· 0302040

PB 258842
III"II II I\\\I~I1\1III" llIi III

REPORT NO.
EERC 75-19 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER
DECEMBER 1975

THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF CRITICAL REGIONS

OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS
AS INFLUENCED BY MOMENT, SHEAR AND
AXIAL FORCE
by

MEHMET BILGIN ATALAY

JOSEPH PENZIIEN

Report to the National Science Foundation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERS!TY OF CALIFORNIA • Berkeley, California

For sale by the National Technical informa-
tion Service, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Springfield, Virginia 2216 ~ .

See back of report for up to date listing of

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1. (,,-,)
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 1. Reporc No. 3. Recipier.c's Accession No.
--
SHEET \ EERC ·75-19
~. Tirle and Subride 5. Report Dace
"The Seismic Behavior of Critical Regions of Reinforced December 1975
Concrete Components as Influenced by f1oment, Shear and J 6.
Axial Force"
7. Author(s) B. Performing Organization Repr.
Mehmet Bilgin Atalay and Joseph Penzien 1\'0. 75-19
9. Performing Organization Na £r.e a!1d Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unic No.
Earthquake Engineering Research Center
University of California, Berkeley
11. Contract/Grant No.
1301 S. 46th Street
Richmond, California AEN73-07732 A02
12 Sponsoring Organization I\'ame and Address 13. Type of Report & Period
National Science Foundation Covered

1800 G Street
Washington, D. C. 20550 14.

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts
Building response caused by moderate to severe earthquake excitation is often in
the inelastic range; thus, to enable reliable predictions of overall performance, the
energy absorption and failure characteristics of individual components must be estab-
lished. For reinforced concrete frame buildings, the critical or yielding regions may
occur in either or bot.~ the girders and columns subjected to various cOmbinati,ons of
bending, shear, and axial load.
, To determine the characteristics and modes of failure of columns under excitations
causing degradations in 'stiffness,' strength, and energy absorption, a series of twelve
members simulating a column between inflection points above and below a f~oor level were
designed and tested dynamically. The variable parameters introduced were (1) magnitude
of applied axial load chosen to represent Imver, intermediate, and upper story columns,
(2) lateral reinforcement gercentage chosen to study the influence of confinement on
ductility, and (3) history of controlled lateral displacement chosen to determine the
effects of rate and sequence loading.
'T'he results o~ these tests- s':m-J t"f1at (1) increasing the a9plied 'axial load decreases'
the ultimate lateral displacement capacity, enhances the degrading mechanisms ofstrp.ng81,
and stiffness, and, ...,hen the axial load is sufficiently high, causes changes in the
failure modes from ductile flexure behavior to more brittle shear and buckling behavior,
(2) decreasing the lateral reinforcement percentage decreases the ultimate lateral dis-
placement capacity and enhances the degrading mechanisms. All experimental data from
these tests have been analyzed and correlated to characterize the energy absorption,
stiffness, and strength degradation mechanisms, the modes of failure, and the ductility
capacities. .
In addition to discussing the above described test program and its correlation'
studies, this report presents a mathematical model for reinforced 'concrete co~umns which
. predicts ':fc:irce-defOrITlation characteristics under inelastic cyclic condi trons: This
model can serve as a sub-element in an overall mathematical model of a building.

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FORM NTIS·35 IREV. 3·721 USCOMM·DC 14952·P72

 THE SEISHIC BEHAVIOR OF CRITICAL REGIONS
OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS
AS INFLUENCED BY MOHENT, SHEAR AND AXIAL FORCE

by

MEHMET BILGIN ATALAY

JOSEPH PENZIEN

Report to

National Science Foundation

Report No. EERC 75-19

Earthquake Engineering Research Center
College of Engineering
University of California
Berkeley, California

December 1975

i ( J--)
 1

ABSTRACT

Building response caused by moderate to severe earthquake

excitation is often in the inelastic range; thus, to enable reliable

predictions of overall performance, the energy absorption and failure

characteristics of individual components must be established. For rein-

forced concrete frame buildings, the critical or yielding regions may

occur in either or both the girders and columns subjected to various

combinations of bending, shear, and axial load.

To determine the characteristics and modes of failure of

columns under excitations causing degradations in stiffness, strength,

and energy absorption, a series of twelve members simulating a column

between inflection points above and below a floor level were designed

and tested dynamically. The variable parameters introduced were (1)

magnitude of applied axial load chosen to represent lower, intermediate,

and upper story columns, (2) lateral reinforcement percentage chosen to

study the influence of confinement on ductility, and (3) history of con~

trolled lateral displacement chosen to determine the effects of rate and

sequence of loading.

The results of these tests show that (1) increasing the applied

axial load decreases the ultimate lateral displacement capacity, enhances

the degrading mechanisms of strength, and stiffness, and, when the axial

load is sufficiently high, causes changes in the failure modes from

ductile flexure behavior to more brittle shear and buckling behavior, (2)

decreasing the lateral reinforcement percentage decreases the ultimate

lateral displacement capacity and enhances the degrading mechanisms. All

i (e)
 2

experimental data from these tests have been analyzed and correlated to

characterize the energy absorption, stiffness, and strength degradation

mechanisms, the modes of failure, and the ductility capacities.

In addition to discussing the above described test program and

its correlation studies, this report presents a mathematical model for

reinforced concrete columns which predicts force-deformation character-

istics under inelastic cyclic conditions. This model can serve as a sub-

element in an overall mathematical model of a building.

i (J..)
 i (~)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report was written in partial satisfaction of the

requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering by

M. B. Atalay under the supervision of Professor J. Penzien. The valuable

suggestions and assistance of Professor V. V. Bertero are gratefully

acknowledged.

The assistance of the staff of the Structures Research

Laboratory, Earthquake Engineering Research Center and the Division of

Structural Engineering and Structural Mechanics, during the execution of

the experimental investigation and the preparation of the final manuscript

of this report is sincerely appreciated. The use of the facilities of

the University of California Computer Center proved invaluable during

the course of the research.

Financial support for this research was provided by the

National Science Foundation under Grant No. AEN 73-07732 A02.

 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . . . . 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

NOTATION v

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 OBJECTIVES 5

1. 3 SCOPE. 5

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 7

2.1 TEST SPECIMENS 7

2.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 10

2.2.1 Reinforcing Steel 10

2.2.2 Concrete 10

2.3 LOADING SYSTEM 11

2.4 TEST PARAMETERS 13

2.5 DATA ACQUISITION 14

2.5.1 Instrumentation 14

2.5.2 Calibration 17

2.5.3 Data Acquisition Equipment 17

2.5.4 Data Reduction 18

2.6 TESTING PROCEDURE AND LOADING PROGRAM 19

3. FLEXURAL AND SHEAR STRENGTHS, AND DEFORMATION CAPACITY

OF SPECIMENS 22

3.1 FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND FLEXURAL DEFORMATION

CAPACITY 22
 iii

3.1.1 Bending Moment and Curvature at Flexural

Cracking . . . . ......... . 22

3.1. 2 Bending Moment and Curvature at Yield of

Tensile Reinforcement . . . . . . 23

3.1. 3 Bending Moment and Curvature When Extreme

Compression Fiber Strain £ = £us . . . . 25
c c
3.1. 4 Bending Moment and Curvature When Extreme
Compression Fiber Strain £ = £ult . . . . 26
c c
3.1.5 Summary of Results 26

3.2 SHEAR STRENGTH 26

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 29

4.1 GENERAL 29

4.2 OVERALL BEHAVIOR 29

4.2.1 Elastic Behavior 29

4.2.2 General Characteristics of Hysteretic

Action - Deformation Diagrams
· · . · 30

4.2.3 Inclined Shear Cracking

· · · · 34

4.2.4 Yield of Longitudinal Reinforcement 35

4.2.5 Spalling of Concrete Cover · · · · · 35

·
4.2.6 Shear Resistance Mechanism · · · 36

4.2.7 Cracking Pattern 39

· · · ·
4.2.8 Modes of Failure . 40

4.3 DEFORMATION CAPACITY 42

· · ·
4.3.1 Ductility · · . ! 42

4.3.2 Components of Lateral Displacement 44

4.4 STIFFNESS DEGRADATION

· · . . · · · · · · · . · · 46

4.4.1 Stiffness Characteristics of the Overall

Specimen . . . · · · · · · · · · 46

4.4.2 Stiffness Characteristics of the Critical

Region . · · · . · ·· · · · · · 47
 iv

Page

4.5 STRENGTH DEGRADATION . . . . 49

4.6 ENERGY DISSIPATION CAPACITY 50

5. MATHEMATICAL HODEL 53

5.1 INELASTIC HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR 54

5.2 FORM OF MATHEMATICAL HODEL . . 55

5.3 EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS IN MATHE~~TICAL HODEL 61

5.3.1 Factors F and c5 61

y Y
5.3.2 Factor oN 61

5.3.3 Factor Bs 62

5.3.4 Factor llF 62

J

5.3.5 Factors A and B 63

J J

5.4 CALCULATED LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIPS 64

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 66

6.1 SUHHARY 66

6.2 CONCLUSIONS 68

REFERENCES 69

TABLES 72

FIGURES 85

APPENDIX 164
 v

NOTATION

a Length along the longitudinal axis

A Area

A Force quantity used as coefficient of trigonometric term

b Width of compression face of cross-section of member

b Transverse distance between instrumentation mounting points

B Force quantity used as coefficient of trigonometric term

c Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis

C Compressive force

d Distance from extreme compression fiber

d Differential operator

D Total depth of cross-section

E Hodulus of elasticity

f Stress in concrete or reinforcing steel

F Lateral force

g. Distance between tension and compression reinforcement divided

l.
by total depth of cross-section

h Transverse distance between instrumentation mounting points

I Moment of inertia of cross-section

J Inelastic half cycle number

k ,k Empirical constants
u P

K Stiffness

t,L Longitudinal distance

Bending moment

n Ratio E
s
IE c

n Number of ties crossed by an inclined crack

s Spacing of transverse reinforcement

 vi

t Time

T Tensile force

V Shear force

W Work

x Distance along the longitudinal axis

Z Section modulus

a Stiffness reduction factor

B Empirical constant defined by Timoshenko and Goodier [32]

B Parameter used in definition of loss of resistance

y Average shear deformation

15 Lateral displacement

I:!. Finite difference operator

I:!. Relative displacement measured by instrumentation

E: Strain

n0 Axial compression index

f.1 Ductility

v Poisson's ratio

~ Equivalent damping factor

P Reinforcement ratio

Pw Transverse reinforcement ratio, A /bs

v

P" Ratio of volume of transverse reinforcement to volume of

concrete core

</> Average curvature

</> Capacity reduction factor

Sl Slope of the descending branch of stress-strain relationship

for concrete
 vii

SUBSCRIPTS

b Balanced capacity of cross-section

B Bottom

c Concrete

cr Cracking

E Elastic

f,flex. Component due to flexural deformation

g Gross

I Initial

J Inelastic half cycle number

M,max. Maximum

N Corresponding to initiation of loss of resistance

P Due to "pinching" effect

PH Component due to plastic hinge rotation

r Return

rel. Relative

s Steel

S Corresponding to the "skeleton" curve

S,shear Component due to shear deformation

SH Strain hardening

t Tensile

tr Transformed

T Top

u Ultimate force capacity of cross-section

ult Ultimate deformation capacity of specimen

v,w Transverse reinforcement

y Yield

ys Yield of transverse reinforcement

 viii

SUPERSCRIPTS

c Cyclic

c Stiffness degrading model

M Maximum in absolute value

p Present

us Action or deformation when extreme compression fiber strain

equals usable concrete strain

uit Action or deformation when extreme compression fiber strain

equals ultimate concrete strain

Corresponding to lateral loading in the negative direction

+ Corresponding to lateral loading in the positive direction

Compressive

Confined or pertaining to confinement

* Forces adjusted by the liN-oil effect

 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

In accordance with the recommendations of the Structural

Engineers Association of California [l]t and the provisions of the Uniform

Building Code [2], the construction of reinforced concrete moment resist-

ing space frames of height more than 160 feet has been permitted, even in

areas of high seismicity. The recognized philosophy governing the design

of a building against severe earthquakes dictates that it not collapse

even though considerable damage is permissible. To economically behave

in this manner, the structure must be able to absorb and dissipate the

earthquake energy input by undergoing numerous cycles of deformations

into the inelastic range. Prediction of the inelastic response of

buildings to strong ground motions having a wide range of frequencies

and amplitudes is a complex problem since the post-elastic behavior is

greatly influenced by the interaction of individual components such as

beams, columns, shear walls, etc. Often, typically assumed [3,4,5] elasto-

plastic hysteretic member behavior does not realistically model the

behavior of reinforced concrete members. Therefore, better knowledge

of the energy absorbtion and failure characteristics of individual

structural components is essential for reliable predictions of overall

building performance during an earthquake.

Inelastic deformations in a reinforced concrete multistory

frame result from a superimposition of gravity and lateral forces and

are concentrated around regions of peak internal forces. Considering a

tNumerals in brackets refer to the corresponding Reference numbers.

 2

reinforced concrete frame as shown in Fig. 1.1, localiz,·,1 inelastic

deformations occur at certain overstressed regions designated as

critical regions. These critical regions can be classified according to

the internal force components controlling their behavior as follows:

(1) Moment - These regions have moment as the only important force compo-

nent. They are usually located in the girders of the top stories of a

building as indicated by regions Nos. 1, 2, and 3 in Fig. 1.1; however,

they may also occur in the columns of the upper stories of a frame build-

ing. Region No. 1 can experience reversals of loading due to the

vertical accelerations of ground motions. (2) Moment with High Shear -

These regions, having high shear and moment, are located at the ends of

short girders located in the lower stories of medium or high rise build-

ings; see regions Nos. 2 and 3 in Fig. 1.1 (3) Moment with High Shear

and Axial Force - These regions have relatively high axial forces as

well as moment and high shear and are usually located at the ends of

columns as indicated by regions Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 7 in Fig. 1.1 (4) Axial

Force and Shear - These regions are located within joints as indicated

by regions Nos. 2 and 8 in Fig. 1.1.

As part of a comprehensive program conducted at the University

of California at Berkeley, inelastic cyclic behavior of reinforced con-

crete members under various loading conditions has been studied. Results

of this investigation have already been reported for critical regions

under combined bending moment with low shear [6,7], and under combined

bending with high shear [8]. Study of the inelastic cyclic behavior of

reinforced concrete members under the combined action of bending moment,

shear, and axial force forms the third phase of the general program of

research and is the subject of this report.

 3

Inelastic deformations under the combined actions of cyclic

bending moment, shear, and axial force occur in the columns of a multi-

story frame when subjected to moderate to severe earthquake ground

motions. Although, this behavior is contradictory with the recently

suggested [3,9,10] strong column-weak girder design philosophy, present

code regulations (Section 2630, UBC) fall short of preventing possible

yielding in the columns of a multistory frame. Inherent in the present

regulations are the assumptions that (1) structural response to earth-

quake excitation is primarily in the first mode, (2) points of in-

flection in columns are located near midheight, and (3) the earthquake

lateral forces act along one of the two principal axes of the frame.

These assumptions are, of course, not necessarily valid for all cases

under generalized earthquake excitations. Yielding and large inelastic

deformations can take place in columns of a reinforced concrete frame

resulting in catastrophic, brittle failure of the member and collapse of

the complete structure [11,12].

Inelastic cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete columns has

been the subject of numerous investigations. Many Japanese researchers

have reported experimental results and suggested empirical relations

based on a statistical analysis of experimental data to describe the

effect of various parameters on member behavior. Yamada [13] and Okamoto

and Hirosawa [14] point out that the ratio of the moment arm, a, to the

depth, Dr is the most important factor affecting the deformation

capacity of reinforced concrete columns. Ohno, et ale [15] suggest

empirical values for ultimate shear resistance and deformability at shear

failure for a column based on the results of some 378 tests conducted

by various researchers. They also emphasize the effect of the aiD

 4

ratio. Ikeda [16), Yamada [13), and Umemura, et al. [17] point out that

the axial compression force effects the ductility capacity and type of

failure of columns, and that load resistance capacity decreases with

successive cycles of loading to a fixed deflection amplitude and with

successive cycles using increasing deflection amplitudes. Hisada,

et al. [18] emphasize the effect of transverse reinforcement ratio and

detailing on the shear strength and deformation capacities of reinforced

concrete columns. Sugano and Koreishi [19] report empirical relations

to calculate points on the skeleton force-deformation relationship.

Higashi and Takeda [20] suggest several rules to develop hysteretic loops

from such a skeleton relationship.

It is only recently that analytical prediction of the actual

shape of the moment-curvature, and thus of the load-deflection response

has been attempted. These theories have generally been based on an

assumed linear strain profile down the depth of the section and idealized

cyclic stress-strain curves for concrete and reinforcing steel. The

moment-curvature loop has usually been obtained by calculating the

moment and curvature corresponding to a range of strains in the extreme

fiber of the section and taking into account the previous strain history

of the materials. Having determined the curvature distribution along

the member, classical moment-area relationships are then used to determine

the load-deflection characteristics of the member. Park, et al. [21]

have applied this method and concluded, in view of the considerable

computer time required, that some simplifications were desirable.

Muguruma, et al. [22] and Wight and Sozen [23] have compared exper-

imentally observed response with the response predicted by such analytical

methods and have concluded that the deformation characteristics of rein-

force concrete columns cannot be estimated by considering only flexural

deformations.
 5

1.2 OBJECTIVES

This investigation is part of an ongoing research program aimed

at evaluating the response of reinforced concrete structures and members

subjected to seismic actions. The present investigation is an extension

of earlier studies and its objectives are: (1) to experimentally

investigate the performance and modes of failure of reinforced concrete

columns under controlled deformation time-histories similar to those

caused by earthquake excitations resulting in degradations of strength,

stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity, and (2) with the guidance

of experimental data, to analytically define the inelastic cyclic

behaviors of the critical region, and overall member in terms of certain

structural parameters.

1.3 SCOPE

To accomplish the above objectives, twelve specimens, each

simulating a reinforced concrete column, were designed, manufactured and

tested. All specimens had an identical length and section geometry, and

therefore an identical moment arm-to-depth ratio which was high enough

to prevent shear type failures. All specimens had identically the same

main reinforcement percentage. No attempt was made to analyze the

effect of the main reinforcement percentage on member behavior since it

was felt that this effect had already been fairly well defined by the

present state-of-the-art. Variable parameters in the experimental

series were the amount of applied axial load, percentage of transverse

reinforcement, and the time-history prescribed for lateral displacement.

The series was designed such that the effect of each of the variable

parameters on member behavior could be isolated. Range of applied axial

loads was below the so-called "balanced-point" axial load for the cross-
 6

section. Transverse reinforcement percentage was varied to investigate

its effects on the degradation characteristics of the member. Lateral

displacements were prescribed not only to truly simulate earthquake type

motions, but also to enable comparisons with the results of previous

tests conducted in the overall experimental program.

Continuous time records of average curvatures, shear defor-

mations in the critical regions, and longitudinal and transverse rein-

forcement strains, as well as applied loads and displacements were

obtained. No direct measurement of slippage of longitudinal reinforce-

ment bars was provided; however, this component of deformation could be

calculated from available data.

Correlation studies to relate certain test variables to the

degrading mechanisms and a method to analytically predict the hysteretic

action-deformation relationships for the member are reported. In

selecting the analytical method, emphasis was placed on reaching a

balance between simplicity and accuracy, since the governing objective

of developing an analytical model for the hysteretic behavior of a

member is to later incorporate it in a general method of analysis for

the inelastic cyclic response of a multistory frame.

 7

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRru~

2.1 TEST SPECI~lliNS

The test specimen was designed to simulate that segment of a

reinforced concrete column located between inflection points above and

below a story level in a multistory frame when subjected to the action of

a constant magnitude axial load and time varying lateral displacements

at the story levels. Several alternatives for the shape of the test

specimen simulating such behavior were considered. Although test speci-

mens of the subassemblage type and sir~le specimens under double curva-

ture (Fig. 2.1.b) would have been more realistic, their testing would

have necessitated a complex assembly of equipment and reaction frames.

Simple specimens under single curvature (Fig. 2.1.c) were selected as

used in previous investigations [8,16,17,21]. This type of specimen

offers practical advantages for studying the behavior of critical regions.

Celebi and Penzien [8] studied the degree of interference from one side

of the joint area to the other and concluded that the strain in the

longitudinal reinforcement within the :oint area does not reach values

above yield until after member displacement ductility factors reach

values around 4 or 5; therefore, the i~terference from one side to the

other is small in the tests of specimens of this type. Care must be

taken however to account for the deflec~ion component due to slippage of

the longitudinal reinforcement within the critical region of the specimen

being tested. This deflection component would have been considerably

larger had the specimen been under double curvature. However, omission

of study of this effect does not result in a serious violation of the

study of the behavior of the column critical region since, in reality

 8

occurance of inelastic deformations simultaneously above and below a

floor level in a column of a reinforced concrete frame which has been

designed according to the present ductile moment resisting frame philosophy

is highly unlikely.

In determining the geometry and design of the test specimens,

considerations were given to (1) the limitations of the testing equip-

ment and the loading system, (2) the requirements needed to develop the

desired behavior and (3) the desirability of permitting comparisons of

results with previous experimental results obtained in the overall in-

vestigation. Considering these factors, a specimen was selected having

a length of 11 feet and a cross section of 12 in. x 12 in. (Fig. 2.2).

Its longitudinal reinforcement consisted of two #7 deformed bars at the

top and two similar bars at the bottom continuously placed throughout the

length of the specimen. These bars were welded to a 1 inch thick steel

plate at each end of the specimen. These plates were specially man-

ufactured to be bolted to the reaction frame. Transverse reinforcement

consisted of #3 deformed bars placed according to the spacing require-

ments of the particular specimen. Concrete cover was nominally set at

1 1/4 inches. The simulated joint area at the center of each specimen

had a length of 12 inches, and a cross-section of 12 in. x 24 in. To

simplify the interpretation of results obtained, the joint was designed

to suffer only minimal damage throughout testing with its deformations

remaining small. Therefore, the joint area was enlarged and heavily

reinforced.

Strengths of materials used, dimensions of the cross-section,

and percentages and detailing of longitudinal reinforcement satisfied

the requirements of the ACI Code '71 [24], Appendix A "Special

Provisions for Seismic Design". While the transverse reinforcement was

 9

designed to resist the maximum shear force that could be developed, it

did not satisfy the requirements for confinement of the concrete core

(Sections A.5.9 and A.6.4 of [24]). The effect of spacing of transverse

reinforcement on member behavior was a factor to be studied in this

investigation.

The manufacture of test specimens were carried out in the

laboratory within close tolerance limits. The reinforcement cage was

constructed and strain gages on transverse reinforcement were spot-welded

at their proper locations. Protruding steel stubs, 1/2" x 1/2" x 1 5/8",

were silver soldered at four prescribed locations on the top and bottom

longitudinal reinforcement for later attachment of clip gages to measure

average steel strains. The stubs were protected by plastic tubes to

prevent interaction with the concrete cover. Two eye-bolts were attached

to the cages to assist in later handling of the specimen.

Two forms, each made up of 15 inch wide steel channels on both

sides, and another 15 inch wide channel at the bottom, were used in

casting the specimens in pairs. Thus, Specimens 1 and 2, and Specimens

3 and 4, etc., were cast simultaneously. Prepared cages were placed in

oiled formwork with their positions being secured by 1 5/8 inch plastic

chairs. The concrete was placed in the forms and vibrated internally by

a high frequency vibrator. Standard 6 x 12 inch control cylinders were

cast from the same concrete mix according to ASTM Standard C-31, to be

used later to determine the 7, 14, 28 and test day compressive strengths

of concrete. After the initial set, surfaces were finished and the

tNumber 3 ties at a spacing of 2 inches or No. 4 ties at 3 inches would

have satisfied the quoted confinement requirements. Such stringent trans-
verse reinforcement detailing would be necessary since the area of the
confined core is relatively small (confined core area-to-gross area
ratio = 0.63).
 10

specimens were covered with wet burlap and plastic shec'l ':;. The side

channels of the forms were removed after 24 hours and the specimens were

covered with wet burlap and plastic sheets for 6 more days. After this

time, the specimens were stored at room temperature until the time of

testing.

2.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

2.2.1 Reinforcing Steel

Reinforcement used throughout the tests was Grade 40 deformed

bars conforming to ASTM Designation A6l5. Transverse reinforcement was

No. 3 bars and the longitudinal reinforcement was No.7 bars. Coupon

samples taken from the same bars used in constructing the specimens were

tested to determine the average properties of the reinforcement.

Unmachined coupons were subjected to quasi-static tensile tests, and

their stress-strain relationships were obtained using a mechanical

extensometer and an X-Y recorder. A typical record of such a stress-

strain curve is given in Fig. 2.3 and the summary of results is given in

Table 2.1. Mean values for yield stress f , yield strain, E: and
Y y

Young's Modulus, E are 55.2 ksi., 0.00197 and 28500 ksi., respectively.
s
Of primary interest from the point of view of inelastic cyclic behavior

are (1) the values given for strain and tangent modulus at the onset of

strain hardening, and the ultimate stress, and (2) the so-called

"Bauschinger effect", noticeable in the unloading portions of the

diagrams.

2.2.2 Concrete

Concrete used in the tests was designed to have an ultimate

compressive strength of about 4000 psi. at 28 days. The mix, prepared at

the laboratory, had weight proportions of 1 part Type II Cement to 0.39

 11

parts fine sand (fineness modulus 1.54) to 2.12 parts coarse sand (fine-

ness modulus 3.17) to 2.93 parts coarse gravel in sizes ranging from

1/4 inch to 3/4 inch (fineness modulus 6.70). The water-cement ratio of

the fresh concrete was nominally set at 0.55 and the slump at around 4

inches.

To obtain the requirec information about the mechanical

characteristics of concrete, fifteen 6 x 12 inch control cylinders were

made for each pair of specimens cast. Control specimens were tested in

sets of three at ages 7, 14 and 28 days and at the day of the test of

the specimen. Average compressive strengths obtained as a result of

these quasi-static tests are summarized in Table 2.2. Additionally,

tests to determine the stress-strain relationship of concrete were con-

ducted on the 6 x 12 inch control cylinders. These tests are summarized

in Table 2.3 and a typical stress-strain relationship is given in Fig.

2.4. Mean values for ultimate stress, f', at test day, strain at
c
ultimate stress, E , and tangent modulus, E were found to be 4470
o c
psi, 0.0028 and 3190 ksi, respectively. The mean usable value of strain,
us
E (for unconfined concrete) defined as that strain corresponding to
c
the strength after it dropped a value equal ·to 0.85 f' was found to be
c
0.0040. Although the tensile strength of the concrete, f , could be
t
determined experimentally (through conventional splitting or modulus of

rupture tests), for the purposes of this study an equally reliable means

of obtaining values for this quantity was the use of empirically suggested

relationships. The relationship used herein is f = 6.8 ~ [19].

t

2.3 LOADING SYSTEM

The loading system (Figures 2.5 and 2.6) consisted of two-

basic parts i.e., reaction blocks and a loading device which allowed the
 12

specimens to be tested in a horizontal plane. Reactions to forces

generated by the loading device were transferred to the test floor by

four heavy reinforced concrete blocks, each anchored to the floor by

high strength prestressing rods.

One actuator with a piston area of 78.5 square inches and a

capacity of 235 kips provided the constant magnitude axial load. It can

be noted from Fig. 2.6.b that during the application of the lateral

displacement time history, point B will move on line AB, necessitating a

control mechanism to maintain a constant magnitude of axial load. An

electronic error signal, proportional to the difference between the con-

stant command signal and the signal from the load cell which continuously

measured the actual force was used for this purpose. It controlled a

servo-value which, in turn, directed the flow of hydraulic oil from a

main supply to one side of the actuator piston to achieve the correct

load cell signal.

The force required to generate the prescribed lateral displace-

ment time histories was provided by another hydraulic actuator. This

double-acting actuator was attached to the specimen at its midlength by

a special loading yoke. The actuator had a piston area of 25.4 square

inches, a maximum static load capacity of 76.2 kips, and a maximum stroke

of + 6 inches. It had a pedestal base and a swivel head. The flow of

hydraulic oil to the actuator was again controlled electronically through

the use of a command signal and a servo-valve. The command signal used

represented actuator displacement as generated by an anolog computer.

The difference between this signal and the signal from a linear variable

differential transformer (LVDT) incorporated into the actuator assembly

controlled a 200 gallons-per-minute servo-valve which directed the flow

of hydraulic oil from the main supply to the side of the actuator. The
 13

electronic systems controlling the functioning of both actuators were

manufactured by MTS Systems Inc.

The specimen was supported on low friction teflon bearing pads

at points A and B. A rigid link between points Band C, with hinged

connections to the reinforced concrete reaction block at point C and to

the specimen at point B, was used to simulate a roller support at point

B and to transfer the shear force to the reaction block. A lOO-kip load

cell was incorporated into this link.

2.4 TEST PARAMETERS

The principal parameters of the experimental program were (1)

magnitude of applied axial load, (2) transverse reinforcement ratio, and

(3) history of prescribed lateral displacements (Table 2.4).

The magnitude of applied axial load was chosen to simulate the

actual condition in a lower, medium or upper story column of a multistory

frame. This axial load was below the "balanced-point" axial load

capacity of the cross-section, consistent with standard earthquake

resistant design philosophy. Otani and Sozen [25] have carried out a

nonlinear response analysis of a 3-story, l-bay reinforced concrete

structure subjected to a typical ground motion and report an axial force

equal to 12% of the balanced point axial force in a first story column.

Bouwkamp and Kustu [26] have designed a ten-story reinforced concrete

building in accordance with the current code provisions and report design

axial loads equal to 52%, 31% and 11% of the balanced point axial load

at the first, fifth and tenth story columns respectively. In the present

study, axial forces equal to approximately 25%, 50% and 75% of the

balanced point axial force capacity for the cross-section were chosen

for investigation.
 14

Transverse reinforcement was designed to rt-'!s j :' I, the maximum

possible shear force that could be developed (see Tahle 3.2, column (6),

for shear resistance provided by the transverse reinforcement). Design

details to meet confined concrete requirements for the columns as would

apply to ductile moment resistant frames were disregarded for purposes

of investigating the effect of transverse reinforcement spacing on mode

of failure of specimen, and on the strength, stiffness and energy

dissipation degradation characteristics.

Prescribed lateral displacements, applied at specimen mid-length,

were chosen to generate low or high strain rates of lateral loading. It

has been shown, in the previous phases [7,8] of the overall program,

that increasing rates of loading cause increases in yield strengths and

yield stiffnesses of test specimens. It was again decided to study the

effects of this parameter on member behavior.

The maximum ratio of high-to-low strain rate that could be

generated by the available experimental equipment was 10. Strain rate

at yield of tensile reinforcement, E , was defined as the ratio of

y

yield strain in tensile reinforcement, E , to the time to yield, t ;

Y y

and its values for all specimens are given in Table 2.4.

2.5 DATA ACQUISITION

2.5.1 Instrumentation

The instrumentation was designed to monitor the behavior of

the specimen during the test by providing continuous time records of

applied loads, displacement, and resulting rotations, curvatures, strains

in longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, and shear deformations.

Figs. 2.7 and 2.8 show some of the instrumentation. A brief description

of the types and operation of the instrumentation is given below:

 15

i - Load Cells - Three load cells were incorporated into the test

system to measure the applied loads and resulting reactions. A 200 kip

load cell, placed on the longitudinal axis of the specimen, between the

235 kip actuator and the specimen, measured the applied axial load. A

100 kip load cell built into the 70 kip actuator generating the pre-

scribed lateral displacements measured the lateral load. A third load

cell placed in the link BC (Fig. 2.6.b) measured the generated reaction

taken by the link.

ii - Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs) - An LVDT

was attached to the end of the actuator piston rod to sense the lateral

displacement.

Fourteen other LVDTs were attached to four instrumentation

frames to monitor average curvatures, shear deformations and relative

displacements within the critical regions. Twelve of the LVDTs were

Arnetek Type 500-3K-9EL, the remaining two Daytronic type. All fourteen

LVDTs had a displacement range! 0.5 inches. A typical instrumentation

frame, designed specially to take into account any vertical expansion of

the specimen, was mounted at a cross-section perpendicular to the longitu-

dinal axis of the specimen, by screwing the tips of four screws into four

reference points which were epoxied to the side of the specimen (Fig. 2.9).

The frames were attached 5 inches apart, a distance estimated to be the

distance between major flexural cracks.

A pair of LVDTs measured the relative displacements at the top

and the bottom of adjacent frames (or a frame and the side of the joint

area). Assuming that plane sections remain plane, relative rotations and

average curvatures within four zones, two at either side of the joint

area, could be obtained (Fig. 2.10). These rotations and average

 16

curvatures included effects of deformations due to slip of longitudinal

reinforcement.

A measure of shear deformations in the critical regions at

either side of the joint area was obtained through the use of two sets

of two LVDTs diagonally crossing each other. Each LVDT provided a

measure of the relative displacement of two diagonally positioned points.

Average shear deformation within the critical region could then be

calculated (Fig. 2.11) from these measurements. Calculated deformations

obtained in this manner should be used only as a qualitative index

however, since the method is valid only for the uncracked range when

there is some interference of flexural deformations [27].

Heasurements of relative displacements in two zones, both at

the same side of the joint area, were obtained using two Daytronic LVDTs.

