33
she blew CgZo \y$§°H$ _mar kûíøËøøÞ 34
she stole CgZo Mmoar H$s kûÎø†ø‰ø 35
she proceeded dh AmJo ~‹T>r kûÏø³þfø‰ø 36
she prevented / prohibited CgZo amoH$m, CgZo _Zm {H$`m kûÃø³ßøþ Úø 37
she stayed dh ahr, R>har / ~gr kûøß³þÓø‰ø 38
she asked CgZo gdmb {H$`m kûøÖ ^*‰ø 39
she thanked CgZo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m lû†ø³þÓødø 40
she worshipped CgZo B~mXV H$s lû‚ø³fþøÂø 41
she prostrated CgZo gOXm {H$`m lû‚ørø‰ø 42
she cut CgZo H$mQ>m kûÃø_øÎø 43
76
EXERCISE
she presented CgZo noe {H$`m kû•ø†øÂø 44
she differed CgZo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m kûÎø†øÊø 45
she identified CgZo nhMmZm kûÊø†øÂø 46
she kept patience CgZo g~« {H$`m lû†øfø‘ø 47
she remembered CgZo `mX {H$`m lû†øÒøƒø 48
she cursed CgZo bmZV H$s, CgZo \$Q>H$mam kûßø³þÃøøÖ 49
she wronged CgZo µOwë_ {H$`m kûÛø×ø¾ø 50
she attended dh hm{µOa hþB© lû†ø–øuø 51
she raised CgZo D§$Mm {H$`m kûÃøÊø…ø 52
she enchanted / played magic CgZo OmXw {H$`m lû†øvø‰ø 53
she reformed dh gwYar kûvø×ø‘ø 54
she profited CgZo bm^ {X`m kûÃøËøøÞ 55
she reached dh nhþ§Mr kûÇø×øeø 56
she judged CgZo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m kûÛøÓøuø 57
she came out dh {ZH$br kûqø†øìø 58
she always remained dh h_oem ahr lû‚ø×øìø 59
she violated CgZo Zm\$a_mZr H$s kûÏøŠøÊø 60
she spoke truth CgZo gM H$hm kûÎø‚ø‘ø 61
she plotted CgZo Mmb Mbr lû†øÓøÚø 62
she returned dh bm¡Q>r kûÃøqø…ø 63
she carried CgZo CR>m`m kû×øÛøuø 64
she bore load CgZo ~moP CR>m`m lû…ø‡øæø 65
77
EXERCISE
she read CgZo n‹T>m lû*]†ø³þÎø 66
she took / caught CgZo nH$‹S>m, CgZo {b`m lû„øìøø] 67
she found CgZo nm`m lû‚øqøæø 68
she met dh {_br kû×ø‘øæø 69
she granted / offered CgZo àXmZ {H$`m kûføâøæø 70
she promised CgZo dmXm {H$`m lû‚øÂøæø 71
she pledged CgZo AhX, dMZ {H$`m lû‚øãôÂø 72
she did mercy CgZo ah_ {H$`m kûÛøuô…ø 73
she knew CgZo OmZm kûÛø³×þôÂø 74
she worked CgZo H$m`© {H$`m kû×øÛôÂø 75
she heard CgZo gwZm kûÃø³þÛô‰ø 76
she drank CgZo {n`m kûeø†ôdø 77
she rode dh gdma hþB© kûfø³þÒô…ø 78
she gave evidence / witness CgZo Jdmhr Xr lû‚øãôdø 79
she grieved dh XwIr hþB© kûøÞ ô̂ uø 80
she felt pleasure dh Iwe hþB© kûuø†ôÊø 81
she calculated CgZo {hgm~ bJm`m kûføŠôuø 82
she suffered loss CgZo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m lû†øŠôìø 83
she guarded CgZo gwajm H$s kû¿øËôuø 84
she disliked CgZo Zmng§X {H$`m kûaø†ôÒø 85
she praised CgZo Vmar\$ H$s lû‚øÛôuø 86
she wasted CgZo ~~m©X {H$`m kû_øfôuø 87
she surrounded / expanded CgZo Koa {b`m, CgZo {dñV¥V {H$`m kûÃø‰ôæø 88
78
EXERCISE
she came dh AmB© lû ðø^qø 89
she taught CgZo {gIm`m kûÛø×$Âø 90
she denied CgZo PwQ>bm`m kûeø„$ Òø 91
she changed CgZo ~Xb {X`m kûøÖ‚$ eø 92
she stood up dh I‹S>r hþB© kûÚø^Îø 93
she established CgZo I‹S>m {H$`m kûÚø^Îø ø] 94
she drove out CgZo ~mha {ZH$mbm kûqø†øìûø] 95
she caused entrance CgZo àdoe {H$`m kû×øìø2ûø] 96
she sent back CgZo bm¡Q>m`m kûÃøqø…ûø] 97
she sent CgZo ôOm kû×ø‰ø…ûø] 98
she reformed CgZo gwYma {H$`m kûvø×ø‘ûø] 99
she sent down CgZo CVmam kûøÖ ø̂ Þû ø] 100
she rewarded CgZo nwañH¥$V {H$`m kûÛøÃøÞû ø] 101
she spent CgZo IM© {H$`m kûÏøËøÞû ø] 102
she intended CgZo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m lû2ø]…øø] 103
she destroyed CgZo ~~m©X {H$`m kûÓø³þ×øâûø] 104
she denied CgZo BÝH$ma {H$`m lû†ø³þÓøÞû ø] 105
she warned CgZo S>am`m lû…ø„øÞû ø] 106
she made a favour CgZo CnH$ma {H$`m kûßøŠøuûø] 107
she feeded CgZo ImZm {Ibm`m kûÛøÃø›ûø] 108
she made to taste CgZo MIm`m kûÎø]ƒøø] 109
she showed CgZo {XIm`m lû…øø] 110
79
4 - Past Tense/IIIrd Person/Plural/Feminine
^yVH$mb/AÝ`-nwéf/~hþdMZ/órqbJ &Þ©Ú / ÄÛq / gñ^Æ äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , III = AÝ` nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþdMZ , ór = órqbJ
PT = Past Tense , III = Third Person , P = Plural , F = Feminine
EXERCISE
they did (PT, III, P, F) CÝhm|Zo {H$`m (^y.H$, III, ~.d, ór) àø×ûÃøÊø 1
they wrote CÝhm|Zo {bIm àøfû³jþø³þÒø 2
they helped CÝhm|Zo _XX H$s áø†û’øøÞ 3
they demanded CÝhm|Zo _m§Jm àøfû³þ×ø›ø 4
they went do JBª àøfûâøƒø 5
they killed CÝhm|Zo µH$Ëb {H$`m àø×û³jþø³þÎø 6
they entered do Xm{Ib hþBª / àdoe {H$`m àø×ûìø2ø 7
they created CÝhm|Zo n¡Xm {H$`m/ApñVËd _| bm`m àøÏû³þ×øìø 8
they made CÝhm|Zo ~Zm`m àø×û³Ãþø qø 9
they saw CÝhm|Zo XoIm áø†û³þ¿øøÞ 10
they hit CÝhm|Zo _mam àøeû†ø•ø 11
they opened CÝhm|Zo Imobm àøvûjø³þÊø 12
they earned CÝhm|Zo H$_m`m àøfûŠøÒø 13
they denied CÝhm|Zo B§H$ma {H$`m áø†ûËø³þÒø 14
they sealed CÝhm|Zo _wha bJmB© àøÛûøjìø 15
they raised, sent CÝhm|Zo ôOm, CÝhm|Zo CR>m`m àø%û³þÃøeø 16
they provided provision CÝhm|Zo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m àøÎû‡ø…ø 17
they lied CÝhm|Zo PyR> ~mobm àøeû„ø³þÒø 18
they struggled CÝhm|Zo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m áø‚ûãøqø 19
they copied CÝhm|Zo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m àø×û³þÏø³øþÞ 20
80
EXERCISE
they gathered CÝhm|Zo O_m {H$`m áø†û\øuø 21
they collected CÝhm|Zo O_m {H$`m àøÃûÛøqø 22
they ate meals CÝhm|Zo ImZm Im`m àøÛûÃø›ø 23
they ate CÝhm|Zo Im`m àø×ûÒø ø] 24
they understood CÝhm|Zo AH$b bJmB© àø×û³Ïþø Âø 25
they percieved CÝhm|Zo g_Pm áø†ûÃødø 26
they dreaded / frightened do K~amBª àøfûâø…ø 27
they became cautious / feared do S>at áø…û„øuø 28
they left / quited CÝhm|Zo N>mo‹S>m àøÒû†ø³øþi 29
they left CÝhm|Zo N>mo‹S>m áø…ûƒøæø 30
they sat / took a seat do ~¡R>t àøŠû×øqø 31
they sat / sat down do ~¡R>t áø‚ûÃøÎø 32
they became owner do _m{bH$ hþBª àøÓû³þ×øÚø 33
they blew CÝhm|Zo \y$§°H$ _mar àøíûËøøÞ 34
they stole CÝhm|Zo Mmoar H$s àøÎû†ø‰ø 35
they proceeded do AmJo ~‹T>t àøÏû³þfø‰ø 36
they prevented / prohibited CÝhm|Zo amoH$m, CÝhm|Zo _Zm {H$`m àøÃû³ßøþ Úø 37
they stayed do aht, do R>hat / ~gt à$ ³þÓø‰ø 38
they asked CÝhm|Zo gdmb {H$`m àøÖû ^*‰ø 39
they thanked CÝhm|Zo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m áø†û³þÓødø 40
they worshipped CÝhm|Zo B~mXV H$s áø‚û³føþ Âø 41
they prostrated CÝhm|Zo gOXm {H$`m áø‚ûrø‰ø 42
they cut CÝhm|Zo H$mQ>m àøÃû_øÎø 43
81
EXERCISE
they presented CÝhm|Zo noe {H$`m àø•û†øÂø 44
they differed CÝhm|Zo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m àøÎû†øÊø 45
they identified CÝhm|Zo nhMmZm àøÊû†øÂø 46
they kept patience CÝhm|Zo g~« {H$`m áø†ûfø‘ø 47
they remembered CÝhm|Zo `mX {H$`m áø†ûÒøƒø 48
they cursed CÝhm|Zo bmZV H$s, CÝhm|Zo \$Q>H$mam à$ ÃøøÖ 49
they wronged CÝhm|Zo µOwë_ {H$`m àøÛû×ø¾ø 50
they attended do hm{µOa hþBª áø†û–øuø 51
they raised CÝhm|Zo D§$Mm {H$`m àøÃûÊø…ø 52
they enchanted / played magic CÝhm|Zo OmXw {H$`m áø†ûvø‰ø 53
they reformed do gwYat àøvû×ø‘ø 54
they profited CÝhm|Zo bm^ {X`m àøÃûËøøÞ 55
they reached do nhþ§Mt àøÇû×øeø 56
they judged CÝhm|Zo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m àøÛûÓøuø 57
they came out do {ZH$bt àøqû†øìø 58
they always remained do h_oem aht áø‚û×øìø 59
they violated CÝhm|Zo Zm\$a_mZr H$s àøÏûŠøÊø 60
they spoke truth CÝhm|Zo gM H$hm àøÎû‚ø‘ø 61
they plotted CÝhm|Zo Mmb Mbr áø†ûÓøÚø 62
they returned do bm¡Q>t àøÃûqø…ø 63
they carried CÝhm|Zo CR>m`m àø×ûÛøuø 64
they bore load CÝhm|Zo ~moP CR>m`m áø…û‡øæø 65
82
EXERCISE
they read CÝhm|Zo n‹T>m áø+]†ø³þÎø 66
they took / caught CÝhm|Zo nH$‹S>m, CÝhm|Zo {b`m áø„ûìøø] 67
they found CÝhm|Zo nm`m áø‚ûqøæø 68
they met do {_bt àø×û‘øæø 69
they granted / offered CÝhm|Zo àXmZ {H$`m àøfûâøæø 70
they promised CÝhm|Zo dmXm {H$`m áø‚ûÂøæø 71
they pledged CÝhm|Zo AhX, dMZ {H$`m áø‚ûãôÂø 72
they did mercy CÝhm|Zo ah_ {H$`m àøÛûuô…ø 73
they knew CÝhm|Zo OmZm àøÛû×ôÂø 74
they worked CÝhm|Zo H$m`© {H$`m àø×ûÛôÂø 75
they heard CÝhm|Zo gwZm àøÃû³þÛô‰ø 76
they drank CÝhm|Zo {n`m àøeû†ôdø 77
they rode do gdma hþBª àøfû³þÒô…ø 78
they gave evidence / witness CÝhm|Zo Jdmhr Xr áø‚ûãôdø 79
they grieved do XwIr hþBª á$ ô̂ uø 80
they felt pleasure do Iwe hþBª àøuû†ôÊø 81
they calculated CÝhm|Zo {hgm~ bJm`m àøfûŠôuø 82
they suffered loss CÝhm|Zo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m áø†ûŠôìø 83
they guarded CÝhm|Zo gwajm H$s àø¿ûËôuø 84
they disliked CÝhm|Zo Zmng§X {H$`m àøaû†ôÒø 85
they praised CÝhm|Zo Vmar\$ H$s áø‚ûÛôuø 86
they wasted CÝhm|Zo ~~m©X {H$`m àø_ûfôuø 87
they surrounded / expanded CÝhm|Zo Koa {b`m, CÝhm|Zo {dñV¥V {H$`m àøÃû‰ôæø 88
83
EXERCISE
they came do AmBª àøòûqô 89
they taught CÝhm|Zo {gIm`m àøÛû×$Âø 90
they denied CÝhm|Zo PwQ>bm`m àøeû„$ Òø 91
they changed CÝhm|Zo ~Xb {X`m àøûÖ‚$ eø 92
they stood up do I‹S>r hþBª àøÛûÎø 93
they established CÝhm|Zo I‹S>m {H$`m àøÛûÎø ø] 94
they drove out CÝhm|Zo ~mha {ZH$mbm àøqû†øìûø] 95
they caused entrance CÝhm|Zo àdoe {H$`m àø×ûìø2ûø] 96
they sent back CÝhm|Zo bm¡Q>m`m àøÃûqô…ûø] 97
they sent CÝhm|Zo ôOm àø×û‰ø…ûø] 98
they reformed CÝhm|Zo gwYma {H$`m àøvû×ø‘ûø] 99
they sent down CÝhm|Zo CVmam àøûÖ ø̂ Þû ø] 100
they rewarded CÝhm|Zo nwañH¥$V {H$`m àøÛûÃøÞû ø] 101
they spent CÝhm|Zo IM© {H$`m àøÏûËøÞû ø] 102
they intended CÝhm|Zo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m áø2û…øø] 103
they destrroyed CÝhm|Zo ~~m©X {H$`m àøÓû×øâûø] 104
they denied CÝhm|Zo BÝH$ma {H$`m áø†û³þÓøÞû ø] 105
they warned CÝhm|Zo S>am`m áø…û„øÞû ø] 106
they made a favour CÝhm|Zo CnH$ma {H$`m à$ Šøuûø] 107
they feeded CÝhm|Zo ImZm {Ibm`m àøÛûÃø›ûø] 108
they made to taste CÝhm|Zo MIm`m àøÎûƒøø] 109
they showed CÝhm|Zo {XIm`m áø ðû…øø] 110
84
5 - Past Tense/IInd Person/Singular/Masculine
^yVH$mb/_Ü`_ nwéf/EH$dMZ/nw{„§J †Ò„Ú / ‚u]æ / †•û äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , II = _Ü`_ nwéf , E.d. = EH$dMZ , nw = nw{„§J
PT = Past Tense , II = Second Person , S = Single , M = Masculine
EXERCISE
you did (PT, II, S, M) VyZo {H$`m (^y.H$, II, E.d, nw.) kø×ûÃøÊø 1
you wrote VyZo {bIm køfû³jøþ ³þÒø 2
you helped VyZo _XX H$s lø†û’øøÞ 3
you demanded VyZo _m§Jm køfû³þ×ø›ø 4
you went Vy J`m køfûâøƒø 5
you killed VyZo µH$Ëb {H$`m kø×û³jøþ ³þÎø 6
you entered Vy Xm{Ib hþAm / àdoe {H$`m kø×ûìø2ø 7
you created VyZo n¡Xm {H$`m/ApñVËd _| bm`m køÏû³þ×øìø 8
you made VyZo ~Zm`m kø×û³Ãþø qø 9
you saw VyZo XoIm lø†û³þ¿øøÞ 10
you hit VyZo _mam køeû†ø•ø 11
you opened VyZo Imobm køvûjø³þÊø 12
you earned VyZo H$_m`m køfûŠøÒø 13
you denied VyZo B§H$ma {H$`m lø†ûËø³þÒø 14
you sealed VyZo _wha bJmB© køÛûjøìø 15
you raised, sent VyZo ôOm, VyZo CR>m`m kø%û³þÃøeø 16
you provided provision VyZo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m køÎû‡ø…ø 17
you lied VyZo PyR> ~mobm køeû„ø³þÒø 18
you struggled VyZo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m lø‚ûãøqø 19
you copied VyZo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m kø×û³þÏø³øþÞ 20
85
EXERCISE
you gathered VyZo O_m {H$`m lø†û\øuø 21
you collected VyZo O_m {H$`m køÃûÛøqø 22
you ate meals VyZo ImZm Im`m køÛûÃø›ø 23
you ate VyZo Im`m kø×ûÒø ø] 24
you understood VyZo AH$b bJmB© kø×û³Ïþø Âø 25
you percieved VyZo g_Pm lø†ûÃødø 26
you dreaded / frightened Vy K~am`m køfûâø…ø 27
you became cautious / feared Vy S>am lø…û„øuø 28
you left / quited VyZo N>mo‹S>m køÒû†ø³øþi 29
you left VyZo N>mo‹S>m lø…ûƒøæø 30
you sat / took a seat Vy ~¡Rm køŠû×øqø 31
ypu sat / sat down Vy ~¡Rm lø‚ûÃøÎø 32
you became owner Vy _m{bH$ hþAm køÓû³×þøÚø 33
you blew VyZo \y$§°H$ _mar køíûËøøÞ 34
you stole VyZo Mmoar H$s køÎû†ø‰ø 35
you proceeded Vy AmJo ~‹T>m køÏû³þfø‰ø 36
you prevented / prohibited VyZo amoH$m, VyZo _Zm {H$`m køÃû³ßøþ Úø 37
you stayed Vy ahm, Vy R>ham / ~gm køßû³þÓø‰ø 38
you asked VyZo gdmb {H$`m køûÖ ^*‰ø 39
you thanked VyZo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m lø†û³þÓødø 40
you worshipped VyZo B~mXV H$s lø‚û³føþ Âø 41
you prostrated VyZo gOXm {H$`m lø‚ûrø‰ø 42
you cut VyZo H$mQ>m køÃû_øÎø 43
86
EXERCISE
you presented VyZo noe {H$`m kø•û†øÂø 44
you differed VyZo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m køÎû†øÊø 45
you identified VyZo nhMmZm køÊû†øÂø 46
you kept patience VyZo g~« {H$`m lø†ûfø‘ø 47
you remembered VyZo `mX {H$`m lø†ûÒøƒø 48
you cursed VyZo bmZV H$s, VyZo \$Q>H$mam køßûÃøøÖ 49
you wronged VyZo µOwë_ {H$`m køÛû×ø¾ø 50
you attended Vy hm{µOa hþAm lø†û–øuø 51
you raised VyZo D§$Mm {H$`m køÃûÊø…ø 52
you enchanted / played magic VyZo OmXw {H$`m lø†ûvø‰ø 53
you reformed Vy gwYam køvû×ø‘ø 54
you profited VyZo bm^ {X`m køÃûËøøÞ 55
you reached Vy nhþ§Mm køÇû×øeø 56
you judged VyZo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m køÛûÓøuø 57
you came out Vy {ZH$bm køqû†øìø 58
you always remained Vy h_oem ahm lø‚û×øìø 59
you violated VyZo Zm\$a_mZr H$s køÏûŠøÊø 60
you spoke truth VyZo gM H$hm køÎû‚ø‘ø 61
you plotted VyZo Mmb Mbr lø†ûÓøÚø 62
you returned Vy bm¡Qm køÃûqø…ø 63
you carried VyZo CR>m`m kø×ûÛøuø 64
you bore load VyZo ~moP CR>m`m lø…û‡øæø 65
87
EXERCISE
you read VyZo n‹T>m lø+]†ø³þÎø 66
you took / caught VyZo nH$‹S>m, VyZo {b`m lø„ûìøø] 67
you found VyZo nm`m lø‚ûqøæø 68
you met Vy {_bm kø×û‘øæø 69
you granted / offered VyZo àXmZ {H$`m køfûâøæø 70
you promised VyZo dmXm {H$`m lø‚ûÂøæø 71
you pledged VyZo AhX, dMZ {H$`m lø‚ûãôÂø 72
you did mercy VyZo ah_ {H$`m køÛûuô…ø 73
you knew VyZo OmZm køÛû×ôÂø 74
you worked VyZo H$m`© {H$`m kø×ûÛôÂø 75
you heard VyZo gwZm køÃû³þÛô‰ø 76
you drank VyZo {n`m køeû†ôdø 77
you rode Vy gdma hþAm køfû³þÒô…ø 78
you gave evidence / witness VyZo Jdmhr Xr lø‚ûãôdø 79
you grieved Vy XwIr hþAm køÞû ô̂ uø 80
you felt pleasure Vy Iwe hþAm køuû†ôÊø 81
you calculated VyZo {hgm~ bJm`m køfûŠôuø 82
you suffered loss VyZo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m lø†ûŠôìø 83
you guarded VyZo gwajm H$s kø¿ûËôuø 84
you disliked VyZo Zmng§X {H$`m køaû†ôÒø 85
you praised VyZo Vmar\$ H$s lø‚ûÛôuø 86
you wasted VyZo ~~m©X {H$`m kø_ûfôuø 87
you surrounded / expanded VyZo Koa {b`m, VyZo {dñV¥V {H$`m køÃû‰ôæø 88
88
EXERCISE
you came Vy Am`m køòûqô 89
you taught VyZo {gIm`m køÛû×$Âø 90
you denied VyZo PwQ>bm`m køeû„$ Òø 91
you changed VyZo ~Xb {X`m køÖû‚$ eø 92
you stood up VyZo I‹Sm> hþAm køÛûÎø 93
you established VyZo I‹S>m {H$`m køÛûÎø ø] 94
you drove out VyZo ~mha {ZH$mbm køqû†øìûø] 95
you caused entrance VyZo àdoe {H$`m kø×ûìø2ûø] 96
you sent back VyZo bm¡Q>m`m køÃûqø…ûø] 97
you sent VyZo ôOm kø×û‰ø…ûø] 98
you reformed VyZo gwYma {H$`m køvû×ø‘ûø] 99
you sent down VyZo CVmam køÖû ø̂ Þû ø] 100
you rewarded VyZo nwañH¥$V {H$`m køÛûÃøÞû ø] 101
you spent VyZo IM© {H$`m køÏûËøÞû ø] 102
you intended VyZo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m lø2û…øø] 103
you destroyed VyZo ~~m©X {H$`m køÓû×øâûø] 104
you denied VyZo BÝH$ma {H$`m lø†û³þÓøÞû ø] 105
you warned VyZo S>am`m lø…û„øÞû ø] 106
you made a favour VyZo CnH$ma {H$`m køßûŠøuûø] 107
you feeded VyZo ImZm {Ibm`m køÛûÃø›ûø] 108
you made to taste VyZo MIm`m køÎûƒøø] 109
you showed VyZo {XIm`m lø ðû…øø] 110
89
6 - Past Tense/IInd Person/Plural/Masculine
^yVH$mb/_Ü`_ nwéf/~hþdMZ/nw{„§J †Ò„Ú / ÄÛq / †•û äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , II = _Ü`_ nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþdMZ , nw = nw{„§J
PT = Past Tense , II = Second Person , P = Plural , M = Masculine
EXERCISE
you (all) did (PT, II, P, M) Vw_Zo {H$`m (^y.H$, II, ~.d, nw.) Üûjö³þ×ûÃøÊø 1
you (all) wrote Vw_Zo {bIm Üûjö³fþû³øþj³þÒø 2
you (all) helped Vw_Zo _XX H$s Üûiö†û’øÞø 3
you (all) demanded Vw_Zo _m§Jm Üûjö³fþû³þ×ø›ø 4
you (all) went Vw_ JE Üûjö³fþûâøƒø 5
you (all) killed Vw_Zo µH$Ëb {H$`m Üûjö³×þû³øþj³þÎø 6
you (all) entered Vw_ Xm{Ib hþE / àdoe {H$`m Üûjö³þ×ûìø2ø 7
you (all) created Vw_Zo n¡Xm {H$`m / ApñVËd _| bm`m Üûjö³þÏû³þ×øìø 8
you (all) made Vw_Zo ~Zm`m Üûjö³×þû³Ãþø qø 9
you (all) saw Vw_Zo XoIm Üûiö†û³þ¿øÞø 10
you (all) hit Vw_Zo _mam Üûjö³þeû†ø•ø 11
you (all) opened Vw_Zo Imobm Üûjö³þvûøj³þÊø 12
you (all) earned Vw_Zo H$_m`m Üûjö³þfûŠøÒø 13
you (all) denied Vw_Zo B§H$ma {H$`m Üûiö†ûËø³þÒø 14
you (all) sealed Vw_Zo _wha bJmB© ÜûjöÛûøjìø 15
you (all) raised, sent Vw_Zo ôOm, Vw_Zo CR>m`m Üûjö³%þû³Ãþø eø 16
you (all) provided provision Vw_Zo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m Üûjö³Îþû ‡ø…ø 17
you (all) lied Vw_Zo PyR> ~mobm Üûjö³þeû„ø³þÒø 18
you (all) struggled Vw_Zo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m Üûiö‚ûãøqø 19
you (all) copied Vw_Zo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m Üûjö³×þû³þÏø³þÞø 20
90
EXERCISE
you (all) gathered Vw_Zo O_m {H$`m Üûiö†û\øuø 21
you (all) collected Vw_Zo O_m {H$`m Üûjö³Ãþû Ûøqø 22
you (all) ate meals Vw_Zo ImZm Im`m ÜûjöÛûÃø›ø 23
you (all) ate Vw_Zo Im`m Üûjö³þ×ûÒø ø] 24
you (all) understood Vw_Zo AH$b bJmB© Üûjö³×þû³Ïþø Âø 25
you (all) percieved Vw_Zo g_Pm Üûiö†ûÃødø 26
you (all) dreaded / frightened Vw_ K~amE Üûjö³þfûâø…ø 27
you (all) became cautious / feared Vw_ S>ao Üûiö…û„øuø 28
you (all) left / quited Vw_Zo N>mo‹S>m Üûjö³Òþ û †ø³þiø 29
you (all) left Vw_Zo N>mo‹S>m Üûiö…ûƒøæø 30
you (all) sat / took a seat Vw_ ~¡R>o ÜûjöŠû×øqø 31
you (all) sat / sat down Vw_ ~¡R>o Üûiö‚ûÃøÎø 32
you (all) became owner Vw_ _m{bH$ hþE Üûjö³þÓû³×þøÚø 33
you (all) blew Vw_Zo \y$§°H$ _mar Üûjö³þíûËøÞø 34
you (all) stole Vw_Zo Mmoar H$s Üûjö³Îþû†ø‰ø 35
you (all) proceeded Vw_ AmJo ~‹T>o Üûjö³þÏû³þfø‰ø 36
you (all) prevented / prohibited Vw_Zo amoH$m, Vw_Zo _Zm {H$`m Üûjö³þÃû³ßøþ Úø 37
you (all) stayed Vw_ aho, Vw_ R>hao / ~go Üûjö³ßþû³þÓø‰ø 38
you (all) asked Vw_Zo gdmb {H$`m Üûjö³ûþÖ ^*‰ø 39
you (all) thanked Vw_Zo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m Üûiö†û³þÓødø 40
you (all) worshipped Vw_Zo B~mXV H$s Üûiö‚û³føþ Âø 41
you (all) prostrated Vw_Zo gOXm {H$`m Üûiö‚ûrø‰ø 42
you (all) cut Vw_Zo H$mQ>m Üûjö³þÃû_øÎø 43
91
EXERCISE
you (all) presented Vw_Zo noe {H$`m Üûjö•û†øÂø 44
you (all) differed Vw_Zo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m Üûjö³þÎû†øÊø 45
you (all) identified Vw_Zo nhMmZm Üûjö³Êþû†øÂø 46
you (all) kept patience Vw_Zo g~« {H$`m Üûiö†ûfø‘ø 47
you (all) remembered Vw_Zo `mX {H$`m Üûiö†ûÒøƒø 48
you (all) cursed Vw_Zo bmZV H$s, Vw_Zo \$Q>H$mam Üûjö³þßûÃøøÖ 49
you (all) wronged Vw_Zo µOwë_ {H$`m ÜûjöÛû×ø¾ø 50
you (all) attended Vw_ hm{µOa hþE Üûiö†û–øuø 51
you (all) raised Vw_Zo D§$Mm {H$`m Üûjö³þÃûÊø…ø 52
you (all) enchanted/played magic Vw_Zo OmXw {H$`m Üûiö†ûvø‰ø 53
you (all) reformed Vw_ gwYao Üûjö³þvû×ø‘ø 54
you (all) profited Vw_Zo bm^ {X`m Üûjö³þÃûËøøÞ 55
you (all) reached Vw_ nhþ§Mo Üûjö³þÇû×øeø 56
you (all) judged Vw_Zo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m ÜûjöÛûÓøuø 57
you (all) came out Vw_ {ZH$bo Üûjöqû†øìø 58
you (all) always remained Vw_ h_oem aho Üûiö‚û×øìø 59
you (all) violated Vw_Zo Zm\$a_mZr H$s Üûjö³þÏûŠøÊø 60
you (all) spoke truth Vw_Zo gM H$hm Üûjö³þÎû ‚ø‘ø 61
you (all) plotted Vw_Zo Mmb Mbr Üûiö†ûÓøÚø 62
you (all) returned Vw_ bm¡Q>o Üûjö³Ãþû qø…ø 63
you (all) carried Vw_Zo CR>m`m Üûjö³×þûÛøuø 64
you (all) bore load Vw_Zo ~moP CR>m`m Üûiö…û‡øæø 65
92
EXERCISE
you (all) read Vw_Zo n‹T>m Üûiö +]†ø³þÎø 66
you (all) took / caught Vw_Zo nH$‹S>m, Vw_Zo {b`m Üûiö„ûìøø] 67
you (all) found Vw_Zo nm`m Üûiö‚ûqøæø 68
you (all) met Vw_ {_bo Üûjö³þ×û‘øæø 69
you (all) granted / offered Vw_Zo àXmZ {H$`m Üûjö³fþû³þâøæø 70
you (all) promised Vw_Zo dmXm {H$`m Üûiö‚ûÂøæø 71
you (all) pledged Vw_Zo AhX, dMZ {H$`m Üûiö‚ûãôÂø 72
you (all) did mercy Vw_Zo ah_ {H$`m ÜûjöÛûuô…ø 73
you (all) knew Vw_Zo OmZm ÜûjöÛû×ôÂø 74
you (all) worked Vw_Zo H$m`© {H$`m Üûjö³þ×ûÛôÂø 75
you (all) heard Vw_Zo gwZm Üûjö³þÃû³þÛô‰ø 76
you (all) drank Vw_Zo {n`m Üûjö³þeû†ôdø 77
you (all) rode Vw_ gdma hþE Üûjö³fþû³þÒô…ø 78
you (all) gave evidence/witness Vw_Zo Jdmhr Xr Üûiö‚ûãôdø 79
you (all) grieved Vw_ XwIr hþE Üûjö³þÞû ô̂ uø 80
you (all) felt pleasure Vw_ Iwe hþE Üûjöuû†ôÊø 81
you (all) calculated Vw_Zo {hgm~ bJm`m Üûjö³þfûŠôuø 82
you (all) suffered loss Vw_Zo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m Üûiö†ûŠôìø 83
you (all) guarded Vw_Zo gwajm H$s Üûjö³þ¿ûËôuø 84
you (all) disliked Vw_Zo Zmng§X {H$`m Üûjöaû†ôÒø 85
you (all) praised Vw_Zo Vmar\$ H$s Üûiö‚ûÛôuø 86
you (all) wasted Vw_Zo ~~m©X {H$`m Üûjö³þ_ûfôuø 87
you (all) surrounded / expanded Vw_Zo Koa {b`m, Vw_Zo {dñV¥V {H$`m Üûjö³þÃû‰ôæø 88
93
EXERCISE
you (all) came Vw_ AmE Üûjö³þòûqô 89
you (all) taught Vw_Zo {gIm`m ÜûjöÛû×$Âø 90
you (all) denied Vw_Zo PwQ>bm`m Üûjö³þeû„$ Òø 91
you (all) changed Vw_Zo ~Xb {X`m Üûjö³þÖû ‚$ eø 92
you (all) stood up Vw_ I‹So> hþE ÜûjöÛûÎø 93
you (all) established Vw_Zo I‹S>m {H$`m ÜûjöÛûÎø ø] 94
you (all) drove out Vw_Zo ~mha {ZH$mbm Üûjöqû†øìûø] 95
you (all) caused entrance Vw_Zo àdoe {H$`m Üûjö³þ×ûìø2ûø] 96
you (all) sent back Vw_Zo bm¡Q>m`m Üûjö³þÃûqø…ûø] 97
you (all) sent Vw_Zo ôOm Üûjö³×þû‰ø…ûø] 98
you (all) reformed Vw_Zo gwYma {H$`m Üûjövû×ø‘ûø] 99
you (all) sent down Vw_Zo CVmam Üûjö³ûþÖ ø̂ Þû ø] 100
you (all) rewarded Vw_Zo nwañH¥$V {H$`m ÜûjöÛûÃøÞû ø] 101
you (all) spent Vw_Zo IM© {H$`m ÜûjöÏûËøÞû ø] 102
you (all) intended Vw_Zo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m Üûiö2û…øø] 103
you (all) destroyed Vw_Zo ~~m©X {H$`m ÜûjöÓû×øâûø] 104
you (all) denied Vw_Zo BÝH$ma {H$`m Üûiö†û³þÓøÞû ø] 105
you (all) warned Vw_Zo S>am`m Üûiö…û„øÞû ø] 106
you (all) made a favour Vw_Zo CnH$ma {H$`m Üûjö³þßûŠøuûø] 107
you (all) feeded Vw_Zo ImZm {Ibm`m ÜûjöÛûÃø›ûø] 108
you (all) made to taste Vw_Zo MIm`m Üûjö³þÎûƒøø] 109
you (all) showed Vw_Zo {XIm`m Üûiö ðû…øø] 110
94
7 - Past Tense/IInd Person/Singular/Feminine
^yVH$mb/_Ü`_ nwéf/EH$dMZ/órqbJ &Þ©Ú / ‚u]æ / †•û äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , II = _Ü`_ nwéf , E.d. = EH$dMZ , ór = órqbJ
PT = Past Tense , II = Second Person , S = Single , F = Feminine
EXERCISE
you did (PT, II, S, F) VyZo {H$`m (^y.H$, II, E.d, ór) kô×ûÃøÊø 1
you wrote VyZo {bIm kôfû³jøþ ³þÒø 2
you helped VyZo _XX H$s lô†û’øøÞ 3
you demanded VyZo _m§Jm kôfû³þ×ø›ø 4
you went Vy JB© kôfûâøƒø 5
you killed VyZo µH$Ëb {H$`m kô×û³jøþ ³þÎø 6
you entered Vy Xm{Ib hþB© / àdoe {H$`m kô×ûìø2ø 7
you created VyZo n¡Xm {H$`m/ApñVËd _| bm`m kôÏû³þ×øìø 8
you made VyZo ~Zm`m kô×û³Ãþø qø 9
you saw VyZo XoIm lô†û³þ¿øøÞ 10
you hit VyZo _mam kôeû†ø•ø 11
you opened VyZo Imobm kôvûjø³þÊø 12
you earned VyZo H$_m`m kôfûŠøÒø 13
you denied VyZo B§H$ma {H$`m lô†ûËø³þÒø 14
you sealed VyZo _wha bJmB© kôÛûøjìø 15
you raised, sent VyZo ôOm, VyZo CR>m`m kô%û³þÃøeø 16
you provided provision VyZo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m kôÎû‡ø…ø 17
you lied VyZo PyR> ~mobm kôeû„ø³þÒø 18
you struggled VyZo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m lô‚ûãøqø 19
you copied VyZo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m kô×û³þÏø³øþÞ 20
95
EXERCISE
you gathered VyZo O_m {H$`m lô†û\øuø 21
you collected VyZo O_m {H$`m kôÃûÛøqø 22
you ate meals VyZo ImZm Im`m kôÛûÃø›ø 23
you ate VyZo Im`m kô×ûÒø ø] 24
you understood VyZo AH$b bJmB© kô×û³Ïþø Âø 25
you percieved VyZo g_Pm lô†ûÃødø 26
you dreaded / frightened Vy K~amB© kôfûâø…ø 27
you became cautious / feared Vy S>ar lô…û„øuø 28
you left / quited VyZo N>mo‹S>m kôÒû†ø³øþi 29
you left VyZo N>mo‹S>m lô…ûƒøæø 30
you sat / took a seat Vy ~¡Rr kôŠû×øqø 31
you sat / sat down Vy ~¡Rr lô‚ûÃøÎø 32
you became owner Vy _m{bH$ hþB© kôÓû³þ×øÚø 33
you blew VyZo \y$§°H$ _mar kôíûËøøÞ 34
you stole VyZo Mmoar H$s kôÎû†ø‰ø 35
you proceeded Vy AmJo ~‹T>r kôÏû³þfø‰ø 36
you prevented / prohibited VyZo amoH$m, VyZo _Zm {H$`m kôÃû³ßøþ Úø 37
you stayed Vy ahr, Vy R>har / ~gr kôßû³þÓø‰ø 38
you asked VyZo gdmb {H$`m kôÖû ^*‰ø 39
you thanked VyZo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m lô†û³þÓødø 40
you worshipped VyZo B~mXV H$s lô‚û³føþ Âø 41
you prostrated VyZo gOXm {H$`m lô‚ûrø‰ø 42
you cut VyZo H$mQ>m kôÃû_øÎø 43
96
EXERCISE
you presented VyZo noe {H$`m kô•û†øÂø 44
you differed VyZo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m kôÎû†øÊø 45
you identified VyZo nhMmZm kôÊû†øÂø 46
you kept patience VyZo g~« {H$`m lô†ûfø‘ø 47
you remembered VyZo `mX {H$`m lô†ûÒøƒø 48
you cursed VyZo bmZV H$s, VyZo \$Q>H$mam kôßûÃøøÖ 49
you wronged VyZo µOwë_ {H$`m kôÛû×ø¾ø 50
you attended Vy hm{µOa hþB© lô†û–øuø 51
you raised VyZo D§$Mm {H$`m kôÃûÊø…ø 52
you enchanted / played magic VyZo OmXw {H$`m lô†ûvø‰ø 53
you reformed Vy gwYar kôvû×ø‘ø 54
you profited VyZo bm^ {X`m kôÃûËøøÞ 55
you reached Vy nhþ§Mr kôÇû×øeø 56
you judged VyZo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m kôÛûÓøuø 57
you came out Vy {ZH$br kôqû†øìø 58
you always remained Vy h_oem ahr lô‚û×øìø 59
you violated VyZo Zm\$a_mZr H$s kôÏûŠøÊø 60
you spoke truth VyZo gM H$hm kôÎû‚ø‘ø 61
you plotted VyZo Mmb Mbr lô†ûÓøÚø 62
you returned Vy bm¡Q>r kôÃûqø…ø 63
you carried VyZo CR>m`m kô×ûÛøuø 64
you bore load VyZo ~moP CR>m`m lô…û‡øæø 65
97
EXERCISE
you read VyZo n‹T>m lô+]†ø³þÎø 66
you took / caught VyZo nH$‹S>m, VyZo {b`m lô„ûìøø] 67
you found VyZo nm`m lô‚ûqøæø 68
you met Vy {_br kô×û‘øæø 69
you granted / offered VyZo àXmZ {H$`m kôfûâøæø 70
you promised VyZo dmXm {H$`m lô‚ûÂøæø 71
you pledged VyZo AhX, dMZ {H$`m lô‚ûãôÂø 72
you did mercy VyZo ah_ {H$`m kôÛûuô…ø 73
you knew VyZo OmZm kôÛû×ôÂø 74
you worked VyZo H$m`© {H$`m kô×ûÛôÂø 75
you heard VyZo gwZm kôÃû³Ûþô ‰ø 76
you drank VyZo {n`m kôeû†ôdø 77
you rode Vy gdma hþB© kôfû³þÒô…ø 78
you gave evidence / witness VyZo Jdmhr Xr lô‚ûãôdø 79
you grieved Vy XwIr hþB© kôÞû ô̂ uø 80
you felt pleasure Vy Iwe hþB© kôuû†ôÊø 81
you calculated VyZo {hgm~ bJm`m kôfûŠôuø 82
you suffered loss VyZo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m lô†ûŠôìø 83
you guarded VyZo gwajm H$s kô¿ûËôuø 84
you disliked VyZo Zmng§X {H$`m kôaû†ôÒø 85
you praised VyZo Vmar\$ H$s lô‚ûÛôuø 86
you wasted VyZo ~~m©X {H$`m kô_ûfôuø 87
you surrounded / expanded VyZo Koa {b`m, VyZo {dñV¥V {H$`m kôÃû‰ôæø 88
98
EXERCISE
you came Vy AmB© kôòûqô 89
you taught VyZo {gIm`m kôÛû×$Âø 90
you denied VyZo PwQ>bm`m kôeû„$ Òø 91
you changed VyZo ~Xb {X`m kôûÖ‚$ eø 92
you stood up Vy I‹Sr hþB© kôÛûÎø 93
you established VyZo I‹S>m {H$`m kôÛûÎø ø] 94
you drove out VyZo ~mha {ZH$mbm kôqû†øìûø] 95
you caused entrance VyZo àdoe {H$`m kô×ûìø2ûø] 96
you sent back VyZo bm¡Q>m`m kôÃûqø…ûø] 97
you sent VyZo ôOm kô×û‰ø…ûø] 98
you reformed VyZo gwYma {H$`m kôvû×ø‘ûø] 99
you sent down VyZo CVmam kôûÖ ø̂ Þû ø] 100
you rewarded VyZo nwañH¥$V {H$`m kôÛûÃøÞû ø] 101
you spent VyZo IM© {H$`m kôÏûËøÞû ø] 102
you intended VyZo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m lô2û…øø] 103
you destroyed VyZo ~~m©X {H$`m kôÓû³þ×øâûø] 104
you denied VyZo BÝH$ma {H$`m lô†û³þÓøÞû ø] 105
you warned VyZo S>am`m lô…û„øÞû ø] 106
you made a favour VyZo CnH$ma {H$`m kôßûŠøuûø] 107
you feeded VyZo ImZm {Ibm`m kôÛûÃø›ûø] 108
you made to taste VyZo MIm`m kôÎûƒøø] 109
you showed VyZo {XIm`m lô ðû…øø] 110
99
8 - Past Tense/IInd Person/Plural/Feminine
^yVH$mb/_Ü`_-nwéf/~hþdMZ/órqbJ &Þ©Ú / ÄÛq / †•û äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , II = _Ü`_ nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþdMZ , ór = órqbJ
PT = Past Tense , II = Second Person , P = Plural , F = Feminine
EXERCISE
you (all) did (PT, II, P, F) Vw_Zo {H$`m (^y.H$, II, ~.d, ór) à$ jö³×þûÃøÊø 1
you (all) wrote Vw_Zo {bIm à$ jö³fþû³jøþ ³þÒø 2
you (all) helped Vw_Zo _XX H$s à$ iö†û’øøÞ 3
you (all) demanded Vw_Zo _m§Jm à$ jö³fþû³þ×ø›ø 4
you (all) went Vw_ JBª à$ jö³fþûâøƒø 5
you (all) killed Vw_Zo µH$Ëb {H$`m à$ jö³×þû³jøþ ³þÎø 6
you (all) entered Vw_ Xm{Ib hþBª / àdoe {H$`m à$ jö³þ×ûìø2ø 7
you (all) created Vw_Zo n¡Xm {H$`m / ApñVËd _| bm`m à$ jö³þÏû³þ×øìø 8
you (all) made Vw_Zo ~Zm`m à$ jö³×þû³Ãþø qø 9
you (all) saw Vw_Zo XoIm à$ iö†û³þ¿øøÞ 10
you (all) hit Vw_Zo _mam à$ jö³þeû†ø•ø 11
you (all) opened Vw_Zo Imobm à$ jö³þvûjø³þÊø 12
you (all) earned Vw_Zo H$_m`m à$ jö³þfûŠøÒø 13
you (all) denied Vw_Zo B§H$ma {H$`m à$ iö†ûËø³þÒø 14
you (all) sealed Vw_Zo _wha bJmB© à$ jöÛûøjìø 15
you (all) raised, sent Vw_Zo ôOm, Vw_Zo CR>m`m à$ jö³%þû³þÃøeø 16
you (all) provided provision Vw_Zo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m à$ jö³Îþû‡ø…ø 17
you (all) lied Vw_Zo PyR> ~mobm à$ jö³þeû„ø³þÒø 18
you (all) struggled Vw_Zo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m à$ iö‚ûãøqø 19
you (all) copied Vw_Zo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m à$ jö³×þû³þÏø³øþÞ 20
100
EXERCISE
you (all) gathered Vw_Zo O_m {H$`m à$ iö†û\øuø 21
you (all) collected Vw_Zo O_m {H$`m à$ jö³Ãþû Ûøqø 22
you (all) ate meals Vw_Zo ImZm Im`m à$ jöÛûÃø›ø 23
you (all) ate Vw_Zo Im`m à$ jö³þ×ûÒø ø] 24
you (all) understood Vw_Zo AH$b bJmB© à$ jö³×þû³Ïþø Âø 25
you (all) percieved Vw_Zo g_Pm à$ iö†ûÃødø 26
you (all) dreaded / frightened Vw_ K~amBª à$ jö³fþûâø…ø 27
you (all) became cautious / feared Vw_ S>at à$ iö…û„øuø 28
you (all) left / quited Vw_Zo N>mo‹S>m à$ jö³þÒû†ø³øþi 29
you (all) left Vw_Zo N>mo‹S>m à$ iö…ûƒøæø 30
you (all) sat / took a seat Vw_ ~¡R>t à$ jöŠû×øqø 31
you (all) sat / sat down Vw_ ~¡R>t à$ iö‚ûÃøÎø 32
you (all) became owner Vw_ _m{bH$ hBªþ à$ jö³þÓû³þ×øÚø 33
you (all) blew Vw_Zo \y$§°H$ _mar à$ jö³þíûËøøÞ 34
you (all) stole Vw_Zo Mmoar H$s à$ jö³þÎû†ø‰ø 35
you (all) proceeded Vw_ AmJo ~‹T>t à$ jö³þÏû³þfø‰ø 36
you (all) prevented / prohibited Vw_Zo amoH$m, Vw_Zo _Zm {H$`m à$ jö³þÃû³ßþøÚø 37
you (all) stayed Vw_ aht, Vw_ R>hat / ~gt à$ jö³þßû³þÓø‰ø 38
you (all) asked Vw_Zo gdmb {H$`m à$ jö³ûþÖ ^*‰ø 39
you (all) thanked Vw_Zo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m à$ iö†û³þÓødø 40
you (all) worshipped Vw_Zo B~mXV H$s à$ iö‚û³fþøÂø 41
you (all) prostrated Vw_Zo gOXm {H$`m à$ iö‚ûrø‰ø 42
you (all) cut Vw_Zo H$mQ>m à$ jö³þÃû_øÎø 43
101
EXERCISE
you (all) presented Vw_Zo noe {H$`m à$ jö•û†øÂø 44
you (all) differed Vw_Zo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m à$ jö³þÎû†øÊø 45
you (all) identified Vw_Zo nhMmZm à$ jö³þÊû†øÂø 46
you (all) kept patience Vw_Zo g~« {H$`m à$ iö†ûfø‘ø 47
you (all) remembered Vw_Zo `mX {H$`m à$ iö†ûÒøƒø 48
you (all) cursed Vw_Zo bmZV H$s, Vw_Zo \$Q>H$mam à$ jö³ßþûÃøøÖ 49
you (all) wronged Vw_Zo µOwë_ {H$`m à$ jöÛû×ø¾ø 50
you (all) attended Vw_ hm{µOa hþBª à$ iö†û–øuø 51
you (all) raised Vw_Zo D§$Mm {H$`m à$ jö³þÃûÊø…ø 52
you (all) enchanted/played magic Vw_Zo OmXw {H$`m à$ iö†ûvø‰ø 53
you (all) reformed Vw_ gwYat à$ jö³þvû×ø‘ø 54
you (all) profited Vw_Zo bm^ {X`m à$ jö³þÃûËøøÞ 55
you (all) reached Vw_ nhþ§Mt à$ jö³þÇû×øeø 56
you (all) judged Vw_Zo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m à$ jöÛûÓøuø 57
you (all) came out Vw_ {ZH$bt à$ jöqû†øìø 58
you (all) always remained Vw_ h_oem aht à$ iö‚û×øìø 59
you (all) violated Vw_Zo Zm\$a_mZr H$s à$ jö³þÏûŠøÊø 60
you (all) spoke truth Vw_Zo gM H$hm à$ jö³þÎû ‚ø‘ø 61
you (all) plotted Vw_Zo Mmb Mbr à$ iö†ûÓøÚø 62
you (all) returned Vw_ bm¡Q>t à$ jö³þÃûqø…ø 63
you (all) carried Vw_Zo CR>m`m à$ jö³þ×ûÛøuø 64
you (all) bore load Vw_Zo ~moP CR>m`m à$ iö…û‡øæø 65
102
EXERCISE
you (all) read Vw_Zo n‹T>m à$ iö +]†ø³þÎø 66
you (all) took / caught Vw_Zo nH$‹S>m, Vw_Zo {b`m à$ iö„ûìøø] 67
you (all) found Vw_Zo nm`m à$ iö‚ûqøæø 68
you (all) met Vw_ {_bt à$ jö³þ×û‘øæø 69
you (all) granted / offered Vw_Zo àXmZ {H$`m à$ jö³fþû³þâøæø 70
you (all) promised Vw_Zo dmXm {H$`m à$ iö‚ûÂøæø 71
you (all) pledged Vw_Zo AhX, dMZ {H$`m à$ iö‚ûãôÂø 72
you (all) did mercy Vw_Zo ah_ {H$`m à$ jöÛûuô…ø 73
you (all) knew Vw_Zo OmZm à$ jöÛû×ôÂø 74
you (all) worked Vw_Zo H$m`© {H$`m à$ jö³×þûÛôÂø 75
you (all) heard Vw_Zo gwZm à$ jö³þÃû³þÛô‰ø 76
you (all) drank Vw_Zo {n`m à$ jö³þeû†ôdø 77
you (all) rode Vw_ gdma hþBª à$ jö³fþû³þÒô…ø 78
you (all) gave evidence/witness Vw_Zo Jdmhr Xr à$ iö‚ûãôdø 79
you (all) grieved Vw_ XwIr hþBª à$ jö³þÞû ô̂ uø 80
you (all) felt pleasure Vw_ Iwe hþBª à$ jöuû†ôÊø 81
you (all) calculated Vw_Zo {hgm~ bJm`m à$ jö³þfûŠôuø 82
you (all) suffered loss Vw_Zo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m à$ iö†ûŠôìø 83
you (all) guarded Vw_Zo gwajm H$s à$ jö³þ¿ûËôuø 84
you (all) disliked Vw_Zo Zmng§X {H$`m à$ jöaû†ôÒø 85
you (all) praised Vw_Zo Vmar\$ H$s à$ iö‚ûÛôuø 86
you (all) wasted Vw_Zo ~~m©X {H$`m à$ jö³þ_ûfôuø 87
you (all) surrounded / expanded Vw_Zo Koa {b`m, Vw_Zo {dñV¥V {H$`m à$ jö³þÃû‰ôæø 88
103
EXERCISE
you (all) came Vw_ AmBª à$ jö³þòûqô 89
you (all) taught Vw_Zo {gIm`m à$ jöÛû×$Âø 90
you (all) denied Vw_Zo PwQ>bm`m à$ jö³þeû„$ Òø 91
you (all) changed Vw_Zo ~Xb {X`m à$ jö³þÖû ‚$ eø 92
you (all) stood up Vw_ I‹Sr hþBª à$ jöÛûÎø 93
you (all) established Vw_Zo I‹S>m {H$`m à$ jöÛûÎø ø] 94
you (all) drove out Vw_Zo ~mha {ZH$mbm à$ jöqû†øìûø] 95
you (all) caused entrance Vw_Zo àdoe {H$`m à$ jö³þ×ûìø2ûø] 96
you (all) sent back Vw_Zo bm¡Q>m`m à$ jö³þÃûqø…ûø] 97
you (all) sent Vw_Zo ôOm à$ jö³þ×û‰ø…ûø] 98
you (all) reformed Vw_Zo gwYma {H$`m à$ jövû×ø‘ûø] 99
you (all) sent down Vw_Zo CVmam à$ jö³ûþÖ ø̂ Þû ø] 100
you (all) rewarded Vw_Zo nwañH¥$V {H$`m à$ jöÛûÃøÞû ø] 101
you (all) spent Vw_Zo IM© {H$`m à$ jöÏûËøÞû ø] 102
you (all) intended Vw_Zo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m à$ iö2û…øø] 103
you (all) destroyed Vw_Zo ~~m©X {H$`m àøÓû³þ×øâûø] 104
you (all) denied Vw_Zo BÝH$ma {H$`m áø†û³þÓøÞû ø] 105
you (all) warned Vw_Zo S>am`m à$ iö…û„øÞû ø] 106
you (all) made a favour Vw_Zo CnH$ma {H$`m à$ jö³þßûŠøuûø] 107
you (all) feeded Vw_Zo ImZm {Ibm`m à$ jöÛûÃø›ûø] 108
you (all) made to taste Vw_Zo MIm`m à$ jö³þÎûƒøø] 109
you (all) showed Vw_Zo {XIm`m à$ iö ðû…øø] 110
104
9 - Past Tense/IInd Person/Singular/Masc. Fem.
^yVH$mb/CÎm_-nwéf/EH$dMZ/nw. órqbJ &Þ©Ú ( †Ò„Ú / ‚u]æ / Ü×ÓjÚ äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , I = CÎm_ nwéf , E.d. = EH$dMZ , nw / ór = nw{„§J/ órqbJ

