WiMAX - Wikipedia

2/25/2017 WiMAX - Wikipedia
WiMAX
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a family
of wireless communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 set of WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability
standards, which provide multiple physical layer (PHY) and Media Access for Microwave Access)
Control (MAC) options.
The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was
formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the
standard, including the definition of predefined system profiles for
commercial vendors.[1] The forum describes WiMAX as "a standardsbased
technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as
an alternative to cable and DSL".[2] IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN
Advanced is a candidate for the 4G, in competition with the LTE Advanced standard.
WiMAX was initially designed to provide 30 to 40 megabitpersecond data rates,[3]
with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s[3] for fixed stations.
Contents
WiMAX base station equipment with
1 Terminology a sector antenna and wireless modem
on top
2 Uses of WiMAX
2.1 Internet access
2.2 Middlemile backhaul to fiber networks
2.3 Tripleplay
3 Connecting
3.1 Gateways
3.2 External modems
3.3 Mobile phones
4 Technical information
4.1 The IEEE 802.16 Standard
4.2 Physical layer
4.3 Media access control layer
4.4 Specifications
4.5 Integration with an IPbased network
4.6 Spectrum allocation
4.7 Spectral efficiency and Advantages
4.8 Inherent limitations
4.9 Silicon implementations
4.10 Comparison
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 1/14
5 Conformance testing
6 Associations
6.1 WiMAX Forum
6.2 WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance
6.3 Telecommunications Industry Association
7 Competing technologies
7.1 Harmonization
7.2 Comparison with other mobile Internet standards
8 Development
9 Interference
10 Deployments
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Terminology
WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family of wirelessnetworks standards ratified by the
WiMAX Forum. (Similarly, WiFi refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards
certified by the WiFi Alliance.) WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products as WiMAX
certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile.
The original IEEE 802.16 standard (now called "Fixed WiMAX") was published in 2001. WiMAX adopted some of its
technology from WiBro, a service marketed in Korea.[4]
Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e2005) is the revision that was deployed in many countries, and is the basis for
future revisions such as 802.16m2011.
WiMAX is sometimes referred to as "WiFi on steroids"[5] and can be used for a number of applications including broadband
connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to WiFi, but it can enable usage at much greater distances.[6]
Uses of WiMAX
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:
Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices.
Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.
Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play).
Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
Smart grids and metering
Internet access
WiMAX can provide athome or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In many cases this has resulted in
competition in markets which typically only had access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator.
Additionally, given the relatively low costs associated with the deployment of a WiMAX network (in comparison with 3G,
HSDPA, xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now economically viable to provide lastmile broadband Internet access in remote
locations.
Middlemile backhaul to fiber networks
Mobile WiMAX was a replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or can be used as an
overlay to increase capacity. Fixed WiMAX is also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks
in both developed and developing nations.[7][8]
In North America, backhaul for urban operations is typically provided via one or more copper wire line connections, whereas
remote cellular operations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usually
provided by microwave links. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumbent with ready access to the
copper network.) WiMAX has more substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications.
Consequently, the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on the rise in North America and existing microwave backhaul links
in all regions are being upgraded.[9] Capacities of between 34 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s [10] are routinely being deployed with
latencies in the order of 1 ms.
In many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and then presenting traffic on to fiber networks where
convenient. WiMAX in this application competes with microwave radio, Eline and simple extension of the fiber network
itself.
Tripleplay
WiMAX directly supports the technologies that make tripleplay service offerings possible (such as Quality of Service and
Multicasting). These are inherent to the WiMAX standard rather than being added on as Carrier Ethernet is to Ethernet.
On May 7, 2008 in the United States, Sprint Nextel, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a
pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum and merged with Clearwire to market the service. The new company hopes to
benefit from combined services offerings and network resources as a springboard past its competitors. The cable companies
will provide media services to other partners while gaining access to the wireless network as a Mobile virtual network operator
to provide tripleplay services.
Some analysts questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixedmobile convergence has been a recognized factor in the
industry, prior attempts to form partnerships among wireless and cable companies have generally failed to lead to significant
benefits to the participants. Other analysts point out that as wireless progresses to higher bandwidth, it inevitably competes
more directly with cable and DSL, inspiring competitors into collaboration. Also, as wireless broadband networks grow denser
and usage habits shift, the need for increased backhaul and media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage
cable assets is expected to increase.
Connecting
Devices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network are known as subscriber stations (SS).