These units were clamped to an angle section which was attached to the

top plate of the lateral loading yoke. One relative displacement was

obtained for the zone between the face of the joint area and the first

instrumentation frame while the other was obtained for the zone between

the face of the joint area and the second instrumentation frame. These

relative displacements included contributions from both flexural and

shear deformations. Shear deformations could then be calculated by

deducting the flexural deformations as measured by the average curvature

LVDTs from these relative displacements (Fig. 2.12).

iii - Clip Gages - Average strains in the top and bottom reinforce-

ment steel in the critical region were measured utilizing two clip gages.

These gages which were attached to stubs silver-soldered to the rein-

forcement measured the relative displacements between the stubs over

their known length (Fig. 2.13), hence providing values for average
 17

strains. Average curvatures could also be calculated from the measured

relative displacements.

iv - Strain Gages - Micro-dot strain gages were spot welded on

transverse reinforcement bars according to the schedule. shown in Fig. 2.14.

2.5.2 Calibration

The instrumentation was calibrated using conventional methods.

Through the use of a calibration jig which utilized a dial-gage, known

relative displacements were imposed between the attachment points of the

LVDTs and clip gages, and simultaneously, the output of the recorders were

observed; thus, establishing the scale sensitivities. For the same pur-

pose, known shunt resistances were introduced into the bridge circuits

for the load cells and the strain gages on the transverse reinforcement,

and again the output of the recorders were observed.

2.5.3 Data Acquisition Equipment

The signals from the instrumentation had to be conditioned and

amplified before being fed into the recording equipment. The conditioners

for actuator load cells and lateral displacement LVDT were built into the

MTS Control Consoles. The twelve Ametek type LVDTs were conditioned by

Honeywell Model 119 amplifiers, each a carrier ampli"fier supplying a

5000 Hz. excitation voltage and providing controls for balancing the

resistance and capacitance of the bridge. Signals from the Daytronic

LVDTs were conditioned by two Daytronic amplifiers. Signals from the

strain gages on the transverse reinforcement, the reaction load cell,

and the clip gages were input into Burr-Brown Model 3088/16 differential

amplifiers. Bridge completion and balance for these signals were

achieved by B&F Model IC-16l3-1 signal conditioners.

 18

The dynamic nature of the test program necessitated the use of

special recording equipment. Most experimental data were recorded by two

Honeywell Visicorders, Models 1508 and 906. Each visicorder employed

light beam oscillographs to trace continuous records of the total of 23

signals on fast developing photographic paper. Both visicorders were

supplied with timing pulses from a single time-mark-generator, so that

signals from the two visicorders could later be matched in time.

A Varian Model F-80 X-Y Recorder was used to display and record

the lateral force vs. lateral displacement relationship during the

execution of the test. The writing speed of this X-Y recorder was

limited however. Therefore, it was usefull only for the quasi-static

tests.

The various conditioners, amplifiers, and recording units are

illustrated in Fig. 2.15.

2.5.4 Data Reduction

The bulk of the data that was recorded on visicorder papers

was digitized and processed after the tests for easier interpretation.

A Calma Model 685 Graphic Data Digitizer converted the graphical data to

digital forms on computer compatible magnetic tape. An operator manually

traced the data with a moveable stylus-carriage assembly. Stylus move-

ments were detected by optical encoders and the ordinates of the

particular signal were converted to digital signals at chosen intervals

of the abscissa which in this case happened to be the time axis. Thus,

the resulting coordinates were stored on magnetic tape. The data were

later recovered through a computer program which applied the proper

calibration factor to each signal; thus, establishing the time-history

variations of forces, moments, lateral displacement, average curvatures,

 19

shear deformations, average steel strains, and transverse reinforcement

strains from the digitized raw data. The time histories of these various

actions and deformations were then used as the input to another computer

program. This latter program was developed using the University of

California Computer Center's Graphical Display System (GDS), and

automatically produced the various hysteresis curves presented later.

2.6 TESTING PROCEDURE AND LOADING PROGRAM

After curing, the specimens were prepared before being placed

in the test frame. Basic preparation for each specimen was similar, and

the purposes were to provide visual aid in detection of cracking through

whitewashing the surfaces of the specimen and marking the positions of

transverse reinforcement on the whitewashed surfaces. To provide for

mounting the instrumentation frames, small (1/4 inch x 1/4 inch) aluminum

plates were epoxied to the surfaces of the specimen at their exact pre-

scribed locations, and the instrumentation frames were then installed in

their proper positions. The specimen was then positioned in the test

set-up, lining up the pins at points A, Band D (Fig. 2.6.a), to assure

the application of the axial load through the longitudinal axis of the

specimen. To achieve a uniform distribution of the axial load, hydro-

stone was applied at both ends of the specimen, between the 1 inch steel

plate and the bracket that connected the specimen to the loading system.

The loading yoke used with the lateral load actuator was also hydrostoned

to the specimen at midlength, to assure proper distribution of lateral

load. External instrumentation was installed and the lead wires were

connected to the recording equipment. Bridges for each signal were

nullified to position the instruments at the center of their displacement

capacities. Visicorder paper speeds, time mark generator period, scales

 20

for X-Y recorder coordinates, and controls defining the velocity and the

amplitude of the lateral displacement time history were set at their pre-

selected values.

The constant magnitude axial load was applied, and then the

specimen was subjected to a series of small amplitude (less than 0.2

inches), constant velocity lateral displacement cycles (hereafter

referred to as Displacement Set 0), for purposes of system check and

determination of elastic properties. Subsequently, lateral Displacement

Sets land 2 were applied to Specimens 1 through 8, and lateral Displace-

ment Set 1 to Specimens 9 through 12. Lateral loading was discontinued

as soon as a considerable drop in member strength was observed from the

lateral force-lateral displacement curve being drawn by the X-Y recorder.

Each lateral displacement set nominally contained 20 cycles

with successively proportional increase in amplitude and constant

velocity (Fig. 2.16). Four cycles were applied to each displacement

amplitude to establish the effects of cycling at an amplitude on the

degrading mechanisms. This is in accordance with earlier findings [6]

that inelastic hysteresis loops tend to stabilize, for specimens with

low shear stresses, after a few repititious of loading to the same

displacement amplitude. Cycles with displacement amplitudes 0.8 inches

and 1.6 inches were incorporated into both Displacement Sets 1 and 2,

to establish the effects of previous strain history on the resistance

mechanisms.

The sequence, time variation, amplitude and velocity of lateral

displacement time histories prescribed were selected to meet the test

objectives rather than to simulate structural response to any hypothet-

ical seismic excitation. It would have been desirable to subject the

specimens to a deformation history that might be realized in a typical

 21

structure during an extreme earthquake. However, at present, neither the

future extreme earthquake ground motion can be predicted with great

accuracy nor can the seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings

even with the simplest of mechanical models. Inelastic behavior of rein-

forced concrete members is highly path-dependent [28,29], and the selec-

tion of the loading program would have to be an iterative process where

analytical results would suggest test programs and the resulting experi-

mental data would be used to improve analytical modeling. This procedure,

due to the complexities it presents, was considered to be beyond the

scope of the study reported herein.

 22

3. FLEXURAL AND SHEAR STRENGTHS, AND DEFORNATION CAPACITY

OF SPECH1.ENS

3.1 FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND FLEXURAL DEFO&~TION CAPACITY

Under monotonic loading, the action of bending moment will

progressively cause flexural cracking, yielding of tensile reinforcement

and inducing limiting (usable) and ultimate concrete strains in the

extreme unconfined and confined compression fiber of the cross section

of a reinforced concrete column. Such bending moments and corresponding

deformations are functions of applied axial load and can be calculated

through the procedures outlined below:

3.1.1 Bending Moment and Curvature at Flexural Cracking

Flexural cracking occurs when the stress in the extreme tensile

fiber of the cross section reaches a value equal to the tensile strength

of concrete, Bending moment, M and curvature, at this

cr'
stage are given by:

N
M
cr
(f
t
+
A
z (3.1)
tr

= 1'1
cr
IE c I
tr
(3.2)

where N is the applied axial load, A and I are the area and
tr tr
moment of inertia of the transformed section, and Z is the section

modulus. Eqs. (3.1) and (3.2) are strictly true only if the specimen is

free of initial stresses induced by shrinkage and creep of concrete or

temperature changes. However, since in reality these stresses are pre-

sent, proper estimation of M and is difficult.

cr
 23

Values of lateral load, F inducing the cracking moment,

cr
M and lateral displacement 0 generated at this stage can be
cr cr
calculated using conventional methods of structural analysis and are

tabulated in Table 3.1.

3.1.2 Bending Moment and Curvature at Yield of Tensile Reinforcement

i - The Interaction Diagrams - Bending moments and curvatures

corresponding to yielding of tensile reinforcement can be obtained from

axial force - moment and axial force - curvature interaction diagrams.

The first step in developing the interaction diagrams is

defining the plastic centroid, and the ultimate and balanced point axial

load capacities of the cross section. The plastic centroid is the

location of resultant of stresses such that concrete and reinforcement

,
are under uniform compressions of 0.85 f and f , respectively, and
c Y
coincides with the geometric centroid for cross sections with symmetric

geometry. Axial forces and moments act at the plastic centroid. Ultimate

axial force capacity, N, of the cross section is developed when con-

u
crete and reinforcement are under uniform compressive stresses equal to

0.85 f' and f, respectively. Balanced point axial force and moment
c y
capacities, and ~, are developed when the strain in the tensile

reinforcement, E, equals the yield strain, E, and simultaneously,

s y
the extreme compression fiber strain equals a specified limiting con-

crete strain, E. Only for axial forces below the balanced point
c
axial force does the tensile reinforcement yield before the extreme

compression fiber attains the limiting value of concrete strain. In

this case, the cross section exhibits so-called ductile behavior.

 24

To calculate the bending moments causing yielding of the tensile

reinforcement, for a range of axial forces below the balanced point axial

force, a linear strain distribution across the cross section is used with

the strain in the tensile reinforcement equal to the yield strain, E ,

Y
and the strain in the extreme compression fiber equal to an assumed value,

E. The strains are then converted to forces (Fig. 3.2.a) using the cross
c
section geometry and idealized stress-strain relationships of the materials

(Fig. 3.1), and the summation of forces gives values for the bending

moment and axial force corresponding to the assumed strain in the extreme

compression fiber. Corresponding value of curvature is given by ~

y =
E
c
Ie. Changing the value for the strain in the extreme compression fiber

provides additional points on the interaction diagrams, and the process

is repeated until enough points are obtained to adequately define the

entire relationship.

ii - Relationships Suggested by Sugano and Koreishi [18] - Bending

moments and curvatures causing yielding of the tensile reinforcement in

reinforced concrete columns can also be calculated through use of the

relationships suggested by Sugano and Koreishi which are reproduced below.

Assuming both tensile and compressive steel attain strains equal to the

yield strain, E , it can be shown that

Y

M (3.3)
Y

where gl = (d - d')/D, is the distance between tension and compression

reinforcement divided by depth of section, p is the tensile reinforce-

ment ratio, and n

o
= N/(A
g
f'), is the axial compression index.
c
Curvature at yield of tensile reinforcement can be obtained from
 25

= M /0. E I
Y Y c tr
(3.4)

.. where the stiffness reduction factor, a, is empirically defined as

y

a [0.043 + 0.043 aiD + 1.64 n P + n /3] (d/D) 2 (3.5)

y o

iii - Lateral Load and Lateral Displacement at Yield of Tensile

Reinforcement - Lateral load, F to induce the yield moment M ; and

Y Y
lateral displacement, ay corresponding to the curvature distribution

shown in Fig. 3.3 can be calculated using conventional methods of

structural analysis and are tabulated in Table 3.1. Displacement induced

by the so-called "N-a" effect is included in the calculations whereas

shear deformations have been considered negligible.

3.1.3 Bending Moment and Curvature ~men Extreme Compression Fiber

us
Strain e: e:
c c

Bending moments and curvatures inducing a limiting (usable)

us
value of strain, e: in the extreme compression fiber of a reinforced
c
concrete column cross section can be calculated in a manner similar to

that outlined in Section 3.1.2.i. The usable strain chosen here for

analysis corresponds to that strain when unconfined concrete strength

has dropped to 0.85 f', and its value is 0.0040 (Section 2.2.2). As
c
shown in Fig. 3.2.b, a linear strain distribution across the cross sec-

tion is used with the extreme compression fiber strain, e:, set at
c
0.0040, and the tensile reinforcement strain, e:, assumed at a value
s
larger than the yield strain, e: (for axial forces below the balanced
y

point axial force). Assumed strain distribution is converted to stresses

and forces through the use of idealized stress-strain relationships for

 26

the materials and the cross section geometry. Summation of forces gives

values for bending moment and axial force corresponding to the assumed

tensile reinforcement strain. Corresponding value of the curvature is

us
~ = 0.0040/c. Changing the value of the tensile reinforcement strain

results in additional points on the interaction diagrams, and the process

is repeated until enough points are obtained to define the interaction

diagrams.

3.1.4 Bending Moment and Curvature when Extreme Compression Fiber Strain
ult
E E
c C

Concrete core, under proper confinement, exhibits a stress-

strain relationship as given in Fig. 3.1.c where strains higher than

US
E
c
= 0.0040 can be reached without considerable drop in strength.
ult
Bending moments and curvatures inducing ultimate values of strain, E
c
in the extreme compression fiber of the core section can be calculated

through a procedure similar to that outlined in Section 3.1.3, and shown

in Fig. 3.2. c .

3.1.5 Summary of Results

Interaction diagrams developed for strain distributions

described in Sections 3.1.2 through 3.1.4 are shown in Fig. 3.4. Moments

and curvatures corresponding to the loading conditions described in

Sections 3.1.1 through 3.1.4, and for the axial forces under study are

summarized in Table 3.1, and illustrated graphically in Fig. 3.5.

3.2 SHEAR STRENGTH

Under monotonic loading the ultimate shear strength, v, of

u
specimens is composed of contributions from concrete and transverse rein-

forcement, i.e.:
 27

v v + V (3.6)
u C S

Shear resistance provided by concrete, v , is known to

c
increase with increasing axial forces acting on the specimen, and is

limited by Equation 11-4 of ACI Code '71 which can be rewritten as:

vc = <I> b d rog If'c + 2500 p

vc
3.5 b d If'c (3.7)

where ~ is a capacity reduction factor as defined by ACI Code 71.

An alternate equation to calculate the shear resistance of concrete has

been suggested by Olesen, et. al. [30], i.e.

v
c [
I>1
cr
I (a-d/2) + 0.6 b d IfIJ c
(3.8)

The first term of the above equation, derived from the statics of the

specimen, represents the shear required to produce inclined cracks. The

second term is added simply as a correction to make the results consistent

with experimental data.

Shear resistance provided by the transverse reinforcement, v,

s
can be calculated from

vs = A f
v ys
dis (3.9)

assuming 45° inclined cracks. In Eq. 3.9; A , f and s are the

v ys
area, yield stress and spacing of transverse reinforcement, respectively.

Another means of predicting the ultimate shear strength, v ,

u

of specimens is through the use of the empirical relationship given below,

as suggested by Ohno, et. al. [15], after an analysis of the data obtained

from some 175 tests conducted on reinforced concrete columns.

 28

~
0.23(f' + 180)
N
v <p b d ku kp c + 1. 4 / p (3.10)
u aid + 0.23 w 250

where k and k are empirical constants depending on d and p

u p

respectively, and p = A Ibs, is the transverse reinforcement ratio.

w v

Eq. (3.10) implies that the ultimate shear strength, v , is pro-

u

portional to the square root of the ratio and yield stress of the trans-

verse reinforcement, /p f an empirical finding contradictory to

w ys
equilibrium requirements for the critical region as set forth in Eq. (3.9) .

Results of calculations for the specimens under study based on

Eqs. (3.6) through (3.10) are summarized in Table 3.2. Also included

in Table 3.2, for purposes of comparison, are the shear forces required

to produce the yield moments, M , calculated in Section 3.1. Effect

Y
of shear reversals on the shear resistance mechanism will be discussed

later.

t The numerical coefficients in Eq. (3.10) are consistent with the metric
system of units.
 29

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

4.1 GENERAL

The objective of the experimental investigation is to identify

and to characterize the effects of relevant parameters on the inelastic

cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete members subjected to combined

moment, shear, and axial force. Response quantities of importance from

the point of view of inelastic cyclic behavior are identified as (1)

forces and deformations on the monotonic loading curve ("skeleton" curve)

where stiffness and strength properties of the member change, and (2)

deformation capacity, strength and stiffness degradation characteristics

and energy dissipation capacity of the member under cyclic loading.

Results pertaining to the skeleton curve are presented and

discussed first; then the deformation capacity, strength and stiffness

degradation characteristics, and energy dissipation capacity are each

considered. Experimentally obtained response characteristics are com-

pared with the respective values calculated in Chapter 3.

4.2 OVERALL BEHAVIOR

4.2.1 Elastic Behavior

Although it is not strictly true, a specimen will be called

elastic until the main (longitudinal) reinforcement yields. Inferences

on the elastic properties of the specimens are made from lateral force -

displacement diagrams obtained during the execution of Displacement Set O.

Three such diagrams are reproduced in Fig. 4.1, one for each of the

three axial loads used in this investigation. Amount of applied axial

load is the only variable parameter controlling behavior in this small

displacement amplitude range. Also shown in the figure are the values
 30

of cracking and yield lateral forces and displacements that were obtained

in Section 3.1. Since Eqs. (3.1) and (3.2) are true only for monotonic

loading and do not account for the stiffness degradation exhibited even

under small amplitudes of cyclic excitation, the initial elastic stiff-

ness, KE F /6 , overestimates the actual initial elastic stiffness.

cr cr
Equivalent elastic stiffness, K , which is defined as the slope of the
eq
straight line joining the two extreme points on the lateral force -

displacement diagrams, can be seen to increase with increasing applied

axial load.

Also notable in these diagrams is the energy dissipating

characteristic of the specimens in the "elastic" range. As a measure of

the energy dissipation capacity, the area inside the lateral force-

displacement loop at a lateral displacement amplitude of 0.2 inches was

calculated and found to be approximately 0.9 kip-in., which is relatively

small in comparison to energy dissipated at higher lateral displacement

amplitudes (see Section 4.6).

4.2.2 General Characteristics of Hysteretic Action - Deformation

Diagrams

i - Lateral Force - Displacement Diagrams - Lateral force-displacement

curves, corresponding to Displacement Set(s) 1 (and 2, if applicable) and

measured by the load cell and the LVDT on the actuator generating the

lateral load, are reproduced in Figs. 4.2.a through 4.2.£. These dia-

grams provide the most important data for evaluation of specimen behavior

in terms of strength and stiffness degradation characteristics and

energy dissipation capacity.

The general shape of the typical lateral force-displacement

curve reflects the relative contributions of flexural and shear deforma-

tions on the total specimen deflection, with the magnitude of each

 31

contribution changing with the test series variables. When high applied

axial loads cause closing of inclined cracks and diminish the effect of

shear deformations, the shape of the lateral force-displacement diagrams

is similar to that of the moment - average curvature diagrams (Specimens

9 through 12); whereas, when the applied axial load is relatively low,

considerable effect of "pinching" deformations becomes noticeable

(Specimens 1 through 4).

The strength and stiffness degradation characteristics, and

the variation of these with the test series variable parameters can also

be observed from these diagrams.

ii - Moment-Longitudinal Reinforcement Strain Diagrams - Bending

moment at specimen centerline (bending moment due to "N-o" effect not

included) is plotted against average strain measured over 5 inches of

one of the top and bottom longitudinal bars.

Shapes of these experimental bending moment-strain curves

t
(Fig. 4.3, typical ) closely resemble Ramberg-Osgood type stress-strain

diagrams which are conventionally used to predict inelastic behavior of

(reinforcing) steel: Upon reversal of applied bending moment, the moment-

strain relationship is linear with a slope close to that of the elastic

portion. However, as the sense (sign) of applied bending moment changes,

pronounced Bauschinger effect causes the bending moment-strain relation-

ship to become nonlinear.

tBecause considerable amount of data in the form of hysteresis loops

have been generated as a result of the experimental investigation and
because of space limitations, only typical relationships are reproduced
herein. For a complete catalogue of the hysteresis loops obtained see
Appendix.
 32

t
Magnitude and sense of net permanent strain are functions of

previous loading history and magnitude of applied axial load. Compressive

net permanent strains are exhibited and accumulated, as concrete in the

critical region loses its compressive resistance because of cycling well

in the inelastic range or because of high magnitudes of applied axial

load.

iii - Moment-Average Curvature Diagrams - Bending moment at specimen

midspan as generated by the applied lateral load (liN-Oil effect not

included) is plotted against average curvature measured by LVDTs in

Zones I through 4, and by clip gages mounted on the longitudinal rein-

forcement (Fig. 4.4, typical). Average curvatures measured by the LVDTs

include effect of rotations due to slip of longitudinal reinforcement,

and therefore are generally greater in absolute value than the average

curvatures obtained from measurements made on the longitudinal reinforce-

ment (compare Fig. 4.4.b with Fig. 4.4.e). However, the hysteresis

loops obtained through either measurement are similar in shape, with the

implication that after several inelastic cycles causing the concrete in

the critical region to be throughly cracked, flexural behavior is

essentially controlled by the inelastic cyclic characteristics of

longitudinal reinforcement.

iv - Shear Force-Relative Displacement Diagrams - Relative displace-

ments measured by the two Daytronic LVDTs both in the same critical

region in one half of the specimens, are plotted as functions of the

measured shear force (Fig. 4.5, typical). These relative displacements

TNet permanent strain is defined as the irrecoverable strain induced in

the compression reinforcement (see Fig. 4.3.b).
 33

include contributions of flexural and shear deformations, and the

hysteresis loops they generate are similar in shape to the lateral force-

displacement diagrams.

v - Shear Force - Shear Deformation Diagrams - Average shear deforma-

tions measured in two critical regions, one in each half of the specimens,

are plotted as functions of the measured shear force (Fig. 4.6, typical).

Inspection of these diagrams reveal increases in average shear

deformation under cycling at a fixed lateral displacement amplitude, with

the implication that shear stiffness degradation is a direct function of

cyclic loading. Moreover, this degradation appears to be enhanced with

increasing lateral displacement amplitudes, and with decreasing magni-

tudes of applied axial load.

Also noticeable in these diagrams is the so-called "pinching"

effect, a range of considerably low shear stiffness near zero loads. In

this range, flexure and shear cracks formed during the previous half

cycle are open, especially if the applied axial load magnitude is

relatively low; therefore, aggregate interlocking and friction along the

cracks are ineffective in the shear resistance mechanism. After the

open cracks are closed, the instantaneous shear stiffness starts in-

creasing with the contribution of aggregate interlocking and friction.

The "pinching" effect, therefore, becomes a more significant factor

controlling inelastic cyclic behavior with increasing lateral displace-

ment amplitude and with decreasing magnitudes of applied axial load.

vi - Shear Force - Transverse Reinforcement Strain Diagrams - Strains

measured by gages attached to the transverse reinforcement ties are

plotted against measured shear force (Fig. 4.7, typical).

 34

Strains in the ties are small prior to occurrence of inclined

shear cracks when almost all the applied shear is resisted by concrete.

However, as the inclined cracks form, a corresponding increase occurs in

the strain rate in the tie (Point 1 on Fig. 4.7). Upon reversal of the

applied shear, closing of cracks causes decreases in the tensile strain

existing in the tie, until formation of cracks in the opposite direction

imposes an additional tensile strain (Point 2 on Fig. 4.7). Before

spalling of concrete cover, transverse reinforcement strain is inversely

related to magnitude of applied axial load, since under high magnitudes

of applied axial load, crack widths are relatively small and aggregate

interlocking and friction along the cracks are effective in the shear

resistance mechanism. However, further increases in the transverse

reinforcement strain occur as the concrete cover spalls off, and, thus,

the resistance of the cross section against transverse expansion is

reduced.

4.2.3 Inclined Shear Cracking

Inclined cracking shear force, vcr , is considered to be a

good measure of the shear resistance provided by concrete, and its value

can be inferred from the experimentally obtained shear force - transverse

reinforcement strain diagrams (Fig. 4.7, typical). Until the applied

shear force reaches V , concrete in the critical region provides

cr
almost all the shear resistance, and the transverse reinforcement strains

are small. Upon further increase of the applied shear force, inclined

shear cracks form causing abrupt increases in transverse reinforcement

strains and thus the detection of the inclined cracking shear load.

Values of V thus obtained are summarized in Table 4.1, and averages

cr
of V for the (-) and (+) directions of loading are compared
cr
 35

graphically with the concrete shear capacity calculated in Section 3.2

(Fig. 4.B.a).

4.2.4 Yield of Longitudinal Reinforcement

Yield of tensile longitudinal reinforcement is probably the

most important response characteristic. As yielding occurs stiffness

characteristics of the reinforced concrete member change drastically,

and deformation and energy dissipation characteristics and strength

degradation mechanism are conventionally presented and discussed in terms

of actions and deformations' at yield of longitudinal reinforcement.

Measured values of lateral force, lateral displacement, bending

moment at specimen midspan and average curvature for both the negative (-)

and positive (+) directions of lateral loading are tabulated in Table 4.1.

Averages of (-) and (+) responses, and the values calculated in Section

3.1 are presented graphically in Fig. 4.B.b and 4.B.c. The test series

parameter mainly controlling actions and deformations at yield of tensile

reinforcement is the magnitude of applied axial load: Increasing

applied axial load, N (within the range 0 < N < N ) results in in-
b
creasing values for actions and deformations at yield. Actions and

deformations at yield of tensile reinforcement as calculated in Section

3.1 are in fair agreement with measured actions and deformations.

4.2.5 Spalling of Concrete Cover

As lateral displacement amplitudes increase beyond the yield

displacement, compressive strain in the concrete cover within the critical

us
region reaches its usable limit, E: and the cover concrete starts
C

tLateral force, shear force, and bending moment are defined as actions.
Lateral displacement, average shear deformation, and average curvature
are defined as deformations.
 36

spalling off. This point in lateral loading corresponds to the

initiation of considerable strength degradation and therefore is a

significant index of inelastic behavior. Values for lateral displacement

amplitudes which cause the cover to spall off can be obtained through an

inspection of the history of compressive strain in the longitudinal rein-

forcement. At the instant the cover starts spalling distinct increases

in the compressive strain are observed, since compressive stresses

induced by the applied bending moment are now resisted essentially by the

compression reinforcement (Fig. 4.3 and Fig. 4.9, typical). Since the

strains in the compressive and tensile reinforcement are measured

known quantities at that instant of lateral loading, by assuming a

linear strain distribution across the depth of the section, the limiting
us
value of usable concrete strain in the extreme compression fiber, E
C

can be calculated.

Values for lateral displacement amplitudes at the initiation of

us
concrete cover spalling and for the usable concrete strain, E
C

obtained in the manner just outlined are tabulated in Table 4.1. Lateral

displacement amplitudes causing initiation of cover spalling and thus the

initiation of strength degradation are inversely related to the magnitude

US
of applied axial load. The average value of E
c
= 0.0048 (with a stan-
us
dard deviation = 0.0011) is in fair agreement with the value E
C
0.0040

which was obtained in Section 2.2.2 from the stress-strain tests on

concrete cylinders.

4.2.6 Shear Resistance Mechanism

After the formation of inclined flexure-shear cracks, applied

shear force is resisted by contributions from compressed concrete above

the crack, ties crossed by the crack, aggregate interlocking and friction
 37

along the crack, and the dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement

(Fig. 4.10).

In the experimental investigation conducted, no measurements

were made to obtain information on shear resistance provided by aggregate

interlocking and friction forces or by the dowel action. The combined

contribution of aggregate interlocking and friction forces along cracks

should be expected to increase with increasing applied axial load (at

low displacement amplitudes, as long as abrasion of core concrete is not

instigated) because of the narrowness of inclined cracks. The contribu-

tion of dowel action of longitudinal reinforcement should be expected to

increase with decreasing transverse reinforcement spacing because of

increased lateral support of longitudinal reinforcement, but to decrease

with increasing lateral displacement amplitudes because of spalling of

cover concrete and loss of lateral support of longitudinal reinforcement.

Contribution of concrete can be estimated as proposed in

Section 3.2, but equations suggested there are relevant only for mono-

tonic loading and do not reflect the likely degradations cyclic loading

would induce.

The contribution of ties crossed by the inclined crack can be

closely estimated by calculations based on strain measurements made on

the transverse reinforcement. The number of ties crossed by the inclined

crack, n, is not a determined quantity, but can be estimated by

assuming 45 0 inclined cracks. This assumption is less valid for in-

creasing applied axial load, when the inclined cracks become steeper with

respect to the longitudinal axis of the specimen. Assuming further, an

elasto-plastic stress-strain relationship for the transverse reinforce-

ment with the yield stress, f and yield strain, £ , (see Section
ys Y
2.2.1), and a uniform strain distribution along the height of the tie
 38

(that is, assuming the measured strain to be equal to the strain where

the inclined crack crosses the tie), then

n e: .
sl.
vs A
v
f
ys I e:
(4.1 )
i=l y

where e:. is the measured strain in the ith tie and where the maximum
s1.

value e: ./e: is permitted to take is 1. Variations of applied shear

S1. y
force and the shear resistance provided by the transverse reinforcement,

V, with lateral displacement amplitude for the negative direction of

s
loading of Specimens 5 (applied axial load = 120 kips) and 9 (applied

axial load = 180 kips) are shown in Fig. 4.11. The shaded portion

corresponds to shear resistance provided by concrete, aggregate inter-

locking and friction, and dowel action. Shear capacity of concrete, v ,

c
as calculated for monotonic loading (Section 3.2) accounts for most of

the total shear resistance prior to occurrence of inclined cracking.

Upon inclined cracking (see Section 4.2.3), resistance provided by the

ties starts increasing. At low displacement amplitudes high axial loads

keep cracks closed, transverse reinforcement strains and, therefore, the

resistance provided by the ties are relatively low. However, as the

displacement amplitude increases, high axial load enhances the degrada-

tion of shear resistance provided by the concrete, aggregate interlocking

and friction; and therefore the shear resistance provided by the ties

increases.

An analysis of experimental data obtained reveals that (see

Table 4.2) while no ties attained yield strains in tests of Specimens 1

through 4 (applied axial load = 60 kips), high magnitudes of applied

axial load caused yielding in some ties in tests of Specimens 5 through

12.
 39

4.2.7 Cracking Pattern

The observed cracking pattern is closely related to the stresses

generated at the critical region by the applied bending moment, shear and

axial forces, with the direction of cracks formed perpendicular to the

direction of principal stresses. Flexural cracks originate at the ten-

sion side of the cross section and are perpendicular to the longitudinal

axis of the specimen. Upon further increase of lateral load, when shear

stresses induce high enough principal tensile stresses, inclined cracks

form, usually originating from the flexural cracks. Dowel action causes

splitting cracks. Deterioration of bond between tensile reinforcement

and concrete causes bond cracks. Axial force and compressive stresses

combine to cause spalling cracks in the compression side (Fig. 4.12.a).

Upon reversal of the direction of the applied lateral load, the cracking

sequence repeats itself as a mirror image (Fig. 4.12.b). Cracks thus

formed propagate under cyclic loading. Spalling and splitting cracks

accumulate and cause eventual loss of concrete cover and inclined cracks

fracture the concrete in the critical region into a mesh of concrete

blocks.

High axial loads help keep inclined crack widths narrow at low

lateral displacement amplitudes, but enhance the spalling of concrete

cover (Fig. 4.15). Increasing transverse reinforcement spacing causes

increases in length of region of inelastic behavior. The length of

region where concrete cover spalled off was approximately 10.5 inches for

Specimen 9 (transverse reinforcement spacing = 3 inches), whereas the

same length was more than 20 inches for Specimen 10 (transverse rein-

forcement spacing = 5 inches) (Fig. 4.15.a and b). Decreasing trans-

verse reinforcement spacing causes the inclined cracks to be more closely

clustered in a shorter critical region with the slopes of inclined cracks

 40

steeper with respect to the longitudinal axis of the specimen (Fig.

4.13.c).

4.2.8 Modes of Failure

Test specimens were nominally subjected to Lateral Displacement

Set(s) I (and 2 for Specimens I through 8). However, loading, lateral

and axial, was discontinued when a specimen was considered to have failed.

Failure was assumed to have taken place if either there was a con-

siderable degradation of lateral load resistance capacity as observed

from the X-Y recorder during the execution of the test, or the observed

damage to the specimen was severe enough to indicate that further

lateral loading would cause lateral instability of the specimen (under

moderate-to-high applied axial loads). The number of lateral displace-

ment cycles and the maximum lateral displacement that each specimen could

endure are listed in Table 4.3.

Specimens I through 3 (applied axial load = 60 kips) withstood

the prescribed lateral displacement time histories without failing.

Additional lateral loading until failure was not stipulated because it

was felt that sufficient experimental data had been obtained. However,

there was considerable damage in the forms of crushed and spalled con-

crete cover (with the length of spalled region directly related to

transverse reinforcement spacing), and wide flexure and inclined flexure-

shear cracks (Fig. 4.13.a, b, and c). Specimen 4 (applied axial load

60 kips, transverse reinforcement spacing =5 inches) failed due to

buckling of longitudinal compression reinforcement (Fig. 4.13.d), as the

lateral support provided by the ties proved insufficient. Concrete in

the core, not confined adequately, was subjected to severe abrasion and

a plastic hinge had formed by the propagation(due to cycling at large

displacement amplitudes)of the intersecting inclined cracks.