PT = Past Tense , I = First Person , S = Single , M/F = Masculine/Feminine
EXERCISE
I did (PT, I, S, M/F) _¢Zo {H$`m (^y.H$, I, E.d, nw / ór) kö×ûÃøÊø 1
I wrote _¢Zo {bIm köfû³jþø³þÒø 2
I helped _¢Zo _XX H$s lö†û’øÞø 3
I demanded _¢Zo _m§Jm köfû³þ×ø›ø 4
I went _¢ J`m / JB© köfûâøƒø 5
I killed _¢Zo µH$Ëb {H$`m kö×û³jþø³þÎø 6
I entered _¢ Xm{Ib hþAm / hþB© / àdoe {H$`m kö×ûìø2ø 7
I created _¢Zo n¡Xm {H$`m/ApñVËd _| bm`m köÏû³þ×øìø 8
I made _¢Zo ~Zm`m kö×û³Ãþø qø 9
I saw _¢Zo XoIm lö†û³þ¿øÞø 10
I hit _¢Zo _mam köeû†ø•ø 11
I opened _¢Zo Imobm kövûjø³þÊø 12
I earned _¢Zo H$_m`m köfûŠøÒø 13
I denied _¢Zo B§H$ma {H$`m lö†ûËø³þÒø 14
I sealed _¢Zo _wha bJmB© köÛûøjìø 15
I raised, sent _¢Zo ôOm, _¢Zo CR>m`m kö%û³Ãþø eø 16
I provided provision _¢Zo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m köÎû‡ø…ø 17
I lied _¢Zo PyR> ~mobm köeû„ø³þÒø 18
I struggled _¢Zo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m lö‚ûãøqø 19
I copied _¢Zo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m kö×û³þÏø³þÞø 20
105
PT = Past Tense , I = First Person , S = Single , M/F = Masc./Fem.
EXERCISE
I gathered _¢Zo O_m {H$`m lö†û\øuø 21
I collected _¢Zo O_m {H$`m köÃûÛøqø 22
I ate meals _¢Zo ImZm Im`m köÛûÃø›ø 23
I ate _¢Zo Im`m kö×ûÒø ø] 24
I understood _¢Zo AH$b bJmB© kö×û³Ïþø Âø 25
I percieved _¢Zo g_Pm / g_Pr lö†ûÃødø 26
I dreaded / frightened _¢ K~am`m / K~amB© köfûâø…ø 27
I became cautious / feared _¢ S>am / S>ar lö…û„øuø 28
I left / quited _¢Zo N>mo‹S>m / N>mo‹S>r köÒû†ø³øþi 29
I left _¢Zo N>mo‹S>m / N>mo‹S>r lö…ûƒøæø 30
I sat / took a seat _¢ ~¡Rm / ~¡Rr köŠû×øqø 31
I sat / sat down _¢ ~¡Rm / ~¡Rr lö‚ûÃøÎø 32
I became owner _¢ _m{bH$ hþAm / hþB© köÓû³þ×øÚø 33
I blew _¢Zo \y$§°H$ _mar köíûËøøÞ 34
I stole _¢Zo Mmoar H$s köÎû†ø‰ø 35
I proceeded _¢ AmJo ~‹T>m / ~‹T>r köÏû³þfø‰ø 36
I prevented / prohibited _¢Zo amoH$m, _¢Zo _Zm {H$`m köÃû³ßøþ Úø 37
I stayed _¢ ahm/ahr, _¢ R>ham/R>har kößû³þÓø‰ø 38
I asked _¢Zo gdmb {H$`m köÖû ^*‰ø 39
I thanked _¢Zo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m lö†û³þÓødø 40
I worshipped _¢Zo B~mXV H$s lö‚û³føþ Âø 41
I prostrated _¢Zo gOXm {H$`m lö‚ûrø‰ø 42
I cut _¢Zo H$mQ>m köÃû_øÎø 43
106
EXERCISE
I presented _¢Zo noe {H$`m kö•û†øÂø 44
I differed _¢Zo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m köÎû†øÊø 45
I identified _¢Zo nhMmZm köÊû†øÂø 46
I kept patience _¢Zo g~« {H$`m lö†ûfø‘ø 47
I remembered _¢Zo `mX {H$`m lö†ûÒøƒø 48
I cursed _¢Zo bmZV H$s, _¢Zo \$Q>H$mam kößûÃøøÖ 49
I wronged _¢Zo µOwë_ {H$`m köÛû×ø¾ø 50
I attended _¢ hm{µOa hþAm / hþB© lö†û–øuø 51
I raised _¢Zo D§$Mm {H$`m köÃûÊø…ø 52
I enchanted / played magic _¢Zo OmXw {H$`m lö†ûvø‰ø 53
I reformed _¢ gwYam / gwYar kövû×ø‘ø 54
I profited _¢Zo bm^ {X`m köÃûËøÞø 55
I reached _¢ nhþ§Mm / nhþ§Mr köÇû×øeø 56
I judged _¢Zo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m köÛûÓøuø 57
I came out _¢ {ZH$bm / {ZH$br köqû†øìø 58
I always remained _¢ h_oem ahm / ahr lö‚û×øìø 59
I violated _¢Zo Zm\$a_mZr H$s köÏûŠøÊø 60
I spoke truth _¢Zo gM H$hm köÎû‚ø‘ø 61
I plotted _¢Zo Mmb Mbr lö†ûÓøÚø 62
I returned _¢ bm¡Qm / bm¡Qr köÃûqø…ø 63
I carried _¢Zo CR>m`m kö×ûÛøuø 64
I bore load _¢Zo ~moP CR>m`m lö…û‡øæø 65
107
EXERCISE
I read _¢Zo n‹T>m lö+]†ø³þÎø 66
I took / caught _¢Zo nH$‹S>m, _¢Zo {b`m lö„ûìøø] 67
I found _¢Zo nm`m lö‚ûqøæø 68
I met _¢ {_bm / {_br kö×û‘øæø 69
I granted / offered _¢Zo àXmZ {H$`m köfûâøæø 70
I promised _¢Zo dmXm {H$`m lö‚ûÂøæø 71
I pledged _¢Zo AhX, dMZ {H$`m lö‚ûãôÂø 72
I did mercy _¢Zo ah_ {H$`m köÛûuô…ø 73
I knew _¢Zo OmZm köÛû×ôÂø 74
I worked _¢Zo H$m`© {H$`m kö×ûÛôÂø 75
I heard _¢Zo gwZm köÃû³þÛô‰ø 76
I drank _¢Zo {n`m köeû†ôdø 77
I rode _¢ gdma hþAm / hþB© köfû³þÒô…ø 78
I gave evidence / witness _¢Zo Jdmhr Xr lö‚ûãôdø 79
I grieved _¢ XwIr hþAm / hþB© köÞû ô̂ uø 80
I felt pleasure _¢ Iwe hþAm / hþB© köuû†ôÊø 81
I calculated _¢Zo {hgm~ bJm`m köfûŠôuø 82
I suffered loss _¢Zo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m lö†ûŠôìø 83
I guarded _¢Zo gwajm H$s kö¿ûËôuø 84
I disliked _¢Zo Zmng§X {H$`m köaû†ôÒø 85
I praised _¢Zo Vmar\$ H$s lö‚ûÛôuø 86
I wasted _¢Zo ~~m©X {H$`m kö_ûfôuø 87
I surrounded / expanded _¢Zo Koa {b`m, _¢Zo {dñV¥V {H$`m köÃû‰ôæø 88
108
EXERCISE
I came _¢ Am`m kö³þòûqô 89
I taught _¢Zo {gIm`m köÛû×$Âø 90
I denied _¢Zo PwQ>bm`m kö³þeû„$ Òø 91
I changed _¢Zo ~Xb {X`m kö³þÖû ‚$ eø 92
I stood up _¢ I‹Sm hþAm / hþB© köÛûÎø 93
I established _¢Zo I‹S>m {H$`m köÛûÎø ø] 94
I drove out _¢Zo ~mha {ZH$mbm köqû†øìûø] 95
I caused entrance _¢Zo àdoe {H$`m kö³þ×ûìø2ûø] 96
I sent back _¢Zo bm¡Q>m`m kö³þÃûqø…ûø] 97
I sent _¢Zo ôOm kö³×þû‰ø…ûø] 98
I reformed _¢Zo gwYma {H$`m kövû×ø‘ûø] 99
I sent down _¢Zo CVmam kö³ûþÖ ø̂ Þû ø] 100
I rewarded _¢Zo nwañH¥$V {H$`m köÛûÃøÞû ø] 101
I spent _¢Zo IM© {H$`m köÏûËøÞû ø] 102
I intended _¢Zo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m lö2û…øø] 103
I destroyed _¢Zo ~~m©X {H$`m köÓû³þ×øâûø] 104
I denied _¢Zo BÝH$ma {H$`m lö†û³þÓøÞû ø] 105
I warned _¢Zo S>am`m lö…û„øÞû ø] 106
I made a favour _¢Zo CnH$ma {H$`m kö³þßûŠøuûø] 107
I feeded _¢Zo ImZm {Ibm`m köÛûÃø›ûø] 108
I made to taste _¢Zo MIm`m kö³þÎûƒøø] 109
I showed _¢Zo {XIm`m lö ðû…øø] 110
109
10 - Past Tense/IInd Person/Singular/Masc. Fem.
^yVH$mb/CÎm_-nwéf//~hþdMZ/nw. órqbJ &Þ©Ú ( †Ò„Ú / ‚u]æ / Ü×ÓjÚ äÇn‘ / o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
^y.H$. = ^yVH$mb , I = CÎm_ nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþdMZ , nw / ór = nw{„§J/ órqbJ

PT = Past Tense , I = First Person , P = Plural , M/F = Masculine/Feminine
EXERCISE
we did (PT, I, P, M/F) h_Zo {H$`m (^y.H$, I, ~.d, nw / ór) ^ßø³þ×ûÃøÊø 1
we wrote h_Zo {bIm ^ßø³fþû³jþø³þÒø 2
we helped h_Zo _XX H$s ^øÞ†û’øÞø 3
we demanded h_Zo _m§Jm ^ßø³fþû³þ×ø›ø 4
we went h_ JE ^ßø³fþû³þâøƒø 5
we killed h_Zo µH$Ëb {H$`m ^ßø³×þû³jþø³þÎø 6
we entered h_ Xm{Ib hþE / àdoe {H$`m ^ßø³þ×ûìø2ø 7
we created h_Zo n¡Xm {H$`m/ApñVËd _| bm`m ^ßøÏû³þ×øìø 8
we made h_Zo ~Zm`m ^ßø³×þû³Ãþø qø 9
we saw h_Zo XoIm ^Þø†û³þ¿øÞø 10
we hit h_Zo _mam ^ßø³þeû†ø•ø 11
we opened h_Zo Imobm ^ßøvûjø³þÊø 12
we earned h_Zo H$_m`m ^ßø³þfûŠøÒø 13
we denied h_Zo B§H$ma {H$`m ^øÞ†ûËø³þÒø 14
we sealed h_Zo _wha bJmB© ^ßøÛûøjìø 15
we raised, sent h_Zo ôOm, h_Zo CR>m`m ^ßø³%þû³Ãþø eø 16
we provided provision h_Zo [aµµÁµH$ ({OdrH$m) {X`m ^ßø³Îþû ‡ø…ø 17
we lied h_Zo PyR> ~mobm ^ßøeû„ø³þÒø 18
we struggled h_Zo OÔmo OhX H$s, g§Kf© {H$`m ^Þø‚ûãøqø 19
we copied h_Zo ZH$b (AZyH$aU) {H$`m ^ßø³×þû³þÏø³þÞø 20
110
PT = Past Tense , I = First Person , P = Plural , M/F = Masc./Fem.
EXERCISE
we gathered h_Zo O_m {H$`m ^øÞ†û\øuø 21
we collected h_Zo O_m {H$`m ^øßÃûÛøqø 22
we ate meals h_Zo ImZm Im`m ^ßøÛûÃø›ø 23
we ate h_Zo Im`m ^ßø³þ×ûÒø ø] 24
we understood h_Zo AH$b bJmB© ^ßø³×þû³Ïþø Âø 25
we percieved h_Zo g_Pm ^øÞ†ûÃødø 26
we dreaded / frightened h_ K~amE ^øßfû³âþø …ø 27
we became cautious / feared h_ S>ao ^øÞ…û„øuø 28
we left / quited h_Zo N>mo‹S>m ^ßø³Òþ û †ø³þiø 29
we left h_Zo N>mo‹S>m ^Þø…ûƒøæø 30
we sat / took a seat h_ ~¡Ro ^øßŠû×øqø 31
we sat / sat down h_ ~¡Ro ^Þø‚ûÃøÎø 32
we became owner h_ _m{bH$ hþE ^ßø³þÓû³×þøÚø 33
we blew h_Zo \y$§°H$ _mar ^ßø³þíûËøÞø 34
we stole h_Zo Mmoar H$s ^ßø³Îþû†ø‰ø 35
we proceeded h_ AmJo ~‹T>o ^ßø³þÏû³þfø‰ø 36
we prevented / prohibited h_Zo amoH$m, h_Zo _Zm {H$`m ^ßø³þÃû³ßøþ Úø 37
we stayed h_ aho, h_ R>hao / ~go ^ß$³þÓø‰ø 38
we asked h_Zo gdmb {H$`m ^ßø³ûþÖ ^*‰ø 39
we thanked h_Zo ewH«$ AXm {H$`m ^øÞ†û³þÓødø 40
we worshipped h_Zo B~mXV H$s ^Þø‚û³føþ Âø 41
we prostrated h_Zo gOXm {H$`m ^Þø‚ûrø‰ø 42
we cut h_Zo H$mQ>m ^ßøÃû_øÎø 43
111
EXERCISE
we presented h_Zo noe {H$`m ^øß•û†øÂø 44
we differed h_Zo \$H©$ (AÝVa) {H$`m ^ßø³þÎû†øÊø 45
we identified h_Zo nhMmZm ^øßÊû†øÂø 46
we kept patience h_Zo g~« {H$`m ^Þø†ûfø‘ø 47
we remembered h_Zo `mX {H$`m ^øÞ†ûÒøƒø 48
we cursed h_Zo bmZV H$s, h_Zo \$Q>H$mam ^ß$³þÃøøÖ 49
we wronged h_Zo µOwë_ {H$`m ^øßÛû×ø¾ø 50
we attended h_ hm{µOa hþE ^Þø†û–øuø 51
we raised h_Zo D§$Mm {H$`m ^øß³þÃûÊø…ø 52
we enchanted / played magic h_Zo OmXw {H$`m ^øÞ†ûvø‰ø 53
we reformed h_ gwYao ^ßøvû×ø‘ø 54
we profited h_Zo bm^ {X`m ^ßø³þÃûËøøÞ 55
we reached h_ nhþ§Mo ^ßø³þÇû×øeø 56
we judged h_Zo {ZíM` {H$`m, {ZU©` {b`m ^ßøÛûÓøuø 57
we came out h_ {ZH$bo ^ßøqû†øìø 58
we always remained h_ h_oem aho ^Þø‚û×øìø 59
we violated h_Zo Zm\$a_mZr H$s ^ßø³þÏûŠøÊø 60
we spoke truth h_Zo gM H$hm ^ßø³þÎû‚ø‘ø 61
we plotted h_Zo Mmb Mbr ^øÞ†ûÓøÚø 62
we returned h_ bm¡Qo ^ßø³þÃûqø…ø 63
we carried h_Zo CR>m`m ^ßø³þ×ûÛøuø 64
we bore load h_Zo ~moP CR>m`m ^øÞ…û‡øæø 65
112
EXERCISE
we read h_Zo n‹T>m ^øÞ +]†ø³þÎø 66
we took / caught h_Zo nH$‹S>m, h_Zo {b`m ^øÞ„ûìøø] 67
we found h_Zo nm`m ^Þø‚ûqøæø 68
we met h_ {_bo ^ßø³þ×û‘øæø 69
we granted / offered h_Zo àXmZ {H$`m ^øß³fþû³þâøæø 70
we promised h_Zo dmXm {H$`m ^Þø‚ûÂøæø 71
we pledged h_Zo AhX, dMZ {H$`m ^Þø‚ûãôÂø 72
we did mercy h_Zo ah_ {H$`m ^øßÛûuô…ø 73
we knew h_Zo OmZm ^ßøÛû×ôÂø 74
we worked h_Zo H$m`© {H$`m ^ßø³þ×ûÛôÂø 75
we heard h_Zo gwZm ^ßø³þÃû³þÛô‰ø 76
we drank h_Zo {n`m ^ßø³þeû†ôdø 77
we rode h_ gdma hþE ^ßø³fþû³þÒô…ø 78
we gave evidence / witness h_Zo Jdmhr Xr ^øÞ‚ûãôdø 79
we grieved h_ XwIr hþE ^Þ$ ô̂ uø 80
we felt pleasure h_ Iwe hþE ^ßø³þuû†ôÊø 81
we calculated h_Zo {hgm~ bJm`m ^ßø³fþûŠôuø 82
we suffered loss h_Zo ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m ^øÞ†ûŠôìø 83
we guarded h_Zo gwajm H$s ^ßø³¿þ û Ëôuø 84
we disliked h_Zo Zmng§X {H$`m ^øßaû†ôÒø 85
we praised h_Zo Vmar\$ H$s ^øÞ‚ûÛôuø 86
we wasted h_Zo ~~m©X {H$`m ^ßø³þ_ûfôuø 87
we surrounded / expanded h_Zo Koa {b`m, h_Zo {dñV¥V {H$`m ^ßø³þÃû‰ôæø 88
113
EXERCISE
we came h_ AmE ^ßø³þòûqô 89
we taught h_Zo {gIm`m ^ßøÛû×$Âø 90
we denied h_Zo PwQ>bm`m ^ßøeû„$ Òø 91
we changed h_Zo ~Xb {X`m ^øß³ûþÖ ‚$ eø 92
we stood up h_ I‹So hþE ^ßøÛûÎø 93
we established h_Zo I‹S>m {H$`m ^øßÛûÎø ø] 94
we drove out h_Zo ~mha {ZH$mbm ^øßqû†øìûø] 95
we caused entrance h_Zo àdoe {H$`m ^ßø³þ×ûìø2ûø] 96
we sent back h_Zo bm¡Q>m`m ^ßøÃûqø…ûø] 97
we sent h_Zo ôOm ^ßø³×þû‰ø…ûø] 98
we reformed h_Zo gwYma {H$`m ^ßøvû×ø‘ûø] 99
we sent down h_Zo CVmam ^ßø³þÖû ø̂ Þû ø] 100
we rewarded h_Zo nwañH¥$V {H$`m ^ßøÛûÃøÞû ø] 101
we spent h_Zo IM© {H$`m ^øßÏûËøÞû ø] 102
we intended h_Zo BamXm, g§H$ën {H$`m ^Þø2û…øø] 103
we destroyed h_Zo ~~m©X {H$`m ^ßø³þÓû³þ×øâûø] 104
we denied h_Zo BÝH$ma {H$`m ^øÞ†û³þÓøÞû ø] 105
we warned h_Zo S>am`m ^øÞ…û„øÞû ø] 106
we made a favour h_Zo CnH$ma {H$`m ^ß$Šøuûø] 107
we feeded h_Zo ImZm {Ibm`m ^øßÛûÃø›ûø] 108
we made to taste h_Zo MIm`m ^ßø³þÎûƒøø] 109
we showed h_Zo {XIm`m ^Þø ðû…øø] 110
114
11 - Past Tense ( Passive Voice )
H$_©dmÀ`(^yVH$mb) Ùç`rÛÖ] o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