Portable units include handsets (similar to cellular smartphones); PC peripherals (PC Cards or
USB dongles); and embedded devices in laptops, which are now available for WiFi services.
In addition, there is much emphasis by operators on consumer electronics devices such as
Gaming consoles, MP3 players and similar devices. WiMAX is more similar to WiFi than to
other 3G cellular technologies.
A WiMAX USB modem for
The WiMAX Forum website provides a list of certified devices. However, this is not a mobile access to the Internet
complete list of devices available as certified modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs
(Mobile Internet devices), and other private labeled devices.
Gateways
WiMAX gateway devices are available as both indoor and outdoor versions from several manufacturers including Vecima
Networks, Alvarion, Airspan, ZyXEL, Huawei, and Motorola. The list of deployed WiMAX networks and WiMAX Forum
membership list [11] provide more links to specific vendors, products and installations. The list of vendors and networks is not
comprehensive and is not intended as an endorsement of these companies above others.
Many of the WiMAX gateways that are offered by manufactures such as these are standalone selfinstall indoor units. Such
devices typically sit near the customer's window with the best signal, and provide:
An integrated WiFi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet connectivity to multiple devices throughout the home
or business.
Ethernet ports to connect directly to a computer, router, printer or DVR on a local wired network.
One or two analog telephone jacks to connect a landline phone and take advantage of VoIP.
Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses mean that the subscriber may need to be significantly closer to the WiMAX
base station than with professionally installed external units.
Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to the installation of a residential
satellite dish. A highergain directional outdoor unit will generally result in greatly increased range and throughput but with
the obvious loss of practical mobility of the unit.
External modems
USB can provide connectivity to a WiMAX network through what is called a dongle.
Generally these devices are connected to a notebook or net book computer. Dongles
typically have omnidirectional antennas which are of lower gain compared to other
devices. As such these devices are best used in areas of good coverage.
Mobile phones
HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G, on November
12, 2008.[12] The device was only available to certain markets in Russia on the Yota
network until 2010.[13]
HTC and Sprint Nextel released the second WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the EVO
4G, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA conference in Las Vegas. The device, made available
on June 4, 2010,[14] is capable of both EVDO(3G) and WiMAX(pre4G) as well as
simultaneous data & voice sessions. Sprint Nextel announced at CES 2012 that it will
no longer be offering devices using the WiMAX technology due to financial
circumstances, instead, along with its network partner Clearwire, Sprint Nextel will roll
out a 4G network deciding to shift and utilize LTE 4G technology instead.
Airstream 1200 USB Modem
Technical information
The IEEE 802.16 Standard
WiMAX is based upon IEEE Std 802.16e2005,[15] approved in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE Std 802.16
2004,[16] and so the actual standard is 802.162004 as amended by 802.16e2005. Thus, these specifications need to be
considered together.
IEEE 802.16e2005 improves upon IEEE 802.162004 by:
Adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover between base stations). This is seen as one of the most important
aspects of 802.16e2005, and is the very basis of Mobile WiMAX.
Scaling of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing constant across
different channel bandwidths (typically 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz). Constant carrier spacing results in a
higher spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. Also known as scalable OFDMA
(SOFDMA). Other bands not multiples of 1.25 MHz are defined in the standard, but because the allowed FFT subcarrier
numbers are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, other frequency bands will not have exactly the same carrier spacing, which
might not be optimal for implementations. Carrier spacing is 10.94 kHz.
Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid automatic repeatrequest (HARQ)
Adaptive antenna systems (AAS) and MIMO technology
Denser subchannelization, thereby improving indoor penetration
Intro and lowdensity parity check (LDPC)
Introducing downlink subchannelization, allowing administrators to trade coverage for capacity or vice versa
Adding an extra quality of service (QoS) class for VoIP applications.
SOFDMA (used in 802.16e2005) and OFDM256 (802.16d) are not compatible thus equipment will have to be replaced if an
operator is to move to the later standard (e.g., Fixed WiMAX to Mobile WiMAX).
Physical layer
The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based (IEEE 802.16) specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to
66 GHz range. 802.16a, updated in 2004 to 802.162004, added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range. 802.162004 was
updated by 802.16e2005 in 2005 and uses scalable orthogonal frequencydivision multiple access[17] (SOFDMA), as opposed
to the fixed orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) version with 256 subcarriers (of which 200 are used) in
802.16d. More advanced versions, including 802.16e, also bring multiple antenna support through MIMO. (See WiMAX
MIMO) This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency reuse and
bandwidth efficiency. WiMax is the most energyefficient pre4G technique among LTE and HSPA+.[18]
Media access control layer
The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry
into the network. After network entry is allowed, the subscriber station is allocated an access slot by the base station. The time
slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it.