 41

Specimens 5 through 8 (applied axial load = 120 kips) exhibited

similar plastic hinges. For Specimen 5, closer spacing of transverse

reinforcement (at 3 inches) prevented buckling of longitudinal rein-

forcement. Damage observed in the critical regions at either side of the

joint area was of similar magnitudes (Fig. 4.14.b). Specimen 7 (trans-

verse reinforcement spacing also at 3 inches) failed due to lateral

instability one of its halves (under a moderately high applied axial

load). Concentration of accumulated damage only on one critical region

was the result of probable slight unsymmetry in the lateral load applica-

tion mechanism or of non-uniformity in the properties of the specimen

along its length. Buckling of longitudinal reinforcement was observed

upon inspection of damage to Specimens 6 and 8 (transverse reinforcement

spacing = 5 inches) at a lateral displacement amplitude of 3.2 inches.

The high magnitude of the axial load applied to Specimens 9

through 12 enhanced the abrasion of core concrete and thus the trans-

formation of the critical region into practically a plastic hinge (Fig.

4.15) . (Note that maximum lateral displacement applied to Specimen 11

is 2.4 inches, compared to 2.0 inches for Specimens 9, 10, and 12).

Under high compressive stresses, even at relatively low displacement

amplitudes, severe spalling cracks formed inducing an accumulation of

compressive strains in the longitudinal reinforcement and in the concrete

core. Closer spacing of transverse reinforcement (at 3 inches) for

Specimens 9 and 11 provided lateral support sufficient to prevent buck-

ling of longitudinal reinforcement. The effect of the applied axial load

on the amount of damage to the critical region can be observed by com-

paring Figs. 4.14.a and 4.15.a, from Specimens 5 and 9, respectively, at

a lateral displacement amplitude of 2.0 inches.

 42

In summary, the failure mechanism exhibited by each specimen

was similar with the mechanism enhanced by increasing magnitudes of

applied axial load, lateral displacement amplitude, and transverse rein-

forcement spacing.

4.3 DEFORMATION CAPACITY

4.3.1 Ductility

Deformation capacity of specimens are discussed in terms of

various ductility factors. While the term ductility may often be used

loosely in literature and practice, distinctions should be made with

reference to the deformation component used as the basis of the defini-

tion, and also with reference to the nature of loading, i.e. cyclic or

monotonic. Because generalized earthquake-like excitations (and the

excitations used in this investigation) contain reversals of deformation;

the displacement, strain, and average curvature ductility factors that

are discussed herein are defined as the ratios of maximum cyclic usable

displacement, strain, and average curvature to the displacement, strain,

and the average curvature at the first yield of longitudinal reinforce-

ment, respectively. Further, maximum usable deformation is defined as

that deformation beyond which there is considerable loss of strength or

stiffness.

The lateral displacement ductility factor (Table 4.3), cal-

culated as the ratio of maximum lateral displacement at failure, omax ,

to the lateral displacement at yield, 0, decreases with increasing
y

applied axial load.

The cyclic strain ductility factor, is defined as the

ratio of maximum usable total (summation of tensile and compressive)

strain in the longitudinal reinforcement to the summation of tensile and

 43

c
compressive strains at yield (Fig. 4.16.a). Calculated values of ]..Ie:

(Table 4.4) indicate a decrease in the cyclic strain ductility factor

with increasing applied axial load. Average values of cyclic strain

ductility factors are 7.8, 4.8, and 3.8 corresponding to applied axial

loads of 60, 120, and 180 kips, respectively.

variation of tensile strain ductility, ]..I

e:
= e: /e:,
s y
with

lateral displacement ductility, ]..10 0/0 (see Fig. 4.17, typical) is

y
linear up to ]..10 = ]..Ie: = 1. At this point there is a sudden jump in

recorded strains (corresponding to strains in the yield plateau), and

beyond it the strains increase almost linearly with increasing lateral

displacement ductility factor, but with a slope greater than unity; that

is, strain ductility factors are generally larger than lateral displace-

ment ductility factors (with the ratio of the two factors close to 2.5).

The cyclic average curvature ductility factor, ]..I¢, is defined

(Fig. 4.16.b) in a manner similar to the cyclic strain ductility factor.

The average curvatures used in the calculations will be the average

curvatures obtained from strain measurements made on the longitudinal

reinforcement. Experimentally obtained values for the average curvature

+ =
at yield, <P = (¢ + 1 ~-1)/2,
~y
the ultimate average curvature, ~
~ult
y y
+ + 1¢ -I}) /2,
(max. {¢ and the average curvature ductility factor, ]..I
¢
=
¢ult/¢y' indicate (Table 4.4) that, with increasing applied axial load,

the average curvature at yield increases, the ultimate average curvature

and the cyclic average curvature ductility factor decrease. Average

values of ~ are 0.00395, 0.00263, and 0.00189; and average values

~ult

of are 14.0, 6.7, and 4.0 corresponding to applied axial loads of

60, 120, and 180 kips, respectively Furthermore, a comparison of

experimentally obtained values for and with the

 44

respective values of ~y' ~ult' and calculatE~d II' Section 3.1

indicates fair agreement (Fig. 4.8. c). The calcuLI ~t'd values were based
ult
on the assumption that e: 0.0100, a value sug(:1('sU:~d by Blume, et.al.
c
[31) for maximum available concrete strainj and the agreement of cal-

culated values with the experimental results is a verification of this

assumption. Use of ultimate strains that can be developed by confined

concrete as suggested by Park, et. al. [21) (also see Fig. 3.l.c) would,

on the other hand, have led to an overestimation of ultimate average

curvatures and average curvature ductility factors available. (Application

ult
of equations suggested by Park, et. al. yields values for e:
c
= 0.0368

and 0.0194 for transverse reinforcement spacing s = 3 and 5 inches,

respectively) .

4.3.2 Components of Lateral Displacement

i - Lateral Displacement due to Flexural Deformations - Measured

average curvatures in Zones 1 and 2 of the specimens are used to arrive

at an estimate of the lateral displacement component due to flexural

deformations (Fig. 4.18.a). Deformations outside the critical regions

covered by Zones 1 through 4 are assumed to be in the elastic range,

and to be negligible in the calculation of lateral displacement components

in the inelastic range. Values of average curvature in Zone 2 are of a

higher magnitude than those in Zone 1, and therefore contribute to and

affect more strongly the displacement component due to flexural de for-

mations. The variation of the average curvature in Zone 2, ~2' with

lateral displacement amplitude, 6, indicates (Fig. 4.19, typical) that

flexural deformations increase with increasing magnitudes of applied

 45

axial load. However, the effect of transverse reinforcement spacing

t
on the amount of flexural deformations is not pronounced

Displacement component due to flexural deformations, 0flex'

calculated as proposed above is plotted against the measured lateral

force (Fig. 4.20.a, typical), and the ratio 0flex/o is tabulated in

Table 4.5.

The method proposed above to calculate the contribution of

flexural deformations is valid only prior to formation of a plastic hinge.

However, when a plastic hinge forms at either one of the two critical

regions, because of probable non-uniformity in the properties of the

specimen along its length, flexural deformations at the two halves no

longer have similar magnitudes (see Fig. 4.21), and a curvature distri-

bution such as one shown in Fig. 4.1S.a can no longer be used to

estimate the displacement components. Plastic hinge rotations can be

calculated from a typical diagram like Fig. 4.21 by mUltiplying the

ordinate of the shaded portion of the diagram by the length over which

the average curvature measurement is made. One half of the specimen

undergoes practically no bending, while the plastic hinge rotation at

the other half accounts for almost all the lateral displacement (Fig.

4.lS.b). Plastic hinge rotations thus calculated and their contribution

to the lateral displacement are tabulated in Table 4.6.

ii - Lateral Displacement due to Shear Deformations - Calculation

of contribution of shear deformations on the lateral displacement were

based on relative displacements measured in Zones 1 and 2 of the

t Most of the analytical methods proposed to generate cyclic moment -

average curvature relationships require the curvature values to have
assigned values corresponding to which a bending moment is calculated.
However, studies as above can be used to relate the expected value of
average curvature to the displacement amplitude.
 46

specimens. The contribution of flexural deformations to the relative

displacements are accounted for as shown in Figs. 2.12 and 4.IB.c. The

calculated displacement component due to shear deformations are plotted

as a function of the measured lateral force (Fig. 4.20.b, typical). A

study of the variation of this displacement component with lateral dis-

placement amplitude indicates (Fig. 4.22) increasing contributions of

shear deformations with increasing transverse reinforcement spacing and

decreasing magnitudes of applied axial load (see also Table 4.5).

iii - Estimation of Lateral Displacement from Flexural and Shear

Deformations - The displacement components due to flexural and shear

deformations, as calculated above, were combined and plotted as a func-

tion of measured lateral force (Fig. 4.20.c, typical). Comparison of

this diagram with the diagram showing the measured lateral displacement

as a function of measured lateral force (Fig. 4.2.c) indicates fair

agreement, with the implication that internal deformation components,

once defined in terms of test parameters and mathematically generated,

can be combined to yield a method of predicting the member force -

displacement relationship.

4.4 STIFFNESS DEGRADATION

4.4.1 Stiffness Characteristics of the Overall Specimen

By adopting a dimensionless coordinate system, i.e. expressing

the lateral force, F*, in the dimensionless form F*/F* (where the
y

superscript* denotes forces adjusted by the "N-o" effect) and the

lateral displacement, 0, in the form % , equivalent yield stiffness

y

of the member, K , can be defined to be equal to unity (Fig. 4.23).

y
Omitting the effect of strength degradation - which will later be treated

separately - equivalent stiffness for a half cycle in the inelastic range

 47

+
starting from a point (+ 1, 8-/8 ) can be seen to have deteriorated by
y

a factor a where

2 8
y
(4.2)

and where max{8+} and max{i8-i} are maximum absolute values of lateral

displacements already applied to the specimen in the (+) and (-) directions

of lateral loading, respectively. Returning stiffness, K , can be

r
approximated by

K a K (4.3)
r cr

where K is the cracking stiffness expressed (in the dimensionless

cr
form) as (p* /P*)/(8 /8). The agreement between the return stiffnesses
cr y cr y
approximated by the above approach and obtained experimentally is

satisfactory (Pig. 4.24, typical). The conventionally used method [32]

to predict the stiffness upon return from a displacement level 8 in the

form K K
y
(6/6
y
)S, where S is an empirical constant varying
r

between 0.3 and 0.6, has the disadvantage of neglecting the effect of

previous loading history.

4.4.2 Stiffness Characteristics of the Critical Region

The initial cracked sectional stiffness, K , can be defined

I
as the ratio of bending moment to average curvature at yield of longitu-

dinal reinforcement. Its calculated and measured values can be obtained

from calculated and measured values of bending moments and average

curvatures already reported in Sections 3.1.2 and 4.2.4, respectively.

Upon yield of tensile reinforcement, when strain in the tensile rein-

forcement is in the yield plateau, instantaneous bending stiffness (slope

 48

of the bending moment vs. average curvature diagram) is virtually

reduced to zero. However, as unloading starts, instantaneous stiffness

is restored to a value close to the initial cracked sectional stiffness.

As the applied bending moment is reduced to zero, instantaneous bend-

ing stiffness starts degrading considerably due to the Bauschinger

effect; and the amount of the degradation is directly proportional to

the lateral displacement amplitude and inversely proportional to the

magnitude of applied axial load (Fig. 4.2S.a). The variation of in-

stantaneous bending stiffness from this point of zero lateral load

(where the instantaneous bending stiffness has the value shown in Fig.

4.2S.a) to the point of maximum lateral displacement in the reversed

direction (where the instantaneous bending stiffness equals approximately

zero) is almost linear.

Of particular interest from the point of view of instantaneous

shear stiffness is the range of low stiffness exhibited in the shear

force - average shear deformation diagrams. Lateral force - displacement

diagrams reflect the effect of this range of low stiffness by exhibiting

a "pinched" portion, beginning at about zero lateral load when cracks

are open. Degradation of instantaneous shear stiffness (slope of the

shear force - average shear deformation diagram) at such a point in

lateral loading seems to be enhanced with increasing lateral displace-

ment amplitudes (Fig. 4.2S.b). However, such a pronounced range of low

instantaneous shear stiffness cannot be detected in tests of specimens

under high magnitudes of applied axial load, since the axial load tends

to keep the inclined cracks narrow and increase the shear stiffness.
 49

4.5 STRENGTH DEGRADATION

Lateral force - displacement diagrams obtained experimentally

are studied to extract information on the mechanism of strength (lateral

load resistance capacity) degradation. A preliminary analysis of

experimental data indicates strength degradations with increasing lateral

displacement amplitudes and with cycling at a displacement amplitude in

the inelastic range.

The study on strength degradation with increasing lateral

displacement amplitudes indicated (Fig. 4.26) the following. (1) Strength

degradation starts at lower displacement amplitudes for increasing

magnitudes of applied axial load, and the displacement amplitude at the

initiation of strength degradation approximately corresponds to the

displacement amplitude when the concrete cover starts spalling off (as

has already been reported in Section 4.2.5). (2) _The degradation (de-

crease of F*/F* ratio) is almost linearly related to the lateral dis-

y

placement amplitude, i.e. the F*/F* vs. relationship can be

Y
approximated by a straight line with a slope S . (3) The negative
]J

slope, S , increases in absolute value with increasing magnitudes of

]J

applied axial load and increasing transverse reinforcement spacing.

The study on strength degradation with cycling at a lateral

displacement amplitude in the inelastic range indicated (Fig. 4.27) that,

prior to failure, i.e. for values of F*/F* greater than F* /F*

Y failure y '
the degradation is almost linearly related to the number of inelastic

cycles applied after the initiation of the degradation. Further, the

negative slope of the approximating straight line, SJ' exhibits in-

creasing absolute values with increasing magnitudes of applied axial

 50

load and increasing transverse reinforcement spacing. After the strength

drops below the failure load, the absolute value of this slope increases

noticeably.

4.6 ENERGY DISSIPATION CAPACITY

A measure of energy dissipated by a test specimen during a

cycle of lateral loading is the area enclosed within the lateral force -

displacement hysteresis loop. This area can be expressed as the alge-

braic sum of areas underneath lateral force - displacement curves cor-

responding to consecutive half cycles of lateral loading. The area is

calculated by a numerical method employing a three-point Gauss-Legendre

quadrature and Lagrangian interpolation at the three integration points,

implemented in a computer program.

The study of the variation of areas enclosed within the lateral

force - displacement diagrams (i.e. of energy dissipated, ~W, per cycle

by the specimen) with the test parameters indicated the following results

(Fig. 4.28). (1) Energy dissipated increases almost linearly with in-

creasing lateral displacement amplitudes. (2) Increasing magnitudes of

applied axial load cause increases in energy dissipated at a lateral

displacement amplitude; and this increase is mainly attributable to the

increase in lateral yield force due to increasing axial load. (3) Energy

dissipation capacity deteriorates because of cycling at a lateral dis-

placement amplitude (two values shown in the figures at a displacement

amplitude correspond to first and last cycles of loading at that ampli-

tude); except that at lateral loading stages of imminent failure there

is an apparent increase in energy dissipation capacity due to cycling.

This increase is the reflection of shaded portion (Fig. 4.29.a) of

lateral force displacement diagrams resulting from considerable strength

 51

degradation. (4) Transverse reinforcement spacing has no pronounced

effect on energy dissipation capacity. (5) Measured energy dissipation

capacity, ~W, of the test specimens at a displacement level can be

closely approximated by

2 F* (0-0 ) (4.4)
y y

where ~wc is the area enclosed within a cycle of a hysteresis loop

generated by the stiffness degrading model suggested by Clough and

Johnston [33] (Fig. 4.29.b). Experimentally obtained values for F* and

Y
oy (as reported in Table 4.1) were used in establishing ~Wc as the

approximating dashed line in Fig. 4.28.

It was pointed out earlier that the increase in energy

dissipation capacity with increasing magnitudes of applied axial load was

mainly attributable to increases in lateral yield force due to increasing

axial load. To isolate this effect and to render the study on energy

dissipation capacity dimensionless, a definition of equivalent damping

factor, ~, as suggested by Jennings [34] is adopted herein. Accordingly,

c~ 4 'IT W.
(4.5)
~

where W. is an energy measure for the monotonic force - displacement

~

relationship, with its various definitions shown in Fig. 4.29.c. The

damping factor ~2 (corresponding to the energy measure W ) increases

2
and approaches an asymptotic upper limit for increasing lateral dis-

placement amplitude (Fig. 4.30). The effect of increasing magnitUdes

of applied axial load (with the effect of increasing lateral yield load

now removed from consideration) is to increase the energy dissipation

capacity at a given lateral displacement amplitude.

 52

Energy dissipated within a unit length of the critical region

can be inferred from the areas enclosed within the bending moment -

average curvature diagrams obtained experimentally. Areas within these

diagrams are calculated by the method used to calculate the areas inside

the lateral force - displacement diagrams. Most of the energy dissipated

within the critical region is attributable to the work done by the forces

in the longitudinal reinforcement undergoing strains. At a given lateral

displacement amplitude, energy dissipated per unit length of the critical

region increases with increasing magnitudes of applied axial load and

with increasing transverse reinforcement spacing (Fig. 4.31), since the

response of the longitudinal reinforcement is intensified under such

conditions.
 53

5. MATHEMATICAL MODEL

5.1 INELASTIC HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR

To formulate an appropriate mathematical model for reinforced

concrete members subjected to cyclic inelastic deformations under com-

bined moment, shear, and axial force, the lateral force-displacement

behavior must be modelled realistically; i.e. one must be able to obtain

the lateral force time history corresponding to a controlled lateral

displacement time history.

Suppose for example, the lateral displacement time history of

a member is that function shown in Fig. 5.la. The corresponding lateral

force-displacement relation will be very similar to that shown by the

solid line in Fig. 5.2. Knowing these two relations, the lateral force

time history can be obtained as shown in Fig. 5.I.b.

In modelling the force-displacement relation of a member under

constant axial load, one should first establish the so called "skeleton"

curve. This curve is defined as the lateral force-displacement relation

under separate but independent positive and negative monotonically

increasing lateral displacements. Referring to Fig. 5.2, if the member

under constant axial load is initially subjected to a positive mono-

tonically increasing lateral displacement, the lateral load will increase

.1-

"elastically" to point M, remain at essentially a constant value F I

Y
under yielding conditions to point Q, and then will drop off along line

QS showing a decrease in strength with increasing displacement beyond

ON. This decrease is due primarily to crushing and spalling of the

tusually there will be an increase in the lateral force beyond Fy due to

strain hardening of the longitudinal reinforcement. On the other hand,
if the axial load is very large, a descendent curve will be exhibited
due to "N-O effect.
 54

concre'i:e on the compression sides of the member in the critical region.

If instead the member under the same axial load had initially been sub-

jected to a negative monotonically increasing lateral displacement, the

lateral load would change along curve OM'Q' and then drop off with further

increases in lateral displacement along line Q'S'. The force-displacement

relations under these two monotonic conditions combine to form the basic

skeleton curve S'Q'M'OMQS.

Let us now examine in more detail the force-displacement

relation shown in Fig. 5.2 for cyclic loading. If initially, cyclic

loading should take place at amplitudes in the range - 0 < 0 < 0 , the
y y
member will remain "elastic" and the corresponding force-displacement

time history will be along line MM'. However as soon as the lateral

displacement exceeds the yield level, hysteretic inelastic response

follows with each subsequent cycle of deformation. In Fig. 5.2, the

yield level is first exceeded at point M' with the displacement con-

tinuing to a value °1 as shown at point P'. The displacement then

reverses and continues to O

2
along curve pIMP (J = 1) which con-

stitutes the first full half-cycle of deformation following initial

yielding of the member. Again reversing the lateral displacement and

continuing to 03 along curve PP'Q'R' (J = 2), the second full half-

cycle of deformation is completed. Had this particular half-cycle

terminated at point P' rather than R', continuing repeated cycles of

deformation from 01 to °2 and back to 0

1
would produce stable

hysteretic loops connecting points P and P'. Such stable behavior

is experienced provided the absolute values of 01' 02' and all

previous displacements have not exceeded ON and provided the shear

stresses are relatively low. The third full half-cycle of deformation

in Fig. 5.2 starts at point R', proceeds along curve J = 3 to point T,

 55

and then follows the skeleton curve to point R where the deflection

equals 0 . Note that at deflection 02 along this curve, the lateral

4
force is somewhat reduced from the value F experienced on the previous
y
half-cycle as represented by point P. Such a reduction at a fixed

amplitude is experienced when the previous deformation time history has

exceeded o= ± 0 .
N
This represents unstable hysteretic behavior which

follows with each subsequent half-cycle as shown by curves J = 4,5,6,7

and 8. Note that quantities J, oJ' t , and F shown in Figs. 5.1,

J J
5.2, and 5.3 refer to the number of inelastic half-cycles following

initial yielding, the displacement at the initial point of the Jth

inelastic half-cycle, time at the initial point of the Jth inelastic

half-cycle, and the lateral force at the initial point of the Jth

inelastic half-cycle, respectively.

Three important characteristics of inelastic cyclic behavior

become apparent (1) the reduction in overall (or average) stiffness with

increasing amplitudes of inelastic deformation beyond o = ± 0 , (2) the

y

reduction in lateral resistance at a fixed displacement with each

repeated full half-cycle of inelastic deformation beyond 0 = ± ON' and

(3) the shape of the hysteretic loops as influenced by certain member

parameters and loading conditions. It is important when formulating an

appropriate mathematical model that these characteristics be represented

in a realistic manner. To be practical however this model must be

easily adapted to numerical procedures. Therefore, a proper balance

must be maintained between simplicity and accuracy.

5. 2 FORM OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL

To formulate an appropriate force-deflection mathematical

model, an analytical expression must be developed which will characterize

 56

the Jth inelastic half-cycle (J = 1,2, ... ) starting at time t . Since

J
in applications, the extent of the Jth half is not known prior to its

occurrence, this expression must be formulated knowing only the initial

point (oJ' F ) representing

J
t = t
J
and the previous force-deflection

time history.

To accomplish this, a function FJ(O) will be written which

passes through the known initial point (oJ' F

J
>, designated here as point

A, and an index point B whose location reflects the influence of the

member's force-deflection time history prior to t = t . The deflection

J
at point B, designated as is the maximum deflection which occurred

prior to t = t for half-cycles of increasing deflection and is the

J
minimum deflection which occurred prior to t = t
J
for half-cycles of

decreasing deflection, i.e.

3,5,7, ... ; Fl = F
[J y
Max. o (t) 0 < t < t ;
J
. !J 2,4,6, ... ; Fl + F
Y
oM = (5.1)
J
rJ = 2,4,6, ... ; Fl = F
Min. o (t) 0 < t < tJi 0
h
Y
!J = 3,5,7, ... ; Fl = + FY

The first inelastic half-cycle is one exception however in which case

(+ oy - F
~ Y (5.2)
i - oy + F
Y

The lateral force at point B, designated as is given by

 57

F
P
- !::.F - !::.F
rJ = 3,5,7, ... ; Fl = F
Y
J J-l J
I J 2,4,6, ... ; Fl + F
Y
M
F (5.3)
J

I:
= 2,4,6, ... ; Fl F
P Y
F + !::.F + !::.F
J J-l J
= 3,5,7, ... ; Fl + F
Y

p
where F is equal to instantaneous lateral force which was present
J
M
when 8 (t) last reached the value 8 as defined by Eq. (5.1) and
J
where !::.F J- 1 and !::'F are positive quantities representing resistance
J
losses due to possible unstable hysteretic behavior during half-cycles

J-l and J, respectively. Each of these losses exist only if the

deflection time-history during or prior to the half-cycle represented

has exceeded + 8 or - 8 . The value of F~ for the first inelastic

N N

half-cycle is given by

F - F
Y Y (5.4)
F + F
Y Y

The inelastic half-cycles for J = 1 through J = 8 in Fig. 5.2 are

separated and shown again in Fig. 5.3. The initial point A, the index

point B, and the terminal point C is shown for each half-cycle.

In formulating function F (8), it is convenient to use the

J

slope of the straight line passing through points A and B, i.e.

J 1,2,3 ... (5. 5)

This function, with certain restrictions on its use, can be expressed

by the following approximate empirical relations:

 58

= F + K (0-0 J )+ AJ cos
.!!.. (20_ _- --=J
OM - 0 ]
_ _=-J - 1 +
B (-2 (5.6)
J J 2 OM _ 0 J
J J

OpJ < 0 0 < 0 < - opJ J 1,3,5, ... ; F1 - F (a)

PJ - Y

OpJ < 0 OpJ ~ 0 < - OpJ J = 2,4,6, .•. ; Fl + F

y
(b)

FJ(O) F
J
+ K
J
(0-0 J) + A cos -
J 2
'Tf
r o
- o~ - OJ]
oM - 0
J J
(5.7)

OpJ < 0 0 < 0

- PJ
0 ~ OpJ ; J = 1,3,5, ... ; Fl - F
Y
(a)

opJ < 0 0 < 0

- PJ o ~ opJ J = 2,4,6, ... ; F1 =+ F (b)
Y

OpJ > 0 ; - CX> < 0 < CX> J = 1,3,5, ... ; Fl - F

y
(c)

opJ > 0 - co < 0 < CX> J 2,4,6, ... ; Fl = + F (d)

y

OJ] + B -
J 2
(1 + -1 2
cos

; - 0<0 < 0
PJ - - PJ
J = 2,4,6, ... ; Fl = - F (a)
Y

OpJ > 0 J = 1,3,5, ... ; F1 + F (b)

Y

(5.9)

OpJ > 0 0 < - opJ 0 > 0

- PJ
J 2,4,6, ... ; Fl =- F
Y
(a)

OpJ > 0 0 < - 0

PJ
0 > 0
- PJ
J = 1,3,5, ... ; Fl + F
Y
(b)

OpJ < 0 - CX> < 0 < CX> J 2,4,6, ... ; F1 - F

y
(c)

OpJ < 0
_ CX>
< 0 < CX> J 1,3,5, ... ; Fl + F (d)
y
 59

Quantities A and. B appearing in Eqs. (5.6) - (5.9) are positive

J J
coefficients. Quantity opJ appearing in Eq. (5.6) and the conditional

relations for both Eqs. (5.6) and (5.7) is that value of 0 which yields

a zero value for FJ(O) using Eq. (5.7). Likewise, the quantity opJ

appearing in Eq. (5.8) and the conditional relations for both Eqs. (5.8)

and (5.9) is that value of 0 which yields a zero value for FJ(O)

using Eq. (5.9).

The first two terms on the right hand side of Eqs. (5.6)-(5.9)

express the equation of the straight line passing through points A and B

while the remaining two terms in Eqs. (5.6) and (5.8) and the remaining

single term in Eqs.. (5.7) and (5.9) represent the deviation of the

function FJ(O) from this straight line. The last term in Eqs. (5.6)

and (5.8) containing the coefficient B represents the pinched form of

J
the hysteretic loop. Implicit in the form of this last term is the

simplifying assumption that ~he pinched form is symmetric with respect

to 0 = O. This assumption is, of course, not strictly true.

Function FJ(O) as defined by Eqs. (5.6)-(5.9) can represent

the entire Jth half-cycle only when it stays within certain bounds of

the skeleton curve FS(O); i.e. the function FJ(O) must never be

extended across the skeleton curve for 101 > o.

y
For example in

Fig. 5.2, while half-cycles J=4 through J=8 can be represented

entirely by Eqs. (5.6)-(5.9), half-cycles J=l through J=3 can only

be partly represented by these equations. Function FJ(O) as defined

by Eqs. (5.6)-(5.9) represents half-cycles J=l, J=2, and J=3 from

their initial points to points M, pI, and T, respectively. The

remaining portions of these half-cycles, namely portions MP, P'Q'R ' ,

and TQR, must follow the skeleton curve. Mathematically this means that

when FJ(O) as defined by Eqs. (5.6)-(5.9) satisfies the condition

 60

8 < - 8
y
a > ay J 1,2, ... (5.10)

it is applicable. However, when Eqs. (5.6)-(5.9) do not satisfy Eq. (5.10),

it is not applicable in which case FS(o) should be used for FJ(o).

Obviously therefore, the skeleton curve must be represented in mathe-

matical terms. Referring to Fig. (5.2), this relation can be expressed

in the form

F
-La
a - ay < a -< ay
Y

F
y
a < a < c
N
Y

FS(O) = F
y
- 8
N
< a < - ay (5.1I)

F
y [1 - Bs (~- +)] a > aN

- F
Y
[1 - Bs (~+ +)] a < - oN

where Bs is a positive scalar factor.

Parameters oN' Bs' 6F , A , and B

J J J
appearing in the above

relations which formulate the overall mathematical model must be obtained

from experimental evidence. Having their numerical values along with

the numerical values for F and 0, the Jth inelastic half-cycle is

y y
completely defined. Once the Jth half-cycle is complete, its terminal

point becomes the initial point for the J+l half-cycle. One defines

this half-cycle in exactly the same manner used for the Jth half-cycle.

By this method, one can obtain the entire force-displacement time history.
 61

5.3 EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS IN MATHEMATICAL MODEL

The parameters of the mathematical model presented in the

previous section can be identified as F ' 0y' oN' SS' ~FJ' A , and
y J
B . Based on experimental data, empirical relations have been formulated
J
for their numerical evaluation.

5.3.1 Factors F
y
and °y
Numerical values for lateral force and displacement at initial

yield, F and 0 , would normally be obtained through the analytical

y y
method presented in Section 3.1. Because this method is for monotonic

loading, and does not take into consideration stiffness degradations

induced by cycling in the "elastic" range, the calculated lateral

displacement at yield,
°,
y
slightly underestimates the true value.

The numerical values for F and 0 used in the subsequent

y y

calculations were obtained by averaging the experimentally measured

values (Table 4.1) for specimens under the same axial load. These

values are reproduced in Table 5.1.

5.3.2 Factor oN

The lateral displacement at initiation of loss of lateral

resistance, oN' is an inverse function of the magnitude of applied

axial load, N. Although the numerical values of ON used in the

calculations herein were obtained by averaging the experimental values

(Section 4.5; Table 5.1), they could be evaluated using the empirical

relation

= 0.05 + 2.58 110 (5.12)

 62

where n
o
= N/bD fl
c
is an axial compression index. This relation agrees

quite well with the experimental data.

5.3.3 Factor Ss

Factor Ss is a measure of the loss of lateral resistance due

to increasing lateral displacement and, as shown by experimental results,

is a function of applied axial load, N, and transverse reinforcement

spacing, s. Experimental values of Ss as used in the subsequent

calculations are shown in Table 5.1. These values can be estimated

using the empirical relation

0.27 - 0.045
d
s
+ (2.92 - 0.49 ~)n
s 0
(5.13)

5.3.4 Factor ~FJ

For displacement amplitudes less than ± oN' there is no loss

in resistance over a full half-cycle of deformation; therefore,

a max. {I °(t) /} < oN (5.14)

For displacement amplitudes greater than ± oN a loss in resistance

does occur which can be approximated by the relation

S F
Y
0H > max. {/o (t) I} > oN (5.15)

where S is a constant for a given test specimen but does depend upon

magnitude of axial load and, spacing of transverse reinforcement.

Displacement 0H is that value of 6 beyond which the loss in resist-

ance per full half-cycle ~FJ becomes significantly larger than that

given by Eq. (5.15).

 63

The numerical values of B obtained from experimental data

are shown in Table 5.1. These values can be estimated using the empirical

relation

B 0.15 n~ + 0.002 (3.33 - ~) (5.16)

5.3.5 Factors A and B

J J

Numerical values for A and B were obtained by a least

J J
square fit of the experimentally obtained lateral force displacement

relationships (Figs. 4.2a through 4.2£) using the polynomials appearing

on the right hand side of Eqs. (5.6) through (5.9). This least-squares

fit shows that simple empirical relationships can be used in the

estimation of factors and namely:

l-l > 1 (5.17)

J

and

l-l > 1 (5.18)

J

The quantity l-lJ appearing in Eqs. (5.17) and (5.18) is the cyclic

lateral displacement ductility factor defined as:

10 M _ oM I
J J-l
(5.19)
20
Y

The experimental relationships (AJ/F ) vs. l-lJ and (B IF ) vs.

y J Y
l-lJ for the test series parameters n and dis are shown in Figs. 5.4
o
and 5.5, respectively.
 64

Factor B reflects the amount of "pinching", or the reduction

J

of instantaneous shear stiffness near zero lateral load. It is well

established (see, for example [8]) that this reduction in stiffness is

an inverse function of aiD, the moment arm-to-depth ratio. Since in

the present experimental investigation only one aiD ratio (fairly high

to prevent shear type failures) was used, the effect of this ratio is

not apparent in Eq. (5.18); therefore it is suggested that the quantity

B /F be increased properly for decreasing and critical values of a/D.

J y

5.4 CALCULATED LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIPS

The mathematical model presented in the preceeding sections

can be checked against the experimental test data using a specially

developed computer program. The input to the program is summarized in

Table 5.1. ~agnitudes of applied axial load, and transverse reinforce-

ment spacing, and the number of cycles at each lateral displacement

amplitude must also be input. Lateral force-displacement relationships

calculated through the use of the mathematical model are presented

graphically in Figs. 5.6a through 5.6d, each corresponding to a

different set of test series variables. Only the relationships

corresponding to the first and last half cycles of lateral loading at a

lateral displacement amplitude in the inelastic range are duplicated

(except in Fig. 5.6d). A direct comparison of the calculated lateral

force-displacement relationships (Fig. 5.6, liN-oil effect included) with

the measured lateral force-displacement relationships (Fig. 4.2, liN-Oil

effect not included) is generally not possible, except when the measured

lateral force-displacement diagrams are adjusted by the liN-a" effect

(as in Figs. 4.2~ for Specimen 12, and in Fig. 5.6b for Specimen 5).