E E
WgzZ ó 7 L 6,sw¬Æszcèâ ÿL ›¢Xì Cƒs§ÅwBñOÆ¶ÃÚÅTì èâ ÷(Zw!èâ ÿL ›¢
Ð sw~y
ÂÌ~qzÑÆVbÆk Q Âƒ** /Z ÌÃ÷ ! ØøÃôÊö Ð ØøÃøÊø ‰ Xì *
¯t¤ @Y0w!èâ ÷ÐäW ó k
,i L 6,
sw¬
Xì *
@Yc*
Î ^Úø
^yV H$mb H$_© dmÀ` EXogm ^yV H$mb h¡ {Og_o H$Vm© hr H$_© ~Z OmVm h¡ & dmŠ` H$mo H$_© dmÀ` ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ^yV H$mb H$s {H«$`m Ho$ nhbo Aj«a
na noe Am¡a AmIar Aja go nhbo Aja Ho$ {ZMo " µOoa ' AmVm h¡Ÿ& ZH$maË_H$ (Negative) dmŠ` ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {H«$`m Ho$ nhbo ' ^Úø ' bJm`m
OmVm h¡Ÿ&
The Passive Voice of Past Tense in Arabic indicates Object instead of Subject. The Passive Voice is formed by
changing the vowels of active, it is characterised by Dhammah on first letter followed by Kasarah below second letter.
To make it negative word ^Úø is used before verb.
ØøÃôqö ØøÃøqø
Š c*
H ¯ {z Ð c*¯ äk Q
dh ~Zm`m J`m go CgZo ~Zm`m
he was made he made
Ðø×ôìö Ðø×øìø
H
Š H Za {z Ð H Za äk Q
dh n¡Xm {H$`m J`m go CgZo n¡Xm {H$`m
he was created he created
EXERCISE
]çûßöÃôÖö Ñø‡ô…ö Øøjô³þÎö

! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!
†øÓôdö Üø×ô¾ö ]çû×öjô³þÎö

! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!
†ø’ôÞö gøjô³þÒö ØøÃôqö

! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!
àøÃôÖö š
ø †ôÂö ]çûÎö‡ô…ö
! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!
115
12 - Past Tense
^yVH$mb o•^ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

Past Tense Third Person AÝ` nwéf $¸ 8
T
Plural ~hþ dMZ ¦ Dual {Û dMZ ½ Single EH$ dMZ uZz Gender ½
]çû×öÃøÊø ¡øÃøÊø ØøÃøÊø
( m.g) æ°èO
 yZ
Häƒ HäVâzŠyZ Häk Q
CZ g~ Zo {H$`m CZ XmoZm| Zo {H$`m CgZo {H$`m nwq„J
They (all) did They (two) did He did
àø×ûÃøÊø ^³øjþ ×øÃøÊø kû×øÃøÊø

 yZ
Häƒ HäVâzŠyZ HäkZ $¸
( f.g) /
CZ g~ Zo {H$`m CZ XmoZm| Zo {H$`m CgZo {H$`m órqbJ
They (all) did They (two) did She did
Past Tense Second Person _Ü`_ nwéf ¢q 8

Plural ~hþ dMZ ¦ Dual {Û dMZ ½ Single EH$ dMZ uZz Gender ½
Üûjö³×þûÃøÊø ^Ûøjö³×þûÃøÊø kø×ûÃøÊø
?
Häƒ HäVâzŠ ? HäÂ ( m.g) æ°èO
Vw_ g~ Zo {H$`m Vw_ XmoZm| Zo {H$`m VyZo {H$`m nwq„J
You (all) did You (two) did You did
à$ jö³þ×ûÃøÊø ^Ûøjö³×þûÃøÊø kô×ûÃøÊø

?
Häƒ HäVâzŠ ? HäÂ $¸
( f.g) /
Vw_ g~ Zo {H$`m Vw_ XmoZm| Zo {H$`m VyZo {H$`m órqbJ

You (all) did You (two) did You did
ÐO G!
Past Tense First Person CÎm_ nwéf ê ¹1 8
Plural ~hþ dMZ ¦ Single EH$ dMZ uZz Gender ½
^ßø³×þûÃøÊø kö×ûÃøÊø $¸ gzZ æ°èO
/
ë
Häƒ Hä~
nwq„J / órqbJ
h_ g~ Zo {H$`m _¢Zo {H$`m
m.g. / f.g.
We did I did
116
UNIT - IV :
Applied Grammar
Part - III
1) Imperfect Tense/III Person/Singular/Masculine
2) Imperfect Tense/III Person/Plural/Masculine
3) Imperfect Tense/III Person/Singular/Feminine
4) Imperfect Tense/III Person/Plural/Feminine
5) Imperfect Tense/II Person/Singular/Masculine
6) Imperfect Tense/II Person/Plural/Masculine
7) Imperfect Tense/II Person/Singular/Feminine
8) Imperfect Tense/II Person/Plural/Feminine
9) Imperfect Tense/I Person/Singular/Masc.Femi
10) Imperfect Tense/I Person/Plural/Masc. Femi
11) Imperfect Tense/Passive Voice
12) Imperfect Tense
13) Broken Plural

117
1 - Imperfect Tense/IIIrd Person/Singular/Masculine
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/AÝ` nwéf/EH$dMZ/nw{„§J †Ò„Ú / ‚u]æ /gñ^Æ äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , III = AÝ` nwéf , E.d. = EH$dMZ , nw = nw{„§J

IT = Imperfect Tense , III = Third Person , S = Single , M = Masculine
EXERCISE
he does / will do (IT, III, S, M) dh H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm (d/^.H$, III, E.d, nw.) ØöÃøËû³møþ 1
he goes / will go dh OmVm h¡ / OmEJm göâø „û³møþ 2
he makes / will make dh ~ZmVm h¡ / ~ZmEJm ØöÃørûmø 3
he opens / will open dh ImobVm h¡ / ImoboJm xöjøËû³møþ 4
he raises,sends / will raise,send dh ôOVm h¡ / ôOoJm &öÃø³fþû³møþ 5
he raises / will raise dh D§$Mm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Äö³Êþø†ûmø 6
he dreads / will dread dh K~amVm h¡ / K~amEJm göâø†û³møþ 7
he becomes cautious / will be cautious dh S>aVm h¡ / S>aoJm …ö „øvûmø 8
he struggles / will struggle dh OÔmo-OhX H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öãørûmø 9
he prevents / will prevent dh _Zm H$aVm / amoH$Vm h¡ / amoHo$Jm Äö³ßøþ Ûûmø 10
he asks / will ask dh gdmb H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Øö³øþòŠûmø 11
he collects / will collect dh O_m H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÄöÛørûmø 12
he cuts / will cut dh H$mQ>Vm h¡ / H$mQ>oJm Äö_øÏû³møþ 13
he curses / will curse dh bmZV H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm àöÃø³×þû³møþ 14
he enchants / will enchant dh OmXy H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †övøŠûmø 15
he profits / will profit dh bm^ XoVm h¡ / XoJm ÄöËø³ßþû³møþ 16
he reads / will read dh n‹T>Vm h¡ / n‹T>oJm ðö †øÏû³þmø 17
he does mercy / will do mercy dh ah_ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Üöuø†û³møþ 18
he knows / will know dh OmZVm h¡ / OmZoJm Üö³þ×øÃû³møþ 19
he works / will work dh H$m`© H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ØöÛøÃûmø 20
118
EXERCISE
he drinks / will drink dh nrVm h¡ / {nòJm hö†ø\ûmø 21
he rides / will ride dh gdma hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm göÒø†û³þmø 22
he gives evidence / will give evidence dh Jdmhr XoVm h¡ / XoJm ‚öãø\ûmø 23
he pledges / will pledge dh AhX H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öãøÃû³þmø 24
he grieves / will grieve dh XwIr hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm áö ø̂ ³þvûmø 25
he feels pleasure / will feel pleasure dh Iwe hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm |ö†øËû³þmø 26
he guards / will guard dh gwajm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÀöËø³þvûmø 27
he hears / will hear dh gwZVm h¡ / gwZoJm ÄöÛøŠûmø 28
he dislikes / will dislike dh Zmng§X H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm åö†ø³Óþ û mø 29
he praises / will praise dh Vmar\$ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öÛøvûmø 30
he eats meals / will eat meals dh ImZm ImVm h¡ / ImEJm ÜöÃø_ûmø 31
he expands / will expand dh KoaVm h¡ / KoaoJm ÄöŠømø 32
he grants / will grant dh àXmZ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm göãømø 33
he presents / will present dh noe H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm š ö †ôÃû³þmø 34
he hits / will hit dh _maVm h¡ / _maoJm hö†ô–ûmø 35
he earns / will earn dh H$_mVm h¡ / H$_mEJm göŠôÓûmø 36
he seals / will seal dh _wha bJmVm h¡ / bJmEJm Üöjô³í þ û mø 37
he lies / will lie dh PyQ> ~mobVm h¡ / ~moboJm hö „ô³Óþ û mø 38
he becomes owner / will be owner dh _m{bH$ hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm Ôö×ôÛûmø 39
he steals / will steal dh Mmoar H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Ñö†ôŠûmø 40
he proceeds / will proceed dh AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡ / ~‹T>oJm ÐöôfŠûmø 41
he sits, takes seat / will sit/take seat dh ~¡R>Vm h¡ / ~¡R>oJm ‹ö×ôrûmø 42
he understands / will understand dh AµH$b bJmVm h¡ / bJmEJm ØöÏô³þÃû³þmø 43
119
EXERCISE
he identifies / will identify dh nhMmZVm h¡ / nhMmZoJm Íö†ôÃû³møþ 44
he keeps patience / will keep patience dh g~« H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †öfô’û³møþ 45
he does wrong / will do wrong dh µOwë_ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Üö×ô³þ¿û³møþ 46
he carries / will carry dh CR>mVm h¡ / CR>mEJm ØöÛôvûmø 47
he bears load / will bear load dh ~moP CR>mVm h¡ / CR>mEJm …ö ô̂ ³møþ 48
he returns / will return dh bm¡Q>Vm h¡ / bm¡Q>oJm Äöqô†û³møþ 49
he calculates / will calculate dh {hgm~ bJmVm h¡ / bJmEJm göŠôvûmø 50
he suffers loss / will suffer loss dh ZwH$gmZ CR>mVm h¡ / CR>mEJm †öŠôíûmø 51
he wastes / will waste dh ~~m©X H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ¼öfô³v þ û mø 52
he finds / will find dh nmVm h¡ / nmEJm ‚örômø 53
he meets / will meet dh {_bVm h¡ / {_boJm Øö’ômø 54
he promises / will promise dh dmXm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öÃô³møþ 55
he leaves / will leave dh N>mo‹S>Vm h¡ / N>mo‹S>oJm …ö„ô³møþ 56
he leaves, quits / will leave / quit dh N>mo‹S>Vm h¡ / N>mo‹S>oJm Õö†ö³þjû³møþ 57
he writes / will write dh {bIVm h¡ / {bIoJm göjö³þÓûmø 58
he helps / will help dh _XX H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö’ößûmø 59
he demands / will demand dh _m§JVm h¡ / _m§JoJm gö×ö³þ_ûmø 60
he kills / will kill dh µH$Ëb H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Øöjö³þÏû³møþ 61
he enters / will enter dh Xm{Ib hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm Øöìö‚ûmø 62
he creates / will create dh n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Ðö³þ×öíûmø 63
he sees / will see dh XoIVm h¡ / XoIoJm †ö³þ¿ößû³møþ 64
he denies / will deny dh BÝH$ma H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö³þËö³þÓûmø 65
he provides / will provide dh [aµµÁµH$ XoVm h¡ / XoJm Ñö‡ö†û³møþ 66
120
EXERCISE
he copies / will copy dh ZµH$b H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ØöÏö³ßþû³þmø 67
he blows / will blow dh \y$±H$ _maVm h¡ / _maoJm îöËö³ßþû³þmø 68
he gathers / will gather dh O_m H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö\övûmø 69
he thanks / will thank dh ewH«$ AXm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö³þÓö\ûmø 70
he worships / will worship dh B~mXV H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öfö³þÃû³þmø 71
he prostrates / will prostrate dh gOXm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öröŠûmø 72
he differs / will differ dh \$H©$ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Ñö†ö³þËû³þmø 73
he remembers / will remember dh `mX H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö³þÒö„û³þmø 74
he attends / will attend dh hm{µOa hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm †ö–övûmø 75
he reforms himself / will reform himself dh gwYaVm h¡ / gwYaoJm xö×ö’ûmø 76
he reaches / will reach dh nhþ§MVm h¡ / nhþ§MoJm Èö³×þö³fþû³þmø 77
he judges, decides / will judge, decide dh {ZU©` boVm h¡ / boJm ÜöÓövûmø 78
he comes out / will come out dh {ZH$bVm h¡ / {ZH$boJm tö†ö³í þ û mø 79
he always remains / will always remain dh h_oem ahVm h¡ / ahoJm ‚ö³þ×öíûmø 80
he violates / will violate dh Zm\$a_mZr H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÐöŠöËû³þmø 81
he sits, sits down / will sit / sit down dh ~¡R>Vm h¡ / ~¡R>oJm ‚ö³þÃö³þÏû³þmø 82
he percieves / will percieve dh g_PVm h¡ / g_PoJm †ö³þÃö\ûmø 83
he speaks truth / will speak truth dh gM H$hVm h¡ / H$hoJm Ñö‚ö’ûmø 84
he plots / will plot dh Mmb MbVm h¡ / MboJm †ö³Óþ ö Ûûmø 85
he stays / will stay dh ahVm h¡ / ahoJm àö³þÓöŠûmø 86
he takes / will take dh nH$‹S>Vm h¡ / nH$‹S>oJm „öìö^û³þmø 87
he eats / will eat dh ImVm h¡ / ImEJm ØöÒö ^û³þmø 88
121
EXERCISE
he comes / will come dh AmVm h¡ / AmEJm o. rômø 89
he teaches / will teach dh {gImVm h¡ / {gImEJm Üö×ôùÃømö 90
he lies / will lie dh PwQ>bmVm h¡ / PwQ>bmEJm hö„ôùÓømö 91
he changes / will change dh ~XbVm h¡ / ~XboJm Ùö‚ôùfø³þmö 92
he stands up / will stand up dh I‹S>m hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm ÝöçûÏö³þmø 93
he establishes / will establish dh I‹S>m H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÜönûÏô³þmö 94
he drives out / will drive out dh ~mha {ZH$mbVm h¡ / {ZH$mboJm tö†ôíûmö 95
he causes entrance / will cause entrance dh àdoe H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Øöìô‚ûmö 96
he sends back / will send back dh bm¡Q>mVm h¡ / bm¡Q>mEJm Äöqô†ûmö 97
he sends / will send dh ôOVm h¡ / ôOoJm Øö‰ô†ûmö 98
he reforms / will reform dh gwYma H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm xö³þ×ô’ûmö 99
he sends down / will send down dh CVmaVm h¡ / CVmaoJm Ùö ô̂ ßû³þmö 100
he rewards / will reward dh nwañH¥$V H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÜöÃôßûmö 101
he spends / will spend dh IM© H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÐöËôßûmö 102
he intends / will intend dh BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚ömû†ômö 103
he destroys / will destroy dh ~~m©X H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Ôö×ôãûmö 104
he denies / will deny dh BÝH$ma H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †öÓôßû³þmö 105
he warns / will warn dh S>amVm h¡ / S>amEJm …ö„ôßûmö 106
he makes a favour / will make a favour dh CnH$ma H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm àöŠôvûmö 107
he feeds / will feed dh ImZm {IbmVm h¡ / {IbmEJm ÜöÃô_ûmö 108
he makes to taste / will make to taste dh MImVm h¡ / MImEJm Ðömû„ômö 109
he shows / will show dh {XImVm h¡ / {XImEJm pû†ômö 110
122
2 - Imperfect Tense/IIIrd Person/Plural/Masculine
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/AÝ` nwéf/~hþdMZ/nw{„§J †Ò„Ú / ÄÛq /gñ^Æ äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , III = AÝ` nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþdMZ , nw = nw{„§J

IT = Imperfect Tense , III = Third Person , P = Plural , M = Masculine
EXERCISE
they do / will do (IT, III, P, M) do H$aVo h¡§Ÿ / H$ao§Jo (d/^.H$, III, ~.d, nw.) áøçû³×þö³þÃøËû³møþ 1
they go / will go do OmVo h¡§ / OmE§Jo áøçû³fþö³þâø„û³møþ 2
they make / will make do ~ZmVo h¡§ / ~ZmE§Jo áøçû³×þö³þÃø³þrûmø 3
they open / will open do ImobVo h¡§ / Imobo§Jo áøçû³þvöjø³þËû³møþ 4
they raise, send / will raise, send do ôOVo h¡§ / ôOo§Jo áøçû³þ%ö³þÃøfû³møþ 5
they raise / will raise do D§$Mm H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³þÃö³Êþø†û³møþ 6
they dread / will dread do K~amVo h¢ / K~amE§Jo áøçû³fþö³þâø†û³møþ 7
they become cautious / will be cautious do S>aVo h¡§ / S>ao§Jo áøæû…ö „øvûmø 8
they struggle / will struggle do OÔmo-OhX H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû‚öãørûmø 9
they prevent / will prevent do _Zm H$aVo, amoH$Vo h¡§ / amoHo$§Jo áøçû³þÃö³ßøþ Ûû³møþ 10
they ask / will ask do gdmb H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³×þö³øþòŠûmø 11
they collect / will collect do O_m H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³Ãþö Ûørûmø 12
they cut / will cut do H$mQ>Vo h¡§ / H$mQ>o§Jo áøçû³þÃö³þ_øÏû³møþ 13
they curse / will curse do bmZV H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³þßö³þÃø×û³møþ 14
they enchant / will enchant do OmXy H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû†ö³þvøŠûmø 15
they give profit / will give profit do bm^ XoVo h¡§ / Xo§Jo áøçû³þÃö³þËøßû³møþ 16
they read / will read do n‹T>Vo h¡§ / n‹T>o§Jo áøæû ðö †ø³þÏû³møþ 17
they do mercy / will do mercy do ah_ H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçûÛöuø†û³møþ 18
they know / will know do OmZVo h¡§ / OmZo§Jo áøçûÛö³þ×øÃû³møþ 19
they work / will work do H$m`© H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo áøçû³þ×öÛøÃû³møþ 20
123
EXERCISE
they drink / will drink do nrVo h¡§ / {nò§Jo áøçû³þeö†ø\ûmø 21
they ride / will ride do gdma hmoVo h¡§ / hmo§Jo áøçû³fþö³þÒø†û³þmø 22
they give evidence / will give evidence do Jdmhr XoVo h¡§ / Xo§Jo áøæû ‚öãø\ûmø 23
they pledge / will pledge do AhX H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû ‚öãøÃû³mþø 24
they grieve / will grieve do XwIr hmoVo h¡§ / hmo§Jo áøçû³þÞö ø̂ ³þvûmø 25
they feel pleasure / will feel pleasure do Iwe hmoVo h¡§ / hmo§Jo áøçûuö†øËû³þmø 26
they guard / will guard do gwajm H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³þ¿öËø³þvûmø 27
they hear / will hear do gwZVo h¢ / gwZo§Jo áøçû³þÃöÛøŠûmø 28
they dislike / will dislike do Zmng§X H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçûaö†ø³þÓû³þmø 29
they praise / will praise do Vmar\$ H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû ‚öÛøvû³þmø 30
they eat meals / will eat meals do ImZm ImVo h¡§ / ImE§Jo áøçûÛö³þÃø³þ_û³þmø 31
they expand / will expand do KoaVo h¡§ / Koao§Jo áøçû³þÃöŠømø 32
they grant / will grant do àXmZ H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³fþö³ãþø ³þmø 33
they present / will present do noe H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû•ö†ôÃû³þmø 34
they hit / will hit do _maVo h¡§ / _mao§Jo áøçû³þeö†ô–û³þmø 35
they earn / will earn do H$_mVo h¡§ / H$_mE§Jo áøçû³þföŠôÓûmø 36
they seal / will seal do _wha bJmVo h¡§ / bJmE§Jo áøçûÛöjô³í þ û mø 37
they lie / will lie do PyQ> ~mobVo h¡§ / ~mobo§Jo áøçû³þeö „ô³þÓûmø 38
they become owner / will be owner do _m{bH$ hmoVo h¡§ / hmo§Jo áøçû³Óþ ö ×ôÛû³þmø 39
they steal / will steal do Mmoar H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³þÎö†ôŠûmø 40
they proceed / will proceed do AmJo ~‹T>Vo h¡§ / ~‹T>o§Jo áøçû³þÏöfôŠûmø 41
they sit, take seat / will sit / take seat do ~¡R>Vo h¡§ / ~¡R>o§Jo áøçûŠö×ôrûmø 42
they understand / will understand do AµH$b bJmVo h¡§ / bJmE§Jo áøçû³þ×öÏôÃû³þmø 43
124
EXERCISE
they identify / will identify do nhMmZVo h¡§ / nhMmZo§Jo áøçû³þÊö†ô³þÃû³møþ 44
they keep patience / will keep patience do g~« H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû†öfô’û³møþ 45
they do wrong / will do wrong do µOwë_ H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçûÛö×ô¿û³møþ 46
they carry / will carry do CR>mVo h¡§ / CR>mE§Jo áøçû³þ×öÛôvûmø 47
they bear load / will bear load do ~moP CR>mVo h¡§ / CR>mE§Jo áøæû…ö ô̂ ³møþ 48
they return / will return do bm¡Q>Vo h¡§ / bm¡Q>o§Jo áøçû³þÃöqô†û³møþ 49
they calculate / will calculate do {hgm~ bJmVo h¡§ / bJmE§Jo áøçû³fþöŠôvûmø 50
they suffer loss / will suffer loss do ZwH$gmZ CR>mVo h¡§ / CR>mE§Jo áøæû†öŠôíûmø 51
they waste / will waste do ~~m©X H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³þ_öfôvûmø 52
they find / will find do nmVo h¡§ / nmE§Jo áøæû ‚örô³þmø 53
they meet / will meet do {_bVo h¡§ / {_bo§Jo áøçû³×þö’ô³møþ 54
they promise / will promise do dmXm H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû ‚öÃô³þmø 55
they leave / will leave do N>mo‹S>Vo h¡§ / N>mo‹S>o§Jo áøæû…ö„ô³møþ 56
they leave, quit / will leave / quit do N>mo‹S>Vo h¡§ / N>mo‹S>o§Jo áøçû³þÒö†öjû³møþ 57
they write / will write do {bIVo h¡§ / {bIo§Jo áøçû³fþö³þjö³þÓû³møþ 58
they help / will help do _XX H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû†ö’ößû³møþ 59
they demand / will demand do _m§JVo h¡§ / _m§Jo§Jo áøçû³fþö³þ×ö_ûmø 60
they kill / will kill do µH$Ëb H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³×þö³þjöÏû³møþ 61
they enter / will enter do Xm{Ib hmoVo h¡§ / hmo§Jo áøçû³þ×öìö‚ûmø 62
they create / will create do n¡Xm H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³þÏö³þ×öíûmø 63
they see / will see do XoIVo h¡§ / XoIo§Jo áøæû†ö³þ¿ößû³møþ 64
they deny / will deny do BÝH$ma H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû†ö³þËö³þÓûmø 65
they provide / will provide do [aµµÁµH$ XoVo h¡§ / Xo§Jo áøçû³þÎö‡ö†û³møþ 66
125
EXERCISE
they copy / will copy do ZµH$b H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³×þö ³þÏößû³møþ 67
they blow / will blow do \y$±H$ _maVo h¡§ / _mao§Jo áøçûíöËö³ßþû³møþ 68
they gather / will gather do O_m H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû†ö\övûmø 69
they thank / will thank do ewH«$ AXm H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû†ö³þÓö\ûmø 70
they worship / will worship do B~mXV H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû ‚ö³fþö³þÃû³møþ 71
they prostrate / will prostrate do gOXm H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû ‚öröŠûmø 72
they differ / will differ do \$H©$ H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³þÎö†öËû³møþ 73
they remember / will remember do `mX H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû†ö³þÒö„ûmø 74
they attend / will attend do hm{µOa hmoVo h¡§ / hmo§Jo áøæû†ö–övûmø 75
they reform themselves / will reform do gwYaVo h¡§ / gwYao§Jo áøçûvö×ö’ûmø 76
they reach / will reach do nhþ§MVo h¡§ / nhþ§Mo§Jo áøçû³Çþö ³þ×öfû³møþ 77
they judge, decide / will judge, decide do {ZU©` boVo h¡§ / bo§Jo áøçûÛöÓövûmø 78
they come out / will come out do {ZH$bVo h¡§ / {ZH$bo§Jo áøçû³þqö†öíûmø 79
they always remain / will always remain do h_oem ahVo h¡§ / aho§Jo áøæû ‚ö³þ×öíûmø 80
they violate / will violate do Zm\$a_mZr H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû³Ïþö ŠöËû³møþ 81
they sit, sit down / will sit / sit down do ~¡R>Vo h¡§ / ~¡R>o§Jo áøæû ‚öÃöÏû³þmø 82
they percieve / will percieve do g_PVo h¡§ / g_Po§Jo áøæû†öÃö\ûmø 83
they speak truth / will speak truth do gM H$hVo h¡§ / H$ho§Jo áøçû³þÎö ‚ö’ûmø 84
they plot / will plot do Mmb MbVo h¡§ / Mbo§Jo áøæû†ö³Óþ ö Ûûmø 85
they stay / will stay do ahVo h¡§ / aho§Jo áøçû³þßö³þÓöŠûmø 86
they take / will take do nH$‹S>Vo h¡§ / nH$‹S>o§Jo áøæû „öìö^û³møþ 87
they eat / will eat do ImVo h¡§ / ImE§Jo áøçû³þ×öÒö ^û³møþ 88
126
EXERCISE
they come / will come do AmVo h¡§ / AmE§Jo áøçûòö³þrômø 89
they teach / will teach do {gImVo h¡§ / {gImE§Jo áøçûÛö×ôùÃømö 90
they lie / will lie do PwQ>bmVo h¡§ / PwQ>bmE§Jo áøçûeö„ôùÓømö 91
they change / will change do ~XbVo h¡§ / ~Xbo§Jo áøçûÖö‚ôùfø³þmö 92
they stand up / will stand up do I‹S>o hmoVo h¡§ / hmo§Jo áøçûÚöçûÏö³møþ 93
they establish / will establish do I‹S>m H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçûÛönûÏô³þmö 94
they drive out / will drive out do ~mha {ZH$mbVo h¡§ / {ZH$mbo§Jo áøçûqö†ôíûmö 95
he cause entrance / will cause entrance do àdoe H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçû×öìô‚ûmö 96
they send back / will send back do bm¡Q>mVo h¡§ / bm¡Q>mE§Jo áøçûÃöqô†ûmö 97
they send / will send do ôOVo h¡§ / ôOo§Jo áøçû×ö‰ô†ûmö 98
they reform / will reform do gwYma H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçûvö×ô’ûmö 99
they send down / will send down do CVmaVo h¡§ / CVmao§Jo áøçûÖö ô̂ ßû³þmö 100
they reward / will reward do nwañH¥$V H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçûÛöÃôßûmö 101
they spend / will spend do IM© H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçûÏöËôßûmö 102
they intend / will intend do BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû‚ömû†ômö 103
they destroy / will destroy do ~~m©X H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçûÓö×ôãûmö 104
they deny / will deny do BÝH$ma H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøæû†öÓôßû³þmö 105
they warn / will warn do S>amVo h¡§ / S>amE§Jo áøæû…ö„ôßûmö 106
they make a favour / will make a favour do CnH$ma H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo áøçûßöŠôvûmö 107
they feed / will feed do ImZm {IbmVo h¡§ / {IbmE§Jo áøçûÛöÃô_ûmö 108
they make to taste / will make to taste do MImVo h¡§ / MImE§Jo áøçûÏömû„ômö 109
they show / will show do {XImVo h¡§ / {XImE§Jo áøçû³þòö³þmû†ômö 110
127
3 - Imperfect Tense/IIIrd Person/Singular/Feminine
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/AÝ` nwéf/EH$dMZ/órqbJ &Þ©Ú / ‚u]æ /gñ^Æ äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , III = AÝ` nwéf , E.d. = EH$dMZ , ór = órqbJ

