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Concept of
Subtransient,
Transient & Steady
State

The concept of Subtransient,

Transient and Steady State
arises in case of fault in an
Alternator. Let us assume a
sudden short circuit in three
phase of alternator. The fault
current will flow in all the three
phases of alternator and its
waveform will be as shown in
figure below.
When the alternator is short-
circuited, the currents in all the
three-phases rise rapidly to a
high value of about 10 to 18
times of full load current,
during the first quarter cycle.
The flux crossing the air gap is
large during a first couple of
cycles. The reactance during
these first two or three cycle is
least and the short circuit
current is high. This reactance
is called subtransient
reactance and is denoted by
X”. The first few cycles come
under sub-transient state.

After a first few cycles, the

decrement in the r.m.s. value
of short circuit current is less
rapid than the decrements
during the first few cycles. This
state is called the
Transient State and the
reactance in this state is called
transient reactance X’. The
circuit breaker contacts
separate in the transient state.

Finally the transient dies out

and the current reaches a
steady sinusoidal state called
the Steady State. The
reactance in this state is called
steady state reactance Xd.
Since the short circuit current
of the alternator lags behind
the voltage by 90 degree, the
reactance involved are direct
axis reactance.

As clear from the figure above,

the d.c. components in the
three phases are different;
hence the waveforms of the
three phases are not identical.
If voltage of phase, say, Y, is
maximum at the instant of
short circuit, the DC
component of short circuit
current is zero. Hence the
waveform is symmetrical as
shown in figure below.

The currents and reactance

are given by the following
expressions,

Where

I = Steady state current, r.m.s.

value

I’ = Transient current, r.m.s.

value

I” = Sub-transient current,
r.m.s. value

Ea = Induced e.m.f. per phase

Xd = Direct axis synchronous

reactance

Xd’ = Direct axis transient

reactance

Xd” = Direct axis sub-transient

reactance

As the short circuit occurs, the

short-circuit current attains
high value. The circuit breaker
contact starts separating after
the operation of the protective
relay. The contacts of the
 circuit breaker separate during
‘transient state.’ The r.m.s.
value of the current at the
instant of the contact
separation is called the
breaking current of the circuit-
breaker and is expressed in
kA.

If a circuit-breaker closes on
existing fault, the current would
increase to a high value during
the first, half cycle. The highest
peak value of the current is
reached during the peak of the
first current loop. This peak
value is called making current
of the circuit breaker and is
expressed in kA. This is the
reason making current of
Circuit Breaker is higher than
the Breaking Current.

You may like to read, Why

Making Current of Circuit
Breaker is more than Breaking
Current?

 October 11, 2016  admin  Power

System Protection  No Comment

 Circuit Breaker,  SF6 Circuit Breaker,

 vacuum circuit breaker

«Capacitor Split
Phase Motors or
Starting of Single
Phase Induction
Motor by Capacitor

Calculation of Stabilizing Resistor in

High Impedance Differential
Protection»

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