The mathematical model reproduces satisfactorily the important response

 65

characteristics pertinent to inelastic cyclic bchdvior. As evidence of

its simplicity it is worth noting that the calculations required to

generate the lateral force-displacement diagrams for 6 specimens, each

with a different combination of applied axial load and transverse rein-

forcement spacing and each containing about 40 half cycles of loading,

requires about 3 seconds of central processor time in the CDC-6400

computer.
 66

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 SUMMARY

On the basis of the experimental results and analyses carried

out, inelastic cyclic behavior of the test specimens can be summarized

according to the following observations;

(1) Monotonic loading force-deformation relationships can be pre-

dicted by defining the forces and deformations corresponding

to flexural cracking, yield of tensile reinforcement, spalling

of concrete cover and yield of transverse reinforcement. Each

of these factors brings about a change in the strength and/or

stiffness characteristics of the overall specimen. Forces and

deformations at flexural cracking and yield are directly pro-

portional to the magnitude of axial load. Lateral displace-

ments corresponding to initiation of spalling of concrete

cover (and the degradation of strength) and yield of trans-

verse reinforcement are inversely proportional to the magnitude

of axial load. A monotonic loading force-deformation relation-

ship showing the above characteristics can be used as a basis

in the prediction of inelastic cyclic behavior.

(2) Degradation of strength and member stiffness with cyclic

loading are enhanced with increasing magnitudes of axial load,

transverse reinforcement spacing and lateral displacement

amplitude. Degradation of instantaneous stiffness in the

critical region is due to Baushinger and "pinching" effects.

(3) Ultimate deformation capacity of a specimen decreases with

increasing magnitudes of axial load and increasing transverse

 67

reinforcement spacing. Lateral displacement is composed of

flexural (the rotations due to slip of longitudinal reinforce-

ment included) and shear deformations taking place in the

critical regions. The length over which inelastic deformations

take place increases with increasing magnitude of axial load

and increasing transverse reinforcement spacing.

(4) Energy dissipation capacity increases with increasing magnitude

of axial load due to more contact friction along cracks, but

decreases with repeated cycling at a fixed displacement

amplitude. Transverse reinforcement spacing has no significant

effect on the energy dissipation capacity.

(5) Strain measurements made on the transverse reinforcement

provide reliable indications of inclined cracking and of the

changes in the shear resistance mechanism. Shear resistance

capacity of concrete deteriorates considerably and eventually

diminishes to zero under cyclic loading in the inelastic range.

(6) Failure of a specimen is the culmination of all degrading

mechanisms. First, accumulation of damage in the form of

spalled cover concrete, intersecting inclined cracks, and

abrased concrete core transforms the critical regions into

"plastic hinges", and then lack of lateral stability of the

longitudinal reinforcement brings about ultimate failure. This

lateral instability, naturally, is directly related to

increasing magnitudes of axial load and transverse reinforce-

ment spacing.
 68

6.2 CONCLUSIONS

(1) Axial force can significantly affect and alter the behavior

of critical regions and members subjected to inelastic cyclic loading.

Stiffness and strength characteristics and deformation capacity of

critical regions deteriorate with increasing axial force. Therefore,

extreme care should be taken in the design of critical regions which may

be subjected to substantial axial force (> 0.4 N ) and inelastic

b
deformations.

(2) The effect of transverse reinforcement spacing on member

behavior was found to be minimal. This lack of significant influence is

undoubtedly due to relatively large shear span to depth (a/D) ratio used

for these tests. Realizing the detrimental effects of combined high

shear and axial forces, care must be exercised in using the results

reported herein for applications where the shear force is a potentially

controlling factor of the behavior. It is quite apparent that further

experimental research is needed to characterize inelastic cyclic behavior

of critical regions under moment, high shear and axial forces.

(3) Rate of loading as observed in the overall investigation

has no significant effect on inelastic cyclic behavior [7,8].

(4) The proposed mathematical model adequately reflects the

important characteristics of the inelastic cyclic behavior of members

under combined flexure, shear and axial force. Its application to

structural modelling under more general loading conditions needs further

investigation.
 69

REFERENCES

1. Seismology Committee, "Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and

Commentary," Structural Engineers Association of California, 1969.

2. International Conference of Building Officials, "Uniform Building

Code," Vol. 1, Pasadena, California, 1970.

3. Anderson, J. C. and Bertero, V. V., "Seismic Behavior of Hultistory

Frames Designed by Different Philosophies," Earthquake Engineering
Research Center Report No. EERC 69-11, University of California,
Berkeley, October 1969.

4. Clough, R. W., Benuska, K. L., and Wilson, E. L., "Inelastic Earth-

quake Response of Tall Buildings," Proceedings of the Third World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand, 1965.

5. Porter, F. L. and Powell, G. H., "Static and Dynamic Analysis of

Inelastic Frame Structures," Earthquake Engineering Research Center
Report No. EERC 71-3, University of California, Berkeley, June 1971.

6. Bertero, V. V., Bresler, B., and Liao, H., "Stiffness Degradation

of Reinforced Concrete Hembers Subjected to Cyclic Flexural 1'1oments,"
Earthquake Engineering Research Center Report No. EERC 69-12,
University of California, Berkeley, December 1969.

7. Hahin, S. A., Bertero, V. V., Atalay, H. B., and Rea, D., "Rate of
Loading Effects on Uncracked and Repaired Reinforced Concrete
Members," Earthquake Engineering Research Center Report No. EERC
72-9, University of California, Berkeley, December 1972.

8. Celebi, M. and Penzien, J., "Experimental Investigation into the

Seismic Behavior of Critical Regions of Reinforced Concrete Com-
ponents as Influenced by Moment and Shear," Earthquake Engineering
Research Center Report No. EERC 73-4, University of California,
Berkeley, January 1973.

9. Walpole, W. R. and Shepherd, R., "Elasto-Plastic Seismic Response

of Reinforced Concrete Frames", Journal of the Structural Division,
ASCE, Vol. 95, No. ST-IO, October 1969.

10. Anderson, J. C. and Gupta, R. P., "Earthquake Resistant Design of

Unbraced Frames," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 98,
No. ST-ll, November 1972.

11. Bertero, V. V. and Collins, R. G., "Investigations of the Failures

of the Olive View Stairtowers During the San Fernando Earthquake
and Their Implications on Seismic Design," Earthquake Engineering
Re8sarch Center Report No. EERC 73-26, University of California,
Berkeley, December 1973.
 70

12. Architectural Institute of Japan, "Report on the Investigations of

Damage Due to 1968 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake," December 1968.

13. Yamada, M., "Ultimate Deformation of Reinforced Concrete," Pro-

ceedings of the International Conference on Planning and Design of
Tall Buildings, IABSE-ASCE, Vol. III, pp. 467-472, Leheigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, August 1972.

14. Okamoto, S. and Hirosa\va, M., "Full Size Tests of Reinforced Con-
crete Short Columns with regard to Shear Strength," Research Report
of Architectural Institute of Japan, 1970.

15. Ohno, K., Shibata, T., and Hattori, T., "Strength and Deformability
of Reinforced Concrete Columns at Shear Failure," Symposium on
Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well
Defined Repeated Loads, IABSE, pp. 213-220, Lisbon, June 1973.

16 Ikeda, A., "Load-Deflection Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete

Columns Subjected to Alternate Loading," Report of the Training
Institute for Engineering Teachers, Yokohama National University,
March 1968.

17. Umemura, H., Aoyama, H., and Ito, M., "Experimental Studies of
Reinforced Concrete Members and Composite Steel and Reinforced
Concrete Members," Umemura Laboratory Report, University of Tokyo,
December 1970.

18. Hisada, T., Ohmori, N., and Bessho, S., "Earthquake Design
Considerations in Reinforced Concrete Columns," Kajima Institute of
Construction Technology Report No.1, Tokyo, January 1972.

19. Sugano, S. and Koreishi, I., "Empirical Evaluation of Inelastic

Behavior of Structural Elements in Reinforced Concrete Frames
Subjected to Lateral Forces," Proceedings of the Fifth World Con-
ference on Earthquake Engineering, Session 2D, Rome, 1973.

20. Higashi, Y. and Takeda, T., "Stiffness and its Influence on Dynamic
Behavior," proceedings of the International Conference on Planning
and Design of Tall Buildings, IABSE-ASCE, Vol. III, pp. 655-670,
Leheigh University, Bethlehem, pennsylvania, August 1972.

21. Park, R., Kent, D. C. and Sampson, R. A., "Reinforced Concrete

Members with Cyclic Loading," Journal of the Structural Division,
ASCE, Vol. 98, No. ST-7, July 1972.

22. Mugurama, H., Tominaga, M. and Watanabe, F., "Analytical and

Experimental Studies on the Deformation Evaluation of Reinforced
Concrete Columns Under Seismic Forces," Symposium on Resistance and
Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by ~\Tell Defined
Repeated Loads, IABSE, pp. 67-72, Lisbon, June 1973.

23. Wight, J. K. and Sozen, M. A., "Shear Strength Decay in Reinforced

Concrete Columns Subjected to Large Deflection Reversals," Civil
Engineering Studies, Structural Research Series No. 403, University
of Illinois, Urbana, August 1973.
 71

24. American Concrete Institute, "Building Code Requirements for

Reinforced Concrete, {ACI-318-71)," 1971.

25. Otani, S. and Sozen, M. A., "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Multi-

story Frames During Earthquakes," Civil Engineering Studies,
Structural Research Series No. 392, University of Illinois, Urbana,
November 1972.

26. Bouwkamp, J. G. and Kustu, 0., "Experimental Study of Spandrel Wall

Assemblies," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Session 20, Rome, 1973.

27. Ma, S. M., "Experimental and Analytical Studies of Hysteretic

Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular and T-Beams," Dissertation
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of California,
Berkeley, 1975.

28. Bertero, V. V., "Effects of Variable Repeated Loading on Structures,"

University of California, Berkeley, July 1966.

29. Bertero, V. V., "Effects of Generalized Excitations ort the Nonlinear

Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures," Proceedings of the
International Conference on Planning and Design of Tall Buildings,
IABSE-ASCE, Vol. III, pp. 431-453, Leheigh University, Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, August 1972.

30. Olesen, S. 0., Sozen, M. A., and Siess, C. P., "Investigation of

Prestressed Reinforced Concrete for Highway Bridges; Part IV:
Strength in Shear of Beams with Web Reinforcement," Engineering
Experimental Station, Bulletin 493, University of Illinois, July 1967.

31. Blume, J. A., et. a1. I "Design of Multistory Reinforced Concrete

Buildings for Earthquake Motions," Portland Cement Association, 1961.

32. Timoshenko I S., and Goodier, J. N., "Theory of Elasticity," McGraw-

Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1951.

33. Clough, R. w. and Johnston, S. B., "Effect of Stiffness Degradation

on Earthquake Ductility Requirements," Proceedings of Japan Earth-
quake Engineering Symposium, October 1966.

34. Jennings, P. C., "Equivalent Viscous Damping for Yielding Structures,"

Journal of the Engineering Hechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No.
EM-l, February 1968.
 TABLE 2.1 SUMMARY OF TESTS FOR DETERMINING STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF REINFORCING STEEL

#3 BARS #7 Bl\RS

YIELD YIELD ULTIMATE YIELD YIELD ULTIMATE

SPECIMEN E t:SH E E t:SH ESH
STRESS,f STRAIN,t: SH STRESS,f STRESS,f STRAIN ,.t: STRESS,f
ys y max y y max

KSI - KSI - KSI KSI KSI - KSI - KSI KSI

- - - --. --- -- -- . - .-

1 52.6 0.00182 28960 0.0229 707 77 .6 53.3 0.00195 27350 0.0116 937 83.8

2 " " " " " " " " " " " "

3 " " " " " " " " " " " " --.]
"-l

4 " " " " " " 62.2 0.00205 30250 0.0144 1015 95.3

5 56.8 0.00195 29850 0.0293 562 76.9 " " " " " "
II
6 " " " " " " " " " " "

7 " " " " " " 52.7 0.00194 28200 0.0147 849 81. 7

8 " " " " " " " " " " " "
II
9 " " " " " " " " " " "

10 " " " " " " " " " " " "
!

11 54.1 0.00186 29850 0.0305 399 71. 3 " " " " " "
I
12 I
" " " " " " " " " " " "

MEAN 55.0 0.00189 29550 0.0274 583 76.2 55.2 0.00197 28500 0.0139 913 85.6
- - _. - -~-- --- ~ ----- - -

NOTE: ALL VALUES ABOVE BASED ON AVERAGE OF RESULTS FOR THREE SAMPLE COUPONS
 TABLE 2.2 SUMMARY OF COMPRESSIVE TESTS ON 6 x 12 INCH CONCRETE CYLINDERS

.1.

AGE SPECIMEN AVER! 7-DAY AVER~ 14-DAY AVER"~ 28-DAY AVER: STRENGTH
SPECIMEN SLUMP
TESTED STRENGTH STRENGTH STRENGTH AT SPECIMEN TEST DAY

IN. DAYS PSI- PSI PSI) PSI

r....:..=...-=--::..-=.:- .__ :: : -.,;; -:..: -.-=-=::.-.; - _.-
-
1 98 4220
3 1/2 2795 3560 --
2 113 4450

3 54 4235
3 1/2 2565 3255 3855 --.-~--

4 63 4005

5 90 4260
3 3/8 2800 -- 4410 -.I
6 97 4610 W

7 72 4615
3 1/8 2925 3990 4505
8 100 4440

9 69 4825
4 1/8 2880 3820 4335
10 74 4700

11 71 4500
5 2670 3670 4300
12 77 4605
. -= =-= :::::-;:.-= f===o . =-=-- =-= :. = -. ".
HEANH 2770 3650 4260 4470
H
STANDARD ."
145 265 ." 240 220
DEVIATION
- - -

tBASED ON AVERAGE OF TESTS OF THREE CYLINDERS.

ttBASED ON THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CYLINDERS TESTED.

 TABLE 2.3 SUMMARY OF TESTS FOR DETERMINING STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF CONCRETE

CONCRETE CYLINDER FROM AGE WHEN ULTIMATE TANGENT STRAIN @ POISSON'S USABLE
us
CYLINDER BATCH FOR CYLINDER COMPRESSIVE MODULUS, E ULTIMATE RATIO, \! STRAIN, to:
c c
NO. SPECIMENS TESTED STRENGTH STRENGTH, to:
0

DAYS PSI KSI

- - - - -. - - -- - - -. -.~~=

1 3,4 166 4565 3260 0.00265 0.11 0.00450

2 3,4 166 4530 3390 0.00232 0.18 0.00335

3 5,6 97 4475 3190 0.00272 0.14 --

-...J
4 5,6 97 4580 3150 0.00276 0.16 0.00410 ,\:>.

5 5,6 97 4740 2890 0.00307 0.15 --

6 5,6 97 4635 3200 0.00322 0.14 --

7 9,10 41 4705 3170 0.00290 0.19 --
8 9,10 41 5095 3280 0.00295 0.18 --

9 11,12 28 4265 2970 0.00277 0.16 0.00430

10 11,12 28 4335 3360 0.00266 0.14 0.00375

MEAN 4595 3190 0.00280 0.16 0.00400

I
STANDARD I
220 150 0.00024 0.02
DEVIATION I
I
,
-
 TABLE 2.4 TEST SERIES VARIABLE PARAMETERS

CORRESPONDING
APPROXIMATE
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT LATERAL DISPLACEMENT VELOCITY AT t
SPECIMEN AXIAL LOAD,N STRAIN RATE E AT
SPACING, s RATIO, p" DISPLACEMENT SET,l,Ol DISPLACEMENT SET 2'02 Y
YIELD OF TENSILE
REINFORCEMENT

KIPS IN. - IN/SEC IN/SEC ]..1 IN/IN/SEC

1 60 3 0.0154 0.2 0.4 560

2 60 5 0.0093 0.2 0.4 560

......
3 60 3 0.0154 2.0 4.0 5600 U1

4 60 5 0.0093 2.0 4.0 5600

5 120 3 0.0154 0.2 0.4 425

6 120 5 0.0093 0.2 0.4 425

7 120 3 0.0154 2.0 1.0 4250

I
I

8 120 5 0.0093 2.0 1.0 4250

9 180 3 0.0154 0.2 -- 410

10 180 5 0.0093 0.2 -- 410

11 180 3 0.0154 1.0 -- 2060

12 180 5 0.0093 1.0 -- 2060 I

-- -- -

'I' ~ 6
10 c /t t = time to yield = 0 /0
y y y y Y 1
 TABLE 3.1 BENDING MOMENTS, LATERAL FORCES, CURVATURES AND LATERAL DISPLACEMENTS
AT CRITICAL LOADING STAGES

Mt <j>t MUS <pUS ult <p ult

AXIAL M F 6 M ~y F <5 M
cr ~cr cr cr y y y y y
LOAD
I
I
KIPS K-IN RAD/IN KIPS IN K-IN RAD/IN K-IN RAD/IN KIPS IN K-IN RAD/IN K-IN RAD/IN
=-==- -- ==-~. --- - - . = ~- ~= -_=J
-- F-" --

60 281 0.000043 8-4 0.062 798 0.000347 952 0.00046 27.8 0.607 892 0.00153 894 0.00435

120 406 0.000062 12.0 0.090 1013 0.000399 1210 0.00055 34.0 0.738 1086 0.00116 923 0.00285
....
m

180 531 0.000081 15.4 0.117 1206 0.000457 1404 0.00060 38.1 0.812 1245 0.00086 929 0.00198
I

-
L- _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - ~
-- -- ~

-- '---- - " - - - - - - '----

-I"CALCULATED FROM EQUATIONS SUGGESTED BY SUGANO AND KOREISHI [19].

 TABLE 3.2 CALCULATED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SPECIMENS

,-

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT V
'r V V V V H
SPECIMENS AXIAL LOAD,N c s c u u V :::: M fa
y y
SPACING, s RATIO, P EQ. (3.7) EQ. (3.9) EQ. (3.8) (5)+(6) EQ. (3.10)
w

KIPS IN - KIPS KIPS KIPS KIPS KIPS KIPS

(1) (2 ) (3) (4) (5 ) (6) (7 ) (8) (9) (10)

-, - -, - - - -- _.. - - -_.

1,3 3 0.0061 40.3 53.7 32.8

60 13.4 9.9 12.1
-..J
-..J
2,4 5 0.0037 24.2 37.6 30.0

5,7 3 0.0061 40.3 54.2 36.4

120 13.9 12.3 15.3
6,8 5 0.0037 24.2 38.1 33.4

9,11 3 0.0061 40.3 55.6 40.4

180 15.3 14.8 18.3
10,12 5 0.0037 24.2 39.5 36.9
- - - - - --- --- -- -

t ~ CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTOR = 0.85

tt a SHEAR SPAN 66 IN.

 TABLE 4.1 SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTI\L RESULTS DEFININC; THE ~10NOTONIC LOI\DING ACTTON -
DEFORMATTON RELATIONSHIPS

... -----
DlHECTION DISPLACEHENT AMPLITUDE
liS
SPECIMEN OF LOADING V* F 0 M* f- AT INITIATION OF COVER
cr y y y IPy c
SPALLING
. -- --
KIPS KIPS TN. K-IN. HAD/IN. -- IN.
--- - .- -_. _.- - ': -=-=-----:--:: :..-= .~-"~ - --- . - .. _----- - O~

- - -26.6 -0.68 -919. -0.00034 - --

I
+ - 26.4 0.72 914. 0.00030 - --
- -8.B -26.7 -0.69 -923. -0.00029 0.0059 1.6
7.
+ 7.7 2n.l 0.67 902. 0.00023 0.0059 3.2
- -12.2 -25.9 -0.68 -896. -0.00028 0.0041 3.2
3 - --
+ 10.6 26.6 0.63 916. 0.0007.9
- - -27.1 -0.73 -938. -0.00027 0.0050 1.6 -..J
4 OJ
+ 10.9 27.1 0.73 938. 0.00026 0.0052 2.4
I
'j
- -12.1 -33.1 -0.91 -1202. -O.OOOJO - --
+ 14.6 33.3 0.84 1200. 0.00049 0.0045 2.0 I

- -15.1 -30.2 -0.87 -1101. -0.00043 0.0062 2.4 I

6
+ 16.9 35.6 0.93 1286. - 0.0061 2.4
- -14.5 -32.6 -0.93 -1187. -0.00037 - --
7 .-. -
+ 15.6 33.3 0.96 1214. --
- -15.5 -31.7 -0.88 -1152. -0.00036 0.0061 2.4
8 -
+ 30.4 0.90 1111. 0.00035 0.0033 2.0
- -17.3 - 3 3.1 -0.91 -1256. -0.00041 0.0032 0.8
9
~ 17.1 34.5 0.92 1304. 0.00050 0.0048 1.2
- - -36.7 -0.89 -1371. -0.00031 - --
10 -.
+ 17.1 36.3 0.92 1364. 0.0028 1.6
- -19.7 -3n.7 -0.R4 -1380. -0.00046 0.0050 1.8
11
+ 14.7 J4.5 0.82 1299. 0.00043 0.0040 1.2
- -13.3 -35.2 -0.95 -1333. -0.00050 0.0032 1.2
12
+ 15.8 34.4 0.97. 1301. 0.00053 0.0064 1.6

=-=-=-= =--..:. - - : :.. =---=--=-- - - ------=-=-= - ••• = - -.-- = , 0 ••

~.~~_o .I. _ ~-~...f.,,- ~~-_~ J ~,-~-_ --_--~_- __ ~_~ - - ---.: . -=-=-=..:....:.-=-=---=-=--=-----=----:---:--=--=----=-=

F a/2 j N 0
* ADJUSTED FOR BY "N-6" EFFECT; M*
Y Y Y
 79

TABLE 4.2 YIELD OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

SPECIMEN DIRECTION CYCLE NO. LATERAL TRANSVERSE -I-

I
OF LOADING DISPLACEMENT, IN. REINFORCEMENT NO.

2
NO TRANSVERSE
rREINFORCEMENT YIELD OBSERVED
3

4
1 - -

5 - 38 4.00 3

6
- 32 2.07 2
- 35 3.30 1

NO TRANSVERSE REINFORCEr-lENT YIELD OBSERVED, DAMAGE TO SOUTH HALF OF.

7
SPECIMEN ; STRAIN GAGES ON TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN NORTH HALF.

8 - 33 3.10 2

+ 18 1.92 1
9 - 19 1. 88 2
- 17 1. 89 3

10 - 17 1. 56 2

11 t
STRAIN GAGES ON TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT NOT OPERATIVE
12
~

tSEE FIG. 2.14

 80

TABLE 4.3 LATERAL DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY OF SPECIMENS

SPECIMEN 8 - AVE. {8 + ,18 - I} °MAX TOTAL NO. OF CYCLES ].JO=OMA~Oy

Y Y Y

IN. IN.

1 0.700 4.0 38 5.71

2 0.680 3.2 36 4.71

3 0.655 3.5 t 36 5.34

4 0.730 4.0 37 ~ 5.48

5 0.875 4.0 40 4.57

6 0.900 3.2 34 ~ 3.56

7 0.945 3.2 35 ~ 3.39

8 0.890 3.2 32 \ 3.60

9 0.915 2.0 20 2.19

10 0.905 2.0 19 2.21

11 0.830 2.4 16 2.89

12 0.935 2.0 20 2.14

tAFTER ADDITIONAL LATERAL LOADING NOT REPORTED HEREIN

 TABLE 4.4 CYCLIC STRAIN AND AVERAGE CURVATURE DUCTILITY FACTORS

-- - - -- ==-= ----
TOP LONGITUDINAL BAR BOTTOM LONGITUDINAL BAR LATERAL
MAX. USABLE
tt DISPLACEMENT (<1>++I<1>-I)ttt
SPECIMEN MAX. USABLE c MAX. USABLE c tt {<1>++I<1>-I} Y Y 11<1>
l1E 11
E AMPLITUDE
{E++IE-I} {C++IE-Il

- - - - RAD/IN. IN. RAD/IN. -

1 0.0323 8.08 0.0355 8.88 0.00880 4.0 0.00064 13.75

2 0.0322 8.05 0.0238 5.95 0.00700 3.2 0.00052 13.46
J.
3t 0.0181' 0.00430 t 0.00057
4 0.0311 7.78 0.0325 8.13 0.00790 3.2 0.00053 14.91
5t 0.0124 t 0.00079 00
I-'
6 0.0269 6.73 0.0159 3.98 0.00580 2.4 0.00086 6.74 ,
7-1- 0.00074
8 0.0204 5.10 0.0140 3.50 0.00470 2.4 0.00071 6.62 I

I
9 0.0157 3.93 0.0102 2.55 0.00340 1.6 0.00091 3.74
I

10 0.0094 2.35 0.0189 4.73 0.00390 2.0

11 0.0211 5.28 0.0170 4.25 0.00420 1.8 0.00089 4.72
12 0.0134 3.38 0.0147 3.68 0.00360 1.6 0.00103 3.50 I
- -.- '-~~-F--=~- : -- -=-=--=-
-
tDAMAGE ACCUMULATED AT CRITICAL REGION AT SOUTH HALF OF SPECIMEN; STRAIN READINGS MADE AT CRITICAL REGION
AT NORTH HALF OF SPECIMEN.

-I-i"l1
c (MAX. USABLE {E++IE-I})/(E+ + Ie-I) +
= WHERE E E E 0.00200
E y Y Y Y Y

tttSEE TABLE 4.1

 TABLE 4.5 CONTRIBUTION OF FLEXURAL AND SHEAR DEFORMATIONS TO LATERAL DISPLACEMENT

SPECIMEN 3 SPECIMEN 4

NOMINAL LATERAL (0 +8 )/0 <5 /0

°flex/ O oshear /0 flex shear shear
DISPLACEMENT AMPLITUDE, IN.

.--i 0.4 0.780 0.029 0.809 0.037

8
w
(J) 0.8 0.901 0.044 0.945 0.053
8
z
1.2 0.905 0.048 0.953 0.060
~
w
u CD
o:I! 1.6 0.989 0.054 1.043 0.080 N
H
0..
(J)
H 2.0 0.970 0.053 1.023 0.080
Cl

N 0.8 0.926 0.052 0.978

8
w
(J)
1.6 0.956 0.055 1.011
8
z
~
w 2.4 0.934 0.054 0.988
u
o:I!
H
0..
(J) 3.2 0.845 0.898
H
0.053
Cl
-
 83

TABLE 4.6 LATERAL DISPLACEMENT COMPONENT DUE TO PLASTIC

HINGE ROTATION

t
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
SPECIMEN °pH
AMPLITUDE

IN. IN.

0.4 0.023

0.8 0.053

0.91 (=0 ) 0.068

10 Y
1.2 0.225

1.6 0.630

2.0 0.885

0.6 0.030

0.83 (=0 ) 0.045

Y
11 1.2 0.105

1.8 0.705

2.4 1.463

(see Fig. 4.18.b)

x = 60 inches
 84

TABLE Sol EXPERIMENTALLY MEASURED VALUES OF THE

PARAMETERS IN MATHEMATICAL MODEL

TRANSVERSE
AXIAL LOAD, N REINFORCEMENT F
y
0
y ON Ps S
SPACING, s

KIPS IN. KIPS IN. IN. - -

3. 0.24 0.00l3

60. 27.7 0.69 2.39

50 0.36 0.0038

3. 0.36 0.0063

120. 35.5 0.90 1. 70

5. 0.54 0.0088

3. 0.48 0.0115

180. 39.8 0.91 1.18

5. 0.72 0.0140
 85

FIG. 1.1 CRITICAL REGIONS THAT MAY BE

DEVELOPED IN A REINFORCED
CONCRETE FRAME [6]
 86

(a) UNLOADED SPECIMEN

(b) POSSIBLE TEST SET- UP FOR THE SPEC~MEN

(C) IDEALlZED TEST SET - UP

FIG. 2.1 POSSIBLE AND ;DEAL~ZED TEST SET-UPS

 SYMM. ABT. i
:> - b
·1
j,: .Co), ", 2'-." ZI@3"= 5~3"
I -----.C" 11/2"ClEAR
L I 1/4"ClEAR I"PlATE-
6" r ...l-l~
-,- I '"
I II
IZ" #7
Ii J 135 0
L "r #3
6" #4 L 11= 3 TIE:
1 "J L.!:.. 3 I/Z"
T SPECIMEN WITH CROSS-SECTION
L2,4,,~ TIE SPACING 31N.=

OJ
-.J

Ct I + C 1 ---,

/ I J ~~~ ~
I
~
.. II -.J #7
, #4={ ..i- 1 ~7
\
--.-- \. ~ / :~
SPECIMEN WITH I ~

" 4-7 TIE SPACING = 5 IN. 12"

L IIQ 5 ' .Ca),",
," J; '5"
:1 L . ow • • '!.I,
# 7 MAIN BAR

SECTION C-C

FIG.2.2 SPECIMEN GEOMETRY a REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

 # l BAR, SPECIMENS 1-3

~ ~.- .~.
ao iULT

El.ASTIC ITY lEST . ~ __----.~_.--~4 ~~"

60
~~~>/f I SH
(1)
'If'
~

{/) 40 (JJ
(f)
ro
lnJ
tr~
P
(f)

20

ESH EULT
o r~ _ _ _ _ ~_ _ _ _ ~_ _ _ _ ~ (
)
0.001 0.002 0.003 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
STRAIN STRAIN

FIG.2.3 liEII\lFOI1CEMENT BAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM, TYPICAL

 5OO0r- SPECIMENS 384

f~

_ 4000~ ......... x
(/)
/ I
a..
-
~ 3000
w
a:::
~
(/)
CL
\.0
2000~ / 0.85 f~

ELASTIC TEST
I
1000 i.flEe
Eo E eUS
III .
0
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
STRAIN

FIG.2.4 CONCRETE TEST CYLINDER STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM, TYPICAL

 '~~"~' .~.;.' , '

hf.:Nf-::HU!} CUNCHf I E

w
o
f.l.CTUA !'Uf~ ASSEMBLY
,.~ .,;f~""7

V;wi'" '-?'

..
.. -,-
'j,', ...
. . . ......-""
~ oJ.,
,.
~,./ \~
~}
," \-''1\ .. -
,lit;
TESl •
SPECiMEN
,~:>: .'.'
. 'r_.
+L':, :: ~
':-' ')',

t
FIG. 2.5 OVERALL VIEW OF TEST SET- UP
 91

1 116
7 6"--1 TYpr
"
I .
0-0-0

I ! I
0- 0 - 0 --li15EEtaE2t1I!EEB£ITZ3ffi~~~E~fi- 0 - 0 - 0

I I
/ D 0-0-0

I /

HYDRAULIC ! L 235 K. ACTUATOR

ACTUA70R L28::J K. L8AD CELL
-..... ASSEMBLY
jREINFORCED C8:~CRETE
BLOCK

0-0-0

: I
0-0-0

I
0-0-0 ~

LSlhl TYPJ
(0) THE TEST SET - UP

LATERAL FORCE, F AND

LATERAL DISPLACEMENT, 8

I ~ t. AX IAL FORCE, N

(b) SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SPECIMEN LOADING

FIG. 2.6 TEST SET- UP AND SCHEMATIC

REPRESENTATION OF SPECIMEN LOADING
 92

FIG. 2.7 INSTRUMENTATION

I" 5' 5'

-----j - - - --t-- =---------j
II I

,
LVDT B LVjT 6 ~VDT I 4 LVDT 2 I

CLIP~'
LVjT 10

~
i
18"

I ,I
GAGE 1.

CLIP
GAGE 2
'~

//
0

1
L
0 0

LVDT 9 .-/

LV:>T 7 ~VDT 5 ~VDT 3

ZONE 4 ZONE 3

ZO.'IIE 2 ZONE I

FIG. 2.8 NOMINAL LOCATIONS OF INSTRUMENTATION

 93

1/2")( 1/2")( 2" STUD

FOR MOUNTING LVDT'S

l"xl"xl/8"
ALUMINUM
TUBE

~----12"----~

FIG. 2.9 INSTRUMENTAT!ON FRAME

 94

B= (L-LT)-(L-L a )
r

h ,+..
~AVE. -
_ e
T

FIG. 2.10 MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE

ROTATION AND AVERAGE CURVATURE

YAVE.

-~----
fh YAVE. =
(6. 1+6. 2) j b 2: + h
2

2bh
1

FIG.2.11 MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE:

SHEAR DEFORMATION
 L

I8 REL I 8 REL 2
:_L_~

~
Ul

-1 8 FLEX = ¢L2/2
8 SHEAR= 8RELATIVE -8 FLEX

FIG.2.12 MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE DISPLACEMENTS

 , . - - - - ELECTRICAL WIRE
RESISTANCE GAGES
RESISTANCE = R OHMS

i !

' - - - ; '_
-_- REINFORCING BAR

SILVER
SOLDER ,----~- R - 6. L R ~
0"\

~--~+\-+'-R~~LR

,.. L+~L --I

L\L
EAVE. '" '-~L--'

FIG. 2.13 MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE LONGIDUTINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN

 ~J
1 1
2
3 2 <.0
-J
I--

SPECIMENS WITH TRANSVERSE

____ I
SPECIMENS WITH TRANSVERSE
REINFORCEMENT SPACING S = 3" REINFORCEMENT SPACING S = 5"

FIG.2.14 LOCATIONS OF STRAIN GAGES ON TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

 r~ 1 ::: ~ ,: i: : S ~;,1 ~••• ~l ~'.: ~ 'I, E \~ T

-~':\1E: "';"::;T"(.,r~Y

~
ro

fl.- .., ;P~~' ;, "a:'" .

,~ '6l~ 9>fjl " • • ~\ tl"
, .•
J~' ~~....: ~.~ ~ a W ,,'
~ > :: •
". ~
e:::r.; __.' -'..,.-;- . "_ . ~_~~ .
.. j'_~-';
.~ .•... ..-.- ..--
<>" ___. .-.. , .
-
'u-=-._----..---.. . ----:--
HONEYWELL

~ .

. ·~f.?·~::;:

_.~~'~~7t.~~~\-_. _.~.. ·1
.>~~ ;.3;':-~··~· - ~
.. ;

FIG. 2.15 DATA ACQUISITION EQUIPMENT

 2.0
\.6
\.2
o
0.8 '~UJ~l-!\.AruW-\+\-fJ~H--\-1~-H+~H--t-t-f4rt-T--~ T IME

.. 0. 4
(/) -0.8
W -\.2
:t.
L> _1.6 I.Q
I.Q
Z -Z.O
(JJ
~ ~
\-
. [NO. Of C'iCLESOISPLACEMENT SET 1
Z
W
~
W 4.0
L>
<t
3.Z
.J TIME
a.. 2.4
CJ)
-o \.6
.J
..:1
a::
W
O.~ n~~~ 1\ 1\ 1\1\ I\ r\ ,\ 11·-t--l--l..-\--l-..\----f-\--f-\-+---\--~---r-~
~ -0.8 .4a
.J _1.6
.3
_Z.4

- 3.Z DISPLACEMENT SET 2-

-4.0
FIG. 2.16 LATERAL DISPLACEMENT TIME HISTORIES APPLIED
 100

b = 12"
D = 12"
d = 9.94"
d ' = 2.06"
As= A~= 1.2 SQ. IN.; P = p'= 0.01
b"= 9.5"; p": 0.0154 FOR S: 3"

f'>4AX fy : 55200 PSI

Ey : 0.00197
E s : 28500 KSI
E SH : 0.01390
ESH : 915 KSI
f MAX : 85600 PSI

..........- - ' - - - - - - - E S
Ey ESH

( b)

_ ,[ 2E C fc: 4470 PSI

fc -fc E;-- (EC)2]
70 f t : 455 PSI
UNCONFINED EC=3190KSI
f I
C SECTION fc :f~[I-.uc(EC-Eo)] EO: 0.0028
E~s = 0.0040
CONFINED EULT = 0 0100
0.85 f ~ ~-+------'I CORE-SECTION * ES:Jc=
c 0.0236
*.u e = 23 FOR S=3"
0.50 f ~ ~~-----..,-------........
* AS DEFINED BY PARK,
ET. AL. [21]

~------~-~------~~~----- Ec

( C)

FIG. 3.1 CROSS-SECTION GEOMETRY IDEALIZED a

MATERIAL PROPERTIES USED IN DEVELOPING
THE INTERACTION DIAGRAMS
 101

STRAINS FORCES

E ,ASSUMED
I c
Es
Cc
~~--------~~-'C~

~~~------~+-----------~-+-N

(0) CONDITIONS AT YIELD OF TENSILE REINFORCEMENT

I us
Ec= E c = 0.0040

Cc
.-C -1~--------~~--·C~

~~~-------F+-----------~~N

,.+.,US
't" = 0.0040 IC
T

( b) CONDITIONS WHEN E c = E cUS

-~~~~~------~~--.c~
~~~________~~C~
ULT
M

ULT
(c) CONDITIONS WHEN £
C
= E C

FIG.3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERACTIONS

DIAGRAMS
 102

Fy
MY =T o + N8 y

N OR

MOMENT
D~STRIBUTION

r CURVATURE
~y D~STRIBUTION

<Per
....-==--------'--

FIG. 3.3 CALCULATION OF LATERAL LOAD AND

DISPLACEMENT AT YIELD
 800 ,...,----y
I T I I I I I I ~
us
E'c=Ec =0.004
AND FULL
SECTION

en
t ~/
a..
~

w ~~ ~ ~ l \ /4> (Q) Ec = EgLT

U
a:: "-
0
lL..
Nb Ps c=EcULT=0.010
....J I-'
NO CORE 0
<t 180 SECTION \ "d" -1 b= I\" ~ d w
x
<t 120
60
0

-150' ,"
o 500 1000 1500 0 0.002 0.004
MOMENT, KIP-IN. CURVATURE, RAD.lIN.