IT = Imperfect Tense , III = Third Person , S = Single , F = Feminine
EXERCISE
she does / will do (IT, III, S, F) dh H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr (d/^.H$, III, E.d, ór) ØöÃøËû³þiø 1
she goes / will go dh OmVr h¡ / OmEJr göâø „û³þiø 2
she makes / will make dh ~ZmVr h¡ / ~ZmEJr ØöÃørûiø 3
she opens / will open dh ImobVr h¡ / ImoboJr xöøjËû³þiø 4
she raises,sends / will raise,send dh ôOVr h¡ / ôOoJr &öÃø³fþû³þiø 5
she raises / will raise dh D§$Mm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Äö³þÊø†ûiø 6
she dreads / will dread dh K~amVr h¡ / K~amEJr göâø†û³þiø 7
she becomes cautious / will be cautious dh S>aVr h¡ / S>aoJr …ö „øvûiø 8
she struggles / will struggle dh OÔmo-OhX H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ‚öãørûiø 9
she prevents / will prevent dh _Zm H$aVr, amoH$Vr h¡ / amoHo$Jr Äö³øþßÛûiø 10
she asks / will ask dh gdmb H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Øö³øþòŠûiø 11
she collects / will collect dh O_m H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ÄöÛørûiø 12
she cuts / will cut dh H$mQ>Vr h¡ / H$mQ>oJr Äö_øÏû³þiø 13
she curses / will curse dh bmZV H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àöÃø³×þû³þiø 14
she enchants / will enchant dh OmXy H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr †övøŠûiø 15
she profits / will profit dh bm^ XoVr h¡ / XoJr ÄöËø³ßþû³þiø 16
she reads / will read dh n‹T>Vr h¡ / n‹T>oJr ðö †øÏû³þiø 17
she does mercy / will do mercy dh ah_ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Üöuø†û³þiø 18
she knows / will know dh OmZVr h¡ / OmZoJr Üö³×þøÃû³þiø 19
she works / will work dh H$m`© H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ØöÛøÃûiø 20
128
EXERCISE
she drinks / will drink dh nrVr h¡ / {nòJr hö†ø\ûøi 21
she rides / will ride dh gdma hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr göÒø†û³øþi 22
she gives evidence / will give evidence dh Jdmhr XoVr h¡ / XoJr ‚öãø\ûøi 23
she pledges / will pledge dh AhX H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ‚öãøÃû³øþi 24
she grieves / will grieve dh XwIr hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr áö ø̂ ³þvûøi 25
she feels pleasure / will feel pleasure dh Iwe hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr |ö†øËû³øþi 26
she guards / will guard dh gwajm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ÀöËø³þvûøi 27
she hears / will hear dh gwZVr h¡ / gwZoJr ÄöÛøŠûøi 28
she dislikes / will dislike dh Zmng§X H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr åö†ø³þÓû³øþi 29
she praises / will praise dh Vmar\$ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ‚öÛøvûøi 30
she eats meals / will eat meals dh ImZm ImVr h¡ / ImEJr ÜöÃø_ûøi 31
she expands / will expand dh KoaVr h¡ / KoaoJr ÄöŠøøi 32
she grants / will grant dh àXmZ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr göãøøi 33
she presents / will present dh noe H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr š ö †ôÃû³øþi 34
she hits / will hit dh _maVr h¡ / _maoJr hö†ô–ûøi 35
she earns / will earn dh H$_mVr h¡ / H$_mEJr göŠôÓû³øþi 36
she seals / will seal dh _wha bJmVr h¡ / bJmEJr Üöjô³þíûøi 37
she lies / will lie dh PyQ> ~mobVr h¡ / ~moboJr hö „ô³þÓû³iøþ 38
she becomes owner / will be owner dh _m{bH$ hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr Ôö×ôÛûøi 39
she steals / will steal dh Mmoar H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Ñö†ôŠûøi 40
she proceeds / will proceed dh AmJo ~‹T>Vr h¡ / ~‹T>oJr ÐöfôŠûøi 41
she sits, takes seat / will sit/take seat dh ~¡R>Vr h¡ / ~¡R>oJr ‹ö×ôrûøi 42
she understands / will understand dh AµH$b bJmVr h¡ / bJmEJr ØöÏô³þÃû³øþi 43
129
EXERCISE
she identifies / will identify dh nhMmZVr h¡ / nhMmZoJr Íö†ôÃû³þiø 44
she keeps patience / will keep patience dh g~« H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr †öfô’û³þiø 45
she does wrong / will do wrong dh µOwë_ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Üö×ô³þ¿û³þiø 46
she carries / will carry dh CR>mVr h¡ / CR>mEJr ØöÛôvûiø 47
she bears load / will bear load dh ~moP CR>mVr h¡ / CR>mEJr …ö ô̂ ³þiø 48
she returns / will return dh bm¡Q>Vr h¡ / bm¡Q>oJr Äöqô†û³þiø 49
she calculates / will calculate dh {hgm~ bJmVr h¡ / bJmEJr göŠôvûiø 50
she suffers loss / will suffer loss dh ZwH$gmZ CR>mVr h¡ / CR>mEJr †öŠôíûiø 51
she wastes / will waste dh ~~m©X H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ¼öfô³þvûiø 52
she finds / will find dh nmVr h¡ / nmEJr ‚örôiø 53
she meets / will meet dh {_bVr h¡ / {_boJr Øö’ôiø 54
she promises / will promise dh dmXm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ‚öÃô³þiø 55
she leaves / will leave dh N>mo‹S>Vr h¡ / N>mo‹S>oJr …ö„ô³þiø 56
she leaves, quits / will leave / quit dh N>mo‹S>Vr h¡ / N>mo‹S>oJr Õö†ö³jþû³þiø 57
she writes / will write dh {bIVr h¡ / {bIoJr göjö³þÓû³þiø 58
she helps / will help dh _XX H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr †ö’ößû³þiø 59
she demands / will demand dh _m§JVr h¡ / _m§JoJr gö×ö³þ_ûiø 60
she kills / will kill dh µH$Ëb H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Øöjö³þÏû³þiø 61
she enters / will enter dh Xm{Ib hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr Øöìö‚ûiø 62
she creates / will create dh n¡Xm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Ðö³þ×öíûiø 63
she sees / will see dh XoIVr h¡ / XoIoJr †ö³þ¿ößû³þiø 64
she denies / will deny dh BÝH$ma H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr †ö³þËö³þÓû³þiø 65
she provides / will provide dh [aµµÁµH$ XoVr h¡ / XoJr Ñö‡ö†û³þiø 66
130
EXERCISE
she copies / will copy dh ZµH$b H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ØöÏö³ßþû³øþi 67
she blows / will blow dh \y$±H$ _maVr h¡ / _maoJr îöËö³ßþû³øþi 68
she gathers / will gather dh O_m H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr †ö\övûøi 69
she thanks / will thank dh ewH«$ AXm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr †ö³þÓö\ûøi 70
she worships / will worship dh B~mXV H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ‚öfö³þÃû³øþi 71
she prostrates / will prostrate dh gOXm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ‚öröŠûøi 72
she differs / will differ dh \$H©$ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Ñö†ö³þËû³øþi 73
she remembers / will remember dh `mX H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr †ö³þÒö„û³øþi 74
she attends / will attend dh hm{µOa hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr †ö–övûøi 75
she reforms himself / will reform himself dh gwYaVr h¡ / gwYaoJr xö×ö’ûøi 76
she reaches / will reach dh nhþ§MVr h¡ / nhþ§MoJr Èö³×þö³fþû³øþi 77
she judges, decides / will judge, decide dh {ZU©` boVr h¡ / boJr ÜöÓövûøi 78
she comes out / will come out dh {ZH$bVr h¡ / {ZH$boJr tö†ö³þíûøi 79
she always remains / will always remain dh h_oem ahVr h¡ / ahoJr ‚ö³þ×öíûøi 80
she violates / will violate dh Zm\$a_mZr H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ÐöŠöËû³øþi 81
she sits, sits down / will sit / sit down dh ~¡R>Vr h¡ / ~¡R>oJr ‚ö³þÃö³þÏû³øþi 82
she percieves / will percieve dh g_PVr h¡ / g_PoJr †ö³þÃö\ûøi 83
she speaks truth / will speak truth dh gM H$hVr h¡ / H$hoJr Ñö‚ö’ûøi 84
she plots / will plot dh Mmb MbVr h¡ / MboJr †ö³þÓöÛûøi 85
she stays / will stay dh ahVr h¡ / ahoJr àö³þÓöŠûøi 86
she takes / will take dh nH$‹S>Vr h¡ / nH$‹S>oJr „öìö^û³øþi 87
she eats / will eat dh ImVr h¡ / ImEJr ØöÒö ^û³øþi 88
131
EXERCISE
she comes / will come dh AmVr h¡ / AmEJr o. rôøi 89
she teaches / will teach dh {gImVr h¡ / {gImEJr Üö×ôùÃøiö 90
she lies / will lie dh PwQ>bmVr h¡ / PwQ>bmEJr hö„ôùÓø³þiö 91
she changes / will change dh ~XbVr h¡ / ~XboJr Ùö‚ôùfø³þiö 92
she stands up / will stand up dh I‹S>m hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr ÝöçûÏö³øþi 93
she establishes / will establish dh I‹S>m H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ÜönûÏô³þiö 94
she drives out / will drive out dh ~mha {ZH$mbVr h¡ / {ZH$mboJr tö†ôíûiö 95
she causes entrance / will cause entrance dh àdoe H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Øöìô‚ûiö 96
she sends back / will send back dh bm¡Q>mVr h¡ / bm¡Q>mEJr Äöqô†ûiö 97
she sends / will send dh ôOVr h¡ / ôOoJr Øö‰ô†ûiö 98
she reforms / will reform dh gwYma H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr xö³þ×ô’ûiö 99
she sends down / will send down dh CVmaVr h¡ / CVmaoJr Ùö ô̂ ßû³þiö 100
she rewards / will reward dh nwañH¥$V H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ÜöÃôßû³þiö 101
she spends / will spend dh IM© H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ÐöËôßû³þiö 102
she intends / will intend dh BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr ‚ömû†ôiö 103
she destroys / will destroy dh ~~m©X H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr Ôö×ôãûiö 104
she denies / will deny dh BÝH$ma H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr †öÓôßû³þiö 105
she warns / will warn dh S>amVr h¡ / S>amEJr …ö„ôßû³þiö 106
she makes a favour / will make a favour dh CnH$ma H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àöŠôvûiö 107
she feeds / will feed dh ImZm {IbmVr h¡ / {IbmEJr ÜöÃô_ûiö 108
she makes to taste / will make to taste dh MImVr h¡ / MImEJr Ðömû„ôiö 109
she shows / will show dh {XImVr h¡ / {XImEJr pû†ôiö 110
132
4 - Imperfect Tense/IIIrd Person/Plural/Feminine
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/AÝ` nwéf/~hþdMZ/órqbJ &Þ©Ú / ÄÛq /gñ^Æ äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , III = AÝ` nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþdMZ , ór = órqbJ

IT = Imperfect Tense , III = Third Person , P = Plural , F = Feminine
EXERCISE
they do / will do (IT, III, P, F) do H$aVr h¡§Ÿ / H$ao§Jr (d/^.H$, III, ~.d, ór) àø×ûÃøËû³þmø 1
they go / will go do OmVr h¡§ / OmE§Jr àøfûâø „û³þmø 2
they make / will make do ~ZmVr h¡§ / ~ZmE§Jr àø×ûÃørûmø 3
they opens / will open do ImobVr h¡§ / Imobo§Jr àøvûøjËû³þmø 4
they raise, send / will raise, send do ôOVr h¡§ / ôOo§Jr àø%û³þÃø³fþû³þmø 5
they raise / will raise do D§$Mm H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøÃû³þÊø†ûmø 6
they dread / will dread do K~amVr h¢ / K~amE§Jr àøfûâø†û³þmø 7
they become cautious / will be cautious do S>aVr h¡§ / S>ao§Jr áø…û „øvûmø 8
they struggle / will struggle do OÔmo-OhX H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø‚ûãørûmø 9
they prevent / will prevent do _Zm H$aVr, amoH$Vr h¡§ / amoHo$§Jr àøÃû³øþßÛûmø 10
they ask / will ask do gdmb H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àø×û³øþòŠûmø 11
they collect / will collect do O_m H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøÃûÛørûmø 12
they cut / will cut do H$mQ>Vr h¡§ / H$mQ>o§Jr àøÃû_øÏû³þmø 13
they curse / will curse do bmZV H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr à$ Ãø³×þû³þmø 14
they enchant / will enchant do OmXy H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø†ûvøŠûmø 15
they profit / will profit do bm^ XoVr h¡§ / Xo§Jr àøÃûËø³ßþû³þmø 16
they read / will read do n‹T>Vr h¡§ / n‹T>o§Jr áø ðû †øÏû³þmø 17
they do mercy / will do mercy do ah_ H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøÛûuø†û³þmø 18
they know / will know do OmZVr h¡§ / OmZo§Jr àøÛû³×þøÃû³þmø 19
they work / will work do H$m`© H$aVr h¢ / H$a|Jr àø×ûÛøÃûmø 20
133
EXERCISE
they drink / will drink do nrVr h¡§ / {nò§Jr àøeû†ø\ûmø 21
they ride / will ride do gdma hmoVr h¡§ / hmo§Jr àøfûÒø†û³þmø 22
they give evidence / will give evidence do Jdmhr XoVr h¡§ / Xo§Jr áø‚ûãø\ûmø 23
they pledge / will pledge do AhX H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø‚ûãøÃû³þmø 24
they grieve / will grieve do XwIr hmoVr h¡§ / hmo§Jr àøÞû ø̂ ³þvûmø 25
they feel pleasure / will feel pleasure do Iwe hmoVr h¡§ / hmo§Jr àøuû†øËû³þmø 26
they guard / will guard do gwajm H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§oJr àø¿ûËø³þvûmø 27
they hear / will hear do gwZVr h¢ / gwZo§Jr àøÃûÛøŠûmø 28
they dislike / will dislike do Zmng§X H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøaû†ø³þÓû³þmø 29
they praise / will praise do Vmar\$ H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø‚ûÛøvûmø 30
they eat meals / will eat meals do ImZm ImVr h¡§ / ImE§Jr àøÛûÃø_ûmø 31
they expand / will expand do KoaVr h¡§ / Koao§Jr àøÃûŠømø 32
they grant / will grant do àXmZ H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøfûãømø 33
they present / will present do noe H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àø•û†ôÃû³þmø 34
they hit / will hit do _maVr h¡§ / _mao§oJr àøeû†ô–ûmø 35
they earn / will earn do H$_mVr h¡§ / H$_mE§Jr àøfûŠôÓû³þmø 36
they seal / will seal do _wha bJmVr h¡§ / bJmE§Jr àøÛûjô³í þ û mø 37
they lie / will lie do PyQ> ~mobVr h¡§ / ~mobo§Jr àøeû „ô³þÓû³þmø 38
they become owner / will be owner do _m{bH$ hmoVr h¡§ / hmo§oJr àøÓû×ôÛûmø 39
they steal / will steal do Mmoar H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§oJr àøÎû†ôŠûmø 40
they proceed / will proceed do AmJo ~‹T>Vr h¡§ / ~‹T>o§Jr àøÏûôfŠûmø 41
they sit, take seat / will sit, take seat do ~¡R>Vr h¡§ / ~¡R>o§Jr àøŠû×ôrûmø 42
they understand / will understand do AµH$b bJmVr h¡§ / bJmE§Jr àø×ûÏô³þÃû³þmø 43
134
EXERCISE
they identify / will identify do nhMmZVr h¡§ / nhMmZo§Jr àøÊû†ôÃû³møþ 44
they keep patience / will keep patience do g~« H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø†ûfô’û³møþ 45
they do wrong / will do wrong do µOwë_ H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§oJr àøÛû×ô³þ¿û³møþ 46
they carry / will carry do CR>mVr h¡§ / CR>mE§Jr àø×ûÛôvûmø 47
they bear load / will bear load do ~moP CR>mVr h¡§ / CR>mE§Jr áø…û ô̂ ³møþ 48
they return / will return do bm¡Q>Vr h¡§ / bm¡Q>o§Jr àøÃûqô†û³møþ 49
they calculate / will calculate do {hgm~ bJmVr h¡§ / bJmE§Jr àøfûŠôvûmø 50
they suffer loss / will suffer loss do ZwH$gmZ CR>mVr h¡§ / CR>mE§Jr áø†ûŠôíûmø 51
they waste / will waste do ~~m©X H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àø_ûfô³þvûmø 52
they find / will find do nmVr h¡§ / nmE§Jr áø‚ûrômø 53
they meet / will meet do {_bVr h¡§ / {_bo§oJr àø×û’ômø 54
they promise / will promise do dmXm H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§oJr áø‚ûÃô³møþ 55
they leave / will leave do N>mo‹S>Vr h¡§ / N>mo‹S>o§Jr áø…û„ô³møþ 56
they leave, quit / will leave / quit do N>mo‹S>Vr h¡§ / N>mo‹S>o§Jr àøÒû†ö³jþû³møþ 57
they write / will write do {bIVr h¡§ / {bIo§Jr àøfû³þjö³þÓû³møþ 58
they help / will help do _XX H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø†û’ößû³møþ 59
they demand / will demand do _m§JVr h¡§ / _m§Jo§Jr àøfû×ö³þ_ûmø 60
they kill / will kill do µH$Ëb H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àø×ûjö³þÏû³møþ 61
they enter / will enter do Xm{Ib hmoVr h¡§ / hmo§Jr àø×ûìö‚ûmø 62
they create / will create do n¡Xm H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§oJr àøÏû³þ×öíûmø 63
they see / will see do XoIVr h¡§ / XoIo§Jr áø†û³þ¿ößû³møþ 64
they deny / will deny do BÝH$ma H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§oJr áø†û³þËö³þÓû³møþ 65
they provide / will provide do [aµµÁµH$ XoVr h¡§ / Xo§Jr àøÎû‡ö†û³møþ 66
135
EXERCISE
they copy / will copy do ZµH$b H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§oJr àø×ûÏö³ßþû³þmø 67
they blow / will blow do \y$±H$ _maVr h¡§ / _mao§Jr àøíûËö³ßþû³þmø 68
they gather / will gather do O_m H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø†û\övûmø 69
they thank / will thank do ewH«$ AXm H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø†û³þÓö\ûmø 70
they worship / will worship do B~mXV H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø‚ûfö³þÃû³þmø 71
they prostrate / will prostrate do gOXm H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø‚ûröŠûmø 72
they differ / will differ do \$H©$ H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøÎû†ö³þËû³þmø 73
they remember / will remember do `mX H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø†û³þÒö„û³þmø 74
they attend / will attend do hm{µOa hmoVr h¡§ / hmo§Jr áø†û–övûmø 75
they reform himself / will reform himself do gwYaVr h¡§ / gwYao§Jr àøvû×ö’ûmø 76
they reach / will reach do nhþ§MVr h¡§ / nhþ§Mo§Jr àøÇû³×þö³fþû³þmø 77
they judge, decide / will judge, decide do {ZU©` boVr h¡§ / bo§Jr àøÛûÓövûmø 78
they come out / will come out do {ZH$bVr h¡§ / {ZH$bo§Jr àøqû†ö³í þ û mø 79
they always remain / will always remain do h_oem ahVr h¡§ / aho§oJr áø‚û³þ×öíûmø 80
they violate/ will violate do Zm\$a_mZr H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøÏûŠöËû³þmø 81
they sit, sit down / will sit / sit down do ~¡R>Vr h¡§ / ~¡R>o§Jr áø‚û³þÃö³þÏû³þmø 82
they percieve / will percieve do g_PVr h¡§ / g_Po§Jr áø†û³þÃö\ûmø 83
they speak truth / will speak truth do gM H$hVr h¡§ / H$ho§Jr àøÎû‚ö’ûmø 84
they plot / will plot do Mmb MbVr h¡§ / Mbo§Jr áø†û³Óþ ö Ûûmø 85
they stay / will stay do ahVr h¡§ / aho§Jr à$ ³þÓöŠûmø 86
they take / will take do nH$‹S>Vr h¡§ / nH$‹S>o§Jr áø„ûìö^û³þmø 87
they eat / will eat do ImVr h¡§ / ImE§Jr àø×ûÒö ^û³þmø 88
136
EXERCISE
they come / will come do AmVr h¡§ / AmE§Jr àøòûrômø 89
they teach / will teach do {gImVr h¡§ / {gImE§Jr àøÛû×ôùÃømö 90
they lie / will lie do PwQ>bmVr h¡§ / PwQ>bmE§Jr àøeû„ôùÓø³þmö 91
they change / will change do ~XbVr h¡§ / ~Xbo§Jr àøûÖ‚ôùfø³þmö 92
they stand up / will stand up do I‹S>m hmoVr h¡§ / hmo§Jr àøÛûÏö³þmø 93
they establish / will establish do I‹S>m H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøÛûÏô³þmö 94
they drive out / will drive out do ~mha {ZH$mbVr h¡§ / {ZH$mbo§Jr àøqû†ôíûmö 95
they cause entrance / will cause entrance do àdoe H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àø×ûìô‚ûmö 96
they send back / will send back do bm¡Q>mVr h¡§ / bm¡Q>mE§Jr àøÃûqô†ûmö 97
they send / will send do ôOVr h¡§ / ôOo§Jr àø×û‰ô†ûmö 98
they reform / will reform do gwYma H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøvû×ô’ûmö 99
they send down / will send down do CVmaVr h¡§ / CVmao§Jr àøÖû ô̂ ßû³þmö 100
they reward / will reward do nwañH¥$V H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøÛûÃôßû³þmö 101
they spend / will spend do IM© H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøÏûËôßû³þmö 102
they intend / will intend do BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø2û†ômö 103
they destroy / will destroy do ~~m©X HH$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr àøÓû×ôãûmö 104
they deny / will deny do BÝH$ma HH$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr áø†ûÓôßû³þmö 105
they warn / will warn do S>amVr h¡§ / S>amE§Jr áø…û„ôßû³þmö 106
they make a favour / will make a favour do CnH$ma H$aVr h¡§ / H$ao§Jr à$ Šôvûmö 107
they feed / will feed do ImZm {IbmVr h¡§ / {IbmE§Jr àøÛûÃô_ûmö 108
they make to taste / will make to taste do MImVr h¡§ / MImE§Jr àøÎû„ômö 109
they show / will show do {XImVr h¡§ / {XImE§Jr àømû†ômö 110
137
5 - Imperfect Tense/IInd Person/Singular/Masculine
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/_Ü`_ nwéf/EH$dMZ/nw{„§J †Ò„Ú / ‚u]æ /†•û äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , II = _Ü`_ nwéf , E.d. = EH$dMZ , nw = nw{„§J

IT = Imperfect Tense , II = Second Person , S = Single , M = Masculine
EXERCISE
you do / will do (IT, II, S, M) Vy H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm (d/^.H$, II, E.d, nw.) ØöÃøËû³þiø 1
you go / will go Vy OmVm h¡ / OmEJm göâø „û³þiø 2
you make / will make Vy ~ZmVm h¡ / ~ZmEJm ØöÃørûiø 3
you open / will open Vy ImobVm h¡ / ImoboJm xöøjËû³þiø 4
you raise, send / will raise, send Vy ôOVm h¡ / ôOoJm &öÃø³fþû³þiø 5
you raise / will raise Vy D§$Mm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Äö³þÊø†û³þiø 6
you dread / will dread Vy K~amVm h¡ / K~amEJm göâø†û³þiø 7
you become cautious / will be cautious Vy S>aVm h¡ / S>aoJm …ö „øvûiø 8
you struggle / will struggle Vy OÔmo-OhX H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öãørûiø 9
you prevent / will prevent Vy _Zm H$aVm / amoH$Vm h¡ / amoHo$Jm Äö³øþßÛûiø 10
you ask / will ask Vy gdmb H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Øö³øþòŠûiø 11
you collect / will collect Vy O_m H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÄöÛørûiø 12
you cut / will cut Vy H$mQ>Vm h¡ / H$mQ>oJm Äö_øÏû³þiø 13
you curse / will curse Vy bmZV H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm àöÃø³×þû³þiø 14
you enchant / will enchant Vy OmXy H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †övøŠûiø 15
you give profit / will give profit Vy bm^ XoVm h¡ / XoJm ÄöËø³ßþû³þiø 16
you read / will read Vy n‹T>Vm h¡ / n‹T>oJm ðö †øÏû³þiø 17
you do mercy / will do mercy Vy ah_ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Üöuø†û³þiø 18
you know / will know Vy OmZVm h¡ / OmZoJm Üö³×þøÃû³þiø 19
you work / will work Vy H$m`© H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ØöÛøÃû³þiø 20
138
IT = Imperfect Tense, II = Second Person, S = Single, M = Masculine
EXERCISE
you drink / will drink Vy nrVm h¡ / {nòJm hö†ø\ûøi 21
you ride / will ride Vy gdma hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm göÒø†û³øþi 22
you give evidence / will witness Vy Jdmhr XoVm h¡ / XoJm ‚öãø\ûøi 23
you pledge / will pledge Vy AhX H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öãøÃû³øþi 24
you grieve / will grieve Vy XwIr hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm áö ø̂ ³þvûøi 25
you feel pleasure / will feel pleasure Vy Iwe hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm |ö†øËû³øþi 26
you guard / will guard Vy gwajm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÀöËø³þvûøi 27
you hear / will hear Vy gwZVm h¡ / gwZoJm ÄöÛøŠûøi 28
you dislike / will dislike Vy Zmng§X H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm åö†ø³þÓû³øþi 29
you praise / will praise Vy Vmar\$ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öÛøvûøi 30
you eats meal / will eat meals Vy ImZm ImVm h¡ / ImEJm ÜöÃø_ûøi 31
you expand / will expand Vy KoaVm h¡ / KoaoJm ÄöŠøøi 32
you grant / will grant Vy àXmZ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm göãø³øþi 33
you present / will present Vy noe H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm š ö †ôÃû³øþi 34
you hit / will hit Vy _maVm h¡ / _maoJm hö†ô–ûøi 35
you earn / will earn Vy H$_mVm h¡ / H$_mEJm göŠôÓû³øþi 36
you seal / will seal Vy _wha bJmVm h¡ / bJmEJm Üöjô³þíûøi 37
you lie / will lie Vy PyQ> ~mobVm h¡ / ~moboJm hö „ô³þÓû³iøþ 38
you become owner / will be owner Vy _m{bH$ hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm Ôö×ôÛûøi 39
you steal / will steal Vy Mmoar H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Ñö†ôŠûøi 40
you proceed / will proceed Vy AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡ / ~‹T>oJm ÐöfôŠûøi 41
you sit, take seat / will sit/take seat Vy ~¡R>Vm h¡ / ~¡R>oJm ‹ö×ôrûøi 42
you understand / will understand Vy AµH$b bJmVm h¡ / bJmEJm ØöÏô³þÃû³øþi 43
139
EXERCISE
you identify / will identify Vy nhMmZVm h¡ / nhMmZoJm Íö†ôÃû³øþi 44
you keep patience / will keep patience Vy g~« H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †öfô’û³øþi 45
you do wrong / will do wrong Vy µOwë_ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Üö×ô³þ¿û³øþi 46
you carry / will carry Vy CR>mVm h¡ / CR>mEJm ØöÛôvûøi 47
you bear load / will bear load Vy ~moP CR>mVm h¡ / CR>mEJm …ö ô̂ ³øþi 48
you return / will return Vy bm¡Q>Vm h¡ / bm¡Q>oJm Äöqô†û³øþi 49
you calculate / will calculate Vy {hgm~ bJmVm h¡ / bJmEJm göŠôvûøi 50
you suffer loss / will suffer loss Vy ZwH$gmZ CR>mVm h¡ / CR>mEJm †öŠôíûøi 51
you waste / will waste Vy ~~m©X H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ¼öfô³þvûøi 52
you find / will find Vy nmVm h¡ / nmEJm ‚örôøi 53
you meet / will meet Vy {_bVm h¡ / {_boJm Øö’ôøi 54
you promise / will promise Vy dmXm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öÃô³øþi 55
you leave / will leave Vy N>mo‹S>Vm h¡ / N>mo‹S>oJm …ö„ô³øþi 56
you leave, quit / will leave / quit Vy N>mo‹S>Vm h¡ / N>mo‹S>oJm Õö†ö³þjû³øþi 57
you write / will write Vy {bIVm h¡ / {bIoJm göjö³þÓû³øþi 58
you help / will help Vy _XX H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö’ößû³øþi 59
you demand / will demand Vy _m§JVm h¡ / _m§JoJm gö×ö³þ_ûøi 60
you kill / will kill Vy µH$Ëb H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Øöjö³þÏû³øþi 61
you enter / will enter Vy Xm{Ib hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm Øöìö‚ûøi 62
you create / will create Vy n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Ðö³þ×öíûøi 63
you see / will see Vy XoIVm h¡ / XoIoJm †ö³þ¿ößû³øþi 64
you deny / will deny Vy BÝH$ma H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö³þËö³þÓû³øþi 65
you provide / will provide Vy [aµµÁµH$ XoVm h¡ / XoJm Ñö‡ö†û³øþi 66
140
EXERCISE
you copy / will copy Vy ZµH$b H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ØöÏö³ßþû³þiø 67
you blow / will blow Vy \y$±H$ _maVm h¡ / _maoJm îöËö³ßþû³þiø 68
you gather / will gather Vy O_m H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö\övûiø 69
you thank / will thank Vy ewH«$ AXm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö³þÓö\ûiø 70
you worship / will worship Vy B~mXV H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öfö³þÃû³þiø 71
you prostrate / will prostrate Vy gOXm H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚öröŠûiø 72
you differ / will differ Vy \$H©$ H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Ñö†ö³þËû³þiø 73
you remember / will remember Vy `mX H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †ö³þÒö„û³þiø 74
you attend / will attend Vy hm{µOa hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm †ö–övûiø 75
you reform yourself / will reform Vy gwYaVm h¡ / gwYaoJm xö×ö’ûiø 76
you reach / will reach Vy nhþ§MVm h¡ / nhþ§MoJm Èö³×þö³fþû³þiø 77
you judge, decide / will judge, decide Vy {ZU©` boVm h¡ / boJm ÜöÓövûiø 78
you come out / will come out Vy {ZH$bVm h¡ / {ZH$boJm tö†ö³þíûiø 79
you always remain / will always remain Vy h_oem ahVm h¡ / ahoJm ‚ö³þ×öíûiø 80
you violate / will violate Vy Zm\$a_mZr H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÐöŠöËû³þiø 81
you sit, sit down / will sit / sit down Vy ~¡R>Vm h¡ / ~¡R>oJm ‚ö³þÃö³þÏû³þiø 82
you percieve / will percieve Vy g_PVm h¡ / g_PoJm †ö³þÃö\ûiø 83
you speak truth / will speak truth Vy gM H$hVm h¡ / H$hoJm Ñö‚ö’ûiø 84
you plot / will plot Vy Mmb MbVm h¡ / MboJm †ö³þÓöÛûiø 85
you stay / will stay Vy ahVm h¡ / ahoJm àö³þÓöŠûiø 86
you take / will take Vy nH$‹S>Vm h¡ / nH$‹S>oJm „öìö^û³þiø 87
you eat / will eat Vy ImVm h¡ / ImEJm ØöÒö ^û³þiø 88
141
EXERCISE
you come / will come Vy AmVm h¡ / AmEJm o. rôøi 89
you teache / will teach Vy {gImVm h¡ / {gImEJm Üö×ôùÃøiö 90
you lie / will lie Vy PwQ>bmVm h¡ / PwQ>bmEJm hö„ôùÓø³þiö 91
you change / will change Vy ~XbVm h¡ / ~XboJm Ùö‚ôùfø³þiö 92
you stand up / will stand up Vy I‹S>m hmoVm h¡ / hmoJm ÝöçûÏö³øþi 93
you establish / will establish Vy I‹S>m H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÜönûÏô³þiö 94
you drive out / will drive out Vy ~mha {ZH$mbVm h¡ / {ZH$mboJm tö†ôíûiö 95
you cause entrance / will cause entrance Vy àdoe H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Øöìô‚ûiö 96
you send back / will send back Vy bm¡Q>mVm h¡ / bm¡Q>mEJm Äöqô†ûiö 97
you send / will send Vy ôOVm h¡ / ôOoJm Øö‰ô†ûiö 98
you reform / will reform Vy gwYma H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm xö³þ×ô’ûiö 99
you send down / will send down Vy CVmaVm h¡ / CVmaoJm Ùö ô̂ ßû³þiö 100
you reward / will reward Vy nwañH¥$V H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÜöÃôßû³þiö 101
you spend / will spend Vy IM© H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ÐöËôßû³þiö 102
you intend / will intend Vy BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm ‚ömû†ôiö 103
you destroy / will destroy Vy ~~m©X H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm Ôö×ôãûiö 104
you deny / will deny Vy BÝH$ma H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm †öÓôßû³þiö 105
you warn / will warn Vy S>amVm h¡ / S>amEJm …ö„ôßû³þiö 106
you make a favour / will make a favour Vy CnH$ma H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm àöŠôvûiö 107
you feed / will feed Vy ImZm {IbmVm h¡ / {IbmEJm ÜöÃô_ûiö 108
you make to taste / will make to taste Vy MImVm h¡ / MImEJm Ðömû„ôiö 109
you show / will show Vy {XImVm h¡ / {XImEJm pû†ôiö 110
142
6 - Imperfect Tense/IInd Person/Plural/Masculine
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/_Ü`_ nwéf/~hþdMZ/nw{„§J †Ò„Ú / ÄÛq /†•û äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , II = _Ü`_ nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþdMZ , nw = nw{„§J

IT = Imperfect Tense , II = Second Person , P = Plural , M = Masculine
EXERCISE
you (all) do / will do (IT, II, P, M) Vw_ H$aVo hmoŸ/ H$amoJo (d/^.H$, II, ~.d, nw.) áøçû³×þö³þÃøËû³øþi 1
you (all) go / will go Vw_ OmVo hmo / OmAmoJo áøçû³fþö³þâø„û³øþi 2
you (all) make / will make Vw_ ~ZmVo hmo / ~ZmAmoJo áøçû³×þö³þÃø³þrûøi 3
you (all) open / will open Vw_ ImobVo hmo / ImobmoJo áøçû³þvöjø³þËû³øþi 4
you (all) raise, send / will raise, send Vw_ ôOVo hmo / ôOmoJo áøçû³þ%ö³þÃøfû³øþi 5
you (all) raise / will raise Vw_ D§$Mm H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³þÃö³Êþø†û³øþi 6
you (all) dread / will dread Vw_ K~amVo hmo / K~amAmoJo áøçû³þfö³þâø†û³øþi 7
you (all) became cautious / will be cautious Vw_ S>aVo hmo / S>amoJo áøæû…ö „øvûiø 8
you (all) struggle / will struggle Vw_ OÔmo-OhX H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû‚öãørûøi 9
you (all) prevent / will prevent Vw_ _Zm H$aVo, amoH$Vo hmo / amoH$moJo áøçû³þÃö³ßøþ Ûû³øþi 10
you (all) ask / will ask Vw_ gdmb H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³×þö³þòøŠûøi 11
you (all) collect / will collect Vw_ O_m H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³Ãþö Ûørûøi 12
you (all) cut / will cut Vw_ H$mQ>Vo hmo / H$mQ>moJo áøçû³þÃö³þ_øÏû³øþi 13
you (all) curse / will curse Vw_ bmZV H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³þßö³þÃø×û³øþi 14
you (all) enchant / will enchant Vw_ OmXy H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû†ö³þvøŠûøi 15
you (all) give profit / will give profit Vw_ bm^ XoVo hmo / XmoJo áøçû³þÃö³þËøßû³øþi 16
you (all) read / will read Vw_ n‹T>Vo hmo / n‹T>moJo áøæû ðö †ø³þÏû³iøþ 17
you (all) do mercy / will do mercy Vw_ ah_ H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçûÛöuø†û³øþi 18
you (all) know / will know Vw_ OmZVo hmo / OmZmoJo áøçûÛö³þ×øÃû³øþi 19
you (all) work / will work Vw_ H$m`© H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³þ×öÛøÃû³øþi 20
143
IT = Imperfect Tense, II = Second Person, P = Plural, M = Masculine
EXERCISE
you (all) drink / will drink Vw_ nrVo hmo / {n`moJo áøçû³þeö†ø\ûøi 21
you (all) ride / will ride Vw_ gdma hmoVo hmo / hmoJo áøçû³fþö³þÒø†û³øþi 22
you (all) give evidence / will give evidence Vw_ Jdmhr XoVo hmo / XmoJo áøæû ‚öãø\ûøi 23
you (all) pledge / will pledge Vw_ AhX H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû ‚öãøÃû³iøþ 24
you (all) grieve / will grieve Vw_ XwIr hmoVo hmo / hmoJo áøçû³þÞö ø̂ ³þvûøi 25
you (all) feel pleasure / will feel pleasure Vw_ Iwe hmoVo hmo / hmoJo áøçûuö†øËû³øþi 26
you (all) guard / will guard Vw_ gwajm H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³þ¿öËø³þvûøi 27
you (all) hear / will hear Vw_ gwZVo hmo / gwZmoJo áøçû³þÃöÛøŠûøi 28
you (all) dislike / will dislike Vw_ Zmng§X H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçûaö†ø³þÓû³øþi 29
you (all) praise / will praise Vw_ Vmar\$ H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû ‚öÛøvû³øþi 30
you (all) eat meals / will eat meals Vw_ ImZm ImVo hmo / ImAmoJo áøçûÛö³þÃø³_þ û ³øþi 31
you (all) expand / will expand Vw_ KoaVo hmo / KoamoJo áøçû³þÃöŠøøi 32
you (all) grant / will grant Vw_ àXmZ H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³fþö³þãø³øþi 33
you (all) present / will present Vw_ noe H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû•ö†ôÃû³øþi 34
you (all) hit / will hit Vw_ _maVo hmo / _mamoJo áøçû³þeö†ô–û³øþi 35
you (all) earn / will earn Vw_ H$_mVo hmo / H$_mAmoJo áøçû³þföŠôÓû³øþi 36
you (all) seal / will seal Vw_ _wha bJmVo hmo / bJmAmoJo áøçûÛöjô³þíûøi 37
you (all) lie / will lie Vw_ PyQ> ~mobVo hmo / ~mobmoJo áøçû³þeö „ô³þÓû³øþi 38
you (all) become owner / will be owner Vw_ _m{bH$ hmoVo hmo / hmoJo áøçû³þÓö×ôÛû³øþi 39
you (all) steal / will steal Vw_ Mmoar H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³þÎö†ôŠûøi 40
you (all) proceed / will proceed Vw_ AmJo ~‹T>Vo hmo / ~‹T>moJo áøçû³þÏöfôŠûøi 41
you (all) sit, take seat / will sit / take seat Vw_ ~¡R>Vo hmo / ~¡R>moJo áøçûŠö×ôrûøi 42
you (all) understand / will understand Vw_ AµH$b bJmVo hmo / bJmAmoJo áøçû³þ×öÏôÃû³øþi 43
144
EXERCISE
you (all) identify / will identify Vw_ nhMmZVo hmo / nhMmZmoJo áøçû³þÊö†ô³þÃû³øþi 44
you (all) keep patience / will keep patience Vw_ g~« H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû†öfô’û³øþi 45
you (all) do wrong / will do wrong Vw_ µOwë_ H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçûÛö×ô¿û³øþi 46
you (all) carry / will carry Vw_ CR>mVo hmo / CR>mAmoJo áøçû³þ×öÛôvûøi 47
you (all) bear load / will bear load Vw_ ~moP CR>mVo hmo / CR>mAmoJo áøæû…ö ô̂ ³øþi 48
you (all) return / will return Vw_ bm¡Q>Vo hmo / bm¡Q>moJo áøçû³þÃöqô†û³øþi 49
you (all) calculate / will calculate Vw_ {hgm~ bJmVo hmo / bJmAmoJo áøçû³þföŠôvûøi 50
you (all) suffer loss / will suffer loss Vw_ ZwH$gmZ CR>mVo hmo / CR>mAmoJo áøæû†öŠôíûøi 51
you (all) waste / will waste Vw_ ~~m©X H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³þ_öfôvûøi 52
you (all) find / will find Vw_ nmVo hmo / nmAmoJo áøæû ‚örô³øþi 53
you (all) meet / will meet Vw_ {_bVo hmo / {_bmoJo áøçû³×þö’ô³øþi 54
you (all) promise / will promise Vw_ dmXm H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû ‚öÃô³øþi 55
you (all) leave / will leave Vw_ N>mo‹S>Vo hmo / N>mo‹S>moJo áøæû…ö„ô³øþi 56
you (all) leave, quit / will leave / quit Vw_ N>mo‹S>Vo hmo / N>mo‹S>moJo áøçû³þÒö†öjû³øþi 57
you (all) write / will write Vw_ {bIVo hmo / {bImoJo áøçû³fþö³þjö³þÓû³øþi 58
you (all) help / will help Vw_ _XX H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû†ö’ößû³øþi 59
you (all) demand / will demand Vw_ _m§JVo hmo / _m§JmoJo áøçû³fþö³þ×ö_ûøi 60
you (all) kill / will kill Vw_ µH$Ëb H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³×þö³þjöÏû³øþi 61
you (all) enter / will enter Vw_ Xm{Ib hmoVo hmo / hmoJo áøçû³þ×öìö‚ûøi 62
you (all) create / will create Vw_ n¡Xm H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³þÏö³þ×öíûøi 63
you (all) see / will see Vw_ XoIVo hmo / XoImoJo áøæû†ö³þ¿ößû³øþi 64
you (all) deny / will deny Vw_ BÝH$ma H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû†ö³þËö³þÓû³øþi 65
you (all) provide / will provide Vw_ [aµµÁµH$ XoVo hmo / XmoJo áøçû³þÎö‡ö†û³øþi 66
145
EXERCISE
you (all) copy / will copy Vw_ ZµH$b H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³×þö³þÏößû³øþi 67
you (all) blow / will blow Vw_ \y$±H$ _maVo hmo / _mamoJo áøçûíöËö³þßû³øþi 68
you (all) gather / will gather Vw_ O_m H$aVo hmo /H$amoJo áøæû†ö\övûøi 69
you (all) thank / will thank Vw_ ewH«$ AXm H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû†ö³þÓö\ûøi 70
you (all) worship / will worship Vw_ B~mXV H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû ‚ö³fþö³þÃû³iøþ 71
you (all) prostrate / will prostrate Vw_ gOXm H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû ‚öröŠûiø 72
you (all) differ / will differ Vw_ \$H©$ H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³þÎö†öËû³øþi 73
you (all) remember / will remember Vw_ `mX H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû†ö³þÒö„ûøi 74
you (all) attend / will attend Vw_ hm{µOa hmoVo hmo / hmoJo áøæû†ö–övûøi 75
you (all) reform yourselves / will reform Vw_ gwYaVo hmo / gwYamoJo áøçûvö×ö’ûøi 76
you (all) reach / will reach Vw_ nhþ§MVo hmo / nhþ§MmoJo áøçû³þÇö³þ×öfû³øþi 77
you (all) judge, decide / will judge, decide Vw_ {ZU©` boVo hmo / bmoJo áøçûÛöÓövûøi 78
you (all) come out / will come out Vw_ {ZH$bVo hmo / {ZH$bmoJo áøçû³þqö†öíûøi 79
you (all) always remain / will always remain Vw_ h_oem ahVo hmo / ahmoJo áøæû ‚ö³þ×öíûiø 80
you (all) violate / will violate Vw_ Zm\$a_mZr H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû³Ïþö ŠöËû³øþi 81
you (all) sit, sit down / will sit / sit down Vw_ ~¡R>Vo hmo / ~¡R>moJo áøæû ‚öÃöÏû³øþi 82
you (all) percieve / will percieve Vw_ g_PVo hmo / g_PmoJo áøæû†öÃö\ûøi 83
you (all) speak truth / will speak truth Vw_ gM H$hVo hmo / H$hmoJo áøçû³þÎö ‚ö’ûøi 84
you (all) plot / will plot Vw_ Mmb MbVo hmo / MbmoJo áøæû†ö³þÓöÛûøi 85
you (all) stay / will stay Vw_ ahVo hmo / ahmoJo áøçû³þßö³þÓöŠûøi 86
you (all) take / will take Vw_ nH$‹S>Vo hmo / nH$‹S>moJo áøæû „öìö^û³iøþ 87
you (all) eat / will eat Vw_ ImVo hmo / ImAmoJo áøçû³þ×öÒö ^û³øþi 88
146
EXERCISE
you (all) come / will come Vw_ AmVo hmo / AmAmoJo áøçûòö³þrôøi 89
you (all) teach / will teach Vw_ {gImVo hmo / {gImAmoJo áøçûÛö×ôùÃø³þiö 90
you (all) lie / will lie Vw_ PwQ>bmVo hmo / PwQ>bmAmoJo áøçûeö„ôùÓø³þiö 91
you (all) change / will change Vw_ ~XbVo hmo / ~XbmoJo áøçûÖö‚ôùfø³þiö 92
you (all) stand up / will stand up Vw_ I‹S>o hmoVo hmo / hmoJo áøçûÚöçûÏö³øþi 93
you (all) establish / will establish Vw_ I‹S>m H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçûÛönûÏô³þiö 94
you (all) drive out / will drive out Vw_ ~mha {ZH$mbVo hmo / {ZH$mbmoJo áøçûqö†ôíûiö 95
you (all) cause entrance / will cause entrance Vw_ àdoe H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçû×öìô‚ûiö 96
you (all) send back / will send back Vw_ bm¡Q>mVo hmo / bm¡Q>mAmoJo áøçûÃöqô†ûiö 97
you (all) send / will send Vw_ ôOVo hmo / ôOmoJo áøçû×ö‰ô†ûiö 98
you (all) reform / will reform Vw_ gwYma H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçûvö×ô’ûiö 99
you (all) send down / will send down Vw_ CVmaVo hmo / CVmamoJo áøçûÖö ô̂ ßû³þiö 100
you (all) reward / will reward Vw_ nwañH¥$V H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçûÛöÃôßûiö 101
you (all) spend / will spend Vw_ IM© H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçûÏöËôßû³þiö 102
you (all) intend / will intend Vw_ BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû‚ömû†ôiö 103
you (all) destroy / will destroy Vw_ ~~m©X H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçûÓö×ôãûiö 104
you (all) deny / will deny Vw_ BÝH$ma H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøæû†öÓôßû³þiö 105
you (all) warn / will warn Vw_ S>amVo hmo / S>amAmoJo áøæû…ö„ôßû³þiö 106
you (all) make a favour / will make a favour Vw_ CnH$ma H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo áøçûßöŠôvûiö 107
you (all) feed / will feed Vw_ ImZm {IbmVo hmo / {IbmAmoJo áøçûÛöÃô_ûiö 108
you (all) make to taste / will make to taste Vw_ MImVo hmo / MImAmoJo áøçûÏömû„ôiö 109
you (all) show / will show Vw_ {XImVo hmo / {XImAmoJo áøçû³þòö³þmû†ôiö 110
147
7 - Imperfect Tense/IInd Person/Singular/Feminine
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/_Ü`_ nwéf/EH$dMZ/órqbJ &Þ©Ú / ‚u]æ /†•û äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , II = _Ü`_ nwéf , E.d. = EH$dMZ , ór = órqbJ