FIG.3.4 AXIAL FORCE-MOMENT AND AXIAL

FORCE-CURVATURE INTERACTION DIAGRAMS
 1500,~--~----,---~----,----,----,----,----,---~--~

- - FULL SECTION X FLEXURAL CRACKING

- - CORE SECTION o YIELD OF TENSILE
REINFORCEMENT
~~ N=180 K o Ec= 0.003
<>Ec= 0.004
A ~c= 0.004
_.n-!}..~ N:: I 20 K 7 EC=O.OIO
Z
1000 N = 180 K
I ~~~
CL.: ~~_~u.->.--~
_____ ..- -= N= 120K
<=" _ _ _
--= ___ -V N ~ 60 K_,
~

~
..
~ r-\~-<>---~-~-~~ ~~-~ ~,~~-­ .
w i-'
::I o
.t>-
o 500 AXIAL LOAD, N"OK7
::E

01L-----~----~----~----~----~~----~----~----~----~----~
o 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
CURVATURE. RAO.lIN.

FIG.3.5 MOMENT- CURVATURE DIAGRAMS

 105

20~--~----~----~----~--~----~----~--~

en 10
a..
~

W
..
0
U 8 cr
a:;
0 SPECIMEN 3
LL
-10 AXIAL LOAD =60KIPS
K eq =68.9 KilN.

-20

20

Fer
en 10
a..
-~
W
.. 0
U 8 cr
a:;
0 SPECIMEN 5
LL -10
AX IAL LOAD=120 KIPS
Keq = 73.9 KilN.

-20

20

en 10
a..
~

W
.. 0
U 8 cr
a:;
0 SPECIMEN 12
LL -10 AXIAL LOAD =180KIPS
Keq= 87.5 KilN.

-20~---L----~~--~--~-----L----~--~----~
-0.2 o 0.1 0.2

DISPLACEMENT, INCHES
FIG. 4.1 LATERAL FORCE- DISPLACEMENT
RELATIONSHIPS IN THE IIELASTICIl RANGE
 40 ~.

20

(.f)
Q.
.......
~

,&!T ~
IJJ
oI
U I-'
a:: o
.:n
0
LL

-20 DISPLACEMENT
SET 1
(DIAGRAM INCOMPLETE AT

_ '4 0' L !--'_ 2,0

'l_:~P~ACE,MEN~A:P:I,TUD~ = IN,J
-2 -1 0 1 2
DISPLACEMENT. IN.
FIG. 4.2.0 LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAMS. SPECiMEN 1
 107

20

(fJ

a.
~

0
lJ..J
U
c::
C)

l.i...

- 20
DISPLACEMENT
SET 2

-'IO~~~~~--~~~~--~~~~--~~~~~--~~~

- 'I - 2 o 2 4

8ISPLACE~ENT. IN.

20

(fJ

a.
~

0
UJ
U
c::
C)

l.i...

- 2 0
DISPLACEMENT
SETS 1 AND 2

-40~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~--~-~~~~~~~-~

- 'I - 2 o 2 'I
DISPLACEMENT. IN.

FIG. 4.2.0 (CONTINUED) LATERAL FORCE- DISPLACE-

MENT DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 1
 tl·(J ,--"--i . . . ,.- .-1----!=--.· i-·-~-="',-~ - . =-1"-.- -r----, l-~-"""-:";"--
II
I

20

U)

c-.C1-
:l~

0
lIJ
LJ f--'
/'" /~ //J:IS~~~~
. -~-- ~<~ 0
0::
/- / .. -~--,,",~.~'" 1 CD

0
LL

DISPLACEMENT
SET 1

40 l-_'_,----'_._~~ , - J
-2 - 1 o 1 2
DISPLACEMENT. IN.
FIG. 4.2.b LATERAL FORCE ~~DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 2
 109

20

<f)

a.

w
u
a::
o
I.L

-20
DISPLACEMENT
SET 2

- 2 o 2
DISPLACEMENT. IN.

20

C/)

a.

w
u
0:
o
u..

-20
+
~ DISPLACEMENT
I
I
SETS 1 AND 2

-'10L-~~~~--~~~~~--L-~~~··~--~~~~~~

-'1 -2 0 '- 4
~ 1 S P LAC E MEN T. ; N.

FIG. 4.2.b (CONTINUED) LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACE-

MENT DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN 2
 40 ---,--- .-~..- - -'.•~=~-r---'-- -'."f-----;---.~. ----; J =-T"""~ '-Y~- ~-.~.----=>-=;-....,..,--~---.

Z0

(/)

0..
,....,
~

, 01- ~ ~ I~ /~/;fK 1/1 V I "y r-'

w r-'
u
o
a:
o
lJ....

-20 DISPLACEMENT
SET 1

40 bL__~__~__- L_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _- J_ _~_ _~~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~

- 2 - 1 o 1 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.
FIG. 4.2.c LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 3
 III

20

U)
n.
0.::

0
lJJ
U
c:t:
a
u...

- 20
DISPLACEMENT
T
SET 2

-40~~~~--~~~~~--~~~~--~~~~--~~~~

- 4 - 2 o 2
DIS P LAC E ~I E NT, I ~ .

20

(/)

n.
0.::

0
lJJ
U
a::
a
u...

-20
DISPLACEMENT
SETS 1 AND 2

-40L-~~~~--~~~~--~~~~--~~~~~--~~~

- 4 - 2 o 2 4
DIS P LA: E MEN T. IN.

FIG. 4.2.c (CONTINUED) LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACE-

MENT DIAGRAMS t SPECIMEN 3
 ----,-----r-~-;.'--.......,r__~ r~"--·"'T""'""-T ""T'" -r.-----r~~
40

20

(f)

a..
........
~

o~ A
W
l.J f-'
f-'
a::: IV
CJ
LL

DISPLACEMENT
-20fS ~ SET 1

- 40 L ...!~--~~"~. _-----1=-=-~~~-~"~-.J • -~---l~_ ... , ~_~ 1

- 2 - 1 o 1 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.
FIG. 4.2.d LATERAL FORCE - DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 4
 113

20

'"
a.
::.:
0
LL.J
LJ
0:
0
L.i...

-20
DISPLACEMENT
SET 2

-40~~~~~--~~~~--~~~~--~~~~~--~~~
- 't - 2 o 2
DISPLACEMENT. IN.

20

'"a.
::.:

0
LL.J
l.J
0:
0
L.i...

-20
DISPLACEMENT
SETS 1 AND 2

-40~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~--~~~~--~~~~

-1 -2 0 2 4
DISPLACEMENT. IN.

FIG. 4.2.d (CONTINUED) LATERAL FORCE- DISPLACE-

MENT DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 4
 4 a i ....' " - t r-- . - -'-...-=- ---" ',-- ".--j~ "'". I~ r...--.----~ , ---''''~ ---"r---'----==-y-

20

(/)

a..
x:
oI b£C"!,'"c __j~~'L..,,~~I,f'~~,1L__b,,;..~~____=f~~<r- ~
w
I-'
u I-'
,j:>.
ex
a
lL.

DISPLACEMENT
-20 SET 1

40 t J . - - , . " --- ----l_. ....J

-2 - 1 o 1 2
DISPLACEMENT. IN.
FIG. 4.2.e LATERAL FORCE~DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 5
 115

20

til
a.
:.::

0
u.
W
0::
0
u...

- 2

DISPLACEMENT
SET 2
-40 ~~~ __ ~~~ __ ~~~ __ ~-L~ _ _~~_ _~~~_ _~~~~
- 4 - 2 o 2 4
DISPLACEMENT, IN.

20

til
a.
:.::

0
uJ
w
0:
0
lJ...

-20

DISPLACEMENT
SETS 1 AND 2

-40~~~--~~~--~~~--~~~--~~--~~~--~~~~

- '1 -2 o 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG. 4.2.e (CONTINUED) LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACE-

MENT DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN 5
 .~'"--- y" .. , ....... ---=-=---=-=r~-----r-""- -,.-~~y c. - ... '--r '------".....-fc-~_._
40 r= I -;;--~.....---r

20

V)

a...
,...,
~

o ~I ---,~fl _,~~~~--"=-'I",:::.-----If---+---+--t--+---i
i..LJ
U t-'
t-'
et: (JI

o
LL

DISPLACEMENT
-20 SET 1

4 a -----1- .•.• .- L - _-L - ___~..,~~_ ... ---- . . ~- . . ...........,.

. • ..J _. _l __ ~~_~~ ._••• ...J......

-2 - 1 o 1 2
OISPLACEMENT. IN.
FIG. 4.2.f LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN 6
 117

20

CIl
0..

:>0::

0
....
u
cr
CJ
u..

- 2 0

DISPLACEMENT
SET 2
1
- 4 - 2 o 2
DIS P ~ ACe MeN T. IN. "

20

CIl
0..

:>0::

0
....
LJ
cr
CJ
u..

- 20
DISPLACEMENT
SETS 1 AND 2

-40L-~~~~--~~~~--~~~~--~~~~~~~~~

- 1 - 2 o 2
DISPLACeMeNT. IN. "
FIG. 4.2. f (CONTINUED) LATERAL FORCE- DISPLACE-
MENT DIAGRAMS t SPECIMEN 6
 40 r---,- ,." -"r"--'-,." --'~--"'----'"'---r - - - ; - - r "' ~ .. - - - r - - , - -----,.'

20

V}
a.
.-.
x

" 0 ,"---I---'I--{---r--'-
I..!-I
u r-
r-
0:: eD
a
LL

DISPLACEMENT
-20
SET 1

40 L L _ _ _~~~_-=-,_•.__ ~_ '_~_-.J_------J _ . · " - l - . ___ L - - - - ' ____L - ' = ~

-2 - 1 o 1 2
DISPLACEMENT. IN.
FIG. 4.2.g LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 7
 119

20

(/)
a.
~

0
"-'
u
a::
0
"-

-20

DISPLACEMENT
SET 2

-iO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~

- i -2 o 2
DISPLACEMENT. IN.

Z0

(/)

a.

"-'
u
a::
o
u..

- Z0

DISPLACEMENT
SETS 1 AND 2

-40~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~

- 1 - 2 o Z
DISPLACEMENT. IN.
FIG. 4.2.g (CONTINUED) LATERAL FORCE- DISPLACE-
MENT DIAGRAMS t SPECIMEN 7
 40 T -l---~'---- r-'~~~,~ ~~. r===- ',------y- -------r$~-_r--------"""i~---...---------..--- .....,.----.. .

20

C/)

a...

~
-
o ~~--~--{ ;~~~~~r~:;~i'!~':
__ .- ~~~;-.;'~-. . .~ ,-----£-j{:{-l~~:~~2r~ __,.~~""":.:t;:<S:';:-~:----+----I----
LU
L.) t-'
N
0::: o
o
LL

DISPLACEMENT
-20V-~ SET 1

- 4 0 1_ .. - __ I ..- !---',., '---.' '- , .• - ...........!. --"'-~. !. _ _.....!._ _---!'--_ _L..._ _..I._ _ _.L._ _-'

- 2 - 1 0 1 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.
FIG. 4.2.h LATERAL FORCE~DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 8
 121

20

Ul
a.
:I<:

0
lLJ
U
Cl:
0
u...

- 20
DISPLACEMENT
SET 2

-~O~~~~~--~~~~--~~~~--~~~~~--~~~
- 4 - 2 o 2
DIS P LAC E MEN T. IN.

20

Ul
a.
:I<:

0
lLJ
U
Cl:
0
u...

-20
DISPLACEMENT
SETS 1 AND 2

-40~~~~~--~~~~--~~~~--~~~~~~~~~

- '4 - 2 o 2
DISPLACEMENT. IN.
FIG. 4.2.h (CONTINUED) LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACE-
MENT DIAGRAMS I SPECIMEN 8
 40 F - ,-=-r=~~--.~-~~r-~-f'""""'"~-~.~ ,- =-r---....,..._- '.=~=.- -... =,r-

20

en
a..
-~
..
IJJ 0
U I---'
N
et: ~ ~ #Y' I nK~~ i N

0
LL

-20

<5IIQ040 ~-"~~"""'.#MSIo!=.-~~-:-"'='~"lL.~~,,-:~-~_, ~-=:.."' _____ ~~. . . . _. . i.... __ =-.. .,,~-'-'~~---'-~d---.- __~-=---,JJ.=-_.--=± -

~2 '=i 0 I 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.
FIG. 4.2. i LATERAL FORCE - DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAM » SPECIMEN 9
 40

20

(f)
a..
~
... oI I / ' 1>-<;4 ~"'<bo.c I ,:r #lA-V A' I 7-:;.-t:::~ I I /C I / ' I X
W
f-'
u I'V
W
a::
oIJ....

-20

-40~'~--~~--~~--~~~--~~--~~~--~~--~~--~~~
-2 -I o 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.
FIG. 4.2. j LATERAL FORCE -DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAM • SPECIMEN 10
 40 r------r--.,-,. 1 ,-----' , - '._-,=-=-- "---,----, , ---,----,----

20

U)

a...
-.
y

0
w I-'
U N
~ ;0/ /// F IfI1f ~ /~/ ~ oJ».
0:::
0
I.J...

-20

I~, ____ -' ___ ~-d.. _ _--!'

- 40 ,-=-=-=--=='""~---=~,.- - ~-, -_-~
____ ____ ~~--=--::!......:....L",,--_--,,"~~ -.~,-- ':...I... _~
, , , , j
- 2 • 50 - 1• 2 5 o 1• 25 2 • 50
DISPLACEMENT, IN.
FIG. 4.2.k LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACEMENT
DIAGRAM , SPECIMEN II
 125

2D

U)

a.

D
w
u
ct::
0
lL..

- 2D

- 1 D 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.

2D

U)

a.

D
w
u
ct::
0
lL..

-20
"N - 8" EFFECT INCLUDED

o 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG. 4.2.1- LATERAL FORCE - DISPLACEMENT

DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 12
 1500 r-~~~~~--~---------------r--~----------~--~--~-----. 1 ,au ,r----------------~--r_-----~-~--r------,

(b) SPECIMEN 12

750 750

z
,
"- TENSION TENSION
~ - -+ --+---11'-'--+
I--

w w
!: L
a o
!: L
- 7S0
(a) SPECIMEN 2, - 150
CYCLE 14, DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT SET 1 \---- --"-------
AMPLITUDE· 1.6 IN. ;
_----'Ii' --
INITIATION OF CONCRETE
COVER SPALLING
'"
ACCUMULATION m COMPRESSIVE N[T INITIATION OF CONCRETE COVER
STRAINS DUE TO HIGH AXIAL LOAD '" SPAt I.ING
- 1 500 L'_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_----'L-~L__L__~_~_~_~_~----' f-'
I sau.L'O~?~~-~-~-~-~-~-~--L-~-~-~-~-~-~-~L---
- • O? - • 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 ? 01 . 01 . 0 ? tv
~ltfL ST~AI~, l~./I~.
(J\
~lltL "RAIN. IN. l i N .
1500 rl--~--------------'r_----~------~-----' I " aa -----.----~-- __--~--_--_-___,
INITIATION Of CONCRt H
COV[R SPALLING

_BUCKLING or
COMI'RtSSION
REINFORCE-
---____{ MENT
7 ~ 0 7 'i 0
--------..
--.N

- f-- IH fllit' 1,' ------+-___+_ _·-t---t--

I--
TENSION TENSION
r !:
/'
a
'"r r ---------------///
7S0 (C) SPECIMEN 6, - 7 'i 0
DISPLACEMENT SET 1
(d) SPECIMEN 6,
DISPLACEMENT SET 2

I ~OU L '_ _ ~_ _ _ _ _ _~_ _~_ _~_ _ '___~_ _~_ _ ~_ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~

- I ~ a a ''---~--~---'
-.010 -.Ol~ . 0 I S o) n 030 015 o . 0 I ~ _ OJ 0
STEEL ~lFlArl'l. IN. lIN. STfEl Sf RAIN. IN./II'4.

FiG. 4.3 MOMENT -- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

STRAIi\1 D!AGRAMS, TYPICAL
 127

1
i =Co

z
w
L
c
L
- 7 50 (a) SPECIMEN 3,
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-:5:c L -_ _ _ _ _ _ ~ __ ~ ________ ~ __ ~~ __ ~~ __ ~ ________ ~~

- • .J 0 2 - . 00 1 . 00 1 . 0:; 2

1500 r-------~--~--------------------~--~----------_,

7 5 :

'--_--==-=:a - p

(b) SPECIMEN 3,
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-15CO ~~--~~--~--~----~--~~--~~------~~--~~
- . : 0 3 - ..J 0 • .008
1500,_-----------------------,,_-----------------------,

7 'i ~

I
a.

....
z
~

L
"!:
- 7 SO SPECIMEN 3,
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

_15:0~ ____ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ IL_____~~______~~__~~

__ __ __ __
- . O:i 9 - . 0: 1 . 0 C• . JOB

FIG. 4.4 MOMENT-AVERAGE CURVATURE

DIAGRAMS, TYPICAL
 128

I
-r

75 G

....
z

- 750
(d) SPECIMEN 3,
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-:5CO------------------------~----~--~~--~~--~--
-.C02 -.00: .0:: .:02
A 'I E ::; AGE : U :( 'y P. T LJ 1= E. RA 0 I I ~I .

7 :: 0 ~

- 7 5 ~
SPECIMEN 3,
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

,
- 0.00028
- : " G C. L -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _____ ~ _ ___'__ _ ~ ____ ~ __ ~ __ ~ _ _____'

-.0:3: - . 0': : S . ('0:5 . 00 1 C·

FIG. 4.4 (CONT~NUED)MOMENT- AVERAGE

CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, TYPICAL
 <u 7 n

10 I U

1- -t--- u- of---+-- I / F .., I /I :/-

o

« «
"'T
I n (0) SPECIMEN 1, I 0
DISPLACEMENT SET 1 (b) SPECIMEN 1,
DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 2 0 LI_---'-_---'-_~_---1._~_~_ - 20 ~-~-~~-~--

01 0.1 o2 O_B U.1 0.1 u_~

02
RI I ,\1 IVF DISPLftClMENT, IN Ill! AT IVF DISPLACEMENT, IN I-'
20 r
r --, -- - N
70 --~~----~-r----~~----~
\.0

I 0 I 0

n- DO -I
o
'"'
DO
«
'"
10 - I 0
SPECIMEN 3, (d) SPECIMEN 3,
DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 20 L_._ -2C I -L-~__ .~-

0.1 000 005 -0250 -OIZ~ Ol£~ o 2S U
RELAIIVE UISPI ACEMfNT, IN RFLATIVE DISPLACEMENI, IN

FIG. 4.5 SHEAR FORCE-RELATIVE DJSPLACEMENT

DIAGRAMS, TYPICAL
 20 ,-~--~-- __- - , - - -__- -__~--~--__-- ~- ----,-- ~

ACCUMULATION OF SHEAR 70 I 1
DE FORMAT ION AT A
DISPLACEMENT AMPLITUDE
,.r. . _, (-""-\

I U I 0
f
~'=="t=-----O-------==='b - N I

~-- --I

< ~

(a) SPECIMEN 3,
-10 - I 0
DISPLACEMENT SET 1 (b) SPECIMEN 3,
DISPLACEMENT SET 2

20 IL-__~__~__~__- L__~____ ~-~.--~--~~--~~ -lol,~____~~--L~____~~~~____~~~~____~~~

-.[lUH .001 .00' . 00 R - . 0 I " -.OOB I) .UUH • iJ I 6
SHEAR OEfORMAI hUN, ~AD. SII[AR DCrORMATION. RAil.

20 r---------------,---------------,----------------r---------------, 70 , --I---~--' f-'

LV
o
1
10 10
V>
0.
-N

'" 0 1-1
---+---+----+---+- ~ u I I £±:iIfi'1I #/~/~X.
o

< ~
w
r
10 - I 0
SPECIMEN 6, SPECIMEN 6,
DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 20 1...1_ _ ~_ _~_ _~_ _- - - ' -_ _~_ _~_ _~_ ____'L

-20LI~----~~~~~~~~~~----------~~---~~
-.OOA - . 001 . 00' .UU" .008 - . 0 a1 00' .U08
SHEAR OEfORMATION. RAO. <;HEAR OEtUf.lMAIION. RAD.

FIG. 4.6 SHEAR FORCE-SHEAR DEFORMATION

DIAGRAMS D TYPICAL
 131

20
+
Vcr = 14.6 KIPS

10
J
'"a.
::.:

w
+I
L.J
a:
0
"-
0
..
TENSION (a ) SPECIMEN 6
a: DISPLACEMENT
«
w
:r:
SET 1
t.r
- I0

Vc-r = 14.0 KIPS

-20 ~~--~--~~--~--~~--~--~~--~--~--~~--~~
- . 00 I 6 -.0008 o .0008 .00 I 6
S T ; R R UPS T R A IN. I ~ . / IN.

<I')
I 0
a.
><:

w
u
a: 0
0
"-
•
TENSION
a:
( b) SPECIMEN 7
« DISPLACEMENT
w
:r: SET 1
<I')
- I 0

Vc~= 13.0 KIPS

-20 ~~--~--~~--~--~~--~--~~--~--~--~~--~~
-.0008 -.0004 o .0004 .0008
S T I R R UPS T R A IN. IN. I IN.

FIG.4.7 SHEAR FORCE-TRANSVERSE REINFORCE-

MENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS, TYPICAL
 CURVATURE DUCTILITY, J.L4>
4 8 12 16
300 r-, ---r--------r----....-----,
NO
N,...-SPECIMEN . ¢y
• MEASURED EON. (3.8) ¢ult
CAPACITY EON.(3.7) \
ES = E Y____. . . __
240 \
\
\
CI)
\
n. 10 19 II
~ 180 \~ ;2009\0~I
I&J 12 \
U
n:: \
o \ t-'
\ LV
La.. I\.)
5,7
...J
c( 120 8~~
x 6'
c(
"
"""-
"-
. . . ""'t.L I 4
60 I 2• . .4. r-~
....... _....,
2,4
• MEASURED CURVATURE AT
YIELD OR ULTIMATE
o MEASURED CURVATURE DUCTILITY
I I
O I
o 5 10 15 20 0 400 800 1200 1600 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

SHEAR FORCE, KIPS MOMENT, KIP-IN. CURVATURE, cp, RAD.IIN.

FIG. 4.8 AXIAL FORCE - SHEAR t MOMENT AND AVERAGE

CURVATURE INTERACTION DIAGRAMS
 133

0.016
TOP(EASTlLONGITUDINAL BAR
~ AXIAL LOAD=60KIPS
• AXIAL LOAD = 120 KIPS
o AXIAL LOAD = 180 KIPS
A INITIATION OF
COVER SPALLING

Z
.......
0.012
z
SPECIMEN 9
-(I)

III
.
Z
<t
a: 0.008
I-
en
W
>
en
en
w
a:
a...
~ 0.004
0
u

o ~~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~~
o 2.0 4.0
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG. 4.9 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN - LATERAL

DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP AND
INITIATION OF COVER SPALLING
 134

I "~
~
- -
/"
'"
~
~
[> ~~
~

I ~ -
v

VOOWEL
V Sj t
'---Jift==========~
----I
VAGGR . a FRITION
l

r v

V= Vc +l:VSj +VOOWEL+VAGGR. a FRICTION

FIG. 4.10 SHEAR RESISTANCE MECHANISM

 135

20

en
a..
~

LU -
U
a::: 10 SPECIMEN 5
0
LL. LOADING IN (-)
a::: DIRECTION
<X Vs
LU ELW DISPLT SET I
:L
en r==J DISPLT SET 2

0
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT, INCHES
(0 )

20~------~----------------------------------~

SPECIMEN 9
en LOADING IN (-)
a.. DIRECT ION
~

LU -
U

oa:::
LL.
10

a:::
<X
LU
:L
en
O~~~~~---L-L~--~--------------------~
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
(b) LATERAL DISPLACEMENT, INCHES

FIG. 4.11 SHEAR RESISTANCE MECHANISM

 136

SPLITTING CRACKS
FLEXURAL
CRACKS
v
N N

INCLINED
CRACKS

(a) CRACKING PATTERN AFTER LATERAL

LOADING IN ONE DIRECTION

v
N
.. N

(b) CRACKING PATTERN AFTER REVERSAL

OF LATERAL LOADING

FIG. 4.12 CRACKING PATTERN

 :'.i ' SP 1 ! 'f' !
lOP I. "
1!ilI
M l !
, , I
~. ~ !
,: I .
IJ'" J'. ~J :'
r ,.,," • 'I'
. r+
(,;;'
':., I
. .
.:.":t
~"AM" ~. .~ ~
<O(.. '"
,t.ft'f,J>
fI]"..¥ '1
i ' ,,y,.:t2~ ." ,,' •!/' I
~ ~l~~ _ ,)~~ (~.
= ..-1,"-_ _. . . . . - , !. . f-'
(a) SPECIMEN 1 W
(b) SPECIMEN 2 -J

(C) SPECIMEN 3 (d) SPECIMEN 4

FIG. 4.13 CONDITIONS AT FAILURE, SPECIMENS 1 THROUGH 4,
APPLIED AXIAL LOAD = 60 KIPS
 -'''',
,.
--
", '_~JOO"" ....
1'" ;;jP."..- \
-'~,,;:~ I" " I.
, EA·.,. '1')',
f· "'i<.;F ":"" ." """"'''''''1-. "",." .
1!f,f.':J,
I@
i .-
~
. !, ;{
.-.Gi. . _~<",.. Co

1-'
W
[JJ

;, rr'!'~~'

':;~r~~ ><i:;',~ ~~.:' ,.;:

~ .1 :,"":

~ .... ->:."..
, .'
..2., •• { .
(a) DAMAGE AT END OF DISPLACEMENT SET 1- (b) DAMAGE AT END OF DISPLACEMENT SET 2.
MAX. LATERAL DISPLACEMENT AMPLITUDE MAX. LATERAL DISPLACEMENT AMPLITUDE
2.0 IN. 4.0 IN.

FIG. 4.14 DAMAGE TO SPECIMEN 5, APPLIED AXIAL LOAD =120 KIPS

 5

- .~.
" ... ) .... Jt
""",
'" '4 "_' ,.: .,
;J "'a' ,.-"".
~~.~ :. :~~·-1 . . -.. '1:
\.

~.

(a) SPECIMEN 9 (b) SPECIMEN 10

I-'
W
',0

.'

(c) SPECIMEN II (d) SPECIMEN 12

FIG. 4.15 CONDITIONS AT FAILURE, SPECIMENS 9 THROUGH 12,
APPLIED AXIAL LOAD = 180 KIPS
 140

~
z
w
~ ~-+-+~~~~~--~~~
o
~

Ey €oj
STRAIN

f.L~ = MAX. USABLE {E+ +IE -I}/(E; + IE;I)

(o) CYCLIC STRAIN DUCTILITY FACTOR

~
Z
wJ----+__~-+__...~+--~-__+_____l
~
o
,l. == MAX.USABLE {cp++lcp-I}
~ 't'ult 2

AVERAGE CURVATURE

f.L4» = (MAX. USABLE {cp++ Icp -I} )1(4); +14>; I) =¢ult 14>y
(b) CYCLIC AVERAGE CURVATURE DUCTILITY FACTOR

FIG.4.16 DEFINITIONS ON CYCLIC DUCTILITY FACTORS

 141

LATERAL DISPLACEMENT DUCTILITY, /-La

2 3 4 5
0.024 12

IU

Z
::L
~

....... ~
z 0.016 8 I-
...J
VI -I-
\U 2
U
~
=>
-Z II
Cl
<t Z
a:: -<t
I-
(f) a::
I-
w (f)
...J
W
(f) ...J
Z 0.008 4
(f)
W
I- Z
W
I-

fEy ~ 0.002

a ~--------------~--------------~
a 2.0 4.0
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG.4.17 TENSILE STRAIN DUCTILIY-LATERAL

DISPLACEMENT DUCT ILlY RELATIONSHIP
 142

11 = '2 = j IN.
01= 58.5 IN.

02 = 63.5 IN.

CURVATURE
,r/J. ¢20¥€ 01 STRI BurlON
IO¥8

8flex= CPlove ~lal+ CP2oIJe 1 2 0 2

(0) LATERAL 01 SPLACE~ENT COMPONENT
DUE TO FLEXURAL DErORMA:~Of\S

!=L-X " xj
1 i ~
~.c:::;...­

j8 PH X

(b) LATERAL DISPLACEW,ENT COMPOi\JEN!"

DUE TO PLASTiC HINGE R07ATiONS

68 = FLEXURAL
flex DEFORMATION
IN ZONES
I AND 2

8
sh
= 8 _(CPI ! ~ + 4>2
rel 2 2 2)
2: \
(C) LATERAL DIS PLACEMENT COMPOf\jENT
DUE TO SHEAR DE:FORMATIONS

FIG. 4.18 COMPONEf'JTS OF LATERAL D~S?LACE:MEj~7

 143

0.015 r-----,-~-~-__,_-___r_-__r_-.....,.....-~-...,.......___,
A. AXIAL LOAD: 60 KIPS
• AXIAL LOAD: 120 KIPS
o AXIAL LOAD. 180 KIPS
- - TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
SPACING : 3 IN.
- - - - TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
SPACING : 5 IN.