IT = Imperfect Tense , II = Second Person , S = Single , F = Feminine
EXERCISE
you do / will do (IT, II, S, F) Vy H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr (d/^.H$, II, E.d, ór) àønû×ôÃøËû³øþi 1
you go / will go Vy OmVr h¡ / OmEJr àønûfôâø „û³øþi 2
you make / will make Vy ~ZmVr h¡ / ~ZmEJr àønû×ôÃørûøi 3
you open / will open Vy ImobVr h¡ / ImoboJr àønûvôøjËû³øþi 4
you raise, send / will raise, send Vy ôOVr h¡ / ôOoJr àønû%ôÃø³fþû³øþi 5
you raise / will raise Vy D§$Mm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÃô³þÊø†û³øþi 6
you dread / will dread Vy K~amVr h¡ / K~amEJr àønûfôâø†û³øþi 7
you become cautious / will be cautious Vy S>aVr h¡ / S>aoJr àømû…ô „øvûiø 8
you struggle / will struggle Vy OÔmo-OhX H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû‚ôãørûøi 9
you prevent / will prevent Vy _Zm H$aVr / amoH$Vr h¡ / amoHo$Jr àønûÃô³øþßÛûøi 10
you ask / will ask Vy gdmb H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønû×ô³øþòŠûøi 11
you collect / will collect Vy O_m H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÃôÛørûøi 12
you cut / will cut Vy H$mQ>Vr h¡ / H$mQ>oJr àønûÃô_øÏû³øþi 13
you curse / will curse Vy bmZV H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûßôÃø³×þû³øþi 14
you enchant / will enchant Vy OmXy H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû†ôvøŠûøi 15
you give profit / will give profit Vy bm^ XoVr h¡ / XoJr àønûÃôËø³þßû³øþi 16
you read / will read Vy n‹T>Vr h¡ / n‹T>oJr àømû ðô †øÏû³øþi 17
you do mercy / will do mercy Vy ah_ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÛôuø†û³øþi 18
you know / will know Vy OmZVr h¡ / OmZoJr àønûÛô³×þøÃû³øþi 19
you work / will work Vy H$m`© H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønû×ôÛøÃû³øþi 20
148
IT = Imperfect Tense, II = Second Person, S = Single, M = Male
EXERCISE
you drink / will drink Vy nrVr h¡ / {nòJr àønûeô †ø\ûøi 21
you ride / will ride Vy gdma hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr àønûfôÒø†û³øþi 22
you give evidence / will witness Vy Jdmhr XoVr h¡ / XoJr àømû‚ôãø\ûøi 23
you pledge / will pledge Vy AhX H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû‚ôãøÃû³øþi 24
you grieve / will grieve Vy XwIr hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr àønûÞô ø̂ ³þvûøi 25
you feel pleasure / will feel pleasure Vy Iwe hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr àønûuô†øËû³øþi 26
you guard / will guard Vy gwajm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønû¿ôËø³þvûøi 27
you hear / will hear Vy gwZVr h¡ / gwZoJr àønûÃôÛøŠûøi 28
you dislike / will dislike Vy Zmng§X H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûaô†ø³þÓû³øþi 29
you praise / will praise Vy Vmar\$ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû‚ôÛøvûøi 30
you eats meal / will eat meals Vy ImZm ImVr h¡ / ImEJr àønûÛôÃø_ûøi 31
you expand / will expand Vy KoaVr h¡ / KoaoJr àønûÃôŠøøi 32
you grant / will grant Vy àXmZ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûfôãø³øþi 33
you present / will present Vy noe H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønû•ô†ôÃû³øþi 34
you hit / will hit Vy _maVr h¡ / _maoJr àønûeô†ô–ûøi 35
you earn / will earn Vy H$_mVr h¡ / H$_mEJr àønûfôŠôÓû³øþi 36
you seal / will seal Vy _wha bJmVr h¡ / bJmEJr àønûÛôjô³þíûøi 37
you lie / will lie Vy PyQ> ~mobVr h¡ / ~moboJr àønûeô „ô³þÓû³iøþ 38
you become owner / will be owner Vy _m{bH$ hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr àønûÓô×ôÛûøi 39
you steal / will steal Vy Mmoar H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÎô †ôŠûøi 40
you proceed / will proceed Vy AmJo ~‹T>Vr h¡ / ~‹T>oJr àønûÏôôfŠûøi 41
you sit, take seat / will sit/take seat Vy ~¡R>Vr h¡ / ~¡R>oJr àønûŠô×ôrûøi 42
you understand / will understand Vy AµH$b bJmVr h¡ / bJmEJr àønû×ôÏô³þÃû³øþi 43
149
EXERCISE
you identify / will identify Vy nhMmZVr h¡ / nhMmZoJr àønûÊô †ôÃû³øþi 44
you keep patience / will keep patience Vy g~« H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû†ôfô’û³øþi 45
you do wrong / will do wrong Vy µOwë_ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÛô×ô³þ¿û³øþi 46
you carry / will carry Vy CR>mVr h¡ / CR>mEJr àønû×ôÛôvûøi 47
you bear load / will bear load Vy ~moP CR>mVr h¡ / CR>mEJr àømû…ô ô̂ ³øþi 48
you return / will return Vy bm¡Q>Vr h¡ / bm¡Q>oJr àønûÃôqô†û³øþi 49
you calculate / will calculate Vy {hgm~ bJmVr h¡ / bJmEJr àønûôfŠôvûøi 50
you suffer loss / will suffer loss Vy ZwH$gmZ CR>mVr h¡ / CR>mEJr àømû†ôŠôíûøi 51
you waste / will waste Vy ~~m©X H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønû_ôfô³þvûøi 52
you find / will find Vy nmVr h¡ / nmEJr àømû‚ôrôøi 53
you meet / will meet Vy {_bVr h¡ / {_boJr àønû×ô’ôøi 54
you promise / will promise Vy dmXm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû‚ôÃô³øþi 55
you leave / will leave Vy N>mo‹S>Vr h¡ / N>mo‹S>oJr àømû…ô„ô³øþi 56
you leave, quit / will leave / quit Vy N>mo‹S>Vr h¡ / N>mo‹S>oJr àønûÒô†ö³þjû³øþi 57
you write / will write Vy {bIVr h¡ / {bIoJr àønûfôjö³þÓû³øþi 58
you help / will help Vy _XX H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû†ô’ößû³øþi 59
you demand / will demand Vy _m§JVr h¡ / _m§JoJr àønûfô×ö³þ_ûøi 60
you kill / will kill Vy µH$Ëb H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønû×ôjö³þÏû³øþi 61
you enter / will enter Vy Xm{Ib hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr àønû×ôìö‚ûøi 62
you create / will create Vy n¡Xm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÏô³þ×öíûøi 63
you see / will see Vy XoIVr h¡ / XoIoJr àømû†ô³þ¿ößû³øþi 64
you deny / will deny Vy BÝH$ma H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû†ôËöÓû³øþi 65
you provide / will provide Vy [aµµÁµH$ XoVr h¡ / XoJr àønûÎô‡ö†û³øþi 66
150
EXERCISE
you copy / will copy Vy ZµH$b H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønû×ôÏö³ßþû³øþi 67
you blow / will blow Vy \y$±H$ _maVr h¡ / _maoJr àønûíôËö³ßþû³øþi 68
you gather / will gather Vy O_m H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû†ô\övûøi 69
you thank / will thank Vy ewH«$ AXm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû†ôÓö\ûøi 70
you worship / will worship Vy B~mXV H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû‚ôfö³þÃû³øþi 71
you prostrate / will prostrate Vy gOXm H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû‚ôröŠûøi 72
you differ / will differ Vy \$H©$ H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÎô †öËûøi 73
you remember / will remember Vy `mX H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû†ôÒö„û³øþi 74
you attend / will attend Vy hm{µOa hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr àømû†ô–övûøi 75
you reform yourself / will reform Vy gwYaVr h¡ / gwYaoJr àønûvô×ö’ûøi 76
you reach / will reach Vy nhþ§MVr h¡ / nhþ§MoJr àønûÇô×ö³fþû³øþi 77
you judge, decide / will judge, decide Vy {ZU©` boVr h¡ / boJr àønûÛôÓövûøi 78
you come out / will come out Vy {ZH$bVr h¡ / {ZH$boJr àønûqô†öíûøi 79
you always remain / will always remain Vy h_oem ahVr h¡ / ahoJr àømû‚ô³þ×öíûøi 80
you violate / will violate Vy Zm\$a_mZr H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÏôŠöËû³øþi 81
you sit, sit down / will sit / sit down Vy ~¡R>Vr h¡ / ~¡R>oJr àømû‚ôÃö³þÏû³øþi 82
you percieve / will percieve Vy g_PVr h¡ / g_PoJr àømû†ô³þÃö\ûøi 83
you speak truth / will speak truth Vy gM H$hVr h¡ / H$hoJr àønûÎô‚ö’ûøi 84
you plot / will plot Vy Mmb MbVr h¡ / MboJr àømû†ô³þÓöÛûøi 85
you stay / will stay Vy ahVr h¡ / ahoJr àønûßô³þÓöŠûøi 86
you take / will take Vy nH$‹S>Vr h¡ / nH$‹S>oJr àømû„ôìö^û³øþi 87
you eat / will eat Vy ImVr h¡ / ImEJr àønû×ôÒö ^û³øþi 88
151
EXERCISE
you come / will come Vy AmVr h¡ / AmEJr àønû³þòôrôiø 89
you teache / will teach Vy {gImVr h¡ / {gImEJr àønûÛô×ôùÃøiö 90
you lie / will lie Vy PwQ>bmVr h¡ / PwQ>bmEJr àønûeô„ôùÓø³þiö 91
you change / will change Vy ~XbVr h¡ / ~XboJr àønûôÖ‚ôùfø³þiö 92
you stand up / will stand up Vy I‹S>m hmoVr h¡ / hmoJr àønûÚôçûÏö³þiø 93
you establish / will establish Vy I‹S>m H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÛônûÏô³þiö 94
you drive out / will drive out Vy ~mha {ZH$mbVr h¡ / {ZH$mboJr àønûqô†ôíûiö 95
you cause entrance / will cause entrance Vy àdoe H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønû×ôìô‚ûiö 96
you send back / will send back Vy bm¡Q>mVr h¡ / bm¡Q>mEJr àønûÃôqô†ûiö 97
you send / will send Vy ôOVr h¡ / ôOoJr àønû×ô‰ô†ûiö 98
you reform / will reform Vy gwYma H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûvô×ô’ûiö 99
you send down / will send down Vy CVmaVr h¡ / CVmaoJr àønûôÖ ô̂ ßû³þiö 100
you reward / will reward Vy nwañH¥$V H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÛôÃôßû³þiö 101
you spend / will spend Vy IM© H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÏôËôßû³þiö 102
you intend / will intend Vy BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû‚ômû†ôiö 103
you destroy / will destroy Vy ~~m©X H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûÓô×ôãûiö 104
you deny / will deny Vy BÝH$ma H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àømû†ôÓôßû³þiö 105
you warn / will warn Vy S>amVr h¡ / S>amEJr àømû…ô„ôßû³þiö 106
you make a favour / will make a favour Vy CnH$ma H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr àønûßôŠôvûiö 107
you feed / will feed Vy ImZm {IbmVr h¡ / {IbmEJr àønûÛôÃô_ûiö 108
you make to taste / will make to taste Vy MImVr h¡ / MImEJr àønûÏômû„ôiö 109
you show / will show Vy {XImVr h¡ / {XImEJr àømû ðô †ôiö 110
152
8 - Imperfect Tense/IInd Person/Plural/Feminine
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/_Ü`_ nwéf/~hþdMZ/órqbJ &Þ©Ú / ÄÛq /†•û äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , II = _Ü`_ nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþdMZ , nw = nw{„§J

IT = Imperfect Tense , II = Second Person , P = Plural , F = Feminine
EXERCISE
you (all) do / will do (IT, II, P, M) Vw_ H$aVr hmoŸ/ H$amoJr (d/^.H$,II,~.d,ór) àø×ûÃøËû³øþi 1
you (all) go / will go Vw_ OmVr hmo / OmAmoJr àøfûâø „û³iøþ 2
you (all) make / will make Vw_ ~ZmVr hmo / ~ZmAmoJr àø×ûÃørûøi 3
you (all) open / will open Vw_ ImobVr hmo / ImobmoJr àøvûøjËû³øþi 4
you (all) raise, send / will raise, send Vw_ ôOVr hmo / ôOmoJr àø%û³þÃø³þfû³øþi 5
you (all) raise / will raise Vw_ D§$Mm H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÃû³Êþø†ûøi 6
you (all) dread / will dread Vw_ K~amVr hmo / K~amAmoJr àøfûâø†û³øþi 7
you (all) became cautious / will be cautious Vw_ S>aVr hmo / S>amoJr áø…û „øvûøi 8
you (all) struggle / will struggle Vw_ OÔmo-OhX H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø‚ûãørûøi 9
you (all) prevent / will prevent Vw_ _Zm H$aVr, amoH$Vr hmo / amoH$moJr àøÃû³øþßÛûøi 10
you (all) ask / will ask Vw_ gdmb H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àø×û³øþòŠûøi 11
you (all) collect / will collect Vw_ O_m H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÃûÛørûøi 12
you (all) cut / will cut Vw_ H$mQ>Vr hmo / H$mQ>moJr àøÃû_øÏû³øþi 13
you (all) curse / will curse Vw_ bmZV H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr à$ Ãø³þ×û³øþi 14
you (all) enchant / will enchant Vw_ OmXy H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø†ûvøŠûøi 15
you (all) give profit / will give profit Vw_ bm^ XoVr hmo / XmoJr àøÃûËø³þßû³øþi 16
you (all) read / will read Vw_ n‹T>Vr hmo / n‹T>moJr áø ðû †øÏû³øþi 17
you (all) do mercy / will do mercy Vw_ ah_ H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÛûuø†û³øþi 18
you (all) know / will know Vw_ OmZVr hmo / OmZmoJr àøÛû³×þøÃû³øþi 19
you (all) work / will work Vw_ H$m`© H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àø×ûÛøÃû³øþi 20
153
IT = Imperfect Tense, II = Second Person, P = Plural, F = Feminine
EXERCISE
you (all) drink / will drink Vw_ nrVr hmo / {n`moJr àøeû†ø\ûøi 21
you (all) ride / will ride Vw_ gdma hmoVr hmo / hmoJr àøfûÒø†û³øþi 22
you (all) give evidence / will give evidence Vw_ Jdmhr XoVr hmo / XmoJr áø‚ûãø\ûøi 23
you (all) pledge / will pledge Vw_ AhX H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø‚ûãøÃû³øþi 24
you (all) grieve / will grieve Vw_ XwIr hmoVr hmo / hmoJr àøÞû ø̂ ³þvûøi 25
you (all) feel pleasure / will feel pleasure Vw_ Iwe hmoVr hmo / hmoJr àøuû†øËû³øþi 26
you (all) guard / will guard Vw_ gwajm H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àø¿ûËø³þvûøi 27
you (all) hear / will hear Vw_ gwZVr hmo / gwZmoJr àøÃûÛøŠûøi 28
you (all) dislike / will dislike Vw_ Zmng§X H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøaû†ø³þÓû³øþi 29
you (all) praise / will praise Vw_ Vmar\$ H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø‚ûÛøvûøi 30
you (all) eat meals / will eat meals Vw_ ImZm ImVr hmo / ImAmoJr àøÛûÃø_ûøi 31
you (all) expand / will expand Vw_ KoaVr hmo / KoamoJr àøÃûŠøøi 32
you (all) grant / will grant Vw_ àXmZ H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøfûãøøi 33
you (all) present / will present Vw_ noe H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àø•û†ôÃû³øþi 34
you (all) hit / will hit Vw_ _maVr hmo / _mamoJr àøeû†ô–ûøi 35
you (all) earn / will earn Vw_ H$_mVr hmo / H$_mAmoJr àøfûŠôÓû³øþi 36
you (all) seal / will seal Vw_ _wha bJmVr hmo / bJmAmoJr àøÛûjô³þíûøi 37
you (all) lie / will lie Vw_ PyQ> ~mobVr hmo / ~mobmoJr àøeû „ô³þÓû³øþi 38
you (all) become owner / will be owner Vw_ _m{bH$ hmoVr hmo / hmoJr àøÓû×ôÛûøi 39
you (all) steal / will steal Vw_ Mmoar H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÎû†ôŠûøi 40
you (all) proceed / will proceed Vw_ AmJo ~‹T>Vr hmo / ~‹T>moJr àøÏûôfŠûøi 41
you (all) sit, take seat / will sit / take seat Vw_ ~¡R>Vr hmo / ~¡R>moJr àøŠû×ôrûøi 42
you (all) understand / will understand Vw_ AµH$b bJmVr hmo / bJmAmoJr àø×ûÏô³þÃû³øþi 43
154
EXERCISE
you (all) identify / will identify Vw_ nhMmZVr hmo / nhMmZmoJr àøÊû†ôÃû³øþi 44
you (all) keep patience / will keep patience Vw_ g~« H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø†ûfô’û³øþi 45
you (all) do wrong / will do wrong Vw_ µOwë_ H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÛû×ô³¿þ û ³øþi 46
you (all) carry / will carry Vw_ CR>mVr hmo / CR>mAmoJr àø×ûÛôvûøi 47
you (all) bear load / will bear load Vw_ ~moP CR>mVr hmo / CR>mAmoJr áø…û ô̂ ³øþi 48
you (all) return / will return Vw_ bm¡Q>Vr hmo / bm¡Q>moJr àøÃûqô†û³øþi 49
you (all) calculate / will calculate Vw_ {hgm~ bJmVr hmo / bJmAmoJr àøfûŠôvûøi 50
you (all) suffer loss / will suffer loss Vw_ ZwH$gmZ CR>mVr hmo / CR>mAmoJr áø†ûŠôíûøi 51
you (all) waste / will waste Vw_ ~~m©X H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àø_ûfô³þvûøi 52
you (all) find / will find Vw_ nmVr hmo / nmAmoJr áø‚ûrôøi 53
you (all) meet / will meet Vw_ {_bVr hmo / {_bmoJr àø×û’ôøi 54
you (all) promise / will promise Vw_ dmXm H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø‚ûÃô³øþi 55
you (all) leave / will leave Vw_ N>mo‹S>Vr hmo / N>mo‹S>moJr áø…û„ô³øþi 56
you (all) leave, quit / will leave / quit Vw_ N>mo‹S>Vr hmo / N>mo‹S>moJr àøÒû†ö³jþû³øþi 57
you (all) write / will write Vw_ {bIVr hmo / {bImoJr àøfû³þjö³þÓû³øþi 58
you (all) help / will help Vw_ _XX H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø†û’ößû³øþi 59
you (all) demand / will demand Vw_ _m§JVr hmo / _m§JmoJr àøfû×ö³þ_ûøi 60
you (all) kill / will kill Vw_ µH$Ëb H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àø×ûjö³þÏû³øþi 61
you (all) enter / will enter Vw_ Xm{Ib hmoVr hmo / hmoJr àø×ûìö‚ûøi 62
you (all) create / will create Vw_ n¡Xm H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÏû³þ×öíûøi 63
you (all) see / will see Vw_ XoIVr hmo / XoImoJr áø†û³þ¿ößû³øþi 64
you (all) deny / will deny Vw_ BÝH$ma H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø†û³þËö³þÓû³øþi 65
you (all) provide / will provide Vw_ [aµµÁµH$ XoVr hmo / XmoJr àøÎû‡ö†û³øþi 66
155
EXERCISE
you (all) copy / will copy Vw_ ZµH$b H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àø×ûÏö³ßþû³øþi 67
you (all) blow / will blow Vw_ \y$±H$ _maVr hmo / _mamoJr àøíûËö³ßþû³øþi 68
you (all) gather / will gather Vw_ O_m H$aVr hmo /H$amoJr áø†û\övûøi 69
you (all) thank / will thank Vw_ ewH«$ AXm H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø†û³þÓö\ûøi 70
you (all) worship / will worship Vw_ B~mXV H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø‚ûfö³þÃû³øþi 71
you (all) prostrate / will prostrate Vw_ gOXm H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø‚ûröŠûøi 72
you (all) differ / will differ Vw_ \$H©$ H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÎû†ö³þËû³øþi 73
you (all) remember / will remember Vw_ `mX H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø†û³þÒö„û³øþi 74
you (all) attend / will attend Vw_ hm{µOa hmoVr hmo / hmoJr áø†û–övûøi 75
you (all) reform yourselves / will reform Vw_ gwYaVr hmo / gwYamoJr àøvû×ö’ûøi 76
you (all) reach / will reach Vw_ nhþ§MVr hmo / nhþ§MmoJr àøÇû³×þö ³fþû³øþi 77
you (all) judge, decide / will judge, decide Vw_ {ZU©` boVr hmo / bmoJr àøÛûÓövûøi 78
you (all) come out / will come out Vw_ {ZH$bVr hmo / {ZH$bmoJr àøqû†ö³þíûøi 79
you (all) always remain / will always remain Vw_ h_oem ahVr hmo / ahmoJr áø‚û³þ×öíûøi 80
you (all) violate / will violate Vw_ Zm\$a_mZr H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÏûŠöËû³øþi 81
you (all) sit, sit down / will sit / sit down Vw_ ~¡R>Vr hmo / ~¡R>moJr áø‚û³þÃö³þÏû³øþi 82
you (all) percieve / will percieve Vw_ g_PVr hmo / g_PmoJr áø†û³þÃö\ûøi 83
you (all) speak truth / will speak truth Vw_ gM H$hVr hmo / H$hmoJr àøÎû‚ö’ûøi 84
you (all) plot / will plot Vw_ Mmb MbVr hmo / MbmoJr áø†û³þÓöÛûøi 85
you (all) stay / will stay Vw_ ahVr hmo / ahmoJr à$ ³þÓöŠûøi 86
you (all) take / will take Vw_ nH$‹S>Vr hmo / nH$‹S>moJr áø„ûìö^û³øþi 87
you (all) eat / will eat Vw_ ImVr hmo / ImAmoJr àø×ûÒö ^ûøi 88
156
EXERCISE
you (all) come / will come Vw_ AmVr hmo / AmAmoJr àøòûrôiø 89
you (all) teach / will teach Vw_ {gImVr hmo / {gImAmoJr àøÛû×ôùÃøiö 90
you (all) lie / will lie Vw_ PwQ>bmVr hmo / PwQ>bmAmoJr àøeû„ôùÓø³þiö 91
you (all) change / will change Vw_ ~XbVr hmo / ~XbmoJr àøÖû‚ôùfø³þiö 92
you (all) stand up / will stand up Vw_ I‹S>o hmoVr hmo / hmoJr àøÛûÏö³þiø 93
you (all) establish / will establish Vw_ I‹S>m H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÛûÏô³þiö 94
you (all) drive out / will drive out Vw_ ~mha {ZH$mbVr hmo / {ZH$mbmoJr àøqû†ôíûiö 95
you (all) cause entrance / will cause entrance Vw_ àdoe H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àø×ûìô‚ûiö 96
you (all) send back / will send back Vw_ bm¡Q>mVr hmo / bm¡Q>mAmoJr àøÃûqô†ûiö 97
you (all) send / will send Vw_ ôOVr hmo / ôOmoJr àø×û‰ô†ûiö 98
you (all) reform / will reform Vw_ gwYma H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøvû×ô’ûiö 99
you (all) send down / will send down Vw_ CVmaVr hmo / CVmamoJr àøûÖ ô̂ ßû³þiö 100
you (all) reward / will reward Vw_ nwañH¥$V H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÛûÃôßû³þiö 101
you (all) spend / will spend Vw_ IM© H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr àøÏûËôßû³þiö 102
you (all) intend / will intend Vw_ BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø2û†ôiö 103
you (all) destroy / will destroy Vw_ ~~m©X H$aVro hmo / H$amoJr àøÓû×ôãûiö 104
you (all) deny / will deny Vw_ BÝH$ma H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr áø†ûÓôßû³þiö 105
you (all) warn / will warn Vw_ S>amVr hmo / S>amAmoJr áø…û„ôßû³þiö 106
you (all) make a favour / will make a favour Vw_ CnH$ma H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr à$ Šôvûiö 107
you (all) feed / will feed Vw_ ImZm {IbmVr hmo / {IbmAmoJr àøÛûÃô_ûiö 108
you (all) make to taste / will make to taste Vw_ MImVr hmo / MImAmoJr àøÎû„ôiö 109
you (all) show / will show Vw_ {XImVr hmo / {XImAmoJr àømû†ôiö 110
157
9 - Imperfect Tense/IInd Person/Singular/Masc. Fem.
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/_Ü`_ nwéf/EH$dMZ/nw, órqbJ &Þ©Ú ( †Ò„Ú / ‚u]æ /†•û äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , I = CÎm_ nwéf , E.d. = EH$dMZ , nw /ór = nw{„§J/ órqbJ
IT = Imperfect Tense , I = First Person , S = Single , M/F = Masculine / Feminine
EXERCISE
I do / will do (IT, I, S, M/F) _¡§ H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm (d/^.H$, I, E.d, nw/ór) ØöÃøÊû ø] 1
I go / will go _¡§ OmVm hÿ§ / OmD§$Jm göâøƒû ø] 2
I make / will make _¡§ ~ZmVm hÿ§ / ~ZmD§$Jm ØöÃøqû ø] 3
I open / will open _¡§ ImobVm hÿ§ / Imoby§Jm xöøj³þÊû ø] 4
I raise, send / will raise, send _¡§ ôOVm hÿ§ / ôOy§Jm &öÃøeû ø] 5
I raise / will raise _¡§ D§$Mm H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm Äö³þÊø…û ø] 6
I dread / will dread _¢ K~amVm hÿ§ / K~amD§$Jm göâø…û ø] 7
I become cautious / will be cautious _¡§ S>aVm hÿ§ / S>ê§$Jm …ö „øuû ø] 8
I struggle / will struggle _¡§ OÔmo-OhX H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ‚öãøqû ø] 9
I prevent / will prevent _¡§ _Zm H$aVm, amoH$Vm hÿ§ / amoHy§$Jm ÄößøÚû ø] 10
I ask / will ask _¡§ gdmb H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm Øöòø‰û ø] 11
I collect / will collect _¡§ O_m H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ÄöÛøqû ø] 12
I cut / will cut _¡§ H$mQ>Vm hÿ§ / H$mQy>§Jm Äö_øÎû ø] 13
I curse / will curse _¡§ bmZV H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm àöÃø³ûþÖ ø] 14
I enchant / will enchant _¡§ OmXy H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm †övø‰û ø] 15
I give profit / will give profit _¡§ bm^ XoVm hÿ§ / Xy§Jm ÄöËøÞû ø] 16
I read / will read _¡§ n‹T>Vm hÿ§ / n‹Tz>§Jm ðö †ø³Îþû ø] 17
I do mercy / will do mercy _¡§ ah_ H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm Üöuø…û ø] 18
I know / will know _¡§ OmZVm hÿ§ / OmZy§Jm Üö×øÂû ø] 19
I work / will work _¢ H$m`© H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ØöÛøÂû ø] 20
158
IT = Imperfect Tense, I = First Person, S = Single, M/F = Masculine/Feminine
EXERCISE
I drink / will drink _¢ nrVm hÿ§ / {n`y§Jm hö†ødû ø] 21
I ride / will ride _¢ gdma hmoVm hÿ§ / hmoD§$Jm göÒø…û ø] 22
I give evidence / will witness _¢ Jdmhr XoVm hÿ§ / Xy§Jm ‚öãødû ø] 23
I pledge / will pledge _¢ AhX H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ‚öãøÂû ø] 24
I grieve / will grieve _¢ XwIr hmoVm hÿ§ / hmoD§$Jm áö ø̂ uû ø] 25
I feel pleasure / will feel pleasure _¢ Iwe hmoVm hÿ§ / hmoD§$Jm |ö†ø³þÊû ø] 26
I guard / will guard _¢ gwajm H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ÀöËøuû ø] 27
I hear / will hear _¢ gwZVm hÿ§ / gwZy§Jm ÄöÛø‰û ø] 28
I dislike / will dislike _¢ Zmng§X H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm åö†ø³þÒû ø] 29
I praise / will praise _¢ Vmar\$ H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ‚öÛøuû ø] 30
I eats meal / will eat meals _¢ ImZm ImVm hÿ§ / ImD§$Jm ÜöÃø›ûø] 31
I expand / will expand _¢ KoaVm hÿ§ / Koê§$Jm Äö‰ø ø] 32
I grant / will grant _¢ àXmZ H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm göâø ø] 33
I present / will present _¢ noe H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm š ö †ôÂû ø] 34
I hit / will hit _¢ _maVm hÿ§ / _mê§$Jm hö†ô•û ø] 35
I earn / will earn _¢ H$_mVm hÿ§ / H$_mD§$Jm göŠôÒû ø] 36
I seal / will seal _¢ _wha bJmVm hÿ§ / bJmD§$Jm Üöjô³þìû ø] 37
I lie / will lie _¢ PyQ> ~mobVm hÿ§ / ~moby§Jm hö „ô³Òþ û ø] 38
I become owner / will be owner _¢ _m{bH$ hmoVm hÿ§ / hmoD§$Jm Ôö×ôÚû ø] 39
I steal / will steal _¢ Mmoar H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm Ñö†ô‰û ø] 40
I proceed / will proceed _¢ AmJo ~‹T>Vm hÿ§ / ~‹Tz>§Jm Ðöfô‰û ø] 41
I sit, take seat / will sit / take seat _¢ ~¡R>Vm hÿ§ / ~¡Ry>§Jm ‹ö×ôqû ø] 42
I understand / will understand _¢ AµH$b bJmVm hÿ§ / bJmD§$Jm ØöÏô³ûÂþ ø] 43
159
EXERCISE
I identify / will identify _¢ nhMmZVm hÿ§ / nhMmZy§Jm Íö†ôÂû ø] 44
I keep patience / will keep patience _¢ g~« H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm †öfô‘û ø] 45
I do wrong / will do wrong _¢ µOwë_ H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm Üö×ô¾û ø] 46
I carry / will carry _¢ CR>mVm hÿ§ / CR>mD§$Jm ØöÛôuû ø] 47
I bear load / will bear load _¢ ~moP CR>mVm hÿ§ / CR>mD§$Jm …ö‡ô ø] 48
I return / will return _¢ bm¡Q>Vm hÿ§ / bm¡Qy>§Jm Äöqô…û ø] 49
I calculate / will calculate _¢ {hgm~ bJmVm hÿ§ / bJmD§$Jm göŠôuû ø] 50
I suffer loss / will suffer loss _¢ ZwH$gmZ CR>mVm hÿ§ / CR>mD§$Jm †öŠôìû ø] 51
I waste / will waste _¢ ~~m©X H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ¼öôfuû ø] 52
I find / will find _¢ nmVm hÿ§ / nmD§$Jm ‚öqô ø] 53
I meet / will meet _¢ {_bVm hÿ§ / {_by§Jm Øö‘ô ø] 54
I promise / will promise _¢ dmXm H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ‚öÂô ø] 55
I leave / will leave _¢ N>mo‹S>Vm hÿ§ / N>mo‹Sz>§Jm …ö ƒô ø] 56
I leave, quit / will leave / quit _¢ N>mo‹S>Vm hÿ§ / N>mo‹Sz>§Jm Õö†öiû ø] 57
I write / will write _¢ {bIVm hÿ§ / {bIy§Jm göjö³þÒû ø] 58
I help / will help _¢ _XX H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm †ö’öÞû ø] 59
I demand / will demand _¢ _m§JVm hÿ§ / _m§Jy§Jm gö×ö³þ›û ø] 60
I kill / will kill _¢ µH$Ëb H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê$§Jm Øö³þjö³þÎû ø] 61
I enter / will enter _¢ Xm{Ib hmoVm hÿ§ / hmoD§$Jm Øöìö2û ø] 62
I create / will create _¢ n¡Xm H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm Ðö³þ×öìû ø] 63
I see / will see _¢ XoIVm hÿ§ / XoIy§Jm †ö³þ¿öÞû ø] 64
I deny / will deny _¢ BÝH$ma H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm †ö³þËö³þÒû ø] 65
I provide / will provide _¢ [aµµÁµH$ XoVm hÿ§ / Xy§Jm Ñö‡ö…û ø] 66
160
EXERCISE
I copy / will copy _¢ ZµH$b H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ØöÏö³þÞû ø] 67
I blow / will blow _¢ \y$±H$ _maVm hÿ§ / _mê§$Jm îöËö³þÞû ø] 68
I gather / will gather _¢ O_m H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm †ö\öuû ø] 69
I thank / will thank _¢ ewH«$ AXm H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm †ö³þÓödû ø] 70
I worship / will worship _¢ B~mXV H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ‚ö³fþöÂû ø] 71
I prostrate / will prostrate _¢ gOXm H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm ‚örö‰û ø] 72
I differ / will differ _¢ \$H©$ H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm Ñö†ö³þÊû ø] 73
I remember / will remember _¢ `mX H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm †ö³þÒöƒû ø] 74
I attend / will attend _¢ hm{µOa hmoVm hÿ§ / hmoD§$Jm †ö–öuû ø] 75
I reform myself / will reform _¢ gwYaVm hÿ§ / gwYê§$Jm xö³×þö‘û ø] 76
I reach / will reach _¢ nhþ§MVm hÿ§ / nhþ§My§Jm Èö³×þö³þeû ø] 77
I judge, decide / will judge, decide _¢ {ZU©` boVm hÿ§ / by§Jm ÜöÓöuû ø] 78
I come out / will come out _¢ {ZH$bVm hÿ§ / {ZH$by§Jm tö†öìû ø] 79
I always remain / will always remain _¢ h_oem ahVm hÿ§ / ahÿ§Jm ‚ö³þ×öìû ø] 80
I violate / will violate _¢ Zm\$a_mZr H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê$§Jm ÐöŠöÊû ø] 81
I sit, sit down / will sit / sit down _¢ ~¡R>Vm hÿ§ / ~¡Ry>§Jm ‚ö³þÃö³þÎû ø] 82
I percieve / will percieve _¢ g_PVm hÿ§ / g_Py§Jm †ö³þÃödû ø] 83
I speak truth / will speak truth _¢ gM H$hVm hÿ§ / H$hÿ§Jm Ñö‚ö‘û ø] 84
I plot / will plot _¢ Mmb MbVm hÿ§ / Mby§Jm †ö³þÓöÚû ø] 85
I stay / will stay _¢ ahVm hÿ§ / ahÿ§Jm àöÓö‰û ø] 86
I take / will take _¢ nH$‹S>Vm hÿ§ / nH$‹Sz>§Jm „öìö ! 87
I eat / will eat _¢ ImVm hÿ§ / ImD§$Jm ØöÒö ! 88
161
EXERCISE
I come / will come _¢ AmVm hÿ§ / AmD§$Jm o. qôø] 89
I teache / will teach _¢ {gImVm hÿ§ / {gImD§$Jm Üö×ôùÂøö] 90
I lie / will lie _¢ PwQ>bmVm hÿ§ / PwQ>bmD§$Jm hö„ôùÒø ö] 91
I change / will change _¢ ~XbVm hÿ§ / ~Xbÿ§Jm Ùö‚ôùeø ö] 92
I stand up / will stand up _¢ I‹S>m hmoVm hÿ§ / hmoD§$Jm ÝöçûÎö ø] 93
I establish / will establish _¢ I‹S>m H$aVm hÿ§ / H$aÿ§Jm ÜönûÎô ö] 94
I drive out / will drive out _¢ ~mha {ZH$mbVm hÿ§ / {ZH$mbÿ§Jm tö†ôìûö] 95
I cause entrance / will cause entrance _¢ àdoe H$aVm hÿ§ / H$aÿ§Jm Øöìô2ûö] 96
I send back / will send back _¢ bm¡Q>mVm hÿ§ / bm¡Q>mD§$Jm Äöqô…ûö] 97
I send / will send _¢ ôOVm hÿ§ / ôOÿ§Jm Øö‰ô…ûö] 98
I reform / will reform _¢ gwYma H$aVm hÿ§ / H$aÿ§Jm xö³×þô‘ûö] 99
I send down / will send down _¢ CVmaVm hÿ§ / CVmaÿ§Jm Ùö ô̂ Þû ö] 100
I reward / will reward _¢ nwañH¥$V H$aVm hÿ§ / H$aÿ§Jm ÜöÃôÞû ö] 101
I spend / will spend _¢ IM© H$aVm hÿ§ / H$aÿ§Jm ÐöËôÞû ö] 102
I intend / will intend _¢ BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVm hÿ§ / H$aÿ§Jm ‚ömû…ôö] 103
I destroy / will destroy _¢ ~~m©X H$aVm hÿ§ / H$aÿ§Jm Ôö×ôâûö] 104
I deny / will deny _¢ BÝH$ma H$aVm hÿ§ / H$aÿ§Jm †öÓôÞû ö] 105
I warn / will warn _¢ S>amVm hÿ§ / S>amD§$Jm …ö„ôÞû ö] 106
I make a favour / will make a favour _¢ CnH$ma H$aVm hÿ§ / H$aÿ§Jm àöŠôuûö] 107
I feed / will feed _¢ ImZm {IbmVm hÿ§ / {IbmD§$Jm ÜöÃô›ûö] 108
I make to taste / will make to taste _¢ MImVm hÿ§ / MImD§$Jm Ðömûƒôö] 109
I show / will show _¢ {XImVm hÿ§ / {XImD§$Jm pû…ôö] 110
162
10 - Imperfect Tense/IInd Person/Plural/Masc. Fem.
dV©_mZ, ^{dî` H$mb/_Ü`_ nwéf/~hþ$dMZ/nw, órqbJ &Þ©Ú ( †Ò„Ú / ÄÛq /†•û äÇn‘ /Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]
d/^.H$. = dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb , I = CÎm_ nwéf , ~.d. = ~hþ$dMZ , nw /ór = nw{„§J/ órqbJ
IT = Imperfect Tense , I = First Person , P = Plural , M/F = Masculine/Feminine
EXERCISE
we do / will do (IT, I, P, M/F) h_ H$aVo h¡§ / H$a|Jo (d/^.H$, I, ~.d, nw/ór) ØöÃøËû³øþÞ 1
we go / will go h_ OmVo h¢ / OmE§Jo göâø „û³Þøþ 2
we make / will make h_ ~ZmVo h¢ / ~ZmE§Jo Øö³þÃørûøÞ 3
we open / will open h_ ImobVo h¢ / Imob|Jo xö³jøþ ³þËû³øþÞ 4
we raise, send / will raise, send h_ ôOVo h¢ / ôO|Jo &öÃø³fþû³øþÞ 5
we raise / will raise h_ D§$Mm H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo Äö³Êþø†û³øþÞ 6
we dread / will dread h_ K~amVo h¢ / K~amE§Jo göâø†û³øþÞ 7
we become cautious / will be cautious h_ S>aVo h¢ / S>a|Jo …ö „ø³þvûÞø 8
we struggle / will struggle h_ OÔmo-OhX H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ‚ö³ãþø rû³øþÞ 9
we prevent / will prevent h_ _Zm H$aVo, amoH$Vo h¢ / amoH|$Jo Äö³ßøþ ³Ûþû ³øþÞ 10
we ask / will ask h_ gdmb H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo Øö³øþòŠûøÞ 11
we collect / will collect h_ O_m H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ÄöÛørûøÞ 12
we cut / will cut h_ H$mQ>Vo h¢ / H$mQ>|Jo Äö_øÏû³øþÞ 13
we curse / will curse h_ bmZV H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo àö³þÃø×û³øþÞ 14
we enchant / will enchant h_ OmXy H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo †övøŠûøÞ 15
we give profit / will give profit h_ bm^ XoVo h¢ / X|Jo ÄöËø³ßþû³øþÞ 16
we read / will read h_ n‹T>Vo h¢ / n‹T>|Jo ðûö †øÏû³øþÞ 17
we do mercy / will do mercy h_ ah_ H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo Üöuø†û³øþÞ 18
we know / will know h_ OmZVo h¢ / OmZ|Jo Üö³þ×øÃû³øþÞ 19
we work / will work h_ H$m`© H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ØöÛøÃûøÞ 20
163
IT = Imperfect Tense, I = First Person, P = Plural, M/F = Masculine/Feminine
EXERCISE
we drink / will drink h_ nrVo h¢ / {n`|Jo hö†ø\ûøÞ 21
we ride / will ride h_ gdma hmoVo h¢ / hm|Jo göÒø†û³øþÞ 22
we give evidence / will witness h_ Jdmhr XoVo h¢ / X|Jo ‚ö³þãø\ûøÞ 23
we pledge / will pledge h_ AhX H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ‚ö³þãøÃû³øþÞ 24
we grieve / will grieve h_ XwIr hmoVo h¢ / hm|Jo áö ø̂ ³þvûøÞ 25
we feel pleasure / will feel pleasure h_ Iwe hmoVo h¢ / hm|Jo |ö†øËû³øþÞ 26
we guard / will guard h_ gwajm H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ÀöËø³þvûøÞ 27
we hear / will hear h_ gwZVo h¢ / gwZo§Jo ÄöÛøŠûøÞ 28
we dislike / will dislike h_ Zmng§X H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo åö†ø³þÓû³øþÞ 29
we praise / will praise h_ Vmar\$ H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ‚ö³Ûþø vûøÞ 30
we eats meal / will eat meals h_ ImZm ImVo h¢ / ImE§Jo Üö³þÃø³þ_ûøÞ 31
we expand / will expand h_ KoaVo h¢ / Koa|Jo ÄöŠø³øþÞ 32
we grant / will grant h_ àXmZ H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo göãø³øþÞ 33
we present / will present h_ noe H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo š ö †ôÃû³øþÞ 34
we hit / will hit h_ _maVo h¢ / _ma|Jo hö†ô–ûøÞ 35
we earn / will earn h_ H$_mVo h¢ / H$_mE§Jo göŠôÓû³øþÞ 36
we seal / will seal h_ _wha bJmVo h¢ / bJmE§Jo Üöjô³þíûøÞ 37
we lie / will lie h_ PyQ> ~mobVo h¢ / ~mob|Jo hö „ô³þÓû³Þøþ 38
we become owner / will be owner h_ _m{bH$ hmoVo h¢ / hm|Jo Ôö×ôÛûøÞ 39
we steal / will steal h_ Mmoar H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo Ñö†ôŠûøÞ 40
we proceed / will proceed h_ AmJo ~‹T>Vo h¢ / ~‹T>|Jo ÐöôfŠûøÞ 41
we sit, take seat / will sit / take seat h_ ~¡R>Vo h¢ / ~¡R>|Jo ‹ö×ôrûøÞ 42
we understand / will understand h_ AµH$b bJmVo h¢ / bJmE§Jo ØöÏô³þÃû³øþÞ 43
164
EXERCISE
we identify / will identify h_ nhMmZVo h¢ / nhMmZ|Jo Íö†ôÃû³øþÞ 44
we keep patience / will keep patience h_ g~« H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo †öfô’ûøÞ 45
we do wrong / will do wrong h_ µOwë_ H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo Üö×ô¿û³øþÞ 46
we carry / will carry h_ CR>mVo h¢ / CR>mE§Jo ØöÛôvûøÞ 47
we bear load / will bear load h_ ~moP CR>mVo h¢ / CR>mE§Jo …ö ô̂ ³øþÞ 48
we return / will return h_ bm¡Q>Vo h¢ / bm¡Q>|Jo Äöqô†û³øþÞ 49
we calculate / will calculate h_ {hgm~ bJmVo h¢ / bJmE§Jo göŠôvûøÞ 50
we suffer loss / will suffer loss h_ ZwH$gmZ CR>mVo h¢ / CR>mE§Jo †öŠôíûøÞ 51
we waste / will waste h_ ~~m©X H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ¼öfôvûøÞ 52
we find / will find h_ nmVo h¢ / nmE§Jo ‚ö³þrôøÞ 53
we meet / will meet h_ {_bVo h¢ / {_b|Jo Øö’ôøÞ 54
we promise / will promise h_ dmXm H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ‚ö³þÃô³øþÞ 55
we leave / will leave h_ N>mo‹S>Vo h¢ / N>mo‹S>|Jo …ö„ô³øþÞ 56
we leave, quit / will leave / quit h_ N>mo‹S>Vo h¢ / N>mo‹S>|Jo Õö†ö³jþû³øþÞ 57
we write / will write h_ {bIVo h¢ / {bI|Jo göjö³þÓû³øþÞ 58
we help / will help h_ _XX H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo †ö’ößû³øþÞ 59
we demand / will demand h_ _m§JVo h¢ / _m§J|Jo gö×ö³þ_ûøÞ 60
we kill / will kill h_ µH$Ëb H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo Øö³þjö³þÏû³øþÞ 61
we enter / will enter h_ Xm{Ib hmoVo h¢ / hm|Jo Øöìö‚û³øþÞ 62
we create / will create h_ n¡Xm H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo Ðö³þ×öíûøÞ 63
we see / will see h_ XoIVo h¢ / XoI|Jo †ö³þ¿ößû³øþÞ 64
we deny / will deny h_ BÝH$ma H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo †ö³þËö³þÓû³øþÞ 65
we provide / will provide h_ [aµµÁµH$ XoVo h¢ / X|Jo Ñö‡ö†û³øþÞ 66
165
EXERCISE
we copy / will copy h_ ZµH$b H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo Øö³þÏö³þßû³øþÞ 67
we blow / will blow h_ \y$±H$ _maVo h¢ / _ma|Jo îöËö³þßû³øþÞ 68
we gather / will gather h_ O_m H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo †ö\övûøÞ 69
we thank / will thank h_ ewH«$ AXm H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo †ö³þÓö\ûøÞ 70
we worship / will worship h_ B~mXV H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ‚ö³fþö³þÃû³øþÞ 71
we prostrate / will prostrate h_ gOXm H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ‚ö³þröŠûøÞ 72
we differ / will differ h_ \$H©$ H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo Ñö†ö³þËû³øþÞ 73
we remember / will remember h_ `mX H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo †ö³þÒö„û³øþÞ 74
we attend / will attend h_ hm{µOa hmoVo h¢ / hm|Jo †ö–övûøÞ 75
we reform yourself / will reform h_ gwYaVo h¢ / gwYa|Jo xö×ö’ûøÞ 76
we reach / will reach h_ nhþ§MVo h¢ / nhþ§M|Jo Èö³×þö³fþû³øþÞ 77
we judge, decide / will judge, decide h_ {ZU©` boVo h¢ / b|Jo ÜöÓövûøÞ 78
we come out / will come out h_ {ZH$bVo h¢ / {ZH$b|Jo tö†öíûøÞ 79
we always remain / will always remain h_ h_oem ahVo h¢ / ah|Jo ‚ö³þ×öíûøÞ 80
we violate / will violate h_ Zm\$a_mZr H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo ÐöŠöËû³øþÞ 81
we sit, sit down / will sit / sit down h_ ~¡R>Vo h¢ / ~¡R>|Jo ‚ö³þÃö³þÏû³øþÞ 82
we percieve / will percieve h_ g_PVo h¢ / g_P|Jo †ö³þÃö\ûøÞ 83
we speak truth / will speak truth h_ gM H$hVo h¢ / H$h|Jo Ñö‚ö’ûøÞ 84
we plot / will plot h_ Mmb MbVo h¢ / Mb|Jo †ö³þÓöÛûøÞ 85
we stay / will stay h_ ahVo h¢ / ah|Jo àöÓöŠûøÞ 86
we take / will take h_ nH$‹S>Vo h¢ / nH$‹S>|Jo „öìö^û³øþÞ 87
we eat / will eat h_ ImVo h¢ / ImE§Jo ØöÒö ^û³øþÞ 88
166
EXERCISE
we come / will come h_ AmVo h¡§ / AmE§Jo o. rôøÞ 89
we teache / will teach h_ {gImVo h¡§ / {gImE§Jo Üö×ôùÃøÞö 90
we lie / will lie h_ PwQ>bmVo h¡§ / PwQ>bmE§Jo hö„ôùÓø³þÞö 91
we change / will change h_ ~XbVo h¡§ / ~Xbo§Jo Ùö‚ôùfø³þÞö 92
we stand up / will stand up h_ I‹S>o hmoVo h¡§ / hmo§Jo ÝöçûÏö³øþÞ 93
we establish / will establish h_ I‹S>m H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo ÜönûÏôÞö 94
we drive out / will drive out h_ ~mha {ZH$mbVo h¡§ / {ZH$mbo§Jo tö†ôíûÞö 95
we cause entrance / will cause entrance h_ àdoe H$aVo h¡§ /H$ao§Jo Øöìô‚ûÞö 96
we send back / will send back h_ bm¡Q>mVo h¡§ / bm¡Q>mE§Jo Äöqô†ûÞö 97
we send / will send h_ ôOVo h¡§ / ôOo§Jo Øö‰ô†ûÞö 98
we reform / will reform h_ gwYma H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo xö³þ×ô’ûÞö 99
we send down / will send down h_ CVmaVo h¡§ / CVmao§Jo Ùö ô̂ ßû³þÞö 100
we reward / will reward h_ nwañH¥$V H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo ÜöÃôßû³þÞö 101
we spend / will spend h_ IM© H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo ÐöËôßû³þÞö 102
we intend / will intend h_ BamXm, g§H$ën H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo ‚ömû†ôÞö 103
we destroy / will destroy h_ ~~m©X H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo Ôö×ôãûÞö 104
we deny / will deny h_ BÝH$ma H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo †öÓôßû³þÞö 105
we warn / will warn h_ S>amVo h¡§ / S>amE§Jo …ö„ôßû³þÞö 106
we make a favour / will make a favour h_ CnH$ma H$aVo h¡§ / H$ao§Jo àöŠôvûÞö 107
we feed / will feed h_ ImZm {IbmVo h¡§ / {IbmE§Jo ÜöÃô_ûÞö 108
we make to taste / will make to taste h_ MImVo h¡§ / MImE§Jo Ðömû„ôÞö 109
we show / will show h_ {XImVo h¡§ / {XImE§Jo pû†ôÞö 110
167
11 - Imperfect Tense ( Passive Voice )
$H$_©-dmÀ` (dVm©_mZ/^{dî`H$mb) Ùç`rÛÖ] Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

E E
ÆÂ ( y X Z X ] X ~ ) qg p# Ö ´ìt yT Åw!X ì y‚W¹* *™×~w!qg pÿL ›¢gzZszcqg pÿL ›¢
ØöÃøËû³þmö Ð ØöÃøËû³møþ ‰ Xì @*W ó ',
i L 6, WÆ÷gzZì @*
swáZz¬Ðsw~y ƒ ó 7 L 6,
k Q ÔD W~wzZ
dVm©_mZ/^{dî` H$_© dmÀ` H$mo Cg dmŠ` Ho$ "{H«$`m' go nhMmZm Om gH$Vm h¡ŸOmo ~hþV AmgmZ h¡ & ^yV H$mb go dVm©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb ~ZmZo
Ho$ {bE Omo nhbm AjaX(y X ZX ]X ~ `VmZ ) eãX _o bJmVo h¡ Cg na " noe 'Am¡a _yb {H$`mroot( verb) Ho$ Xygao Aja na " µO~a '
bJm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ØöÃøËû³þmø go öØÃøËû³þmö
To distinguish between Imperfect Active & Passive is very simple. In Passive Voice first letter bears 'Dhammah'
while second letter of the Verb bears ' Fathah' e.g. öØÃøËû³møþ to öØÃøËû³þmö
†ö’øßûmö †ö’ößû³þmø Íö†øÃûmö Íöô†Ãû³møþ
ì CYÅŠæmZ ì @*
™Šæ{z ì*
@Y**
T{z ì }T{z
û û
CgH$s _XX H$s OmVr h¡ dh _XX H$aVm h¡ dh nhMmZm OmVm h¡ dh nhMmZVm h¡
he is helped he helps he is recognized he recognizes
EXERCISE
áøçûÏö×øíûmö áøçûÛö×ø¿ûiö áøçûqö†øíûmö

!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!
Íö†øÃûmö áøæû†ö\øvûmö ØöòøŠûmö
!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!
áøæû†ö¿øßûmö áøçûÛö×ø¿ûmö Ñö†øËûmö
!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!
áøçû×öìø‚ûmö áøæû†ö’øßû³þmö ØöføÏûmö
!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!
ØöòøŠûiö †öÓø\ûmö ÐöËøßûmö
!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!
168
12 - Imperfect Tense
dV©_mZ/^{dî` H$mb Å…^–ÛÖ] ØÃËÖ]

Third Person AÝ` nwéf $¸ 8
T
áøçû×öÃøËû³møþ áô¡øÃøËû³møþ ØöÃøËû³møþ ( m.g) æ°èO

doo g~ H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo do XmoZmo§ H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo dh H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm
nwq„J
They (all) do - will do They (two) do - will do He does - will do
àø×ûÃøËû³þmø áô¡øÃøËû³øþi ØöÃøËû³øþi $¸

( f.g) /
do g~ H$aVr h¢ / H$a|Jr do XmoZmo§ H$aVr h¢ / H$a|Jr dh H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr
órqbJ
They (all) do - will do They (two) do - will do She does-will do
Second Person _Ü`_ nwéf ¢q 8
áøçû×öÃøËû³øþi áô¡øÃøËû³øþi ØöÃøËû³øþi ( m.g) æ°èO

Vw_ g~ H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo Vw_ XmoZmo§ H$aVo hmo / H$amoJo Vy H$aVm h¡ / H$aoJm
nwq„J
You (all) do - will do You (two) do - will do You do - will do
àø×ûÃøËû³þiø áô¡øÃøËû³øþi àønû³×þôÃøËû³øþi $¸

( f.g) /
Vw_ g~ H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr Vw_ XmoZm| H$aVr hmo / H$amoJr Vy H$aVr h¡ / H$aoJr órqbJ
You (all) do - will do You (two) do - will do You do - will do
ÐO G!
First Person CÎm_ nwéf ê ¹1 8
ØöÃøËû³þÞø ØöÃøÊû ø] $¸ gzZ æ°èO
/
h_ g~ H$aVo h¢ / H$a|Jo _¢ H$aVm hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jm nwq„J / órqbJ
h_ g~ H$aVr h¢ / H$a|Jr _¢ H$aVr hÿ§ / H$ê§$Jr m.g. / f.g.
We do - will do I do - will do
169
13 - Broken Plural
AY© ~hþdMZ †ŠÓÛÖ] ÄÛrÖ]

Xˆ ¦gzZÝ‚¦Xì CƒwEZ ¦Å b§zŠ~y!*
i! ²
Ø ÐwßZkZgzZX ëÝ‚ ¦ÐZ ÔÑ ]Z X + X yz ~ÌZ~T¦+Z
X CBˆ ¦{zCYð¯¦Î™?
X ÷c*ƒ;c* ƒwEZ+»/
á ZÌZì e Ôì @*
ƒ{g $¸uZznÆˆ ¦
Aa~r ^mfm _| ~hþdMZ Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¡Ÿ§Ÿ& 1)nwU© (gm{b_) ~hþdMZ 2) H$_r (H$ga) ~hþdMZ
Eogm ~hþdMZ {Og_| g§km _|yz X +X ]Z bJo Cgo "nwU© ~hþdMZ' H$hVo h¡§, Am¡a Bg {Z`_ Ho$ A{V[aº$ Omo ~hþdMZ hmoVo h¢"H$_r
Cgo
~hþddZ' H$hVo h¢ &
H$ga (H$_r) dmbo ~hþdMZ Ho$ {bE EH$ dMZ órqbJ H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ & Mmho dh gd©Zm_ hmo `m {H«$`m hmo `m {ZX}eH$ gd©Zm_ Ÿ&
In Arabic Language Plurals are of two types. 1) Solid or Sound Plural 2) Broken Plural
Such Plural nouns in which yz X +X ] Z are suffixed are called 'Solid Plurals', and except this rule other plurals are
called 'Broken Plural.'
For Broken Plural, single feminine verb is used, may it be Demonstrative Pronouns or Pronouns or Verbs.
Solid Plural nwU© (gm{b_) ~hþdMZ Ý‚¦

Plural Feminine Sng. Fem. Pl. in case of Zabar, Zer Plural in case of Pesh Sng. Masc.
lº]‚øqô^‰ø éº‚øqô^‰ø àømû‚ôqô^‰ø áøæû ‚öqô^‰ø ‚ºqô^‰ø

lº^ÛøÖô ^Âø èºÛøôÖ ^Âø àønûÛôÖô ^Âø áøçûÛöôÖ ^Âø ÜºôÖ ^Âø
lº^vøôÖ ^‘ø èºvøÖô ^‘ø àønûvôÖô^‘ø áøçûvöÖô^‘ø xº³ôþÖ ^‘ø
lº]‚øeô^Âø éº‚øeô^Âø àømû‚ôeô^Âø áøæû‚öeô^Âø ‚ºeô ^Âø
lº]‚øÚôûø éº‚øÚôûø àømû‚ôÚôûø áøæû‚öÚôûø ‚ºÚô ûø
lº]‚øôÖ^ìø éº‚øôÖ^ìø àømû‚ôôÖ^ìø áøæû‚öôÖ^ìø ‚ºôÖ ^ìø
lº^vøiô^Êø èºvøiô^Êø àønûvôiô^Êø áøçûvöiô^Êø xº³þiô ^Êø
lº¡øìô]2ø èº³þ×øìô]2ø àønû×ôìô]2ø áøçû×öìô]2ø Øºìô ]2ø
lº^Îø2ô^‘ø èº³Îþø2ô^‘ø àønûÎô2ô^‘ø áøçûÎö2ô^‘ø Ñº2ô^‘ø
lºêøƒô^Òø èº³eþøƒô^Òø àønûôeƒô^Òø áøçûeöƒô^Òø hºƒô^Òø
lº]†øÊô^Òø éº†øÊô^Òø àømû†ôÊô^Òø áøæû†öÊô^Òø †ºÊô ^Òø
lº^ÛøôÖ^¾ø èºÛøôÖ^¾ø àønûÛôôÖ^¾ø áøçûÛöôÖ^¾ø ÜºôÖ^¾ø
170
Broken Plural AY© (H$ga) ~hþdMZ †ŠÓÛÖ] ÄÛrÖ]
English qhXr Plural English qhXr Singular
canals Zha| …º^ãøÞû ø] canal Zha †ºãøøÞ

men AmX_r, (~.d.) Ùº^qø…ô man AmX_r, _Zwî` Øºqö…ø
eyes Am±I| àºnöÂûø] eye Am±I, ZoÌ àºnûÂø
souls OmZ (~.d.) ‹ºËöÞû ø] soul OmZ, àmU ‹ºËûøÞ
months _hrZo †ºãödûø] month _hrZm, _mh †ºãûdø
helpers _XX²>Jma (~.d.) …º^’øÞû ø] helper _XX²>Jma †º‘ô^øÞ
news (Pl) I~a|, gyMZm§E …º^føìûø] news I~a, gyMZm †ºføìø
companions gmWr (~.d.) hº^vø‘ûø] companion gmWr gºuô^‘ø
hearts {Xb (~.d.) hºçû×ö³þÎö heart {Xb gº×ûÎø
knowledges kmZ (~.d.) Ýºçû×öÂö knowledge kmZ Üº×ûÂô
books nwñVH|$ gºjöÒö book nwñVH$ hº^øjÒô
paths amñVo Øºfö‰ö path amñVm Øºnûfô‰ø
prohibiteds ham_ (~.d.) Ýº†öuö prohibited ham_ Ýº]†øuø
floors \$e© (~.d.) 7º†öÊö floor \$e© 7º]†øÊô
Messengers g§XoedmhH$ (~.d) Øº‰ö…ö Messenger g§XoedmhH Ùºçû‰ö…ø
poets H${d (~.d.) ºð ]†øÃûdö poet H${d †ºÂô^dø
Prophets Z~r (~.d.) ðº ^nøfôÞû ø] Prophet Z~r o' fôøÞ
rich (Pl) _mbXma (~.d.) ºð ^nøßôÆûø] rich _mbXma o' ßôÆø
meetings g^m (~.d.) ‹ºôÖ^røÚø meeting g^m ‹º×ôrûÚø
mosques _pñOX| ‚ºqô^ŠøÚø mosque _pñOX ‚ºrôŠûÚø
places {R>H$mZo àºÒô^ŠøÚø place {R>H$mZm àöÓøŠûÚø
171
UNIT - V :
Classical And
Contemporary Arabic
1) Classical Arabic Seen Passages
2) Classical Arabic Un-seen Passages
3) Contemporary Arabic Seen Passages
4) Contemporary Arabic Un-seen Passages
172
1 - Classical Arabic Seen Passages
emór` Aa~r ^mfm Ho$ nar{MV A§e Ä›^ÏÚ oÖ]†¿ßm ènÓn‰¡ÓÖ] ène†ÃÖ]
Passage 1
(2/21-23)
water V ºð ^Úø partners, equivalent V ]2÷]‚øÞû ø] you become righteous/pious V áøçûÏö³jþ$³þiø
witnesses V ðö ]‚øãødö and call V ]çûÂö2û]æø so produce/bring V ]çû³þiö ^ûÊø doubt, suspicion V g
º mû…ø
Passage 2
(26/78-85)
HE will forgive V †öËôÇûmø I hope V ÄöÛø›ûø] HE heals me V àônûËô\ûmø HE guides me V àômû‚ôãûmø

inheritors V èº³øþ$…øæø and join me V oûßôÏûvôÖû ø] grant V gûâø
173
Passage 3
( 10/104)
I be V áöçû³þÒö ø] I am commanded V lö†ûÚôö] HE causes you to die V ÜûÓö³Êþ# çø³jøþ ³þmø
Passage 4
(53/38-41)
be seen V p†Fmö he strives V oÃF ‰ø a bearer of burdens V éº…ø‡ô]æø

the fullest V oÊFæûø] he will be recompensed for it V åö F̂ rûmö
Passage 5
(56/68-70)
the rain clouds V áö û̂ Úö you sent it down V åöçûÛöjö³Öûþ ø̂ Þû ø] do you see V Üûjömû ðø †øÊø ø]
salty V ^q÷^qøö] We willed V ðö ^\øÞø
Passage 6
(79/37-41)
the refuge V pæF ^ûÚø Hellfire V Üönûvôqø preferred V †ø³øþ$ ! transgressed V oÇF›ø
vain desires V pçF âø restrained V oãøÞø standing V Ýö^ÏøÚø
174
Passage 7
(17/35-37)
you pursue V ÌöÏûiø V ¡÷mûæô^ûiø

result V Œº^_øŠûÎô
balance measure V Ønû³þÒø
insolence V û÷†øÚø you walk V ô Ûûiø questioned V Ÿ÷çûòöŠûÚø heart V 2º]ç* ³þÊö
you reach V Èö×ö³þfû³þiø you tear V Ñö†ôíûiø

Passage 8
( 25/63-67)
V Íû†ô‘ûô]
avert spend the night V áøçûjö³þnûôf³þmø humbleness V ^÷Þçûâø
they stingly V ]æû†ö³þjö³Ïþû ³þmø they extravagant V ]çûÊö†ôŠûmö inseparable V ^Ú÷]†øÆø
Passage 9
( 31/17-19)
cheek V ‚' ìø you turn V †ûÃôù’øiö determination V Ýº û̂ Âø V o$ ßø³fþö³þmF

O my son
and lower V û̃ –öÆû]æø and be moderate V ‚û’ôÎû]æø self-conceited V Ùº^øjíûÚö
donkey V †º³þnûÛôuø harshest V †ø³þÓøÞû ø] voice V l º çû‘ø

175
Passage 10
( 70/24-28)
fearful V áøçûÏöËô\ûÚö they accept the truth V áøçûÎö‚ôù’ømö deprived one V Ýºæû†övûÚø
felt secure V áºçûÚö^ûÚø
Passage 11
( 80/24-32)
grapes V ^f÷³ßøþ Âô V ^f&uø

grain splitting V ^Ï& dø abundance V ^&f‘ø
gardnes V Ðºñô]‚øuø date-palms V ¡÷íûÞø olive V áøçû³þjö³þmû‡ø green fodder V ^f÷–ûÎø
cattles V Ýº^ÃøÞû ø] grass V ê& ø] thick foliage V ^f÷³þ×ûÆö
Passage 12
( 82/6-8)
He assembled V gøÒ$ …ø balance V Ùø‚øÂø fashioned V pç# ‰ø deceived V †$ Æø
176
Passage 13
( 88/17-22)
remind V †ûÒôùƒø spread out V kûvø_ô‰ö fixed V kûfø’ôÞö camel V Øºeôô]
controller V †õ_ônû’øÛöeô
Passage 14
( 91/7-10)
He embibed V ÜøãøÖûø] He proportioned V pç# ‰ø conscience V ‹ºËûÞø

he purifies V oÒ# ‡ø he succeed V xø×øÊûø] wickedness V …ºçûröÊö
he burries V o‰# 2ø he fails V hø ^ìø

Passage 15
( 70/32-35)
stand firm V áøçûÛöñô^Îø testimonies/witnesses V lº]2ø^ãødø observers V áøçûÂö]…ø

honoured V áøçûÚö†øÓûÚö prayer V éº¡ø‘ø
177
2 - Classical Arabic Un-seen Passages
emór` Aa~r ^mfm Ho$ Anar{MV A§e Ä›^ÏÚ oÖ]†¿ßmŸ ènÓn‰¡ÓÖ] ène†ÃÖ]
Students are expected to develop translation skill for any Classical Arabic unseen
passage.
178
3 - Contemporary Arabic Seen Passages
g_H$m{bH$ Aa~r ^mfm Ho$ nar{MV A§e Ä›^ÏÚ oÖ] †¿ßm é†‘^ÃÛÖ] ène†ÃÖ]
Conversation 1
! èõÂø†ûŠöeô ç% røÖû] †ø³nþ$³þÇøiø ÌønûÒø †û¿öÞû .]