SPECIMEN II
z
.......
0.010
0
<l
a::
UJ-
a:: /
/
A
/
::>
~ /~2
§ /
/
a:: /
::> /
u
UJ
(!)
<l
a::
UJ 0.005
>
<l

o ~--~~~~~~--~--~--~--~--~--~
o 2.0 4.0
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG. 4./9 AVERAGE CURVATURE- LATERAL

DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP
 144

I·

en
a..
-
~

w
u
a::
oLL

- 40,---f

-2
~~~'-----'--'-----'--'-----'--'
-I o I
~,~,~,~~2 -0.2 o 0.2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.
(a) DUE TO FLEXURAL DEFORMATIONS (b) DUE TO SHEAR
DEFORMATIONS

en
a..
~

w
u
a::
o
LL

-40~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~

-2 -I o 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN

(C) DUE TO FLEXURAL AND SHE AR DEFORMATIONS

FIG. 4.20 ESTIMATION OF LATERAL DISPLACEMENT

COMPONENTS, SPECIMEN 3, DISPLACE-
MENT SET 1
 145

0 . 015

[ill SPECIMEN 10
....... SPECIMEN II
ffiITill]
J=+
T

z H~=
-......
C
~
<I
a::
. If')
0.010

--&-.
N
""6-
w PLASTIC HINGE
a:: ROTATION
:::::>
I- 8 PH = (cp2- cp3}·1
<I
>
a::
:::::>
u
w
(!) 0.005
<I
a::

I
w
~

O~----~--~--~--~--~--~~--~--~
o 2.0 4.0
LATERAL DjSPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG. 4.21 II PLASTiC HINGE II ROTATION

 146

0.3
I
I:l. AXIAL LOAD 60 KIPS = I
I .
• AXIAL LOAD 120 KIPS
TRANSVERSE
= I
I
REINFORCEMENT I
SPACING 3 IN. = I
Z ---- TRANSVERSE I
. RE INFORCE MENT I
I
Z SPACING 5 IN. = I
0
I
t- /
«
~
a::: 0.2 SPECIMEN 4 ~f
0
LL I
W /
0 I
a::: I
« I
W ~
I /
(f) I
/
0 /
I-
w tf
=> I
0 I
I
I- I
z 0.1 /
w
~ t1
w I
u I
« I
......J /
Q.. I
(f) I
0 ¢':'

o ~--~--~~~~--~--~--~--~--~--~
o 2.0 4.0

LATERAL DISPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG. 4.22 LATERAL DISPLACEMENT DUE TO SHEAR

DEFORMATION - LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
RELATIONSHIP
 lLI
U
a::
o
lL.. I--'

-.J
"'"
28 y
a=------~~----
MAX {8+} +MAX {18 I}
Kr =a Ker
-I

8-/8 y -I 1(=8 y /8 y ) 8+/8 y

DISPLACEMENT

FIG. 4.23 DEFINITIONS ON THE STUDY OF STIFFNESS DEGRADATION

 40

20

(/)

a..
.....
~

ot b<)' /11 if'" 7"1 7 ' .... < "1

w
I-'
u ,J:.
(l)
a:::
o
LL

ONLY INITIAL EXCURSIONS

-20 TO A DISPLACEMENT
AMPLITUDE SHOWN

40 ~,--~~~~~~~~~--~~--~~--~~--~~--~~--~~~
- 2 - 1 o 1
~2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.
FIG. 4.24 ESTIMATION OF RETURN STIFFNESS;
SPECIMEN 8; TYPICAL
 149

0.5
(a )
I-
0.4 ...::Iiz
0
::Ii

>. AVERAGE CURVATURE

-S-
0.3
"
~
>.

"
-S-
~ 0.2
~
<l N=120K

0.1
N=60K

o L -_ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _- L_ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ ~

o 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0

LATERAL DISPLACEMENT AMPLITUDE, IN.

O. 2 ...----------.---------,----------r---------,--------, 2000
( b)
~~

SPECIMEN
i~
Ul SHEAR DEFORMATION Cl
H 3 «
~ Q::

")0... 0.1 SPECIMEN 6 "

1000 ~
<l
">
<l
II
(/)
~
--0-- (l~.v//:::' Y)/K
1
• l:NI/:::.Y
o ~----~------~------~----~------~ 0
o 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT AMPLITUDE, IN.

FIG. 4.25 DEGRADATION OF INSTANTANEOUS

STIFFNESS ~N THE CRITICAL REGION
 150

1.00 SPECIMEN NO.5

6

\-----
.........
7 ' .. ,
0.90 ,,
.......
.......
........

0.80

0.70

2 3 5
f-Ls

FIG.4.26 STRENGTH DEGRADATION DUE TO ]NCREASING

LATERAL DISPLACEMEMENT AMPLITUDES
 a AXIAL LOAD = 60 KIPS
• AXIAL LOAD = 120 KIPS
4 \
0 AXIAL LOAD = 180 KIPS
I.OO~
\ ~
~
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
SPACING = 3 IN.
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
'\ \ SPACING = 5 IN.
q
\
\
\
\
r 0.90, ~\
~\ \ •, \
~ t-'
U1
\ , ~ t-'

0.80 ~ 'i \ :\I 1

II

0.70 'lIP ,
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
NO. OF CYCLES IN THE INELASTIC RANGE

FIG. 4.27 STRENGTH DEGRADATION DUE TO CYCLING

 6. AXIAL LOAD = 60 KIPS
• AXIAL LOAD = 120 KIPS - - MEASURED
200 - - - 6Wc::.2F~(8-8y)
o AXIAL LOAD::. 180 KIPS
I
I
I
I

Z
I
:x:: /
I
/

~
SPECIMEN
o NO.5 ____.
w
I-
«a...
en 100
I-'
en lJl
I\J
o
>-
<9
a::::
W
Z
W

o '< Jr It"

2 3 4 5 6 0 2 3 4 5 6

DISPLACEMENT LEVEL, B/By

FIG. 4.28 ENERGY DISSIPATION CAPACITY

 153

w (a) INCREASE IN fj,w

U
Q: DUE TO STRENGTH
oI.L. DEGRADATION (AI >A 2 )

DiSPLACEMENT

(b) ENERGY DISSIPATED BY

STIFFNESS DEGRADING
IJJ
U
MODEL [33]
a: c
fj,w = 2 F; (8-8 )
oI.L. y

By
D ~ 5 P l A'C E MEN T

(c) ENERGY MEASURE OF THE

MONOTONIC LOADING FORCE-

lLJ
DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP [34]
2
U WII:F;8 /28 y
a::
o W2 = F: 8/2
I.L.F,
y
W3 I: F;(8 - 8'1/2)

8, S
DISPl ACE lO1ENT

FIG.4.29 VARiOUS DEFINITIONS ON THE STUDY OF

ENERGY DISSIPATION CAPACITY
 154

0.3--------~------~------~------~----~

A SPECIMEN 3
• SPECIMEN 5
o SPECIMEN 9

..
a:
o
.-
u
~
I.L..
<.!)
Z
~ 0.1
~
o

o~------~------~------~------~----~
2 3 4 5
DISPLACEMENT LEVEL, S/8 y

FIG. 4.30 EQUIVALENT DAMPING FACTORS

 155

10
t::. AXIAL LOAD = 60 KIPS
• AXIAL LOAD = 120 KIPS
z - TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
SPACING = 31N.
t::.
I
I
8
"
Z --- TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT I
I

I SPACING = 5 IN. I
~ ~SPECIMEN
.. / NO.4
Cl I
W 6 I
.....
<t 6~r I
I
0- I
I
en I Ii 5
en /
-
Cl 4 I
I
/
/

~
I /
(!) ,,;. /
/

a::: ./
./
I
W
)( ./
P-"l
Z
W 2

o ~----~------~------~------~------~----~
2 4 5 6

FIG. 4.31 ENERGY DISSIPATED PER UNIT LENGTH

OF THE CRITICAL REGION
 156

(0) 18(t)

84
8N
82
8y
86 1r-----'--+-......................~---'-__+_"""""--_;_ _--.l.--....&....-----r.___1~ t

~ -8 y
°8 ....
81
-8 N
.8 3 ,8 5 ,8 7
89

F ( t)
( b)

FIG. 5.1 EXAMPLE LATERAL DISPLACEMENT-TIME

AND CORRESPONDING LATERAL FORCE-
TIME HISTORiES
 F

Fy ,F2
F4 ......
" ......5

J:7

_
_ _ _ _~ _________ L_ _ _ _~ ________~OL~4:~'~=---~--~I--~'~----fr~ ., ~-dL - _ 8
>""2 rr r s- ,

t-'
U1
J=9 -.-J

F9
I', F7
S ' .... F5
.............. ~
F3
RI
Fy,FI

FIG. 5.2 EXAMPLE LATERAL FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATION

 158

J= I J=5 __ ~B

--~--~-----b~--------~-8

J=2 FZ A J=6
F6 (8)

F6

8
86

M
Fs,F7
C F3 B,C
B FM
F
3
(8) Fs(8) B F7(8 )
J=3 F: rl C
J=7
F4
B

8 8
8~

A
A F3

F4 (8) Fe( 8)
J=4 A J=8
F4

8:,8 5 8i 8~ 8 e 8 pe
8
6f;IA
I(e
Fe
F9
8

C B F:
B,C F:,Fe

FIG. 5.3 LATERAL FORCE- DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS

FOR INELASTIC HALF CYCLES OF LOADING
 159

A J IF y

O.S

0.7

EO.(5.17)
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3
EXPERIMENTALLY OBTAINED VALUES:

SPECIMEN T'Jo
0.2 6- 1,2,3,4 0.093
o !5,6,7,8 0.186
o 9,10,11,12 0.280

0.1 o
o

o i . - -_ _.Jo...-_ _--'--_ _---'-_ _ _ _ _" ' -_ _""'---_ _..........~ J.L J

o 2 3 4 5 6

FIG. 5.4 EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP AJ/F y vs. fLJ

 160

0.4

EQ.(5.IS}

0.3

0.2

•
EXPERIMENTALLY OBTAINED VALUES:
0
SPECIMEN T]o d/,

0.1 0
• .
l::&

0
1,3
2,4
5,7
0.093
0.093
0.186
3.33
2.00
3.33

•
0
6,8
9,11
0.186
0.280
2.00
3.33
• 10,12 0.280 2.00

0 fLJ
0 2 3 4 5 6

FIG. 5.5 EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BJ/F y vs. fLJ

 _161

40

I I

t
---
-20-
,
T

Vl
0..

""
-0 -
w
U
_0::
a
l<-
(a) 7}o = 0.093
tI
- 2-0: T
dis = 3.-33
DISPLACEMENT SET 1
+
- -4 0 ~-'----'----'-_-"---'----'-----I._,,----,----l-----I._,,----,-----,---,-_,,-----,-----,-------,,-----l

- 2 - 1 o 2
DISPLAC£ME-NT. IN.

40

--i-
~

T
20-

(/')
/
0..
/
/
"" /

0
W
'--'
0::
a
u.

-20 7}-o = 0.093

dis = 3.33
DISPLACEMENT
SETS 1 AND 2

- 40
- 4 - 2 0 2
_D I 5 P LAC E-M E NT _. I N_

FIG..5.6 CALCULATED LATE-RAL FORCE-DISPLACEMENT

RELATIONSHIPS
 162

20

if)

Cl..

'"
0
UJ
U
0::
0
l.L..
( b ) 7}0=0.186
-20 dis = 3.33
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- 1 o 2
DIS P LAC EM EN T. IN.

I
t I
I
20 I
I
/
if)

Cl..
/
/
/
'" /
0
UJ
U
0::
0
l.L..

- 2C 7}0 = 0.186
dis = 3.33
DISPLACEMENT
SETS 1 AND 2
( - - - - MEASURED. SPECIMEN 5)
- 40
- 4 -2 0 2 4
DISPLACEMENT. IN.

FIG. 5.6 (CONTINUED) CALCULATED LATERAL FORCE-

DISPLACEMENT RELATiONSHIPS'
 163

20

If)

a.
~

0
w
w
c::
0
LL.

- 20 ( c ) T}o= 0.280
dis = 3.33

-4D~~~~~===-~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~--~

- 2 - 1 o 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.

20

If)

a..

w
u
c::
o
LL.

-20 (d) T}o = 0.280

dis = 2.0

-4D~~~~~===L~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~--~
- 2 - 1 o 2
DISPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG. 5,6 (CONTINUED) CALCULATED LATERAL FORCE-

DISPLACEMENT RELATION SH IPS
 164

APPENDIX

A complete catalogue of the hysteresis loo~s obtained

as the result of the experimental investigation is presented
in Figs. A.l through A.5. These figures should be viewed
within the context of the remarks in Sections 4.2.2.ii through
4.2.2.vi.
 1500 rl--~--~--~--~--~--~--~~--r---r---r---r---~--~--'---~--, I~OO rl--~--~--~--~--~--~~--~--r---r---~--~--~--~--~--_r--.

- . - . 1',- ~ I' . 'r' .

I - I .,...,·,,-"·1 I'"" ""- .
,~ ...
t·':C.. JJ~-1 ,. ::~.c),"/11-1
750
750
: 11.·. 'I'
! .. I / '''''''<~'jl- 'I
i I:;,. ''''(~:_.! 1 ,,v L" '''': J~ 1
;-- . ." ,. . J"~ ,:lJ , ..... "_,
""'. . ·. . l
..... - . :
"~~N l"l"i~J<

0
f- f-
z
w w
r r:
0 o
r: r:
- 750 - 750

DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- 1500 IL-__L __ _L __ _L -_ _L -_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _- L_ _- L_ _~ -I~OO L'_~_~_
- . 02 -.01 . 0 I .O? -.02 - . 0 I .01 . 02
STEEL STRAIN. IN. lIN. STEEL SI~AIN. IN. lIN.

I 50 0 r, ----,_----r_--~-----r----,_----,_--~-----r----,-----r---~----_,
1500 I ., .' I-'
, 1 0'1
I ' 111
!...". "" .J
,~r'~ I ~ -r- I

-II,VJ-I :.~,. :.,.C'j:"/I

750 r t 750 .:". I
--r>..·I
~'.':'::l : Vu..::"
, '1'4::~'J
"-,.....-."'1 :'j-tl>.N

TENSIO~
f- f-

r: r:
o 0
r: I:
- 750 -750

DISPLACEMENT SET 2 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 150U LI_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _L -_ _L__~L-_~_ _- L_ _~_ _- L_ _~_ _~ - I ~ 0 0 LI____~____~__- L_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _L __ _~_ _ _ _ _ L_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _L __ _~_ _ _ _ .....J
-.030 - . 0 I 5 o . 0 I 5 .030 -.030 - . 015 o . 015 .U30
SllEL STRAIN. IN.IIN. STEEl. STRAIN. IN. lIN.

FIG. A.l.a MOMENT - LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 1

 1500 r-~~~--~--~--~------~---r----------~--~-------------. 150 0 r' ------------~--~--~ ,--~

I
,
i ~·-I 1 . .
I ......~ .
'F'··F.I
'. I·· . · . =-] '/ii . ,"- .. (5)
750 .. I "
:.:',,, ,,'1 II .I
75 0
,.rr,. --,I, "11
"'{_...71:·""~ I .. ....j,~
z .. "",,,1 '("",,'
;.;, .... /J
.. 1 i"';l";'I,-#

+-----+-- V" Ij\flll------t· ·1·- '1---1

I- I-

w
r: L
a a
r: ,-
7~ 0 - 750
DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- I 50~.~'0~?~~--~--~--~~--~--~--~--..L--~--~----~--~--~--~--~--~ -l'lUU' -.01

- . 0 I . 0 I . 0? - . 0? . 0 , . 0 ?
STEEL STRAIN, IN. lIN. ',TEEL <,TRAIN. IN. lIN.

15 0 0 .--~~~--~ . I ----, - -----.

I 500 I - . T" .(. __ -;- : I-'
0'1
0'1
1 ... i···1 .1·1:!·:::~ 1

,~~"
1-,-,-
--~; /"1 . :.:..(-Y;:/ ,
--.! ;1 1
750 ;..:
' ,
-'-, fr-' .,.l..
U... "
:·'o~.-.J
c.....of -1 750 v I ...

1 ..
:-:,:::':1__ !., ''1.-'' '~.
... :;'1 . ,.j."1·,1.
.. '
z _j :-,"'f'l

U III I ,.ffY I; I I { filii I III -t f--f- . 1--

I- I-

w w
r: r:
a • a
1: L
-750 -750

DISPLACEMENT SET 2 IlISPLACEMENT SET 2

-1500 ~' __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __L -__ ~~~~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~

- 1 500 L'_ _~_ _~~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~~_ _L...__""" __~ __~ __~ ____" -__~ __~ __~

-.02 -.01 .01 .02 - . 02 - . 01 o . 0 1 .07

STEEl STRAIN. IN.IIN. STEEL STRAIN. IN. lIN.

FIG. A.Lb MOMENT= LONGiTUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 2

 1500 r'---T--~----r---~--~---r--~----r---~--~--~---T--~----r---~--~ I ':J 0 0 i ,

r'r','r_ "",'r" I I·" ",;. ,

I I
';I·,I"r""l I
,-. '~"::!I , ,,'" ",c~:'~i
,,;, I'
750 : -'1 Ff~" :,~>~" f,F I! f 750
oc:." ·1:
r , ••.•.•
I
.!, '-ttl' ... "
-c '''~' ~ .,'
, tL",,1 d-l
- ,:: ~':I _. j"'; ;._" '/'~f1,-"
1
0 - --\-- +- - t---+-. ,- -i--+-------l
f- f-

w
r: L
0 0
r: L
- 750 - 750

DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- I 5 U U L'__~__~____~__~__~__~__~__--.JL-__~__~__~__~__~____~__~__.J - 1,()U L'__ ~ __ ~~ __ ~ ~

__ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ ____L -__ ~ __~__~__~____~__~__~__~
- . 02 - . 0 I • 01 • 02 -.02 - . 01 . 0 , . 07
STEEL ~TRAIN. IN. liN. STEEL 'TRAIN, IN.IIN.

150 0 ,---- ____ ---r-' 1'100 r -----r-- - -r- ~ -".-------r-----r-.-- '~--.---~---r--~----r---~--~---r----,

I--'
(jI
" • T . '" ';'r . - . - -....I
, ~"'. ~·. r T.,,1 ..... 1 I """r'/
'~,'" . ,(~:~::/ -j
I~O
i "".:-~-., ~ 750
i . , >-L" '" {j-:':' ,::: ",",,,"-0,,
Ill:" . ..I
'~j i 0 .. '
;v',.I'
.-,
.:.: ,·4·,r.~,•. ' 1"
.- ....... -----~.-~- .... I'I ...TENSION 1 : .~, .... .N

0 0 ~ -+- . t-
f- f-

,- L
0 u
,- L
- 750 - 15 U

DISPLACEMENT SET 2 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 1 <; 0 U L'_ _~_ _~_ _ _ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _ _ _ L -__~__~__~__~__~____~__~__..J - 1 500 L '_ _ ~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_~~_~_L...._~_~_~ ___ ~_~_~_--.l

-.02 - . 0 1 , U1 .UZ . 02 - . 0 I • 01 . 02
STEEL STRAIN, IN. liN. STEtl STRAIN. IN./IN.

FIG. A.l.e MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 3

 1500 ~-~-~-----~-~-~-T-----------~---I 1500 r, -------~-

I
: '----l ' I
.......,,1.....~:-Y: -- -'-- !
,"'" ..,(~) "/
750 750
"",~~-.
:- ~. r[~.- : 6.~ ~-
'----, :;~d.::t_J·";_···il,-N --C-<i:r r.'~;r_,,:·~,"'JI
, ,
a. a.

'" 01---+--------; 1----{f~~1 o~

- T~t..I~II'\M
I- I-

"'I: "'I:
D u
I: I:
- 7 ~ 0 - 150

DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-- I 500 IL-_~_~_~_~_~ __ ~_~_-'-_~_~ __ ~_~_~_~_~_----'

-1500 1 ~~
- , 02 - . 0 1 . 0 I . 02 -- .02 -- . 0 I .01 . 02
~TEEL 'T~AIN. IN. liN. STE[L STRAIN. IN. lIN.

15UU-,~~~--~ ________ ~~~-,--~ ________ ~~~~-- __ ~

1500 rl-r-_ _ ~~_-'-_- _ _- r - _ - , -_ _ ~~_-'-_-r-_-~ ~,
I--'
'-- - '(-I
__ 0'1
CD
IT I ._' .,.,1
".,.j i-~J
C" ,~
-f['~~["~;' , : ~m--
750 " I",. ''''(:~,." ~ 750 _~~~. ':::C-=l,:''j
~ :~;':";'::'i' /'''','1:';-,-1< ,,-or , .... ,
""''''''''L __ •. !!
J14 .~:'-,"'N
,
a.

I /r UII I til I I Ie II IfllJIIIJ I 1--+-

I- l-

"'I: I:
n D
I: I:
-- 7 5 U -- 7 50

DISPLACEMENT SET 2 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

-- 1500 LI~~~~_~~_~~_~~_L-~~L-~~_~~_~~_L-~~~~~_~ --1500~'~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-- , 030 -- . 015 , 0 I 5 .030 - _ 030 -- . 015 , 015 ----'-------'
.030
STEEL STRAIN, IN. lIN. STEEL SrRAIN, IN./IN.

FIG. A.Ld MOMENT~ LONGITUDINAL, REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 4

 169

...
DISPLACEMENT SETS 1 AND 2 : jt~~I~WTl~1
750

I
Q.

I-
Z
w
!:
o
!:
- 750

-1500L-~--~--~--~--~~--~--~--~--~~--~
- . 012 -.006 . 00 S . 012
STEEL STRAIN. IN. lIN.

1500r-~-- __- -__--~--~-,--__- -__--~--~~---,

DISPLACEMENT SETS 1 AND 2

750

z
-
-
Cl.

I-
Z
w
1:
0

-~~~--,E:7
1:
- 750

I ;. / ,:" ,""~-':,,X
~: ~:~- -t)JI-··
-1500L-~--~--~--~--~~--~--~--~--~~--~
-.012 -.006 .006 .012
STEEL STRAIN. IN. lIN.

FIG. A.l.e MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

STRAIN DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN 5
 1500 ri----~------------------------_,--------------------~--------__, I ~ U0 'r---------------------~

, "- '
-,'- - ' -
'" I l, '1'
1 ... :" .. 1 '''~'':'~1 .. ·1 .
,~"",: >_,:::
, . ~:;' ,;:, ," ':~. II '
I ... "':U, .
7S0 7 ~ u ":,,,,-,,~/1 ;
i ., I
:o.: . . . i~
F[. ., c'c~~1 --' 'I'" i
_N ~ 1'"
,~, :':':L.J"; '"d , :::~·.i':1 . '
, ;!'"1'''
", ,,-1.-"
a.
TENSIO!.. 1
l- I-
TENSION
'u
I: r
0 0
I: ,
- 7 '> 0 - 750
DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- 1 500 L'____ ~ ____ ~ ~

____ ____ ____ __ ~
____ ____ L __ _~L_ ~ ~ _ L _ _ _ _ _ L _ _ _ _ ~_ _ _ _ ~ 1500 'L-__ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____ _ L _ _ _ _ _ L_ _ _ _ _L____~____~____~____~____L __ _~

.030 . 015 . 015 0) n " .U1U UI~ . 0 I 5 . nJ 0

'TEll 'TRAIN. IN. liN. ST[[L STRAIN, IN./IN.

150 0 r,--------------------------------r---~---------------------------, I 5 0 0 rl--------------------------~----r_--~---------~--------------_,

......
:' T ,,- -- T- --.J
... :.."., l I . ·,,·.. ·' ,.. ,,,1 I, ..... , o
'----r ..;(1" -I
f I~ . , ' '" ,: "~I'-;;? '0 :d-li~;;X .:
:I ' :o.: .. ·1 I
750 rL::· ".)0 ~'1;"tl;,'. -------
·11::~.: ~
~ ~JJ
•.••.
. " "I ",O~~"i j.".... , 1
, .... ,
----- .
.'.
,
---- .. " . I , .. ' _N ~"
""'''''?
I H 7»7i -----f+--IH 1110 ,I· - t-
I-
TENSION
L I: ,/
o C"> ,---
I: I:
- 7 50 750
------ ----
DISPLACEMENT SET 2 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

-, 500 IL-__ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____ _ L_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _~_ _ _ _~ - I 'i 0 0 LI____ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____L..____ L __ _~_ _ _ _~

.0)0 . 0 I 5 . 0 I 5 . 0) 0 -.U1U -.01'> . 015 . U 10

~TttL 5THAIN. IN. lIN. C,Tttl '"TFlA1N. IN. l I N .

FIG. A.1. f MOMENT~ LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 6

 1500r'--~--~~--~--~~~~---r--~~~~--~--T--'--~--~ 1500 r,-~--~-~-~-~-~--~-r--~-~-~--~-~-~-~---'

, ·'-r'T'·l
.' l' 1i__ l~.. !,~~! ',,":':U '
" I
. . ...-'"-.' I -l·r)"'/';
.
.. I I":"'.:,J/ ,-. . ';"'1'.~""
750 : V' ..... .::.::~ ~'{j'
"" f d[;
..;, _n "~'l r·-:ry·'J . . ;
z I - .-.~-. - :'~-~~,,~I'I

,
fTt~. ..:':.:..~
"Ht:;~ .
0.. 0..
•
TENSION TENSION
'" 0
t- >-
Z z
~

r: r:
o 0
r: I.:
-750 -750

DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

1 500 I..
--,-'---~--~----~-~-~~--'-------~
-1500 ~,-~-~--~-~-~-~-~-~~-~----~-~-~--~-~-~
-.001 -.002 .002 .001 -,QU'I -.002 U .002 . 001
STEEL STRAIN. IN. liN. STEEL STRAIN. IN. liN.
I-'
-..J
I-'

DISPLACEMENT SET 2: DISPLACEMENT SET 2:

NOT AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE

FIG. A.l.g MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 7

 1500 - -- r -- ~--~-~---,---~-~-~--~-~----, I 500 r--'--'--'--'--'--"-"--r--'--'-~-~-~-~-~r--,

- - -,'- -,- - I
I,,'" ,'"
- --, if" -~-c,'
i ,
~ ,"-..
I ~ "-
/i , .;C)/
•• • , ... , , ! ~.~
I~O
,
.
".:-
-,- I",- l,,::J- -,, - ,
-I"
'''<--j,,;.,. I
I 750 (' ... . ",;.,. I
---, ~,~':I _ j '~"~~H
-:.~: j~nr~N
fl:,: '- ___
TENSION
..
f-
.. f-

"'I: "'I:
0 D
L I:
-750 -' 150

DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- I 500 LI_ _~_ _~_~_ _~_ _~_ _L-_~_ _~_ _~_~_ _~_-----, - 1500 I I
.0150 -.0075 .0075 .0150 -.010 -.005 .005 .010
STEEL STRAIN. IN./IN. STeel STRAIN. IN. lIN.

I~OO r------------.---.---,--"--.---~--._-~._-~ 15 U 0 I-'

1 -..J
----;---::'-'T-; I\J

,,·,: . , f l . 'I:~',:~ I ,~·-:-'.·i I '-'"'.

750
'ff-- "~'-~'-! 750 f .:I I' '
--I
c,:,, __ I .
'j tt.,~;, '''(~" '~: -1
'-,_N
".",., L r,
l".Ji~·( .C~]
-1".,;-~r1. . '-,-"
I
a.

o
~ENSION
.. - -+ -- t
f-
_1 z
oj

I: '-
o D
L '-
-750r
c I===-T~ -750

DISPLACEMENT SET 2 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- I 500 LI_ _~_ _~_~_ _~_ _~_ _L-_~_ _~_ _~_~_ _~_-----, - I 500 ,-I_~_~~_~_~_~_~_~_ _L-_~_~_~_~_ _ _~_~_~__
-.0150 -.0075 .0075 .0150 -.010 -.005 .005 .010
sr~EL STRAIN. IN. lIN. STEEL STRAIN. IN_liN.

FIG. A.l.h MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN 8

 1500 r ,--~--~-~--~--~--,____--~--~--~--~-~--___,
1500 r'----~--~--------~--~----._--~----~---r----~--~----

· . ·"",1 l~,:~ I
750 750
'F: . . ' ''''C-~~;I'J
~' 11/ i,:.., ; ', : _; I?,!
I- '-Ib ll,,,.. 1 "
':::'.'-'1 ___
J'." ,__
,
, ,
Q. Q.
TENSION TENSION
0
.. "" 0
I- - -:- " -,','
. I-
z -;";"r'l z
&oJ w
1:
I_-·.~' ..... , L
0 0
1: ' • I '!/ E
._~f.1 '<I~l
- 750 ~ L .' :~L'~
''!;' ~;., . -750
,
......... ,
,·. ·t . )
J-~::' ':-,~N '
- I 500 L '_ _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ L-_ _ ~_~~_~ __ ~ __ ~ _ _---'
- 1500 L'~~~_ _~~~~~-L_ _~_~~_~_ _~_ _~_~~_~_ _J
- .aI 2 -.006 o .006 . 0 I 2 - , 0 1? -.005 o ,006 . 0 I 2
STEEL STRAIN. IN. liN. STEEL STRAIN, IN, liN.

FIG. A.1. i MOMENT - LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN 9

I-'
1500 r,-~-~~-~-~-~~-~-~-r-~- 1500 r,-~~- , -...J
(.oJ

"">t"': l:"",,' I
750
:f ::'-1- '" .c~~"1·
7;0 :
~ tL"- ';:': 11,~ i
1-' ~ ... ,
..." ""1 _. .~ ,~I,""J'I
I"" ..'1'
,
1 TENSION
.. I
..TENSION
" 0 J/ 1/ I + -
I- .-' T' -.-r -- ---,-' 1"' -; ,.
w 1 1 J I..... ,. . . ,' _2 w
,E "T' .'-li] I I:
'"E 'Tt!':"- ":'"""f\1 '"I:
-7;0 ,I~ '\ r 'II,·, :.;d~,_.~:.,.1 -7;U
l' u.:;-'
-::..' . ,.
'~::L r-'-'"- J,-"

- I 500 LI_~_~~_-L_~_~~_-L_~_L-~_-L_~~~~_~_~~~-L_--' - I ~ 0 0 L'_~_~~_-L_~_~~_-L_~_L-~_-L_~_~~_-L_~_~~~---'

- . 0 I 0 - . 005 o .005 . 0 I 0 - . 0 I 0 - . 00, , 005 . 0 I 0
ST(EL STRAIN. IN.IIN. STEEL SlRAIN. IN. liN,

FIG. A.l.j MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN 10

 1500 r---_r----~--~----~--~~--_r----~---r----~--~----~--_. I 50 0 I'---~----~----

I . I
--,,·;··,1 . ~'--' I I., '~
1
·.:C)/
750
l'f .' ,.,.·}·:l·~ 7501'(1:"
1 --=-==--~ --- ---.
- ,:~, I . . :, .~ :1, _>I
<:::?::.--
tt·· ····c~I.~
...... , 1_
i'l"l,~N ' , .. ---;:.::.-" ~
.;:.>" / 'J'

t--I
o ---+--f-- o~ l,c I I ,4s( JIfl HI{ 11/ {I
.... 1-
z
"'E "'E
u
E
'"E
- 7 ~ 0 -750

- I 50 0 LI-::-__~____~__~____~____~____L __~____~____~__~~__~___ -1500

- . 021 - . 0 I Z o • 0 I Z . 0 Z1 - . 021 - . 0 1? o . 0 1? . 021
STEEl STRAIN, IN. liN. STEEL STRAIN, IN. liN.

FIG. A.l.k MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN II I-'

I ~ 0 0 ------r-- -r-' I 500 r--~-~-~- -..J
01:>

. ""I""'"
:t'r:'
i" I :.·..C:ll/j: ,
. ,i I:
750 750 . 1'/'
t r I···· ::I.~i
""7.'
, ... "7.0'
, ... ,1 '~I-'
.,-----------
I
1":1":! ~ ,~.N

I
~ ~--
a. TENSION TENSION
0 ~ -f +_.
• ..
1----+---+---+--.1-- I ;/iW Ill!:>'.' JI /1/ / I
".-' ,', .'. 'T. ~ l-
I-

"',- l"'l'" ·~1_ I E

E
If,..I.."r·:·I '~"'<'I-"/ 1 '"E
-750 - I ~ 0
1t L>· ,~(:-)J~'I
,.::: ,::':1 '''71'-,~I,_N

- ISOO LI__ ~ __ ~ ____ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~L- __ ~ __ ~ ______ ~ __ ~ ____ ~_~ __ ~ -1500 --~ LI _ _~_~_ _~_ _~_~_ _~_ _ L -__~__~~~~__~_~_~__-J
-.02 •. 0 I o . 0 I . 02 -.02 -.01 .01 .02
STEEL STRAIN. IN. liN. STEEL ST~AIN. IN. liN.

FIG. A.l.l MOMENT~ LONG~TUDINAL REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN 12

 1500 r,---r---r--~--~--~--~--~--,---r-~~-,--~--~--~---r--~ 1500 r,-~-~r---~-~--r-~--~---r--~--r-~-~r--~--~--r-~

I·,.:.t,:r l~"
,~,~ , ~::,,7~.i':- -1~::~i
I ~[~':" '. ,c,;, I ' I ,;'" ;' :C;'"""j!' II i
750 l ~' ' :"',- , : r l 750
.- ~
~' I I ,,", 1
I ,,"'""'" '" .. . '
' ,." 1 "'j.4':;r
z I, .......
"''''''L --=----=-
;, ,'_N
, ......
-<" "'L /"'" ."' :--'11
it
a If---+--+--+--+---t-: ~ ,I cAY 1-1
a ---+---+---+--
l- I-

w
I: L
o o
I: I:
- 75 ~ DISPLACEMENT SET 1 -7~U DISPLACEMENT SET 1

I 500 IL-_~_~_~_-'-_--' _ _'-_~_-'--_~_-'-__ - I 50a I,---,---,---~--~-~-~-~--,--~--,--~

- . aa2 -,DOl .001 . 002 -.002 -.001 a . 001 .007
AVtRAGr CURVATURE. RAD/IN. AVERAGE CURVATURE. R A 0 I IN,

1500, -. I 500 .--~--~--~--~--~-~~~---r-~- -~~~-,-~--r-~--, I-'

-...J
U1
( ( -1:"'-" 'L" ::')1l"~:-!
, ~ /'-~.. ".:,.)~
,-,.IX l~";~'~'l ,·:·1"11'
750
::~: ~', 1 7 ~ U
." 'I! 1'.
" iY/,,;.,
.,,<t·· '. ,"" ' : / .I' .""':'j.~
~, ·~:L r:,,'~ ,~N I (,'",,,II r"';' "J _N ...-..,
___ _
_. -- 1. ~~j'I
"-'.-
~~
"0': ,:·"
I- I-

w w
l: l:
n
l: l:
750 DISPLACEMENT SET 2 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- I 5 0 0 LI--'----'~-'--~- -150U LI__~_~__~,__~__~__~__~__~__~__4 -_ _4-_~_~_~_~_

- , 001 -.002 .002 • UU1 -,001 -.007 .OU2 001
AVERAGE CURVATURE. ~AU/IN. AVERAGt CURVATURt. RADIIN,

FIG. A.2.o MOMENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 1

 l~UU ri----_r----,_----,_----~----r_----r_--~----~----~-----r-----r----, I ',00 r-----r---~----~----~----~----_r-----r-----r----,-----,-----~--_.

'-'I ,. ''-"> ,
~. ··i ,I ' .. :;
" . .I
.. " , ! 'r:
, " r. .. ,~.. ", .. ! ,I l
750
~ , 'I ;.. "
."
i
I,
i
IIj 0
'): , . ,; .. ".~ J
; iY L:"· ,:':'.' ;:."; I
.l-o,' ,-,
..... ' ' 1 ~i.-!l ;":': ·..""
j-I. ... N
('·.:I . ~J, ~ L-~,. 0

,. .-,--
fo- t--
.7'
r: r:
o
'",- ,-
- 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 - 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

'500 L'____ ~ ____ L __ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _~_ _ _ _~_ _~ . I 500 iL____~____~____~____~____~____L __ _ _ _L __ _~_ _ _ _~

-.006 -.003 .003 .006 -.OOJO - . 001 ~ o • UU 15 • 00 J 0

AVERAGE r.IIRVATURf, RADII N. AVERAGE CURVATURE, RAD/IN.

~ , ~-~ ---- r---' ---r-------r------r-- - - .....,.---

1 5 U0 r,--~--~r---r_--'_--_r--_r--~-- __,---~--'_--_r--~--~----r_--'_--, I D0 I-'
-...I
0'1
.... "'" '
,",~:
""1';'(':'~'f'i '. :.:' '[
I' .:'" ,,,,,,,!., '1 DISPLACEMENT SET 2
750 J5 U

i ~l.;L~:.~_
f0- f0-

r: r: .. ' - " 't'-

u 0
r: r: i
-750 -750
DISPLACEMENT SET 2 i . :.' ~-,'. j ; ~
1Ft:··; -q"
~fr-L· ,.. " ,·· .. 1
..... ... . :., . . ,: :*IN
- I 500 ' ~L , -~- I 5 ~ ~ ~ U6 ' • - -----L ____L -_ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ L __ _ .....J
.02 - . 0 I o . 0 I . 02 -.003 • 0 aJ . aa6
AVERAGE CURVATURE, RAD/IN. AVERAGE CURVATURE, RAO/IN.

FIG. A.2.o (CONTINUED) MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

STRAIN DIAGRAMS I SPECIMEN 1
 1500 rl--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--r---r-~~_'--~---T---T--~--, 1500

,-.. . :'. . l "~ '''1:::....

'~r" I . 'l' ~I~--t'~~:jjf ,
,-- 1 ,.... "",:.. '~,,:-~1~'!1 1
,R1f-·:-- ,,;;,:', :j'~
750 .: I: ;".... 750 . ,., i
:~:,;- ~T:
1,.,_, "."
, / I"".. " - ,..,. I'
~i
- I
~ ,~',:""
- -:,; .... I 1 it j--..}l
z - =-0 .. 0..".;1 I'''' :., :, -1 .... . ...
.... ,-, _. ~. , .... ]01
~
0
>- I-

...
I: I:
0 a
I: I:
-750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 - 7S0 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- ISO 0 LI__~__~__~__~__~___ •__~__-----lL.~~__~__~__~__~__~__~----.l - I 5 0 0 I'---~--~--~--~--~--~--~----'--

-- . 0 0 2 - • 00 I 0 . 00 I • 002 -.007 -.001 .001 .OU2
AVERAGE CU~VATURf. RAD/IN. AV[RAG[ CURVATURE. ~AD/IN_

1500 r,--~--~---T---T-----"---'---'---''----~ 15 aa ,------r-~ ___,--~--~---T- I-'

...-J
I" • .,... • 1':" ...-J
' ... i .... 1 --~_f,~.-::;_; ~ ,.TJ
.
_~ .1
r, ,(,>
~'I" ::" I, . 75 U
750
"',:-
~ -I .•" -,rl . ' .:,.:i·'
_N
lb.
,.:'. :::;: I I'" . ': ;', ~~
®
.. ----- ~~JI

-'IN 1 IHMI! t - - +I---+---+----j

>-
...I: ...
I:
0 a
L I:
- 750 - 750
DISPLACEMENT SET 2 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

L'
- I 5 0 0 --~--~~--~--~--~--~--~. - I 500 LI
--~--~--~--~--~~--~--~---'---~-.--~--~~--~-
- , 001 -.002 . 002 . 0 D1 - . a 01 - . 007 . 0 a2 . 001
AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAD/IN. AVERAG~ CURVATURE. RAO/IN.

FIG. A.2.b MOMENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 2

 1500 .-~~~--~~-~--r-~~~'-~-r~--r-~~~,-~~~--r-~~-. 1 SUU '----~--~--~--~--~----r-------_r--~--~----r-------~--~------~

i .-;:
".. [
·'.:.n""' .. 1
"('r::'~
" I'
;.,,: '1'1 .l ,r: r" ":.ql,~,q_.
.' I ,I
750 : I/L 750
I, i...[l·.·· ,~, :,',)';:,1 : ! 1/ L,:~.,
-~,.',:~.,
"'" .. :');[ I
i .::::'.' .'~': I ," ;',"11
.=.~':~ ~N
...
><
~ t----+- -;.
o~ t -t 17r::::~'<hc(: I I/~ It-+- I
I-
Z I-
...
::Ii
o L'
:Ii '"r
-750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 - 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

1',00 L,
- 1 500 -~~-~~-:-::-~~-~--;;-~~-~~02~~~~~
- . 006 .• 00 J • 00 1 .006 - . 0 U1 - . 0 U2 .002 . 00'
AVeRAGC CURVA1URC. RAD/l~.
AVERAGE CURVATURE. RADIIN.

I ~ 0 0 -~~-~-~-~.~
I ~ 00 r
......
-.J
00

,:""C;',. :,::.( .. ,(~:' '_~.·r.: ~ ,[ DISPLACEMENT SET 2

7 ~ 0 75 U
" I I
i ~IL~_-;r-. __ :~=3;;:;?iii:i;g;;.;.;.-:;;~~:-::'

I- I-

w w
l: l:
n
l: l:
- 150 - 7 ~ 0
DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 1 ~OO 'L-~~ __ ~~ __ ~~ __ ~~ __ ~~ __ ~-L~__~~__~~__~~__~-L~~~~ -150U L,_~_~_~_~~_~_~_~_~_~~~~~~_~_~~

-.012 -.006 0 .006 . 012 - . 001 - • 002 ,007 . 001
AVf RAGF CURVA rU~l. ~AU/ IN. AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAO/IN.

FIG. A.2.b (CONTINUED) MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 2
 1500 r,-~-~-~-~-~-~~-~-r--~-~-~-~-~-~- 1500 rl---~-~-~-~-~~---r--~---~-~-~-~--r-

,. -:1-' I' ~
r'T
I I 1r
"'(-;~
.." ...,j
"'~:.;;
,L"r.;/l:
! ... Ir~:·~ I ' ' : '.. ::';'""'"-;:J ,I
r -l'' ".:,::.~
'~.... . . l '.
750 7') 0 .•.:,,.":I
,', ,.:..". ",' 1 ,)";.:,~,
I "'. ..
,I,' _ 'j
,.,.. ";:",' .: __ i.
[[:,' . '.' ~ ',.,_"
~
~'·',~','I
'I':',.:.", ,-I" ~
-, 1 ---I +- I #(;Y"'f o 1-- t--~ ,-+----t ->? ~I
t- t-
w w
r. I:
"I: "I:
- 750 - 750
DISPLACEMENT SET 1
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- I 500 LI_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_L.._~_~~~~ ~_~_~_-,

- I 500 __
.002 - . 00 I , 00 I .()Ol - . 002 - . 001 o . 001 • 002
AVERAGC CURVATIIRE, RAD/IN.

1500 r,--~--~-~---r--'~--r--~--~----~~-~--, 15 U 0 I-'

c ','1" ~
i
-' T' -II'
' -,-I l! C.,., -- ,- - - - 1.0
"I
...,.;1, 1
,L:~)r!
I
,1.).,:1':,..
.1 ;.•.,):':~':~)1!, ,i :'~
~.
't. . ,:' ":""": I' 'I
750 750
.·:I~" W ~.;t, :. , "',;, J,~ l'
I ,_N '" ,~':: I:~,::2_N
"~':'~~T
t'I:" "·":·i";,'~
of- /pf7 / ' If IJl/}~'A II 1/# I J I
t-
"
L >:
u
">: I:
- 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 2 - I '> 0 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 1 500 L_, ,. - 1500 L'

--~--~-~--~--~--'---~--~-
,OOJO -.0015 .001~ .OOJC -.0010 -.0015 .0015 • UUJ U
AV[RAGt CURVATURE. RAO/IN. AVCRAr.E CIIRVATIIRE. RAD/IN.

FIG. A.2.c MOMENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 3

 I ~OO rl--_T---,----r_--~--~--~--__--_,r_--r-------~---T--------~--~--, I ., 0 0 ["'I ---r--r-_-_-_-__ -_-,.--r_-~-

':
. r."., '!'1":~;
. .)· "~'---. II .:
7~ 0 I;" , ') 0
'~r.J "'(:'·:;'1', ~.I'~-·'
': 11/ : ....... 'II
>l:
'LL'·· ...
. , : .... , I'
, .... _. !',~JI
. ;··'.-~·L _ _ •
.......:·r ~. ~< _ _ ·:J,,::~.~N
'~
o~- t-. - r-'

L L
'">: '">:
- 750 - 7 ~ U
DISPLACEMENT SET 1
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-1500 IL-~~~_~_~_~_~_~_-L __ ~_~_~ ____________ ~

-1500
.008 - , 001 , 001 .008 ·.OOA -,001 .001 .OU8
AVERAC~ ~URVAI·URf. RAD/IN.

1500 ,--,-,-,--,--,-~--r--r--,-~-~-~-~-~-~ 15 U U
I-'
' - '1 (Xl
.. - .,',I
.I.......... . '(l-'-
.'1'1. o
. .....:: --
i. ~III'X I
K-:Y. ·.. , "~."j '. l ",." .J,~
.'.~"" ... :;. II .
I ~ U I[ I! .... -- ... 1 750
._.::}I·~ I
'l"~'
..... ..... "'1_"
. ,,_.'--1 . 'cL :'1,
J' ":" "7_1'

r--
f- f-
..,
>:
0 ..,L
[" >:
7 50 DISPLACEMENT SET 2 - 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

1500 LI__~__~____L -_ _~_ _~_ _- L_ _~_ _ _ _L -__~__~__~__~__~____L -_ _~_ _~ - 1 ':l 0 0 LI__~____L - _

-.Ulb -.008 .OOA .Olb - • 0 I b -.008 o .008 . 0 I b
AVERAGE CU~VATURf, RAU/IN. AVtRAGE CURVATURE. RAD/IN.

FIG. A.2.c (CONTINUED) MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 3
 181

1500~----~--~-- __- -__-,--~--~--__- -__~--~

0.00029
I

75 C

I
a.

I-
z
w
I:
o
I:
- 7 50
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- 0.00028
-1500~~------~--~--~~--~--~--~--~~--~
-.0030 - • DO! 5 . COl 5 . J GJ C
AVfRA~E CL~VATURE, RAD/I~.

750

I
a.

I-
z
w
I:
o
I:
- 750
DISPLACEMENT SET 2

-15CO~~--~--~--~--~~--~--~--~----~--~
-.0030 -.GOI5 .e015 .JC3C
AVE~AGE ~~QVATURE, R~D!I~.

FIG. A.2.c (CONTINUED) MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL

REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS,
SPECIMEN 3
 I ~ 00 r-----r- .... -----r- - r-' -.... - r . """'T" ~~---'~-~T- , - ,-- ,-~-~ T
150 0 ~~~-~_ _ _ _~~~~~-~I-_ _~-_~~-~_-___~I

!-,.-.."r" 1- -"-
,~,.-.. -
".,,-:/
7 ~ 0 750 ,.:.". .'~
'1·· •
,--',([J~:!';'~1 . •---.'1:_.'
''''

0 I- t- t- 1'-

f- f-

r: L
o 0
L L
-750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 - 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- I 500 'L-~~__~~__~~__~~__L-~~~~~_ _~~_ _~~_ _~~_ _L-~~~~~ - I SUO L I_ _ ~~~_ _~~_ _~~_ _~~_ _~~_ _L-~~~~~__~~__~~__~~__~----'

-.UUJO - • 00 I ~ .001S . 0030 -.0030 - . 00 1 5 . 00 1 5 .0010

AVERAGE CliRVATliRE. RAn/IN. AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAD/IN.

1 ~ 00 1 ~ 00
I-'
- T -I~ -----: ex>
-··'-·
1 l\J
'i'i:~'i'~":' ; --"'I'-c'"
-,-If'l~::'· .co.:
:r"; J
Iii 1,' . I '
.~:-::,t
750 . it:.: ...": '.-::" : 750
''''"' ':'<,''1
"I-'~ ':=r--'
, ~. ~::':i ___ I"",,: -I,-:::~ . i'._.j .... N

o 1---+ I II j JIll jt I! I t -- I ---j 1/ I 1/i'AI I>V~~( I ---+---+----j --~---f__+_I

f- f-

w
r: L
o
r: '"L
- 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 2 - 15 U DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 1 500 LI~~~~_~~~_~~~_~~ _ _L-~~_~ ~~~~-

- I 500 LI~-~~-~~~-~~~-~~------'-~~-~~
- . 006 - . 00 J .003 .006 .006 -.003 .003 .006
A'ERAOE [URVA1UNE. NAD/IN. AVfRAGE CURVATURE. RAD/IN.

FIG. A.2.d MOMENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 4

 1500 r-~-r~~~~~~~--~~-r-,~~~--~~~~~--~--~-. 1 500 .-~~-~~

( f '~------l-' f'l
I
'- T'I-~1m
. "i "",
.'
~'~:.. '~':""I l :,'f~: , ,~,: ~1~1~1 i
750 I:' i " '" .' .1, •., 1 750 ._" ... '" t
~',-. ...I:.:..' . 'J,,,,,:~I::4'
1 \l~JI
~~::I' ':":' ·'l. ~" ~
l- l-

I: I:
0 a
L I:
- 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 - 7 50 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-1500 L~ - 1 50 u LI_~~~_~~~_~~
.006 -.00] .OOJ .OO~ -.006 - • 00 J .OOJ . 006
AVERAGE CURVATURC. RAn/IN. AVERAGE CURVATURE, RAO/IN.

1500 r---~-'--~--~--~--~--~---'--~------~--~--~--~-----' I 500 . -__~-__~_-~~-.-~

I-'
.. - .. '- l i ' - .. (Xl
w
I' I I.J", 1
DISPLACEMENT SET 2 " . !) r:'~' :",,:"'-'!1 I
750 750
·~."J~i
'~< J..~':'I~:";':~. ~
~-------y

l- I-

w
I: r:
u
I:
I 1 T~ '"I:
- 750 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 2
(~'--~-"4.1
F""'",'""'.' :",:.1"
r~-,:.,.
I :": .'1,1,
..:.. ..::1_. ___ :".'": I
.~~ ~N
-1500 L ,_ _ ~ __ ~ __ ~~~~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~~~~ __ -:~ ____ ~ __ ~~ - 1 500 ,-'-~~~~~~-~
- . 02 - . 0 1 . 01 . 02 -.00" .OOJ • 00 J • U II b
A V [ R A (, [ L \J R V AT II R E. R A [J lIN. AVtNAGt CURVATURE, RAO/IN.

FIG. A.2.d (CONTINUED) MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 4
 184

'''iC\?
\ "r-
i
730 :/;'.:,. ~\}::;
'i
.
z I ;;--4-"
.--~"".-
I
Co

0
I-
z
w
!:
0
!:
- 7 50 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-.eCI5 .CCIS
.V!OACE CU~VATURE. RAD/IN.

750

I
Co

- 7 50

DISPLACEMENT SET 2

-.0025 . 0025 • 0050

FIG. A.2.d (CONTINUED) MOMENT- LONGITuDINAL

REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAG~AMS,
SPECIMEN 4
 1 ~uu r---~--~--~--~--~~--~--'----r--~--~----~--~--'---~--~---' 1 5 0 0 r---~---

:·..... 1 IF·"",·j '--11 '~""7-t .

, t" r..,...
'1'1 . .' : y'i' :i""
75 0 f . "; y I" . ,~" : : : l~, '~",:);j"j
750
I . .
I'
II·... ;.
.(
"":m:
iil
"", ....., 1
-_. ~;-:::'I ".. ~." j ':':1 "~l-"
j';!':'I_N

','" I· -t _.-+-- .
... f·

w
E L.
u o
E E
- 7 5 0
-750~_~ DISPLACEMENT SETS 1 AND 2
DISPLACEMENT SETS 1 AND 2

- 1 5 0 0 L--......_-.I..... --~-. - _L------....I,.. . -~--~---'---~----~--~--~--~-~--~---' - 1 500 I I

. 001 . 002 • 0 U2 . 001 -.02 -.01 .01 ,02
AVERAGE CURVATURE, RAn/IN, AV[RAGE CURVATURE, RAD/IN.

1500 ~~-- __- -__ ~-- __- -__ ~--,--- __ ~-- __- -__ ~-- __- -__ ~
1 ~oo r,--~--~~--~--~--~--~--~--~r---~--'---~--~--~----~--~--' I-'
" 11 T - ro
lJl
'.. .... . r... / '
" [ 'l"I<,
:'~~>"' .l
750 750 :"":':-I',~
, t· "~>','V:
'~,,'::" ... :'1'1-"
,
"-

... ...
E E
0 0
E r
-750 -750

DISPLACEMENT SETS 1 AND 2

DISPLACEMENT SETS 1 AND 2

1,00 ~'--~--~~--~--~--~--~--~----~--~--~--~--~--~----~--~--~ 1 SOD ~I_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_ _'-_~_~_~_~_~_~_~_..J

-.001 -.002 .002 .001 -.02 -.01 .01 .02

AVERAGE CURVATURf, RAD/IN. AVERAG[ CURVATURE, RAD/IN.

FIG. A.2.e MOMENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 5

 1500 ,-~--~~--~~--~~--~~~-r----~--~~--~~--~~--~-' I 500 r-~--~~--~~--~--~-------r--~~--~~

1- T ""
.... :. ·1 - \ . ~T~.~I , 1"- )1
.... - .
..... I
.
••
1 :.' .: ..'j; . . .~ !
750 " i 750
[t. .. ""1
, .,........ ' ">·:'·I:·>'.~N :":':!'~3-N

" oI '::::>~I I JlMII I ~ +-- t--I

>-

r: r:
o
r: "
1:
- 7S0 750

DISPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

" 1 5 0 0 'L__~__~~__~__~~~~__~ - 1 S ~ U~L--::0---:2:-----~~--~--~--~~--~--~--L.~--~--~--~~--~--~--~~--..J

.002 .001 .001 007 -.001 0 .UOI . 002
AVt~ACt CURVArURf. RAD/IN. AVERAGF CURVATURE. RAD/IN.

1500 1 ~OO r--~----~--~~--~--~~------~~------~--------------~----_, t-'

'I' -II CD
0'1
.. :.j
.-~~.,' .I._,.,<~----,
.f·.· . ·j:. ....f ':::'.~i:~1 . I'! .. ' ..:..-.1/11
,I .' .
•".- ':. ,I y
7 ~ 0 7,0 ; (" ... ":", j.>-. r
',vt; ' ' ".' ".->:. ......::V" i
I ..•.., ~ ,.... ! a40N "
.,... ...' ' 1
·:":::i.

>- >-

o
.-;:1 r:
'- "1:
" 750
no~ (fjJi~/
DISPLACEMENT SET 2
[~ DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 1 5 0 0 IL-__~__~__~__~__~____~__~__..L__~__~_ - 1 ~ ~ ~ ~L---::O'--::2~~~~--~--~~~~--~--~..JL~--~
- . 00 q .OOZ . 002 . 001 - . 00 1 o . 001 .uuz
AVl~ACt CURVATURr. RAD/IN. AVlKAr:t C\JI-i'VAIU~t, RAD/IN.

FIG. A.2.f MOMENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 6

 1500 r-----~--~--~--~--__.--~--~--~- I~OO

I
. .... " ·-l ....
--""" If:.;. ..- :-.. \
'i . . ~,"..I
.. -~. f·[!·~:J· .1
.' i::, . '~'; 'I-
) 50 1 ~ 0 il· .... : .. j, . .
, !I/ I ' :::(:~T:; . ,. L";--"
L. ';':','
,._ ... _. .,. . . I . --~.
I.'"
:.. J",'" ..'",_N
I __ . _ .... _ ••
~ J _~. , .... N
~)
.... -
.... ....

"'r: r:
o
f" r:
- )~a rnSPLACEMENT SET 1 150 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

_ I sao IL-_~ ______ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~_~~_~ __ ~

1 I) 0 0 ! ..J
.000 -.UU] . 001 .005 -.UU6 -.00] o . 00 1 .005
AVCRAGE CURVATURE. RAO/IN. AVCRAGE CURVATURE. RAD/IN.

ISOU r, ----~--_ _- -_ _----~--~----~--~----~--~----~------~ 1500 ~--~--------~--~--------r-------------~----------~ I-'

00
..... -i"- ...-J
[" r_'_~~""-I" - I
,! ..... i. ::•..-,.>_::,':~_j
750 ;ff~ "':_ 1 .> ... : 750

'~·~t _ · . '·i,_N
.... ....
I: r:
o
,.- '"r:
-)~a DISPLACEMENT SET 2 - 7 ~ 0 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 1500 ~I __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ L-_~~ _____ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ - 1 500 L.1_ _ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ _ _1 -_ _ ~_~~_~ ______ ~ _ _--'

-.006 -.OOJ o .OOJ .006 -.006 -.OOJ o .001 .006

AVeRAGE CURVATURE. RAD/IN. AVERAG[ CURVATURE. RAO/I~.

FIG. A.2.f (CONTINUED) MOMENT~ LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 6
 188

750

I
a.

I-
Z
~

r:
o
r-
- 750
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- . 001 . 001 . 002

AVERAGE :JRVATW~~. RAD/I~,

DISPLACEMENT SET 2

750

-
"-

I-
Z
~

r:
=>
r:
- 7 :; (J

-i500~~~~--~~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~~
- _ 005 :J -.0025 . 0025 .0050

FIG. A.2.f (CONTINUED) MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL

REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS,
SPECIMEN 6
 1500 ISUO ~'----T---~----~-- __~--__----~--~---
I
r ',' -I'!" .-

:... :. . .1 l@:i
7,0 f
I

1--
I
J:'"
'r[1,.:.:,. "
:~<'I:l.l
',- ' 750
:~r~-r "li1
. 11.1,',
iVh ,~.
"''' __ 'II'~.,
·1.7-;1~ I
.. , '.' j'
II
!l...;-" .... \ ~_I ~f'I
I I -- -+]1 ,-, L - - . ,~, .. ~ ..
_. ,-,I "·':J'I,·L., ~
a.

'" oI 17'7 1/ PJU'MI

!- l-
L
W
I: I:
n o
L ,-
- 7 50 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 -750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- 1 I) 0 a LI -~-~~-~ I 500 LI
--~--~-
-.0010 -.0005 o .0005 .00 I U -.006 -.003 o • 003 .006
AVtRAGt CURVATURE. RAn/I~. AVERAGf CURVATURE. RAn/I~.

I SOO ~I--~--~--~--~~--~--~--T I 500 r.----~--_----~

I-'
1- • T' -,-" 00
U)
l "
k~T --.I'[r:~':J; : ~:r·,:,:,1
I ~ ~I. "''-' " 11 I
750 'S 0 iC'.:,.
yJ' ", . ·h~ I
~:: .. i::f _ '[' '.':'::: ,~" ~ il-, '-,..:': I

oI 7f'; ~ I #'/ I //,111/ ,ojI.i

I- !-

,- I:
0
r: I:
- 7 50 -750
DISPLACEMENT SET 2 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- I 500 - 1 ~ 0 0 I,--_~_--
. 00 I 0 -.0005 .OOOS • 0010 -.UU6 -.003 0 .003 .006
AV[RAGE CURVA1URt. RAP/IN. AVERAGE CURVATIIRE. RAn/I~.

FIG. A.2.g MOIVIENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 7

 1 5 0 U .---- r---~- -~ 1~ 0 a

-"IF,I
, -, -~' - 1'-'
,,,-,,- - (-~:~'''~---'
'j ,'Co - -, ,

7 50 " ~ :1/ : " ,.:. - -'I i ~. 750

'r ""- - 'I
z --- -- ,,'~'- -,:;:'-'1.. ____ ''''': __ "",~,-N

b- >-
w
E: E:
Q o
E: L
-750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 -750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- 1 5 0 0 '-,-~-~~-~-~-~-~-~--'--~-~-~-~-~--~-~-----' - 1 SO 0 '-, "j(;-,__~_~:---;;-;:;-;~_~_~~_!.--_~_~_~_~~_~_~_~_J

- • 00 t -.002 .OU2 . 001 -.010 -.005 o . 00 ~ . 0 I 0
AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAP/IN. AVERAGE CURvATURC. RAPIlN.

1500i'-~--~--~~--~~~~--r-~--~--~~--~--~~--1 1 ~ 0 0 I-'
~
,- ,,- - '" -,',- - -"-, o
'" ,·,,1 "'''''''.!
' ' '- ": I -',-".,,,,j-
'~L":" Q"':':'~I'
750 - - 1 750 " ",
"':_"'~ ~i 'I
1i,i :' ::._ ''c-o":_-.
[1: -,.. .' '.;:Y --i
, ,....... .....~~:'I'
;",' -,: :/:
'~:':':I (~ ~ w-I.~.N' z :. :,- .... n
,
a.

I >~~#Ih/~ I . --; ---+- .

b- b-

E: E:
Q

E: '"E:
-- 750 DISPLACEMENT SET 2 -750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-1 ~OO '-i_~_~ __ ~_~_~_~_~_~'--_~_~_~_~_~ __ ~_~_~

-1500 '--,--~-~,
-.001 -.002 .002 . 001 -.UU06 -.0003 o .0003 .OUUIi
AVERAGC CURVATURE. RAP/IN. AVtRAG~ CU~VATURE. RAP/IN.

FIG. A.2.g (CONTINUED) MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 7
 1500 rl----~----~--~----~----~--_,r_--~----~----~--~----~--__. 1500

',it
.... c·r'
rI: " I.~
. .".,
'1'71' ,~
. . : . . j :.,-:I,_~7- ~
"r "'.-- 'I, .' J
7 50 750
i{L·'· ':;":',.,... I :--: ~:;~:' ',,>--
·,. ··'···1 I'-- . '"....---,.
,....,. ,.... , __ __ '~! _' , ....
I 11 ·.:::1 _ ,i ,_ ''". -e.N
j
~
0-
Z
..,
r: L

"r: "r:
-7~0 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 -750 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

- 1500 LI_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _L __ _~L_ __~____~____~____~____~____~ -1 500 L---~
. 00] 0 . 001 ~ . 0015 ,0030 - . 00 1 0 . 000 'i .0005 , 001 0
AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAD/IN. AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAU/IN.

1500 1500 r_--~~~~--~--~--~--~---,---r---r---r--

I--'
\0
I-'T'-~-~I- - - I--'
DISPLACEMENT SET 2 I "...'....
, 'r ... ". . :. ::,·>·1<.
750 750
I . -r "', '::";-
-,- "".~ :.::;.:!
~ <~'d, -"
I J:=~I
oI 1 _____ t!P'-y.~ 17ff}<UY
t-- t--
.., ..,
r: , ' -;- , -1',-
'1 ~ r '- r:
u
r: "r:
-750
I .... I-.Jl .;.,
.. - 750
,R[:.......
11: ~ // '.' l'
j:--J'" .
~~~'-~"r'
·'1/1 ......- ..." 'I DISPLACEMENT SET 2
'-~ .::.f::L·]'' ' ::t. j"
- 1 5 0 0 L'__~__~____~__~__----'-__~__~____L___~__~__~__~__~____L -_ _~_ _.J - 15 0 0 1 . . 1_ _ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~~ _ _' - - -_ _
L -_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _----'-_ _
..J
-.OOB - . 001 o . 001 .OOB - . 0010 -.0005 .0005 . 0010
AVERAGE CURVATURE. RADI/N. AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAO/IN.