! èõ¿øvûøÖ „ößûÚö è÷³þÎø†ô\ûÚö ‹öÛû\$ Ö] kôøÞ ^Òø VÜûÃøøÞ
! ðô^ÛøŠ$ Ö] oÊô ðö ]2øçûŠ$ Ö] gövöŠ% Ö] lô†øãø¾ø áøŸ?û]æø
! †ô_øÛøÖû] èöÚø¡øÂø ǻ„ôâF ! Ñö†û³føþ ³Öþû]æø ‚öÂû†$ Ö] *]‚øeø
moment V èº¿øvûøÖ speed/hurry V èºÂø†û‰ö weather V ç' qø change V ]†÷³nþ%³Çþø ³þiø
thunder V ‚ºÂû…ø start V ðº ‚øeø black V ðö ]2øçû‰ø clouds V gºvö‰ö
rain V †º³_ þø Úø lightning V Ñº†ûeø
Conversation 2
[ ÜûÒö 2ô ¡øeô oûÊô ç% røÖû] áö çûÓömø Ìønû³þÒø

! Ìônû’$ Ö] oÊô ]…& ûøæø ðô^øj\ôùÖ] oÊô ]2÷…ôêø ^Þø‚øßûÂô áöçûÓömø ç% røÖû ø]
! Ìômû†ôíøÖû]æø Äô³þnûeô†$ Ö] àôÂø ]ƒø^Úøæø
! éº‚ømû‚ôdø |º ^mø…ô g% ãöøi Ìômû†ôíøûÖ] oÊô àûÓôÖFæø Äô³þnûeô †$ Ö] oÊô ¡÷nûÛôqø ç% røÖû] áöçûÓömø
autumn V Ìºmû†ôìø spring V Äºnûeô…ø summer V Ìºnû‘ø winter V ºð ^øjdô
winds V |º^mø…ô blow/run V g' âø
179
Conversation 3
[ ‚öÛøuûø] ^mø ÜûÒö‚øßûÂô çôùrøÖû] àôÂø ]ƒø^Úøæø

! ^‰÷…ô^Îø 2ö†û³fþø³ûþÖ] áöçûÓömøæø ðô^øj\ôùÖ] oÊô sö×û³%þ$Ö] ¼öÎø^Šøjø³møþ
[Ìônû’$ Ö] àôÂø ]ƒø^Úøæø
! ÜûÒö‚øßûÂô Äô³þnûeô†$ Ö] Øö%ûÚô çøâöæø èôøßŠ$ Ö] Ùôçû’öÊö ØöÛøqû*] ^øÞ‚øßûÂô Ìönû’$ Ö ø]
part of year V èôßøŠ$ Ö] Ùôç’öÊö severe V Œº…ô^Îø snow/ice V sº×û³þ$ø fall V ¼ºÎô^‰ø
Conversation 4
[Ôønû³øþÖô] g% uø*] Øõ’ûÊø p% *]

Ùôçû’öËöÖû] söãøeû *] Äönûeô †$ Ö ø]
^Ï÷³þ×ø_ûÚö Ìønû’$ Ö] g% uô.] Ÿø ^øÞ *]
part/section, instead of crops V Ùºçû’öÊö exhilarate/delight V söãøeû ø]
Conversation 5
èº×ømûçô›ø Ìônû’$ Ö] èö×ø_ûÂö

éº†ønû’ôÎø ðô^øj\ôùÖ] èö×ø_ûÂö
éº‚ønôùqø „ônûÛô×û³þjôùÖ] éö ðø]†øÎô
èºòø³þmû2ô…ø „ônûÛô×û³þjôùÖ] èöeø^jøÒô
bad/low level V èº³øþò³þmû2ô…ø student V „ºnûÛô×ûiô holiday/vacation V èº³þ×ø_ûÂö
180
Conversation 6
èº³þ×ønûÛôqø hô^øjÓôûÖ] Ýöçû‰ö…ö éº‚ønûËôÚö hô^jÓôûÖ] Œöæû…ö2ö

èº³×þønû×ôÎø èôÏømû ‚ôvøûÖ] …ö^âø‡ûø] éº†ønû%ôÒø èôÏømû‚ôvøûÖ] …ö^Ûø$û ø]
flowers V …º^âø‡ûø] garden V èº³Ïþø ³þmû‚ôuø fruits/results V …º^Ûø$û ø] design V Ýºçû‰ö…ö
Conversation 7
éº ‚ønûËôÚö |ô^fø’$ Ö] èöâø û̂ ³þÞö èº³þ×ønûÛôqø èôøßmû ‚ôÛøûÖ] èöÏømû‚ôuø

éº†ønûÇô‘ø 2øêø!…û‚ønûuø èöøßmû‚ôÚø éº†ønûfôÒø áø‚øßû³øþÖ èößø³þmû‚ôÚø
walk V èº³âþø û̂ Þö city V èº³øþßmû ‚ôÚø
Conversation 8
[ éº„ønûÛô×ûiô kõßûeô Ø% Òö *]
éõ„ønûÛô×ûjôôe kûŠønû³øþÖ kõßûeô Ø% Òö VŸø
[ éº ‚ønûËôÚö Œöæû…ö‚% Ö] ǻ„ôâF *]
éº ‚ønûËôÚö Œöæû…ö‚% Ö] ǻ„ôâF V ÜûÃøÞø
[ èºføÃû‘ø Œöæû…ö‚% Ö] Ôø×ûiô *]
èõføÃû’øeô kûŠønû³øÖþ Œöæû…ö‚% Ö] Ôø×ûiô VŸø
difficult/hard V èº³føþ Ãû‘ø no/not V kûŠønû³øþÖ
181
Conversation 9
!¡÷nû³øþÖ Ýöçûröß%Ö]æø †öÛøÏøÖû]^ãøßömôù ø̂ mö æø ]…÷^ãøÞø ‹öÛû\$ Ö] ^ãøòö³þnû–ôiö ðø^Îø…û‡ø è÷³fþ$³Îþö ^âø‚ûrôiø ( ðô^ÛøŠ$ Ö] oøÖô] †û¿öÞû .]
[†ôÛøÏøÖû]æø ‹ôÛû\$ Ö] àønû³eøþ æø Ôøßønû³þeø oûjôÖ$] èôÊø^ŠøÛøÖû] oÊô æø Ýôçûröß%Ö] Ôø×ûiô 2ô‚øÂø oûÊô lø†ûÓ$ Êø Øûâøæø
køfûÒô…ø ]ƒøô] æø ( Ýøçûröß%Ö] ‚$ Ãöiø áûø] Äönû³þ_ôøjŠûiø ÔøÞ$^ôÊø ðô]†øvû’$ ³Ö] Ùø^³Úø…ô ‚$ ³Ãö³øi áûø] kø³Ãû³_ø³jø‰û]]ƒøô] ÔøÞ$ô]
! èõßø‰ø oûiø ^*Úô ‚øÃûeø ‹ôÛû\$ Ö] oøÖô] Øö’ôøi ÔøÞ$^ôÊø ]…÷^ãøÞø æø ¡÷nû³øþÖ Ôøeô †önûŠômø ^Ã÷mû†ô‰ø ]…÷^_øÎô
( éô†ønûÇô’$ Ö] xônûeô^’øÛøûÖ^Òø ^âø]†øÞø ^ß$ÓôÖF æø ( ^ãøßûÚô †ö³føþ ³þÒû ø] æø ‹ôÛû\$ Ö] àøÚô ‚öÃøeû ø] ÝºçröÞö ðô^ÛøŠ$ Ö] oÊô æø
!š ô …û Ÿøû]æø lô]çøÛFŠ$ Ö] Ðø×øìø pû„ô$Ö] äô×#Ö] éø…ø‚ûÎö Üø¿øÂûø] ^ÛøÊø ( ^ß$Âø ^âø‚ôÃûeö éô‚$ \ôôÖ
think V †ºÓûÊô beautiful V àºmôù‡ø light V ðöoû–ôiö blue V ^Î÷…û‡ø V èº³fþ$³þÎö
sky
desert V ðö]†øvû‘ø sand V Ùº^Úø…ô count V ‚' Âø distance V èºÊø^ŠøÚø
stars V xönûeô^’øÚø easy V ]†÷Šûmö fast/quick V ^Ã÷mû†ô‰ø train/caravan V …º^_øÎô
Conversation 10
= ÐºnûÎô…ø Ÿø Vàºnûíô$ø ^âø†ö\ûÎøæø éô†ø³þÓöûÖ^Òø^ãø×öÓûdøæø ! àôÒø ‚$ Ö] oÊô köfö³ßþû³møþ ^âø†örødø ( éº†øÛø$ø ØöÊø^³jøŠôùÖø]
! ]‚& qô çº×ûuöçøâöæø ! ö̃ nøeûø] g' Öö ^ãø×ôìô]2ø oûÊô æø ! áôçûnö³þÃöÖû ^Òø éº†ønûÇô‘ø lº^Ïø×øuø ^ãønû×øÂøæø †ö–øìûø] ^ãøÞöçûøÖ
èº’ønûìô…ø ^ãøÞ$Ÿôø ! ]†÷nû%ô³Òþ ø ^ãøÞøç×öÒö ^+mø ÜûãöÊø ! ðô]†øÏøËöûÖ] èöãøÒô^Êø ØöÊø ^jøŠôùÖø] ! 2öçø‰ûø] ^ãøÞöçûøÖ …ºæû ö̂ ³eö ^³ãønûÊô
Œö^ß$Ö]^ãøm% ø] äô×#ôÖ ]æû†öÓödû^Êø ! è÷’ønûìô…ø é÷çø×ûuö è÷ãøÒô^Êø ÜûãöÎø‡ø…ø äö³þÞ$ø] = äô×#Ö] Øô³–û³Êø àû³Úô]„ø³âF ! ]‚& ³qô
! èôÛøÃûßôùÖ] ǻ„ôâF o×FÂø
182
skinV †º\ûÎø ball/sphere V éº†$ ³þÒö plant V köfö³þßûmø custard apple V ØöÊø^jøŠôùÖø]
core/pith V g ' Öö V áºçûnöÂö
eyes ringlets V lº^Ïø×øuø thin V Ðºnû³þÎô…ø thick V àºnûíô$ø
inexpensive V èº’ønûìô…ø fruit V èºãøÒô^Êø seeds V …ºæû ö̂ eö sweet V çº³×þûuö
Conversation 11
èºÛø×ôŠûÚö éº ø]†øÚûô] èºfø³þnôù›ø kºßûeô

èº³þfø³þnôù›ø èºÛø×ôÒø èºÒø…ø^føÚö éº†ørødø
éºçø×ûuö …º^Ûø$û ø] èº³þ×ønûÛôqø …º^âø‡ûø]
éº‚ømû‚ôqø Œºæû…ö2ö èºÒø…ø^føÚö Ýº^m$ ø]
lessons V Œºæû…ö2ö fruits V …º^Ûø$û ø] flowers V …º^âø‡ûø] woman V éº ø]†øÚûô]
Conversation 12
éº†ønûÇô‘ø hº]çøÒû ø] p' †ô›ø ÜºvûøÖ

…' ûø ºð^Úø 2º…ôêø Ýº^Ãø›ø
éº†ønûfôÒø èº‰ø…ø‚ûÚø èº³øþßnûÛô‰ø èº_$ Îô
“ º ôÖ^ìø àºfø³øþÖ éº†ønû’ôÎø èº×ø_ûÂö
Üº×ôŠûÚö Øºqö…ø ‚ºuô]æø äº³ÖþFô]
éº‚ømû‚ôqø ºð ^nødûø] ‚ºãôjørûÚö „ºnûÛô×ûiô
èö×ønûÛôrøÖû] kößûfôûÖ ø] †önûÇô’$ Ö] ‚öøÖ çøûÖ ø]
éö†ønûÇô’$ Ö] hö]çøÒûŸøû ø] éö‚øãôøjrûÛöûÖ] éö„ønûÛô×ûjôùÖø]
éö‚ømû‚ôrøÖû] Œöæû…ö‚% Öø] 2ö…ô^fø³ûþÖ] Ýö ^Ãø_$ Öø]
fat/fleshy V èº³ßøþ nûÛô‰ø female cat V èº³_þ $ Îô glsses/cups V hº]çø³þÒû ø] meat V ÜûvøøÖ
183
Conversation 13
èöÛø×ôŠûÛöÖû] éöø]†ûÛøÖû ø] Üö×ôŠûÛöûÖ] Øöqö†$ Öø]

éõ†ønûfôÒø èõ‰ø…ø‚ûÚø oûÊô éö†ønûfôÓøûÖ] èöÏømû‚ôvøÖû ø]
èõÒø…ø^føÚö éõ†ørødø o×FÂø ‚õãôøjrûÚö „õnûÛô×ûjôôÖ
éô†ønûÇô’$ Ö] hô]çøÒûŸøû] oÊô éô‚ømû‚ôrøûÖ] ðô^nødûŸøû] àøÚô
éõ†ønû%ô³þÒø Ýõ^m$ ø] oÖFô] éõ‚ømû‚ôqø èõ¿øËøvûÚô oûÊô
éô†ønûfôÓøÖû] èôøÖæô^_$ Ö] o×øÂø
table V èº³øþÖæô^›ø glasses case V èº¿øËøvûÚô dilgent/hardworking V ‚ºãôøjrûÚö
Conversation 14
ðô«ÛøÖû êô äöãøqûæø æø äômû‚ømø ØöŠôÇûmø æø Ýõçû³møþ Ø$ Òö àôìô^Š$ Ö] ðô«ÛøÖû êô Ü% vøøjŠûmø ! Ìºnû¿ôøÞ „º³nûÛô³×û³iô ‚º³Û$ ³vø³Úö
äö³þÞø ^ßø‰ûø] Ìö¿ôùßømö æø åö‚øÃûeø æø Ýô^Ãø_$ Ö] Øøfû³þÎø äômû ‚ømø ØöŠôÇû³mø ^³Ûø³Òø õð^³ŠøÚøæø |õ ^³fø‘ø Ø$ ³Òö áôçû³eû^ö³’$ ³Ö]æø
! ^âø†% –önø³Êþø ^ãøôe ^Ï÷ôÖ^Âø Ýö^Ãø_$ Ö] oÏøfû³møþ Ÿø oûÒø éô^dø†ûËö³Öûþ êô
hand V ‚º³þmø wash V ØºŠûÆø hot/warm V àºìô^‰ø V Ü' vøøj‰ûô]

bath clean/neat V Ì º nû¿ôÞø
harm/damage V †' •ø sticked V ^Ï÷ôÖ^Âø toothbrush V éº^dø†ûÊö teeth V áº^ßø‰ûø] face V äºqûæø
Conversation 15
! èô_$ vøÛøÖû] oøÖô] gºâô ]ƒø ‚öøÖçø³þÖû ø]

! ‚õ×ø³eøþ oÖFô] †º³þÊô ^ŠøÚö çøâöæø
! gôjö³þÓöÖû] èø¿øËøvûÚø ǻ‚ômø oûÊô ØöÛôvûmøæø
184
! Ìônû’$ Ö] èô×ø_ûÂö oûÊô ‚õ×øeø oÖFô] †º³þÊô ^ŠøÚö çøâöæø
! ‚ºãôøjrûÚö „ºnûÛô×ûiô çøâöæø
! Œô…û‚$ Ö] køÎûæø göÃø×ûmø Ÿø
! èô‘ø†ûËöÖû] køÎûæø göÃø×ûmøæø
play V gºÃôøÖ holiday V èº³þ×ø_ûÂö city V ‚º³×þø³þeø station V èº³þ_$ vøÚø
185
4 - Contemporary Arabic Un-seen Passages
g_H$m{bH$ Aa~r ^mfm Ho$ Anar{MV A§e Ä›^ÏÚ oÖ] †¿ßmŸ é†‘^ÃÛÖ] ène†ÃÖ]
Students are expected to develop translation skill for any Contemporary unseen Arabic
passage.
186
UNIT - VI :
Translation And
Conversation
1) Translation Proficiency and its importance
2) Simple sentences of Arabic to medium of instruction
3) Daily life simple Conversation
4) Short Greetings in Arabic
5) Gestures and Appeals
6) Numerals
7) Days of week, Months and Year
8) Translation from Classical Arabic Prose
9) Translation from Ancient Arabic Prose
187
1 - Translation Proficiency & its Importance
AZwdmX H$s _hËdVm ^ãø ³þjö³þøn³þÛô âû ø] æø èô Ûø qö †û ³jþ$Ö ] éö ‚ø ³þñô ^Êø
From ancient times, human being is habitant of every part of this earth. It is obvious that different
dialects came into existence due to regional needs. Before the invention of the alphabets of different
languages, in certain times, need to express something in absence would have been felt. It is
understandable that they invented small sculptures to describe. That is why we find small sculptures
of different shapes in excavation of ancient remnants. Our Mohan-Jo-Dero and Harappan civilization
is the example. Probably they used it for expressing small messages like leaving, coming, war
communication etc. Historians believe that after this age, alphabets and scripts might have been
invented. There is no reason to contradict this conclusion.
With the development of different civilizations, languages also developed and with its destruction,
languages went into oblivion. So it is impossible for us to read out all the rock inscriptions found during
excavation in different parts of the globe. It seems that many of the languages vanished totally.
Some of such ancient languages we can read out, but they are not in common use anywhere. Latin in
the West, Hebrew and Syrian in the Middle East, Prakrat, Pali and Sanskrit in Indian sub continent
come under this category
Not everything is available everywhere in the world. From ancient times, men have to travel on the
earth for their personal, regional and commercial needs. Nature has provided them asses, horses,
camels and elephants to carry them and their goods. This must be the necessity to learn various
languages of various regions.
Verily, man always thinks and dreams in his mother tongue only. To communicate with people of
other regions, translation became a necessity of time. Therefore, the need of translations and
preparation of dictionaries would continue to be very much there. This need is at increase with the
invention of computer technology. Traditions, customs, procedures and styles of different languages
are constantly developing in tune with the diversified increasing needs of modern global trade.
Religious festivals, proverbs, similitude and vocabulary for global relations, trade, commerce and
188
diplomacy is the need of modern times.
Knowledge is a boon and wealth, which will never go away from the possessor. No one can steal it
from us. The wealth is imperishable and very safe. Its use increases it rather than exhausts it.
Everyone understands problems occurring due to the ignorance of the language of particular region
when one is travelling. One may become the target of misunderstanding. With this reality, at present,
every wise person tries to increase his knowledge about different languages other than his own.
Interest of learning different languages is on the increase among people.
For these reasons, linguists are promptly developing non-conventional methods of learning the
language. Modern communication modes are widely in use for this purpose. Such efforts are the need
of the hour for the world which is changing in a global village. Information about minerals, forest
produce, natural resources, industrial production, geographical conditions, political system, cultures,
customs, religion, tradition and festivals of every nation is the necessity of the hour. Positive use of
such information will enhance the feelings of unity in human race and Adam's family. Men can
contribute others and may develop respect for others. Ego and superiority complex can also worked
out if the approach is positive.
From ancient times, human history is evident that nations who welcome information, knowledge,
know-how and techniques from foreign land usually progress and prosper. Translations from different
literary works of outside world into our own language are the sources of such transfer of information
and technology. This was the reason of achievements of Arabs in the past and the Europe in the near
past. Arabs, in their times, translated into Arabic almost all the books available, whether of Greek,
Latin, Sanskrit or any other language. The West repeated same history. They translated almost all the
Arabic books into French, German, Spanish and English.
189
1 - Translation Proficiency and its importance
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191
1 - Translation Profiency & its Importance
AZwdmX H$s _hËdVm ^ãø ³þjö³þøn³þÛô âû ø] æø èô Ûø qö †û ³jþ$Ö ] éö ‚ø ³þñô ^Êø
_mZd Bg n¥Ïdr Ho$ àËòH$ ñWmZ na àmMrZ H$mb go hr {Zdmg H$aVm Am`m h¡Ÿ& Bg go ì`º$ hmoVm h¡ {H$ joÌ Am¡a OZg§»`m Ho$ AmYma na
{d{^Þ ñWmZm| na {d{^Þ ~mo{b`m| H$m CËWmZ hþAm hmoJmŸ& {H$gr `wJ _| AnZr ~mV H$mo ñd`§ H$s AZwnpñW{V _| àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE {d{^Þ
N>moQ>o-_moQ>o {MÝhm| H$m A{dîH$ma hþAm hmoJmŸ& Bg àH$ma h_mao Xoe _| _mohZ-Omo-S>oamo Am¡a hS>ßnm H$s àmMrZ gä`Vm H$s IwXmB© _| Eogr N>moQ>r
_y{V©`m§ Am¡a AmH$ma Ûmam ~mV H$hr OmVr hmoJr& O¡go H$moB© Xya Om ahm hmo, H$ar~ Am ahm hmo, ~r_ma hmo BË`m{XŸ& BZ g~ ~mVm| H$mo N>moQ>o
AmH$ma H$s _w{V©`m| Ûmam Xem©`m Om ahm hmoŸ&
B{VhmgH$ma _mZVo h¢ {H$ {\$a Ajam| H$m A{dîH$ma, CgH$m CƒmaU Am¡a {bIZo H$m Xm¡a Ama§^ hþAm hmoJm & Am¡a BgHo$ I§S>Z H$m H$moB©
H$maU ZhtŸ& gä`VmAm| H$s CÞ{V Ho$ gmW gmW, ^mfmAm| Zo ^r CÞ{V H$s hmoJrŸ& gä`VmAm| Ho$ {dZme Ho$ gmW gmW, ^mfmAm| H$m ^r
{dZme hþAm hmoJmŸ& `hr H$maU h¡, {H$ IwXmB© _| {_bZo dmbo {ebmboI n‹T>Zo dmbo, {díd _| _m¡OyX Zht h¡§Ÿ& {díd _| Hw$N> ^mfmE§ {~ëHw$b {_Q>
MwH$s h¢Ÿ&
Hw$N> àmMrZ ^mfmE§, A~ ^r {díd _| nmB© OmVr h¢, Mmho dh OZgmYmaU Ho$ Cn`moJ _o§ Zm hm| Ÿ& npíM_ _| Latin Am¡a _Ü`-nyd© _|
Hebrew, Syrian Am¡a ^maVr` Cn_hmÛrn _| àmH¥$V, An^«§f, nmbr Am¡a g§ñH¥$V ^r, Bgr g_yh _| AmVr h¢Ÿ&
{díd Ho$ àËòH$ joÌ _| àËòH$ dñVw nyU© ê$n go CnbãY Zhr hmoVr & _mZd H$mo {ZOr Amdí`H$Vm, joÌr` Amdí`H$VmAm| Am¡a ì`mnma Ho$
gå~§Y _| Am{XH$mb go Xya-Xya H$s `mÌm H$aZr n‹S> Vr ahr Ÿ& àH¥$Vr Zo Cgo JYo, Kmo‹S>o-D§$Q> Am¡a hmWr O¡go new ^r gdmar Am¡a ~moP T>moZo Ho$
{bE {XE & BZ `mÌmAm| Ho$ H$maU _mZd H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr {H$ dh {d{^Þ ^mfmE§ grIo Am¡a g_PoŸ&
_mZd AnZr _mÌ^mfm hr _| gnZo XoIVm h¡ Am¡a gmoMVm h¡Ÿ& AÝ` ^mfmAmo Ho$ eãXm| Ho$ g_PZo Ho$ {bE Xygar ^mfm _| AZwdmX H$aZo H$s
Cgo Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>rŸ& Am¡a `h H«$_ àmMrZ H$mb go hr Omar h¡Ÿ& Bgr H$maU Cgo {d{^Þ ^mfmAm| _| AZwdmX Am¡a eãXH$moe H$s
Amdí`H$Vm ha Xm¡a _| n‹S> Vr hr ahoJrŸ& dV©_mZ H$_ß`wQ>a Am¡a BÝQ>aZoQ> Ho$ `wJ _| BgH$s Cn`mo{JVm Am¡a A{YH$ hmo JB© h¡Ÿ& {d{^Þ àH$ma
192
H$s ^mfmAm| H$s {d{Y`m§, ñWm{ZH$ gm_m{OH$ ar{V [admO, Ym{_©H$ AmñWmE§, eãXm| Am¡a bmoH$mo{º$ H$s OmZH$mar, dm{UÁ` ì`mnma Am¡a
XyVmdm{g` Amdí`º$mE§ ~‹T>Vr hr OmVr h¡§Ÿ&
{dÚm EH$ Eogr AZ_mob daXmZ Am¡a gån{Îm h¡, {Ogo H$moB© N>rZ Zht gH$VmŸ& Omo Jw_ Zht hmo gH$Vr& Zï> Zht hmo gH$VrŸ& CgH$m A{YH$
Cn`moJ, Cgo H$_ Zhr H$aVm, ~pëH$ ~‹T>mVm hr h¡Ÿ& ^mfmAmo§ H$s OmZH$mar Zm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, H¡$gr-H¡$gr XwK©Q>ZmE§ hmoVr h¢, g~ H$mo _mby_
h¢Ÿ& H$B© ~ma {M§VmOZH$ pñW{V CVnÞ hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& _yI© ~Z OmZo H$s ^r g§^mdZm ahVr h¡Ÿ& BZ g~ dmñV{dH$VmAm| H$s CnpñW{V _o§
dV©_mZH$mb _| àËòH$ {ddoH$s _Zwî` ha g_` AnZo kmZ _| ~‹T>moÎmar Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$aVm h¡Ÿ& {d{^Þ ^mfmAm| H$mo grIZo H$s ê${M ^r
bmoJm| _| ~‹T> ahr h¡Ÿ&
Bgr H$maU ^mfmAm| H$mo grIZo H$s$ àmMrZ nÕVr _| n[adV©Z bmZo Ho$ {bE àËòH$ ^mfm Ho$ Xj VËn`© ahVo h¡§Ÿ& H$_ go H$_ g_` Am¡a
_ohZV _| AnZr _mV¥ Am¡a amîQ´>-^mfm go, AÝ` bmoJm| H$mo n[a{MV H$admZo Ho$ {bE, gab go gab VarHo$ ^r ImoOo Om aho h¡§Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$
g§Mma gmYZm| go ^r ânya bm^ CR>m`m Om ahm h¡§Ÿ& BZ à`ËZm| Ho$ H$maU {díd EH$ Global Village ~Z ahm h¡Ÿ& {d{^Þ joÌm| Ho$
CËnmXZ, IXmZm| go àmá hmoZodmbr I{ZO, H$m`©embmE§, ^yJmob, dZ gånXm, Obdm`w, amOZr{VH$ nÕVr, gä`Vm, Y_©, amOZr{V,
arVr-[admO Am¡a CËgdm| Ho$ A{V[aº$ AZoH$ AÝ` OmZH$m[a`m± AmO H$s Amdí`H$Vm ~Z JB© h¡§Ÿ& BZ OmZH$mar`m| H$m gH$mamË_H$ Cn`moJ
{H$`m OmE, Vmo _Zwî` H$mo ~moY hmoVm h¡, {H$ dh AmX_ Ho$ Hw$Qw>§~ H$m hr EH$ gXñ` h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma Ho$ hµOmamo H$amo‹S> B§gmZ, Bg n¥Ïdr na
ahVo ~gVo h¢Ÿ& Cg_| Xygam| Ho$ à{V AmXa H$s ^mdZm OmJ gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& PyR>o Ah§H$ma Am¡a Jd© go dh ~M gH$Vm h¡& AnZo Amn _o§ Am¡a AnZo
g_mO _| n[adV©Z bm gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
àmMrZ H$mb go hr B§gmZr B{Vhmg gmjr h¡ {H$ dhr amï´> CÞ{V H$aVo h¡§, Omo ~mha Xoem| Ho$ kmZ H$mo AnZr ^mfm _o§ AZwdmX H$aVo h¡§Ÿ& AnZr
AmZodmbr nr{‹T>`m| Ho$ {bE A_yë` gån{Îm N>mo‹S>Vo h¡§Ÿ& dV©_mZ H$mb _|, `wamon H$s CÞ{V H$m H$maU ^r `hr h¡Ÿ& CÝhmo§Zo àmMrZ `yZmZr,
bm{VZr Am¡a Aa~r ^mfmAm| H$s {H$Vm~m| H$mo AnZr-AnZr ^mfmAm| _|, O¡go O_©Zr, \«$m§grgr, S>M, ñno{Ze, B§½bre BË`mXr ^mfmAm| _|
AZwdmX {H$EŸ& AnZr nr{‹T>`m| H$mo BZ {dÚmAmo§, H$bmAm|, CËnmXZ Am¡a hñVH$bmAm| H$s OmZH$mar àXmZ H$s {Ogo do OmZVo Zht WoŸ& `h
{gb{gbm AmO VH$ àM{bV h¡& bJmVma CÝZ{V H$aZodmbo amï´> Bgo àmoËgmhZ XoVo h¡§Ÿ&
193
2 - Simple sentences of Arabic to medium of instruction
Aa~r Ho$ gmYmaU {ZX}eH$ dmŠ` Ý^ÃÖ] çvßÖ] Ùç‘] ˜Ãe ÄÚ Ý^Â tƒ^‰ è×Ûq
Who is he? ?ì yÃt `h H$m¡Z h¡ ? ]„øâF àûÚø

What is this? ?ì Ht `h Š`m h¡ ? ÔøôÖ]ƒø ^Úø
Who are you? ?yÃ\W Amn H$m¡Z h¢ ? køÞû ø] àûÚø
How are you? ?ù\W Amn H¡$go h¢ ? køÞû ø] ÌønûÒø
What is your name? ?ì Hx **
»\W AmnH$m Š`m Zm_ h¡ ? ÔøÛö‰ûô] ^Úø
What is your age? ?ì H/Å\W AmnH$s Š`m Am`w h¡ ? Õø†öÛöÂö ÜûÒø
Do you have a pen? ?ì ¯k0*
Æ\ WH Š`m AmnHo$ nmg µH$b_ h¡ ? Üº×ø³þÎø Õø‚øßûÂô Øûâø
How is your health? ?ì tËÅ\W AmnH$m ñdmñW H¡$gm h¡ ? Ôøjöv$ ‘ô ÌønûÒø
What is the time now? ?ì OHÌZ A^r {H$VZm ~Om h¡ ? áøŸFû] èöÂø^Š$ Ö] ÜôÒø
Please go. YC H¥$n`m OmB©E Ôø×ô–ûÊø àûÚô gûâøƒûô]
Please sit down. å̂C H¥$n`m ~¡{R>E Ôø×ô–ûÊø àûÚô ‹û×ôqûô]
What is your qualification Ä\W Amn H$s {ejm H$hm§ VH$ hþB© ?
?‘ñ7, kø‰û…ø2ø ÜûÒø
Where is your book? ?ì V¹[ÂÅ\W AmnH$s {H$Vm~ H$hm§ h¡ ? Ôøeö^øj³Òþ ô àûmø]
Are you happy today? ?lp\ W` WH Š`m AmO Amn Iwe h¢ ? Ýöçûnø³þÖû ø] |ö†øËûiø køÞû ø] ðø
Please come in. +Z H¥$n`m AÝXa AmB©E
C Wg0 Ôø×ô–ûÊø àûÚô Øûìö2ûö]
Where do you live? ?TgV¹\W Amn H$hm§ ahVo h¢ ? àöÓöŠûiø àømû ø]
What is today? ?ì yŠ K̈Ã` W AmO H$m¡Zgm {XZ h¡ ? Ýöçûnø³þÖû ø] p% ø]
Please drink tea. kñeC H¥$n`m Mm` {b{OE Ôø×ô–ûÊø àûÚô pû^\$ Ö] hô†ôdûô]
She is your daughter. ì eÅ\ Wt `h AmnH$s ~oQ>r h¡ Ôøjö³þßûeô åô„ôâF
Read this book. # 7,
[Ât `h {H$Vm~ n{‹T>E hû^jø³þÓôÖû] ]„øâF û]†øÎûô]
194
3 - Daily life simple conversation
{XZM`m© _| Cn`moJr gmYmaU dH$Vì` ènÚçnÖ ] Ý¡Ò oÊ è×ã‰ è$2^vÚ
I am glad. ì Ùp~(,
= _wPo ~‹S>r Iwer h¡ éô2ø^ÃøŠ$ Ö] èô³þmø ^Çøeô †öÃödûø]
I feel sorry for him. ì @*

WkF,
6,
kZ= _wPo Cg na X`m AmVr h¡ äö³øþÖ Ñ% †ômø oûfô×û³þÎø á$ ô]
How is the weather now? ?ì ÷Ìñ‰

Ü zkZ Bg g_` _m¡g_ H¡$gm h¡ áûŸFû] ‹öÏû_$ Ö] ÌønûÒø
I don't like summer. 7IÇ!*/

ò¤= _wPo J_u ng§X Zhr ^Ï÷×ø_ûÚö Ìønû’$ Ö] g% uôö]Ÿø ^øÞ ø]
Todays weather is pleasent. ì **

–¹Ìñ` W AmO _m¡g_ ~hþV gwhmZm h¡ ]‚& qô ØºnûÛôqø ‹öÏû_$ Ö ø] Ýçûnø³Öûþ ø]
Your home is beautiful. ì ]gzp¹y»\ W AmnH$m Ka ~hþV gwÝXa h¡ ]‚& qô ØºnûÛôqø Ôøjö³þnû³eøþ
Please help me. <Šæ~÷ _oar ghm`Vm {H${OE oûÞô‚ûÂô^‰ø
I am happy. Vƒlp~ _¢ Iwe hÿ§ …ºæû†öŠûÚø ^Þø ø]
I am tired. VƒZƒÝ~ _¢ WH$m hþAm hÿ§ áº^føÃûiø ^øÞ ø]
I am busy. Vƒsz^~ _¢ ì`ñV hÿ§ ÙºçûÇö\ûÚø ^øÞ ø]
Excuse me for delay. ,

ˆƒkŠ=<s ç j_m {H${OE _wPo Xoa hþB© †ûìôù^*³jøþ Úö ^øÞ ø] Ìû‰ô!
I don't know. } Y7~ _¢ Zhr OmZVm Üö×øÂûø] Ÿø ^øÞ ø]
Excuse me. VƒLe]gm~ _¢ j_m MmhVm hÿ§ ÔønûøÖô] …ö „ôjøÂûø] ^øÞ ø]
Please leave me alone. zŠ hg Ë= _wPo AHo$bm N>mo‹S> Xmo pû‚ôuûçøôÖ oûßôÂû2ø
195
4 - Short greetings in Arabic
Aa~r ^mfm Ho$ N>moQ>o A{^dmXZ èÇ×Ö] oÊ é†’jíÛÖ] Ù^fÏj‰Ÿ]æ l^nvjÖ]
May peace be upon you all 6,

 ?ƒäs( Å b§C
ƒ Ù ) gX^mdZm/gbm_Vr hmo Vw_ g~ na ÜûÓönû×øÂø Ýö¡øŠ$ Ö ø]
If Allah wills vZì e¤
/Z AJa Mmho A„mh äû×#Ö] ðø ^dø áûô]
Glory be to Allah vZì u 0*n{dÌ/nmH$ h¡ A„mh äû×#Ö] áø^vøfû‰ö
All praise be to Allah nÆvZp°( ƒ
 ) (gmar) àe§gm A„mh Ho$ {bE äû×#ôÖ ‚öÛûvøÖû ø]
May GOD grant you long life vZN}Š Ï0
+i qOXJr Xo VwPo A„mh äû×#Ö] Õø^n$uø
May GOD grant you reward vZN}Š!$
+ ~Xbm Xo VwPo A„mh äû×#Ö] Õø] ø̂ qø
As Allah wishes vZì e Omo Mmho A„mh äû×#Ö] ðø ^dø^Úø
In the protection of Allah ~«™ÅvZ A„mh H$s g§ajU/{h\$mµOV _o§ äû×#Ö] áô^Úøø] oûÊô
Good evening á ew^ g§Ü`m (JwS> B{dqZJ)
íx †ônû³þíøÖû] ðø^ŠøÚø
Good evening (reply) á ew^ g§Ü`m (JwS> B{dqZJ)
( 6 Z ) íx …ôçû³ßþ%Ö] ðø ^ŠøÚø
Good morning íð gw à^mV (JwS> _m°{ZªJ) †ônû³þíøÖû] |ø^fø‘ø
Good morning (reply) ( 6 Z ) íð gw à^mV (JwS> _m°{ZªJ) …ôçû³ßþ%Ö] |ø^fø‘ø
Good bye qŠ Zß Z JwS> ~mE èôÚø¡øŠ$ Ö] ÄøÚø
Sorry °ç j_m {H${OE Ìû‰ôù^ø³øþjÚö / Ìû‰ô!
Excuse me ]gm j_m `mMZm oûßôvûÚô^‰ø / oûôÖ ÄûÛø‰ûô]
Happy new year ug Iw‚* Zd df© H$s ew^H$m_ZmE§ ‚ºnûÃô‰ø ‚ºmû‚ôqø Ýº^Âø
Happy birthday ug IyŠÀ OÝ_{XZ H$s ew^H$m_ZmE§ ‚õnûÃô‰ø 2õ¡ønûÚô ‚önûÂô
196
5 - Guestures And Appeals
gX²>^mdZm Am¡a {ZdoXZ l^nñ]‚ßÖ] æ l]…^dŸ]

AmnH$s Bg n[ajm _| h_ g~ AmnHo$ Xw…I _| gmW h¢ Ÿ& ! Ôøñô ¡øjô³eþû ô] oûÊô áø] ø̂ uûŸøû] Õø†ö›ô^\øÞö ^Ã÷nûÛôqø ^ßø³þÞ$ ô]
We are all with you in this testing time. -ÑÆ',
X q Z',
~§Æ\Wë
_¢ AmnH$s ^mdZmAmo§ H$m AmXa H$aVm hÿ§ Ÿ& ! Õø…øçû³þÃödö Ýö†ô³jøþ ³þuû *] oû³Þþôù ô]
I respect your feelings. X Vƒ@*
™gŠÅ]!*
.Æ\W~
_
_¢ XwAm H$aVm hÿ§ {H$ ZE Ka _| Amn Iwe ah| Ÿ& ! ‚ômû‚ôrøûÖ ] Ôøjô³þnû³eøþ oû³þÊô éø2ø^ÃøŠ$ Ö] ÔøøÖ ]çûÂö2û*]
May you will be happy in your new home. X glp~y6 \WVƒ@*
™ ¬Š~
_oar XwAm h¡ {H$ Amn OëXr R>rH$ hmo Om`| & ! Øøqô^Ãø³þÖû ] ðø ^Ëø\ôùÖ ] ÔøøÖ ]çûÂö2û*]
My prayers are for your early recovery. X N Yƒ[c*
¡¢\Wì ¬Š ~÷
Š`m Amn AnZo Zò _H$mZ _| Iwe h¢ Ÿ? [ ‚ômû‚ôrøÖû] ÔøÞô^ÓøÚø oûÊô …ºæû†öŠûÚø køÞû *] Øûâø
Are you happy in your new home ? X lp~yk6 LZ\WH
Or hm§ ! _¢ ~hþV Iwe hÿ§ Ÿ& ! ]‚& ³þqô …ºæû†öŠûÚø ^Þø *] = ÜûÃøÞø
Yes ! I am very much happy. X Vƒlp¹~ !V;Y
AmnH$m H$m_-H$mO H¡$gm Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& ! ÔøÖö^ÛøÂû*] †ö³nþûŠôiø Ìønû³þÒø
How is your work going on ? ?ì ;g^÷ ` »x » »\W
~hþV AÀN>m Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& ! Ýö]†ø³þmö ^Úø o×øÂø ^ãøÞ$ô]
It is going on fine. Xì ;g^YZ¹
AÀN>o Cnhma Ho$ {bE ~hþV ~hþV YÝ`dmX Ÿ& ! èô³þÃø³þñô ] †$ ³Öþ ] èô³þm$‚ôãø×ûôÖ ¡÷mû ô̂ ³qþ ø ]†÷³þÓûdö
Thank you very much for a nice gift. Xt]¹¹nÆ +4ãZ
_wPo Iwer h¡ {H$ dh AmnH$mo ng§X Am`m Ÿ& ! ^ãø³øþj³þfû³þføuû*] ÔøÞ$ Ÿôø …ºæû†öŠûÚø ^Þø *]
I am happy that you liked it. X c*
WItÃ\Wì Ùp=
197
6 - Numerals
A§H$/g§»`m gyMH$ Ý^Î…Ÿ]
A) Cardinal Numbers
_yb-gyMH$ o×‘Ÿ]2]‚ÂŸ]
English
oe†Â English f.g &Þ©Ú m.g †Ò„Ú oe†Â
20 àmû†ô\ûÂô 0 ! †ûËø‘ô L
30 ànû³þ$ô ¡ø³øþ$ 1 éº‚øuô]æø ‚ºuô]æø M
40 ànûÃôeø…ûø] 2 áô^jø³ßøþ ³þ$û ô] áô^ßø³$þû ô] N
50 ànûŠôÛûìø 3 èº³øþ$ ¡ø³øþ$ 'º¡ø³øþ$ O
60 ànû³jþôù‰ô 4 èºÃø³þeø…ûø] Äºeø…ûø] P
70 ànûÃôfû‰ø 5 èºŠøÛûìø ‹ºÛûìø Q
80 ànû³Þþô^Ûøø$ 6 èº³jþ$‰ô k' ‰ô R
90 ànû³Ãþô Šûiô 7 èºÃø³fþû‰ø Äºfû‰ø S
100 éº ^*Úô 8 èºnø³Þþô^Ûøø$ áº^Ûøø$ T
1000 ÌÖû ø] 9 èºÃøŠûiô ÄºŠûiô U
10 éº†ø\øÂø †º\øÂø ML
198
B) Ordinal Numbers
H«$_-gyMH$ ofni†jÖ] 2]‚ÂŸ]
English oe†Â English oe†Â
20th áøæû†ö\ûÃôÖû ø] 0 †ûËø‘ô L

30th áøçû³þ$ö ¡ø³þ%$Ö ø] 1st Ùöæ$ Ÿøû ø] M
40th áøçû³þÃöeø…ûŸøû ø] 2nd o% Þô^%$Ö ø] N
50th áøçûŠöÛûíøûÖ ø] 3rd &öôÖ^%$Ö ø] O
60th áøçû‰ö2ô^Š$ Ö ø] 4th Äö³eþô]†$ Ö ø] P
70th áøçû³Ãþö fûŠ$ Ö ø] 5th ‹öÚô^íøÖû ø] Q
80th áøçû³þÞö^Ûø%$Ö ø] 6th Œö2ô^Š$ Ö ø] R
90th áøçû³þÃöŠûjôùÖ ø] 7th Äö³eþô^Š$ Ö ø] S
100th èö³ñøþ ^ÛôÖû ø] 8th àöÚô^%$Ö ø] T
1000nd ÌÖûŸøû ø] 9th Äö‰ô^j$Ö ø] U
10th †ödô^ÃøÖû ø] ML
199
C) Fraction of ....
^mJ †ŠÒ
qhXr English oe†Â
AmYm 1/2 Ìº’ûÞö /“

û Þö
{VhmB© 1/3 &º×ö³þ$ö
Mm¡WmB© 1/4 Äºeö…ö
Xgdm§ 1/10 †º\ûÂö
XwJwZm double ÌöÂø^–øÚö / ÌºÃû•ö
VrZ JwZm 3 times Íõ^Ãø•ûø] èö³þ$ø ¡ø$ø
Mma JwZm 4 times Íõ^Ãø•ûø] èöÃøeø…ûø]
nm§M JwZm 5 times Íõ^Ãø•ûø] èöŠÛûìø
Xg JwZm 10 times Íõ^Ãø•ûø] éö†ø\øÂø
gm¡ JwZm 100 times Íõ^Ãø•ûø] éö ^*Úô
200
D) Timings
g_` gyMH$ l^ÎæŸ]
K§Q>m Clock èÂø^‰ø

{_{ZQ> Minute DÐûñô^Îø2ø ! tE äûÏø³nþûÎô2ø
goH§$S> Second DoûÞô]çø³þ$ø ! tE ènø³Þþô^ø$
1 ~Oo one o'clock ‚ûuô]æø èÂø^‰ø
1:05 ~Oo 1:05 o'clock ‹Ûûìø æø ‚ûuô]æø èÂø^‰ø
1:15 ~Oo 1:15 o'clock Äeö…ö æø ‚ûuô]æø èÂø^‰ø
1:30 ~Oo 1:30 o'clock Ì’ûÞö æø ‚ûuô]æø èÂø^‰ø
1:45 ~Oo 1:45 o'clock Äûeö…ö Ÿ$ô] ànû³ßþø³$þûô] èÂø^‰ø
1:50 ~Oo 1:50 o'clock †\øÂø Ÿ$ô] ànû³ßøþ ³þ$ûô] èÂø^‰ø
5:30 ~Oo 5:30 o'clock Ì’ûÞö æø ‹ûÛöìö èÂø^‰ø
6:30 ~Oo 6:30 o'clock Ì’ûÞöæø Œ2ô^‰ø èÂø^‰ø
201
E) Colours
a§J á]çÖ]
g\o$X White ö̃ nø³þeû *]

H$mbm Black 2öçø‰û *]
Zrbm Blue Ñö…ø‡û *]
bmb Red †öÛøuû *]
ham Green †ö–øìû *]
nrbm Yellow †öËø‘û *]
^yam Brown †öÛø‰û*]
Jwbm~r Pink p' 2ô…ûæø
Zma§Jr Orange o' ôÖ^Ïøiö†ûeö
gmoZo H$s Vah M_H$sbm Golden o' fôâøƒø
202
F) Parts of Day
{XZ Ho$ ^mJ ÝçnÖ] àÚ ð]ˆq]
{XZ Day Ýºçû³þmø

gw~h Morning |ö^fø’$ Ö ø]
em_ Evening ðö^ŠøÛøÖû ø]
amV Night Øönû³þ×$Ö ø]
AmYm {XZ Mid-day …ô^ãøß$Ö] Ìö’ûÞô
AmYr amV Mid-night Øônû³þ×$Ö] Ìö’ûÞô
Xmonha After-noon †ûãø¿% Ö] ‚øÃûeø
gy`m}X` Sunrise Ñæû†ödö
gy`m©ñV Sunset ‹ôÛû\$ Ö] höæû†öÆö
amoµOmZm Daily oûÚôçû³þmø
203
7 - Days of week, Months and Year
gámh Ho$ {XZ, _mh Am¡a df© èßŠÖ]æ †ã\Ö]æ Åçf‰Ÿ] Ý^m] àÚ ð^Û‰Ÿ]
A) Name of Days
{XZm| Ho$ Zm_ ÝçnÖ ] ð^Û‰]

a{ddma Sunday ‚ûuøŸøû] Ýöçû³þmø

gmo_dma Monday ànû³ßøþ ³þ$û Ÿôû] Ýöçû³þmø
_§Jbdma Tuesday ^ø$ ¡ø³%þ%Ö] Ýöçû³þmø
~wYdma Wednesday ðû ^Ãøeô…ûŸøû] Ýöçû³møþ
Jwédma Thursday ‹nûÛôíøÖû] Ýöçû³møþ
ewH«$dma Friday èÃøÛöröÖû] Ýöçû³møþ
eZrdma Saturday kfûŠ$ Ö] Ýöçû³møþ
gámh Week Åçûfö‰ûŸöû ø]
AmO Today Ýçû³nøþ ³þÖû ø]
~rVm hþAm H$b Yesterday ‹ÚûŸøû ø]
AmZo dmbm H$b Tommorow é÷†ø³þÓûeö / ]‚÷Æø
204
B) Name of Months
_hrZm| Ho$ Zm_ †ãdŸ] ð^Û‰]
OZdar January †û³mþô^ßø³þmø

µ\$adar February †û³þmô]†ø³fþû³þÊø
_mM© March Œû…ô^Úø
Aàob April Ømû†ô³þeû ø]
_B© May çû³þmö ^Úø
OyZ June çû³nþö³Þþô çûmö
OwbmB© July çû³nþö³ôþÖ çûmö
AJñV August ‹û_öŠûÆöö]
{gV§~a September †û³føþ Ûûjø³fþû‰ô
AŠVy~a October †û³eøþ çû³jþö³þÒû ö]
Zd§~a November †û³føþ ÛûÊø çû³þÞö
{Xg§~a December †û³þføÛûŠømû2ô
_hrZm Month †ºãûdø
gmb Year èûßø‰ø
205
8 - Translation from Classical Arabic Prose
emór` Aa~r ^mfm H$m AZwdmX JÚ _| †%ßÖ] ènÓ‰¡ÓÖ]ène†ÃÖ] àÚ èÛq†jÖ]
EXERCISE 1
(g~) àe§gm A„mh Ho$ {bE, nmbZhma gmar g¥ï>r H$m ! àønûÛôøÖ^ÃøÖû] hôù…ø äô×#ôÖ ‚öÛûvøûÖ ø]
(All) praises are due to GOD, The Sustainer of the Universe.
! p†F ìûö] é÷…øîø ÜûÓöqö†ôíûÞö ^ãøßûÚô æø ÜûÒö‚önûÃôÞö ^ãønûÊô æø ÜûÒö^ßøÏû×øìø ^ãøßûÚô

Bgr (YaVr) go n¡Xm {H$`m h_Zo Vw_h| Am¡a Bgr _o§ h_ bm¡Q>mE§Jo Vw_h| Am¡a Bgr go h_ {ZH$mb|Jo Vw_h| A§V _|
Out of this (earth) have WE created you, and into it shall WE return you, and from it shall WE bring you out
finally.
o áøçûÃöqø†ûiö äônû³øþÖ ô] Ü$ $ö ÜûÓönû³nþôvûmö Ü$ $ö ÜûÓöjö³nþûÛômö Ü$ $ö ÜûÒö^nøuû^øÊø ^÷i ]çøÚûø] Üûjö³þßûÒöæø äô×#Öêô áøæû†öËöÓû³øþi Ìønû³þÒø
H¡$go Vw_ B§H$ma H$amoJo A„mh H$m O~{H$ Vw_ Vmo Wo ~oOmZ, Vmo CgZo {µOÝXm {H$`m Vwåh|, {\$a dh _m¡V XoJm Vwåh|, {\$a dh {µOÝXm H$aoJm Vwåh|,
{\$a Cgr H$s Va\$ Vw_ bm¡Q>mò OmAmoJo

How can you refuse to acknowledge Allah, seeing that you were lifeless, so HE gave you life,then HE will
cause you to die and then will bring you again to life,whereupon unto HIM you will be returned.
(Ü`mZ {X`m OmE) BÝgmZ H$s AÝVa AmË_m na Am¡a {OgZo S>rµOmBZ Xr Cgo ! ^âøç# ‰ø ^Úøæ$ ‹õËû³þÞøæø
And consider the human conscience, and (how) GOD fashioned it.
gmo CgZo S>mb {X`m Cg_| CgH$m nmn H$s Va\$ PwH$Zm Am¡a nmn go ~MZo H$s g_P ! ^âøçF Ïû³iøþ æø ^âø…øçûröÊö ^ãøÛøãøÖû ^øÊø
And HE imbibed in it its moral failings and its piety.
{Z…g§Xoh gµ\$b hþAm dh {OgZo AÝVa AmË_m H$s g\$mB© H$s ! ^ãø³þÒ# ‡ø àûÚø xø³×þø³þÊû ø] ‚û³þÎø
Indeed succeeded he who purified it.
Am¡a {Z…g§Xoh ~~m©X hþAm dh {OgZo Cg (H$s AmdmµO) H$mo X~m {X`m ! ^ãø‰# 2ø àûÚø hø^ìø ‚û³þÎøæø
And indeed lost is he, who buried it.
206
EXERCISE 2
Have you ever payed attention to the water ! áøçû³þeö †ø\ûiø pû„ô³Ö$þ ] ðø ^ÛøÖû ] Üö³jþö³þmû ðø †ø³Êþø ø]
that you drink ! Š`m {\$a Ü`mZ {X`m Vw_Zo (Cg) nmZr na Omo Vw_ nrVo hmo
! áøçû³þÖö ô̂ ³þßûÛöÖû] àövûøÞ Ýû ø] áô û̂ Ûö³þÖû ] àøÚô åöçû³þÛö³jþö³þÖû ø̂ ³Þþû ø] Üûjö³þÞû ø] ðø

Š`m Vw_, Vw_Zo CVmam Cgo ~X{b`m| go `m h_ CVmaVo h¢
Is it you who pour down from the rain-clouds or are WE its pourers !
! áøæû†ö³þÓö\ûøi Ÿøçû³þ×ø³Êþø ^q÷^qø]ö äö³þßF³þ×ûÃøqø ðö ^\øÞø çû³øþÖ

AJa h_ Mmh| ~Zm X| h_ Cgo H$‹S>dm, {\$a Š`m| Zhr Vw_ ewH«$ AXm H$aVo
If WE so wish, WE might make it salty and bitter: why, then, are you not thankful !
! àønû³þ×ôãôrFûÖ ] àôÂø š
û †ôÂûø] æø Íô†ûÃö³Öûþ êô †ûÚö û]æø çøËû³Ãþø ³Öþû] „ôìö
j_m H$aVo ah Am¡a ào[aV H$aVm ah AÀN>o H$m_ Ho$ {bE Am¡a {H$Zmao ah ZmXmZm| go
Practice forgiveness, command decency and avoid ignorants.
! áøçû×öÃøËûøi Ÿø ^Úø áøçû³ÖþöçûÏö³iøþ ÜøÖô ]çûßöÚø ! àømû„ô$Ö ]^ãø³þm% ^ømF

Eo bmoJmo Omo B_mZ dmbo hmo ! Š`m| Vw_ H$hVo hmo (dh) Omo Zhr§ Vw_ H$aVo
O you who have attained to faith! Why do you say what you do not practice !
! áøçû×öÃøËû³øþi Ÿø^Úø ]çû³ÖþöçûÏö³øþi áûø] äô×#Ö] ‚øßûÂô ^÷jÏûÚø †ø³fþö³þÒø

~‹S>r ZmamµOr H$m H$m_ h¡¡ A„mh Ho$ `hm§ {H$ Vw_ H$hmo (dh) Omo Zhr Vw_ H$aVo
Most loathsome in the sight of ALLAH is that you say what you do not practice !
207
9 - Translation from Ancient Arabic Prose
àmMrZ Aa~r ^mfm H$m AZwdmX JÚ _| †%ßÖ] èÛm‚ÏÖ] ène†ÃÖ] àÚ èÛq†jÖ]
EXERCISE 1
Omo _¥XwëVm go d§{MV ahm, dh gånyU© AÀN>mB© go d§{MV ahm Ÿ& ! äü³þ×$Òö †ønûíøÖû] Ýö†øvûmö ÐøÊû†ôùÖ] Ýö†øvûm% àûÚø
One who abstains from kindness, remains deprived of all goodnes.
O~ Vwåho bmO b‚mm Z aho, Vmo Omo Mmhmo H$amo Ÿ& ! køòûdô ^Úø Äûøß‘û^Êø oûônvûjøŠûøi ÜûøÖ ]ƒøô]
When you have no shame, then do what you want to do.
Xw{Z`m _o `mÌr {H$ Vah `m amñVm MbZo dmbo Ho$ O¡go ahmo Ÿ& ! Øõnûfô‰ø †öeô^Âøæûø] gºmû†ôÆø ÔøÞ$ ^*Òø ^nøÞû‚% Ö] oÊô àûÒö
Live in this world as if you are a way-fairer or a traveller.
_Zwî` Ho$ PyQ>m hmoZo Ho$ {bE H$m\$s h¡ {H$ dU©Z H$aVm aho ha ~mV Omo dh gwZo Ÿ& ! ÄøÛô‰ø ^Úø ØôùÓöeô 'ø‚ôùvømö áûø] ê÷„ôÒø ðô †ûÛøÖûêô oËFÒø
It is enough to be a lier to go on sharing with others whatever one has heard.
XoZo dmbm hmW boZo dmbo hmW go AÀN>m h¡ Ÿ& ! o×FËûŠ% Ö] ‚ônø³Öþû] àøÚôù †ºnûìø^nø³×þûÃö³ûþÖ] ‚önø³þÖû ø]
The giving (upper) hand is better than the receiving (lower) one.
X`m H$aZo dmbm| na X`mdmZ (B©eda) X`m H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ! àöÛFuû†$ Ö] ÜûãöÛöuø†ûmø áøçûÛöuô]†$ Ö ø]
The Most Merciful, bestows mercy on those who are kind to others.
Vw_ YVu dmbm| na X`m H$amo, D$na dmbm Vw_ na X`m H$aoJm Ÿ& ! ðô^ÛøŠ$ Ö] oÊô àûÚø ÜûÓöÛöuø†ûmø š
ô …ûŸøû] oÊô àûÚø ]çûÛöuø…ûô]
Be kind to humans on earth, HE will be kind to you Who is in heavens.
Omo B§gmZmo H$m ewH«$ AXm Zhr H$aVm, dh A„mh H$m ^r H¥$Vk Zhr hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& ! äø×#Ö] †ôÓö\ûmø ÜûøÖ Œø^ß$Ö] †ôÓö\ûmø Üû$Ö àûÚø
One who is not thankful to human beings, can never be thankful to the Lord.
208
EXERCISE 2
! ǻ†ôù\øeô åü…ö^qø àöÚø^ûmø Ÿ$ àûÚø èø³þß$røÖû] Øöìö‚ûmø Ÿø

Zhr àdoe H$aoJm ñdJ© _| dh AmX_r, {OgHo$ H$ï> go CgHo$ n‹S>mogr gwa{jV Z hm| Ÿ&
One will not enter into Paradise, whose neighbors are not at peace from his troubles.
! äü³eøþ ]„øÂø äö³ßþûÂø äö×#Ö] ÄøÊø…ø äö³føþ –øÆø ÄøÊø…ø àûÚø

{OgZo AnZo H«$moY H$mo amoH$m, A„mh Cggo AnZm àH$mon amoH$ boJm Ÿ&
One who controls his anger, God will hold back HIS wrath on him.
! äü³eøþ çû³þnöÂö äö×#Ö] †øøj‰ø äö³Þøþ ^ŠøôÖ ÀøËôuø àûÚø

{OgZo AnZr µO~mZ H$mo H$m~y _| aIm, A„mh CgHo$ AdJwUm| H$mo Nw>nm`|Jo Ÿ&
One who safeguards his tongue, God will conceal his shortcomings.
! lô^ãøÚ$ Ÿöû] Ýô]‚øÎû ø] køvûiø èö³þß$røÖû ø]

Paradise is under the feet of mothers. ñdJ© _mVmAm| Ho$ MaZm| Ho$ {ZMo h¡ Ÿ&
! hº^røuô äô×#Ö] àønû³eþø æø ^ãøßønû³eøþ ‹ønûøÖ ^ãøÞ$ ^ôÊø Ýôçû×ö¿ûÛøÖû] éøçøÂû2ø Ðôi$ô]
AË`mMm[aV H$s A{^fmn go ~Mmo, Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ Am¡a A„mh Ho$ ~rM H$moB© Am‹S> Zhr hmoVr Ÿ&
Beware from wailings of the oppressed ones, because there is no barrier between him and the God.
! Ýö¡øÓøÖû] “
ø ÏøøÞ ØöÏûÃøÖû] Ü$ iø ]ƒøô]
O~ ~wÕr H$m_ H$aZm ~§X H$aXo Vmo ~mV ~oX_ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
When wisdom fails, talks become worthless.
! ^ãø_ö‰øæû ø] …ôçûÚöŸöû] †önûìø

To be moderate in all matters is the best. g~ H$m_m| _| g§`_/~rM H$s amh ~ohVa h¡ Ÿ&
209
EXERCISE 3
A wise enemy is better than an unwise ! Øõâô^qø Ðõmû ‚ô‘ø àûÚôù †ºnûìø ØºÎô^Âø æ' ‚öÂø
friend. ~wpÜX_mZ eÌw _yI© {_Ì go AÀN>m h¡ Ÿ&
Do not look at who said it, but look at what ! Ùø^Îø ^Úø oÖFô] †û¿öÞû]æø Ùø^Îø àûÚø oÖFô] †û¿ößû³þiø Ÿø
is being said.
H$hZo dmbo H$mo _V XoImo, Š`m H$h ahm h¡ dh XoImo Ÿ&
! äü³þ×øÒö ^ûmø oj#uø ä́eô Ùö] ø̂ mø Ÿø ‚ômû‚ôvøÖû] áô+]†øÒø ‚öŠøvøÖû ø]

B©î`m© bmoho Ho$ µO§J H$s Vah h¡, Omo B©î`m©bw H$mo ImVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
Jealousy is like rust, which corrodes the jealous one till he is eaten up.
Knowledge without practice is like load on camel. ! ØõÛøqø o×øÂø ØõÛûvøÒø ØõÛøÂø ¡øôe Üº×ûÂô
AZwgaU Ho$ {~Zm kmZ D§$Q> na aIo ^ma H$s Vah h¡ Ÿ&
The most visionary is the one who keeps a ! ä́eô çûnöÂö oÖFô] †ø¿øÞø àûÚø Œô^ß$Ö] †ö’øeû ø]
watch of his short-comings. bmoJm| _| µÁ`mXm kmZr dh h¡, {OgH$s AnZo AdJwUm| na ZµOa hmo Ÿ&
Leader of the Nation must be servant of ! ÜûãöÚö2ô^ìø ÝôçûÏøûÖ] ‚önôù‰ø

people. amï´ / µH$m¡_> H$m gaXma CZHo$ godH$ H$mo hmoZm Mm{hò Ÿ&
One who kept patience, will get success. ! †ø³þËô¾ø †ø³þfø‘ø àûÚø
{OgZo Y¡`© go H$m_ {b`m, dh g\$bVm nmòJm Ÿ&
The one who is humble, will get respect. ! †ø³þÎôù æö Äø•ø]çøiø àûÚø
{OgZo {dZ_«Vm AnZmB©, Cgo gå_mZ {_boJm Ÿ&
One who shows greatness, will be humiliated. ! †øÏôùuö Üø¾ø^Ãøiø àûÚø

{OgZo AH$‹S> {XImB©, dh An_m{ZV hmoJm Ÿ&
210
EXERCISE 4
One who control his language, will be less ! äü³þjö³þÚø ] ‚øÞø kû×$³Îþø äü³øþÞ ^ŠøôÖ ÀøËôuø àûÚø
ashamed.
{OgZo AnZr µOw~mZ H$s ajm H$s, Cgo H$_ b{‚mV hmoZmn‹S>oJmŸ&
To keep busy is the dignity of the living. ! ðô^nøuûŸøû] áô^+dø àûÚô Ùö^ÇøjôdûŸôû ø]
H$m_ _| bJo ahZm {O{dV bmoJmo§ H$s emZ h¡Ÿ&
Patience is the key to Paradise. ! èôß$røûÖ] |ö^øjËûÚô †öfû’$ Ö ø]

Y¡`© ñdJ© H$s Mm~r h¡ &
One who fulfills his promises, will be ! äüÚû†ø³Óþ û nö³Êþø åü‚øÂûæø oÊFæø àûÚø
honoured.
Omo dMZ nyam H$aVm h¡, dh gå_mZ nmòJmŸ&
Oblige, as ALLAH has obliged you. ! ÔønûøÖ ô] äö×#Ö] àøŠøuûø] ^ÛøÒø àûŠôuûø]
CnH$ma H$amo O¡gm A„mh Zo Vw_ na CnH$ma {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
One who has goodness of character will ! äü³þÏö³þmû ‚ô‘ø lû†ø%ö³Òþ ø äüÏö³þ×öìö àøŠöuø àûÚø
have many friends.
{OgHo$ >ì`dhma AÀN>o hm|, CgHo$ ~hþV {_Ì ~Z|JoŸ&
Fear of Allah is real source of wisdom. ! äô×#Ö] èöÊø^íøÚö èôÛøÓûvôÖû] Œö+]…ø

~wÕr_mZr H$m ómoV A„mh H$m ^` h¡Ÿ&
Better amongst you is one, who is ! Œø^ß$Ö] ÄöËøßûm$ àûÚø Œô^ß$Ö] †önûìø
beneficial to others.
bmoJm| _| AÀN>m dh h¡, Omo bmoJm| Ho$ {bE bm^Xm`H$ ~ZoŸ&
The one who offers peace to others, will ! èøÚø¡øŠ$ Ö] ‚øqøæø Œø^ß$Ö] ÜøøÖ^‰ø àûÚø
himself get peace.
{OgZo bmoJm| H$s gwajm H$s, CgZo gwajm nmB©Ÿ&
211
EXERCISE 5
One who speaks softly, his deeds will be ! äü³þÖö^ÛøÂûø] xø×ø‘ø äüÚø¡øÒø 2ø‚$ ‰ø àûÚø
righteous.
{OgZo Z_© ~mV H$hr, CgHo$ H$m`© R>rH$ hþEŸ&
Good nature is recourcse to love. ! éø2$ çøÛøÖû] göqôçûmö Ðö×öíöÖû] àöŠûuö

AÀN>m gX²>ì`dhma ào_ H$m òmoV h¡Ÿ&
! hô^vø‘ûŸøû] oøÖô] Ôøjôqøûø àûÚôù †ºnûìø hô^Šøjô³Òþ û Ÿôû] o×øÂø Õø†öfû‘ø

AnZr H$_mB© na Voam Y¡`© AÀN>m h¡, AnZr Amdí`H$Vm gmh~ bmoJm| Ho$ nmg bo OmZo goŸ&
To be satisfied with your earnings is better than spreading hands infront of superiors.
! ä́ôÖ^nøÃôôÖ ÜûãöÃö³þËøÞû ø] äô×#Ö] oøÖô] Œô^ß$Ö] g% uø^øÊø ! äô×#Ö] Ùö^nøÂô Ðö×ûíøÖû ø]

gmao àmUr A„mh H$m Hw$Qw>§~ h¢, Bg {bE A„mh H$mo A{YH$ {à`V_ dh h¡ Omo CgHo Hw$Qw>§~ Ho$ àmUr`m| H$mo A{YH$ bm^ nhþ§MmEŸ&
Entire creation is from ALLAH, so the more loved one for Allah is the one who is beneficial to his creatures
! ä́ŠôËûÞø o×FÂøŸ$ô] áõ^qø oûßôrûmø Ÿø Ÿø ø]

gmdYmZ ! Zhr Xmofr H$moB© {H$gr Xmof H$m _Ja dh ñd§` hr Ÿ&
Behold, man is responsible for his own deeds.
! ǻ‚ôôÖ]æø o×FÂø 2ºçûÖöçûÚø Ÿøæø ǻ‚ôøÖæø o×FÂø ‚ºôÖ]æø oûßôrûmø Ÿø

Zhr Xmofr {nVm AnZr gÝVmZ Ho$ AnamY H$m, Am¡a Z hr gÝVmZ AnZo {nVm Ho$ AnamY H$m Ÿ&
Father is not guilty of his son's crime, nor son is guilty of his father's crime.
! äü³Îþö †ûÂø Ì$ rôm$ áûø] Øøfû³þÎø åü†øqûø] †ønûqôŸøû]]ç_öÂûö]

H$m_Jma H$m ngrZm gyIZo go nhbo CgH$s _µOXyar Xo {X`m H$amoŸ&
Make payment to the worker, before sweat of the labour dries.
212

Arabic Gen 104

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Yashwantrao C3G/GEN 104

Dr. Surya Gunjal Mr. Goyanka Shankar Mr. P. V. Patil

Dr. Jaydeep Nikam Dr. Pramod Khandare Mrs. Jyoti Shetty

Dr. Sunanda More Dr. Abhay Patil Dr. Rucha Gujar

Prof. Ram Thakar

International language Dr. Rajendra Vadnere

Prof. Ram Thakar

Shri. Anand Yadav

 2016, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik 422 222

Sr. No. UNIT – I (Page No. 01 to 46)

UNIT – II (Page No. 47 to 63)

18 Past Tense / III Person / Singular / Masculine

UNIT – IV (Page No. 117 to 171)

30 Imperfect Tense / III Person / Singular / Masculine

43 Classical Arabic Seen Passages

UNIT – VI (Page No. 187 to 212)

47 Translation Proficiency and its Importance

2) History of Arabic Language

3) Ancient Arabic Language

4) Classical Arabic Language

5) Classical Arabic Prose

6) Contemporary Arabic Language

7) Root words and their Identification

8) Transformation and Signal Identification

Aa~r ^mfm H$m CXJ_ èô ³þÇø ³þ×%Ö ] èö ³þÏø ³þnûÏô uø

corners of the world.

incomparable and excellent.

paragraphs came in.

remarkable influence on the local language, customs, traditions and culture.

appeared on the horizon.

progressed and prospered in the desert of the Peninsula.

to its religious importance and pilgrimage.

festivals were other than these.

àmMrZ H$mb _| Aa~r ^mfm Üô mû‚ô Ïø ûÖ ] ‚ô ãû Âø oû Êô èö ³nþ$³þeô †ø ³þÃø ûÖ ] èö ³þÇø ³þ×%Ö ø]

Pre - Historic Period

The Post Period of Noah's Deluge:

àmMrZ Aa~r ^mfm Üô mû‚ô Ïø ûÖ ] ‚ô ãû Âø oû Êô èö ³nþ$³þeô †ø ³þÃø ûÖ ] èö ³þÇø ³þ×%Ö ø]

and its progress is also notable.

genealogy, prose and poetry from its memorized version.

Arab region became the centre for international trade.

effect. Arabic literature has a unique quality of phonetic sounds.

had, was not found in other languages they came across.

north-west it spread up to Mediterranean gulf dividing Asia and Europe.

How many dialects came out of it?

Urdu-E-Moalla and Lucknowi fashion has become a history.

g_H$m{bH$ Aa~r ^mfm †ô ’û Ãø ûÖ ] ]„ø âF oû Êô èö ³nþ$³þeô †ø ³þÃø ûÖ ] èö ³þÇø ³þ×%Ö ø]

understand what they are reciting.

set by language experts.

Arabic speaking nations.

world in all the times.

can also make it singular, dual, plural, masculine or feminine.

change very systematically and uniformly.

enables the student to learn it within few days.

Initial grammar as indicators:

made it more popular in Non-Arab regions.

popular in new areas around the world.

during the long intervening period.

Arabic language are in practice till today.

fifteen centuries constant developments.

'Eraab' appear on each alphabet expresses four principles mentioned below.

1. Gender of the subject.

2. Tense of the verb.

3. Number of the subject.

4. Information about I, II and III persons.

b âyÃîpX X7r Zuì *ŠâZ Ì+

xX ;g 7ïq » ÌZ Ï(gzZ ~Š OZ ðÃn ÆVñ¸vŠ Å ŠÐzz ÅÌñgzZ wj â LZ ÔÐ äâ i Š[²ñú{k

ƒì eX ;gÝqx £Š»q

emór` Aa~r ^mfm Ho$ JÚ ! ²»¯

ä y!i Ë~gzŠ ¾b§¾Xì õg @

-Z~Vß ‚Î{gGÔ Ôì y!*

›~ *Š ]àÅX Ô ñƒ°eZgzZY ZÄ Ô d $Š ZÆZgŠ dZ~ yZX 7›êGè x Zú[²Fì |q -Zt

Íæ†u oŠÛ Íæ†u p†ÛÎ