F~Go A.2.h MOMIE~~T- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 8

 1500 rl--~--~----r---T---~---r--~----r---~--~--~--~--~----r---T---, 1 5 0 0 r--r--r--"

I-'I'!'~ _-:r-""'''I
,~~"".,,;, J
", liQ"""'"
:~rJ. --(":, -' ''1--1
"~'" I
:~,-' ":,,J,,:I~~:::
':', • "I
I
..y - •
150 "" I 1 1 ~ 0 I """,, . '-'~ 1
, "
""
,rl'~"
,_, ....."", -~ ~- I ~J.f
".~"r'.:,']':::t ".
__ R'l-"
>- >-
>:
w
"'I: r:
u o
I: r:
- 750 -750
rnSPLACEMENT SET 1 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

1500 L'__~__~____L -_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~L-__~__~__~__~__~____L -_ _~_ _~ - I 5 0 0 LI--~--~~--~--~---

-.006 -_001 _ 001 , 006 - , 006 . 001 , 001 , 00 a
AV[RAG[ rURVATURE, RAOITN. AVERAGE rLiRVATLlRE, RAD/IN,

1~00 r-~~--~~~-T--r-r-~~-~-r~-~-r--r-~~-r-~~-~ __--, I ~ a0 I-'

\D
I\.)
1- -- )-'1 -1,- -" -
~. ""i ""-_~r-
I"" r'' :', ",," ,,'::;n
I'r- ,.,:'T':il ~ , ~, ,I ,,~,"- :/11 i
150 ''', , I 1 50
ld",-
, ".
... ,_.,C'"
j,,~_ 1 - _.' ~ .~'.','
'~'I' ";, :, ~, ,J :'.-;-~'I ';.I"'I
•.•••• J 'I 'i,
( "I " , - " Jl

-I 'U I:;> --::-57Lii'd( ; 'ofS'F~ I

~/--­ >-
w
I: I:
0 o
'- I:
- 150 ll~f~ -150
DISPLACEMENT SET 2 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 1 ~ 0 U LI_ _L-~_ _~~~_ _~~_ _~~_ _~_' I ~oo LI_ _ ~ _ _ _ _L -_ _ __ __ __

~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

-,017 ".006 .0UO . 0 I 2 -,,006 -.001 .001 , 008

AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAD/lN, AV[RAG[ CURVATU~t ~AO/IN.

FIG. A.2.h (CONTINUED) MOMENT - LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

STRAIN DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 8
 193

ISOOr-~~~--~--~------.--- __- -__--~~--~--~

I-~

..... ".~

.I,-r?~ - ::\-;:;:: 1
7 SO
,t....
\.-4, ~
I .''''.
.. •
.-
.. •..• I .'~ r
z ,..... ,.,. _ " _.~~ .... -"1

I
Q.

>-
z
w
I:
o
I:
-750
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-1500~--~~--~--~------~--~--~--~----~--~
-.0030 - . CG I 5 • 0 C15 . 0030
AVE~AGE CURVATU~E. RAD/IN.

750

I
Q.

>-
z
w
I:
o
I:
-750

T DISPLACEMENT SET 2

-1500~~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~~--~--~
-.0030 - . 001 5 . 00 I 5 . J C3 0
AVERAGE C~RVATURE. RAO/IN.

FIG. A.2.h (CONTINUED) MOMENT- LONGITUDINAL

REINFORCEMENT STRAIN DIAGRAMS,
STRAIN 8
 1,00 ,r--~-~-~-~-~ 1500
- - 1- - --
I, I'" ,... I I
750 ,~ __---".---~lhI6ItJ4 750 ~
''~ ':;::-";~1J
lIT
,.,., .~ ~ :" J
1 ~ r-I
,! '.'l· . I'"
,
a.
-'"'
0 f---I I .dW'JIIIJI!)P/ t--+- t l-
l- I-

I:
z
"'I:
"I
u u
I: !"".: ... I I:
- 1 ~ U -750
•'F-I qF: 'I~! j'
,..:1"~'30:
i~L':·
..:. ,,~: I
"":,,,/:~/ i
I'!"::;{_N
-1500 LI_~_~_~. 1500 'L-_~_~_~_~_~~_~_~_-L_~_~ __ ~_~_~_~_~_-J

-.008 .001 , 001 , 008 - , 00 .. -.UU2 .002 • Il 0 ..

AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAP/IN. AVERAr.E CURVATliRE, RAn/lN.

1500 r ,-~-~-~ -~-~-~-~--r--~-~-~-~-~-~-~----' 1500 r-~-~-~~-~--~-~---.-~--~-~--~-~--~----, I--'

~
,j:::.

150 7 ~ 0

oI 1/" .... / I !/
I-

"'I: I:
u o
(-' I
I: I,,",',',"j , , , ""0 , r
- 1~ 0 ' . ~:",~.'.. '" :- ..... : -75U "'' ' ':'--'' 1 '
..... I
". r'/1I i,
:~'" ... ,~J
: .... "9"
I :it ~l"'N
- I 5 0 0 '--
~~L =_~l. -~-" ~- - , - I 500 LI_~~_~_~~_~_~~_~_L-~_~_~~_~_~~_~_~-'
d
·,008 001 .00'1 .008 007 - , 001 , 001 .UU2
AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAP/IN. AV[RAGE CURVATURE. RAO/IN,

FIG. A.2.i MOMENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 9

 1500 rl--~--~--~--~--~--.---~-~- 1500 rl--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~-~--~---'

!. -- '1- . , i.~
1
·. · . ~-
--, : t· . .· , , ,:' -; /1. '/ I
7':) 0 750
~,.,:.;::: :~ ':I~'~: ':"~, :
~' "TfID N

o i- t - --+ 01 ~A
l-

E E
co C>
E E
1- .:.... - 750
- 750
J 'j'~i.:;-~:
----t r~"'" . . : '1/ 11 I
~ ;. ,I . >. ::: .., ....... -1
i !( U •. -I......
=1" , .... Jl
r.... • r_
--,., ,.'.']l.___ _

- 1500 IL....._~~_~ _____ ~ __ ~ _ _....L_ _ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~_--'

-1500
• 0 1 20 -.OORO 0 .0060 .0120 -.0010 -.0015 0 .UU1~ .UUJO
AVERAGC CURVATIIRE. RAD/l~. AV[RAG[ rURVATURC. RAD/I~.

I 500 ir--~--~--~-~--~-' 1500 .--~--~--~ I--'

1.0
, "," "I: _i' i lJ1

'Ll'''::'
I .. --. ," 1 _ __
1 .. __ -
750 750
~.I. ,~.~'r)['
.. . . '. I
1f------.." ~
·Jv~.
.........
",,,,,,.[ ",.Ji,
-- ': 1-1' / ,
~ )

(J
t---- -t--- .. (!'S( I I I I
i-- ~ -----J -----+-- 1 /1 rfW-/I-1 M "" ,//
I- I-
z /
w
E
co
E
<0
. /'
r: E
- 750 - 7 ~ U 1/'t:-~_-- ---------....

- I 500 Li_ _~_ _~_~_ _~_ _~_.......J'-_~ __ ~ __ ~_~ __ ~ _ _...J - 1500 L'_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _ ..J...._ _ ~ __ ~_~~_~ _ _ _ _ _.....J
- . 0 I ~ 0 -.OOnO _UUGU • U I 20 -.0030 -.0015 .UUI5 _0030
AV~RAGE CURVATUR[. RAD/l~. AVERAG[ CURVATURC. RAD/IN.

FIG. A.2.j MOMENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS. SPECIMEN 10

 1 500 r-~-~~-~ 1500

I .. ' ...
: : I, ~.~" . .. :~I-?
750 750 f . I I_
I. ..:':.
-... - . ><l
--:- _.
,~. ~
-- ~J 1"~~::~,"'N
,
"-

.... ....
"'1: "'1:
u u
1: 1:
~ ..... j
- 750 - /50
,I I)!.
'I" :.re- "'.:'--~I'~j~i
"-
(t·- ",.: -'i·il
•• ,. ,;:.": I
, I·'.I;{' .... 1-1
. 'I !

- 1500 -1500
_0 10 _005 .005 . 010 _0030 -.0015 0 .UU1~ .OOJO
AV~RAGt CURVATURC. RAn/IN_ AVfRAGf r.URVATURC. RAD/IN_

1~ UU 1 '> 0 0
I-'
-. , • -' - "i ~
: I 0"1
-.- ..~~:;-
... )-.
!.:I .
~'r':"'- :.'. :-:1 _Ii / --~. [J-:.-.:~
~ J '.':'q~-'__ -:~: I: Ii
750 75 U
,Ir',:,-,_
, ·:·:::·t ~
(
_ _ ' , •• ~' •••
.......' -Nd J ... /"
~~
I ~hL -.~; :.~" //
,- ....
"'L "'L
e e
L_ 1:
-750 ~ --~ -750

- 1 5 0_0.L'O:-2:--,--~~-~~-~-~~-~---'--~~-~~-~~-~-~~-----1 - 1500
-_01 . 01 . 02 - • 008 -.00+ U . 00+ .008
AVERAGE CURVAIU~f. RADIIN. AVERAGE CURVATIIRE. RAO/IN_

FIG. A.2.k MOMENT- AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN II

 I 500 • -.------, 1500

:....... \'.. !
,i '-;-'l
l. '-'1.,,1 ... ,
·~·:;Jf-I
".:,>.,:11';::11 ,
. , . t'llI
lv" " "0, I ..~
:FIf':l:';:" :,:.,····Q·I·~~·
750 750
, tL :L"' :"'\.J~ 1
. ·::·:;1 ·I,::::,..~~,_N .I
"~~'I "~)"'JI
-- 1
0
,... ,-
....
E L
a 0
E L
- 750 - 7 'i 0

- I 500 -1500L'--~-~
- . 0 I a - . aa5 • 0 U 'i ,aI U . 0010 . 00 I 5 , 0015 . 0 a)0
AVERAGE CURVATURE, ~AO/IN. AVERAGE CURVAIURf. RAO/IN,

I 5 aa I ., aa
I-'
,'-"j',- W
L..i,.. ! -.J

. ~ r·· ..;·· ,,,,N"1!

1'i0 750
------- ~
j ~.~:
.." . _·1 1 ,.!
-~~/~ ,..
"'Y:~'-i
"I,_N
,/'~,-/'-;,-//

~/
,/
--+---iA<§
/ fZ 1/ 1/1 j '
,...
w
E >..: //
u o
E
- 7 5 a
L
- ., 'i 0
~ "J
-------...--........---
:.~, } II " I
,,0,

J(
('~m: ",-I:~
:'. . :!_.'~, ....
- I S aa - I 5 aa I'---~-~-~-~-~-~-~---'--~-~
- . 0 I 0 -.005 .005 .aI 0 ,.001 -.002 .002 . 001
AVERAGE CURVATIIRE, RAO/IN. AVERAGE CURVATURE. RAO/IN.

FIG. A.2.1 MOMENT-AVERAGE CURVATURE DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 12

 20 20 ,.--.--.---r-~-~r--'--'---'-~-'~--'--,---r-~-~--,

""I --
: . I

:.. i.·.1 t~:~-1 ~. I·,·1 "".:j

I U 10
t-
r" . . . :'7il '
'iff =It Yl~
~ ..... !
,,': ,~
:~. ~i,~:·uJV:~" "';':I+~11 ~,__-.'l-'

"?--
",,,~~' ,

<:
"
-10 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 I n
DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-20 I_~~~;-;-~~~~~~~~~~ - 2U I I I I
- .1 -.05 _05 02 0.1 01 02
o .1
RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN, RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN,

20 rl-~-~--.--'--.---r-~--,--.--'---r-~-~--.--,--, ? 0
I-'
.,' 'T'! \D
00
'-J.:. "~--- ":1 "Yj:': l L.'T'I'
... ! 1

I . _ _, 1
:.: :'""J:: , ] , -
In .,' J :~---1 I U
'tt""':c·.. '' ''.,:;' '.'_,' , .~'lr-'
I,t l .:,::',' ..... - "~"
"" "". II
' =L ~ (~J:::~ I "!
-<::::--;:::.:=/:::;;;;;?~
..",.-/
"''-'

"':J:" "
- 10 DISPLACEMENT SET 2 I 0

DISPLACEMENT SET 2

- 20 -20 ~I_~_~~_L-_~_~_~_~ _ _L-_~_.~_-L_~_ _L-_~_

-.4 -.2 o .2 .4 - ~8 - U.1 0 U1 0_8

RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN_ RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG. A.3.o SHEAR FORCE - RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 1

 20i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 20
. --' -' 1
- ' ",r ": I
r'-rr'
r .....-;il·~rnr.~ I.:::T'::',I I··· ··:'.:u i
"]'";?I'
10
I I r f"
Y 'i [-[-
'"
"
l~~ :~
, ~'~':L_I'UJrr~Jl 10 ~ f- ..::.
",,':~':i""l~lJ
:~"::f .__ l. ~:':,:, Jl
u
'" 0 o

a:
<
w
:J:

- 10 DISPLACEMENT SET 1 - 10 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

-20 'L-~~ __ ~~ __ ~~ __ ~~ ___ ~~~~ ____ ~~ __ ~~ __ ~~ ___ ~~_~~

_ Z0 Li ~~~~--~~-~~~~~,

-.1~0 -.075 o .075 . I~O - ,30 -.I~ o .1~ .30

RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN, RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN.

20 2U I-'
- -r -:1 U>
~· T' ,'I," U>
I el," .T..:J I

:",:,,~
':/l' "~''''''''I
C_'['i"," "'Ii,'t,.,,,:,;,(--l~'l" 1 ''',,:']:;1 ~
on
10 on
10
';':1t. Ii''".':', "" . ·,rc?Ll
a. 1 a.
i:t, "!=iliL ~ ':::~:l l"l"~Jl
I==~~
u u
I I I/?-. ~;~
'" '"
"-
'"« <
"'
:J: "':J:
- I 0 DISPLACEMENT SET 2 - I 0 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

-20 L-~_~~_~~ __ ~~_~~~-L __ ~_~

- 2 0 ~~~~_~~~~~_~-L~_~~~
-.250 -,125 o ,125 . 2 50 -.50 ...
- 25 o .25 .~O
RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT. IN. RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN.

FIG. A.3.b SHEAR FORCE - RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 2

 20 '~~' , 2U rl-~--~-~-~----~------r--'-----~--------~-----'

C,,~,.~.-I(:
it-o
1-". ].. ,
'--- ~· .... I !.... )!
! r "- .".:·· .. ·1 1
0, 1 • 1
10 10
t
,t-b··
...... .....
...... ""·1 ;
;.,.:.-I"",-~".~,I-I
,. . :~. __ Jl
;t[.:·
, V." ..
·L ',... 1
. :.ll"i"·i ,
.." .. u-·
\"1'· "

« «

-10 -10 DISPLACEMENT SET 1

DISPLACEMENT SET 1

70 LI__~__~__~__~.__~__~__~__~____~_~__~__~_ -20 LI__~__~__~__7-__~__~__~__L-__~__~__~~~~__~__~__~

- 11.1 -O[)~ 0 OO~ o I -.2 -.1 0 .1 .2
RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN,
RELATIVE DISPL ACEMENT, IN.

20~-r-'~~' 'r-----r'~·~~.-------.-~~---r-----o~~~~ 20 I r-------r- tv

-'-","- .,,-"-'-: o
o
1 ,~·r..-r_l~·T~ :!~.~,,~.: ..r 'r.}:] I
. 1//
I II,J..... ;~.. ··<r!1 ,l
I 0 ;.,.:,-,:.,.~.I'~
10 f-" :~k'" . 1~ ~ ~'__ ~"
'tt···i::.>. · '"":-"l"'~ .
r~'''~~'I'1 .... ·_·1 .; "
--
·"':I··ID·~-I.~N
r"1 ".
-1-' - t

« «

- I 0 - I 0 DISPLACEMENT SET 2

DISPLACEMENT SET 2

_ 20 IL-~__~~__~__L-~__~__~~__~__~~__~__~-L__~~__~__~~ -20 IL--L__~~__~~__~~~~__~-L__~~__~~__~~~~_

-02su -0.125 0 0125 0250 -.~O -.25 0 .25 .~o
RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN, RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT, IN

FIG. A.3.c SHEAR FORCE - RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS, SPECIMEN 3

 20~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~ 20.

, T ' -1__ ---.J 1- -: ! - -c -,- T i

I".. I~J .,l. : ')1_' ,- : i l . . I"j""
'-'-I ~:[':::~.' ,-,,:-,]1,. ·"1
t ",··,1',1 l
. , ", ; , : . . . . , '", 1

'j'.W"1!_N
, rl[:<'"
lor ~ '. 1.::-
;=:.>11:>ll~ lor 1 ',""
U>
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 227

EAR1~QUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS

EERC 67-1 "Feasibility Study Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator

Facility," by J. Penzien, J. G. Bouwkamp, R. W. Clough
and D. Rea - 1967 (PB 187 905)

EERC 68-1 Unassigned

EERC 68-2 "Inelastic Behavior of Beam-to-Colurnn Subassemblages

Under Repeated Loading," by V. V. Bertero - 1968
(PB 184 888)

EERC 68- 3 "A Graphical Method for Solving the Wave Reflection-
Refraction Problem," by H. D. McNiven and Y. !vlengi
1968 (PB 187 943)

EERC 68-4 "Dynamic Properties of McKinley School Buildings," by

D. Rea, J. G. Bouwkamp and R. W. Clough - 1968
(PB 187 902)

EERC 68-5 "Characteristics of Rock Motions During Earthquakes,"

/
by H. B. Seed, I. M. Idriss and F. W. Kiefer - 1968
(PB 188 338)

EERC 69-1 "Earthquake Engineering Research at Berkeley," - 1969

(PB 187 906)

EERC 69-2 "Nonlinear Seismic Response of Earth Structures," by

M. Dibaj and J. Penzien - 1969 (PB 187 904)

'EERC 69-3 "Probabilistic Study of the Behavior of Structures

During Earthquakes," by P. Ruiz and J. Penzien - 1969
(PB 187 886)

EERC 69-4 "Numerical Solution of BOlIDdary Value Problems in

•
Structural Mechanics by Reduction to an Initial Value
Formulation," by N. Distefano and J. Schujman - 1969
(PB 187 942)

EERC 69-5 "Dynamic Programming and the Solution of the Biharmonic

Equation," by N. Distefano - 1969 (PB 187 941)

Note: Numbers in parenthesis are Accession Numbers assigned by the

National Technical Information Service. Copies of these reports may
be ordered from the National Technical Information Service, 5285
Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia, 22161. Accession Numbers
should be quoted on orders for the reports (PB --- ---) and remittance
must accompany each order. (Foreign orders, add $2.50 extra for
mailing charges.) Those reports without this information listed are
not yet available from NTIS. Upon request, EERC will mail inquirers
this information when it becomes available to us.
 228

EERC 69-6 "Stochastic Analysis of Offshore Tower Structures,"

by A. K. Malhotra and J. Penzien - 1969 (PB 187 903)

EERC 69-7 "Rock Noti.on Accelerograms for High Magnitude

Earthquakes," by H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss - 1969
(PB 187 940)

EERC 69-8 "Structural Dynamics Testing Facilities at the

University of California, Berkeley," by R. M. Stephen,
J. G. Bouwkamp, R. W. Clough and J. Penzien - 1969
(PB 189 lll)

EERC 69-9 "Seismic Response of Soil Deposits Underlain by

Sloping Rock Boundaries," by H. Dezfulian and
H. B. Seed - 1969 (PB 189 114)

EERC 69-10 "Dynamic Stress Analysis ofAxisynunetric Structures

under Arbitrary Loading, a by S. Ghosh and E. L.
Wilson - 1969 (PB 189 026)

EERC 69-ll "Seismic Behavior of Multistory Frames Designed by

Different Philosophies," by J. C. Anderson and
V. V. Bertero - 1969 (PB 190 662)

EERC 69-12 "Stiffness Degradation of Reinforcing Concrete

Structures Subjected to Reversed Actions," by
V. V. Bertero, B. Bresler and H. Ming Liao - 1969
(PB 202 942)

EERC 69-l3 "Response of Non-Uniform Soil Deposits to Travel

Seismic Waves," by H. Dezfulian and H. B. Seed - 1969
(PB 191 023)

EERC 69-14 "Damping Capacity of a Nodel Steel Structure," by

D. Rea, R. W. Clough and J. G. Bouwkamp - 1969
(PB 190 663)

EERC 69-15 "Influence of Local Soil Conditions on Building

Damage Potential during Earthquakes," by H. B. Seed
and I. M. Idriss - 1969 (PB 191 036)

EERC 69-16 "The Behavior of Sands under Seismic Loading

Conditions," by N. L. Silver and H. B. Seed - 1969
(AD 714 982)

EERC 70-1 "Earthquake Response of Concrete Gravity Dams," by

A. K. Chopra - 1970 (AD 709 640)

EERC 70-2 "Relationships between Soil Conditions and Building

Damage in the Caracas Earthquake of July 29, 1967," by
H. B. Seed, I. M. Idriss and H. Dezfulian - 1970
(PB 195 762)
 229

EERC 70-3 "Cyclic Loading of Full Size Steel Connections," by

E. P. Popov and R. M. Stephen - 1970 (PS 213 545)

EERC 70-4 "Seismic Analysis of the Charaima Building,

Caraballeda, venezuela," by Subcommittee of the
SEAONC Research Committee: V. V. Bertero, P. F.
Fratessa, S. A. Mahin, J. H. Sexton, A. C. Scordelis,
E. L. Wilson, L. A. Wyllie, H. B. Seed and J. Penzien,
Chairman - 1970 (PB 201 455)

EERC 70-5 "A Computer Program for Earthquake Analysis of Dams,"

by A. K. Chopra and P. Chakrabarti - 1970 (AD 723 994)

EERC 70-6 "The Propagation of Love Waves across Non-Horizontally

Layered Structures," -by J. Lysmer ~d L. A. Drake -
1970 (PE 197 896)

EERC 70-7 "Influence of Base Rock Characteristics on Ground

Response," by J. Lysmer, H. B. Seed and P. B.
Schnabel - 1970 (PB 197 S97)

EERC 70-8 "Applicability of Laboratory Test Procedures for

Measuring Soil Liquefaction Characteristics undet
Cyclic Loading," by H. B. Seed and W. H. Peacock"-
1970 (PB 198 016)

EERC 70-9 "A Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil

Liquefaction Potential," by H. B. Seed and I. M.
Idriss - 1970 (PB 198 009)

EERC 70-10 "Soil Moduli and Damping Factors for Dynamic Response
Analysis," by H. B. Seed and 1. M. Idriss - 1970
(PB 197 869)

EERC 71-1 "Koyna Earthquake and the Performance of Koyna Dam,"

by A. K. Chopra and P. Chakrabarti - 1971 (AD 731 496)

EERC 71-2 "Preliminary In-Situ Measurements of Anelastic

Absorption in Soils Using a Prototype Earthquake
Simulator," by R. D. Borcherdt and P. W. Rodgers -
1971 (PB 201 454)

EERC 71-3 "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Inelastic Frame

Structures," by F. L. Porter and G. H. Powell - 1971
(PB 210 135)

EERC 71-4 "Research Needs in Limit Design of Reinforced Concrete

Structures," by V. V. Bertero - 1971 (PB 202 943)

EERC 71-5 "Dynamic Behavior of a High-Rise Diagonally Braced

Steel Building," by D. Rea, A. A. Shah and J. G.
Bouwkamp - 1971 (PB 203 584)
 230

EERC 71-6 "Dynamic stress Analysis of Porous Elastic Solids

Saturated with Compressible Fluids," by J. Ghaboussi
and E. L. Wilson - 1971 (PB 211 396)

EERC 71-7 "Inelastic Behavior of Steel Beam-to-Column

Subassemblages," by H. Krawinkler, V. V. Bertero
and E. P. Popov - 1971 (PB 211 335)

EERC 71-8 "Modification of Seismograph Records for Effects of

Local Soil Conditions," by P. schnabel, H. B. Seed
and J. Lysmer - 1971 (PB 214 450)

EERC 72-1 "static and Earthquake Analysis of Three Dimensional

Frame and Shear Wall Buildings," by E. L. Wilson and
H. H. Dovey - 1972 (PB 212 904)

EERC 72-2 "Accelerations in Rock for Earthquakes in the Western

United States," by P. B. schnabel and H. B. Seed -
1972 (PB 213 100)

EERC 72-3 "Elastic-Plastic Earthquake Response of Soil-Building

Systems," by T. Minami - 1972 (PB 214 868)

EERC 72-4 "Stochastic Inelastic Response of Offshore Towers to

'Strong Motion Earthquakes," by M. K. Kaul - 1972
(PB 215 713)

EERC 72-5 "Cyclic Behavior of Three Reinforced Concrete

Flexural Members with High Shear," by E. P. Popov,
V. V. Bertero and H. Krawinkler - 1972 (PB 214 555)

EERC 72-6 "Earthquake Response of Gravity Dams Including

Reservoir Interaction Effects," by P. Chakrabarti and
A. K. Chopra - 1972 (AD 762 330)

EERC 72-7 "Dynamic Properties on Pine Flat Dam," by D. Rea,

C. Y. Liaw and A. K. Chopra - 1972 (AD 763 928)

EERC 72-8 "Three Dimensional Analysis of Building systems," by

E. L. Wilson and H. H. Dovey - 1972 (PB 222 438)

EERC 72-9 "Rate of Loading Effects on Uncracked and Repaired

Reinforced Concrete Members," by S. Mahin, V. V.
Bertero, D. Rea and M. Atalay - 1972 (PB 224 520)

EERC 72-10 "Computer Program for Static and Dynamic Analysis of

Linear Structural Systems," by E. L. Wilson,
K.-J. Bathe, J. E. Peterson and H. H. Dovey - 1972
(PB 220 437)
 231

EERC 72-11 "Literature Survey - Seismic Effects on Highway

Bridges," by T. Iwasaki, J. Penzien and R. w. Clough -
1972 (PB 215 613)

EERC 72-12 "SHAKE-A Computer Program for Earthquake Response

Analysis of Horizontally Layered Sites," by P. B.
Schnabel and J. Lysmer - 1972 (PB 220 207)

EERC 73-1 "Optimal Seismic Design of Multistory Frames," by

V. V. Bertero and H. Kamil - 1973

EERC 73-2 "Analysis of the Slides in the San Fernando Dams

during the Earthquake of February 9, 1971," by
H. B. Seed, K. L. Lee, I. M. Idriss and F. Makdisi -
1973 (PB 223 402)

EERC 73-3 "Computer Aided Ultimate Load Design of Unbraced

Multistory Steel Frames," by M. B. El-Hafez and
G. H. Powell - 1973

EERC 73-4 "Experimental Investigation into the Seismic

Behavior of Critical Regions of Reinforced Concrete
Components as Influenced by Moment and Shear," by
/ M. Celebi and J. Penzien - 1973 (PB 215 884)

EERC 73-5 "Hysteretic Behavior of Epoxy-Repaired Reinforced

Concrete Beams," by M. Celebi and J. Penzien - 1973

EERC 73-6 "General Purpose Computer Program for Inelastic

Dynamic Response of Plane Structures," by A. Kanaan
and G. H. Powell - 1973 (PB 221 260)

EERC 73-7 "A- Computer Program for Earthquake Analysis of

Gravity Dams Including Reservoir Interaction," by
P. Chakrabarti and A. K. Chopra - 1973 (AD 766 271)

EERC 73-8 "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam-Column

Subassemblages under Cyclic Loads," by O. Kustu and
J. G. Bouwkamp - 1973

EERC 73-9 "Earthquake Analysis of Structure-Foundation systems,"

by A. K. Vaish and A. K. Chopra - 1973 (AD 766 272)

EERC 73-10 "Deconvolution of Seismic Response for Linear

Systems I " by R. B. Reimer - 1973 (PB 227 179)

EERC 73-11 "SAP IV: A Structural Analysis Program for Static and
Dynamic Response of Linear Systems," by K.-J. Bathe,
E. L. Wilson and F. E. Peterson - 1973 (PB 221 967)

EERC 73-12 "Analytical Investigations of the seismic Response of

Long, Multiple Span Highway Bridges," by W. S. Tseng
and J. Penzien - 1973 (PB 227 816)
 232

EERC 73-13 "Earthquake Analysis of Multi-Story Buildings

Including Foundation Interaction," by A. K. Chopra
and J. A. Gutierrez - 1973 (PB 222 970)

EERC 73-14 "ADAP: A Computer Program for Static and Dynamic

Analysis of Arch Dams," by R. W. Clough, J. M.
Raphael and S. Majtahedi - 1973 (PB 223 763)

EERC 73-15 "Cyclic Plastic Analysis of Structural Steel Joints,"

by R. B. Pinkney and R. W. Clough - 1973 (PB 226 843)

EERC 73-16 "QUAD-4: A Computer Program for Evaluating the

Seismic Response of Soil Structures by Variable
Damping Finite Element Procedures," by I. M. Idriss,
J. Lysmer, R. Hwang and H. B. Seed - 1973 (PB 229 424)

EERC 73-17 "Dynamic Behavior of a Multi-story Pyramid Shaped

Building," by R. M. stephen and J. G. Bouwkamp - 1973

EERC 73-18 "Effect of Different Types of Reinforcing on Seismic

Behavior of Short Concrete Columns," by V. V.
Bertero, J. Hollings, O. Kustu, R. M. Stephen and
J. G. Bouwkamp - 1973

EERC 73-19 "Olive View Medical Center Material Studies,

Phase I," by B. Bresler and V. V. Bertero - 1973
(PB 235 986)

EERC 73-20 "Linear and Nonlinear Seismic Analysis Computer

Programs for Long Multiple-Span Highway Bridges,"
by W. S. Tseng and J. Penzien - 1973

EERC 73-21 "Constitutive Models for Cyclic Plastic Deformation

of Engineering Materials," by J. M. Kelly and
P. P. Gillis - 1973 (PB 226 024)

EERC 73-22 "DRAIN - 2D User's Guide," by G.. H. Powell - 1973

(PB 227 016)

EERe 73-23 "Earthquake Engineering at Berkeley - 1973" - 1973

(PB 226 033)

EERC 73-24 unassigned

EERC 73-25 "Earthquake Response of Axisymmetric Tower Structures

Surrounded by Water," by C. Y. Liaw and A. K. Chopra -
1973 CAD 773 052)

EERC 73-26 "Investigation of the Failures of the Olive View

Stairtowers during the San Fernando Earthquake and
Their Implications in seismic Design," by V. V.
Bertero and R. G. Collins - 1973 (PB 235 106)
 233

EERC 73-27 "Further Studies on Seismic Behavior of Steel Beam-

Colwnn Subassernblages," by V. V. Bertero,
H. Krawinkler and E. P. Popov - 1973 (PB 234 172)

EERC 74-1 "Seismic Risk Analysis," by C. S. Oliveira - 1974

(PB 235 920)

EERC 74-2 "Settlement and Liquefaction of Sands under

Multi-Directional Shaking," by R. Pyke, C. K. Chan
and H. B. Seed - 1974

EERC 74-3 "optimum Design of Earthquake Resistant Shear

Buildings," by D. Ray, K. S. Pister and A. K. Chopra -
1974 (PB 231 172)

EERC 74-4 "LUSH - A Computer Program for Complex Response

Analysis of Soil-Structure Systems," by J. Lysmer,
T. Udaka, H. B. Seed and R. Hwang - 1974 (PB 236 796)

EERC 74-5 "Sensitivity Analysis for Hysteretic Dynamic Systems:

Applications to Earthquake Engineering," by D. Ray -
1974 (PB 233 213)

/ EERC 74-6 "Soil-Structure Interaction Analyses for Evaluating

Seismic Response," by H. B. Seed, J. Lysmer and
R. Hwang - 1974 (PB 236 519)

EERC 74-7 unassigned

EERC 74-8 "shaking Table Tests of a Steel Frame - A Progress

Report," by R. W. Clough and D. Tang - 1974

EERC 74-9 "Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Flexural

Members with Special Web Reinforcement," by V. v.
Bertero, E. P. Popov and T. Y. Wang - 1974
(PB 236 797)

EERC 74-10 "Applications of Reliability-Based, Global Cost

Optimization to Design of Earthquake Resistant
Structures," by E. Vitiello and K. S. Pister - 1974
(PB 237 231)

EERC 74-11 "Liquefaction of Gravelly Soils under Cyclic Loading

Conditions," by R. T. Wong, H. B. Seed and C. K. Chan -
1974

EERC 74-12 "Site-Dependent Spectra for Earthquake-Resistant

Design," by H. B. Seed, C. Ugas and J. Lysmer - 1974
 234

EERC 74-13 "Earthquake Simulator Study of a Reinforced Concrete

Frame," by P. Hidalgo and R. W. Clough - 1974
(PB 241 944)

EERC 74-14 "Nonlinear Earthquake Response of Concrete Gravity Dams,"

by N. Pal - 1974 (AD/A006583)

EERC 74-15 "Modeling and Identification in Nonlinear Structural

Dynamics, I - One Degree of Freedom Models," by
N. Distefano and A. Rath - 1974 (PB 241 548)

EERC 75-1 "Determination of Seismic Design Criteria for the

Dumbarton Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. I:
Description, Theory and Analytical Modeling of Bridge
and Parameters," by F. Baron and S.-H. Pang - 1975

EERC 75-2 "Determination of Seismic Design Criteria for the

Dumbarton Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. 2:
Numerical Studies and Establishment of Seismic
Design Criteria," by F. Baron and S.-H. Pang - 1975

EERC 75-3 "Seismic Risk Analysis for a Site and a Metropolitan

Area," by C. S. Oliveira - 1975

EERC 75-4 "Analytical Investigations of Seismic Response of

Short, Single or Hultiple-Span Highway Bridges," by
Ma-chi Chen and J. Penzien - 1975 (PB 241 454)

EERC 75-5 "An Evaluation of Some ~lJethods for Predicting Seismic

Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Buildings," by Stephen
A. Mahin and V. V. Bertero - 1975

EERC 75-6 "Earthquake Simulator Study of a Steel Frame Structure,

Vol. I: Experimental Results," by R. W. Clough and
David T. Tang - 1975 (PB 243 981)

EERC 75-7 "Dynamic Properties of San Bernardino Intake Tower," by

Dixon Rea, C.-Y. Liaw, and Anil K. Chopra - 1975
(AD/A008406)

EERC 75-8 "Seismic Studies of the Articulation for the Dumbarton

Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. I: Description,
Theory and Analytical Modeling of Bridge Components,"
by F. Baron and R. E. Hamati - 1975

EERC 75-9 "Seismic Studies of the Articulation for the Durnbarton

Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. 2: Numerical Studies
of Steel and Concrete Girder Alternates," by F. Baron and
R. E. Harnati - 1975
 235

EERC 75-10 "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Nonlinear Structures,"

by Dig~Dar P. Mondkar and Graham H. Powell - 1975
(PB 242 434)

EERC 75-11 "Hysteretic Behavior of Steel Columns," by E. P. Popov,

V. V. Bertero and S. Chandramouli - 1975

EERC 75-12 "Earthquake Engineering Research Center Library Printed

Catalog" - 1975 (PB 243 711)

EERC 75-13 "Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems,"

Extended Version, by E. L. Wilson, J. P. Hollings and
./
H. H. Dovey - 1975 (PB 243 989)

EERC 75-14 "Determination of Soil Liquefaction Characteristics by

Large-Scale Laboratory Tests," by Pedro De Alba, Clarence
K. Chan and H. Bolton Seed - 1975

EERC 75-15 "A Literature Survey - Compressive, Tensile, Bond and

Shear Strength of Masonry," by Ronald L. Mayes and
Ray w. Clough - 1975

EERC 75-16 "Hysteretic Behavior of Ductile Moment Resisting Reinforced

Concrete Frame Components," by V. V. Bertero and
E. P. Popov - 1975
/

EERC 75-17 "Relationships Between Maximum Acceleration, Maximum

Velocity, Distance from Source, Local Site Conditions
for r10derately Strong Earthquakes," by H. Bolton Seed,
Ramesh Murarka, John Lysmer and I. M. Idriss - 1975

EERC 75-18 "The Effects of Method of Sample Preparation on the Cyclic

Stress-Strain Behavior of Sands," by J. Paul Mulilis,
Clarence K. Chan and H. Bolton Seed - 1975

EERC 75-19 "The Seismic Behavior of Critical Regions of Reinforced

Concrete Components as Influenced by Moment, Shear and
Axial Force," by B. Atalay and J. Penzien - 1975
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