In addition to being stable under overload and oversubscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth
efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control Quality of Service (QoS) parameters by balancing
the timeslot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber station.
Specifications
As a standard intended to satisfy needs of nextgeneration data networks (4G), WiMAX is distinguished by its dynamic burst
algorithm modulation adaptive to the physical environment the RF signal travels through. Modulation is chosen to be more
spectrally efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol). That is, when the bursts have a high signal strength and a high
carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CINR), they can be more easily decoded using digital signal processing (DSP). In
contrast, operating in less favorable environments for RF communication, the system automatically steps down to a more
robust mode (burst profile) which means fewer bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the advantage that power per bit is
higher and therefore simpler accurate signal processing can be performed.
Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dynamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput between clients and
the base station is determined largely by distance. Maximum distance is achieved by the use of the most robust burst setting;
that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame allocation tradeoff requiring more symbols (a larger portion of the MAC
frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given amount of data than if the client were closer to the base station.
The client's MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as well as the specific time allocation. However, even if
this is done automatically then the practical deployment should avoid high interference and multipath environments. The
reason for which is obviously that too much interference causes the network to function poorly and can also misrepresent the
capability of the network.
The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but
also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the available bandwidth.)
This could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or lost frames.
As a result, the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately project
frequency use, interference, and general product functionality.
The AsiaPacific region has surpassed the North American region in terms of 4G broadband wireless subscribers. There were
around 1.7 million preWiMAX and WiMAX customers in Asia – 29% of the overall market – compared to 1.4 million in the
USA and Canada.[19]
Integration with an IPbased network
The WiMAX Forum has proposed an architecture that defines how a WiMAX network can be connected with an IP based core
network, which is typically chosen by operators that serve as Internet Service Providers (ISP); Nevertheless, the WiMAX BS
provide seamless integration capabilities with other types of architectures as with packet switched Mobile Networks.
The WiMAX forum proposal defines a number of components, plus some of the interconnections (or reference points)
between these, labeled R1 to R5 and R8:
SS/MS: the Subscriber Station/Mobile Station
ASN: the Access Service Network[20]
BS: Base station, part of the ASN
ASNGW: the ASN Gateway, part of the ASN
CSN: the Connectivity Service Network
HA: Home Agent, part of the CSN
AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Accounting Server,
part of the CSN
NAP: a Network Access Provider
NSP: a Network Service Provider
It is important to note that the functional architecture can be
designed into various hardware configurations rather than fixed
configurations. For example, the architecture is flexible enough to
allow remote/mobile stations of varying scale and functionality
and Base Stations of varying size – e.g. femto, pico, and mini BS
as well as macros.
Spectrum allocation
There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX,
however the WiMAX Forum published three licensed spectrum
profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz, in an effort to drive The WiMAX Forum architecture
standardisation and decrease cost.
In the USA, the biggest segment available was around 2.5 GHz,[21] and is already assigned, primarily to Sprint Nextel and
Clearwire. Elsewhere in the world, the mostlikely bands used will be the Forum approved ones, with 2.3 GHz probably being
most important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and other
frequencies. Pakistan's Wateen Telecom uses 3.5 GHz.
Analog TV bands (700 MHz) may become available , but await the complete digital television transition, and other uses have
been suggested for that spectrum. In the USA the FCC auction for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result, the
biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.[22] Both of these companies stated their
intention of supporting LTE, a technology which competes directly with WiMAX. EU commissioner Viviane Reding has
suggested reallocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.[23]
WiMAX profiles define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have interoperating products. The
current fixed profiles are defined for both TDD and FDD profiles. At this point, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The
fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz. The mobile profiles are 5 MHz, 8.75 MHz and
10 MHz. (Note: the 802.16 standard allows a far wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are supported as
WiMAX profiles.)
Since October 2007, the Radio communication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITUR) has decided to
include WiMAX technology in the IMT2000 set of standards.[24] This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2.5–
2.69 GHz band at this stage) to use WiMAX equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT2000.
Spectral efficiency and Advantages
One of the significant advantages of advanced wireless systems such as WiMAX is spectral efficiency. For example, 802.16
2004 (fixed) has a spectral efficiency of 3.7 (bit/s)/Hertz, and other 3.5–4G wireless systems offer spectral efficiencies that are
similar to within a few tenths of a percent. The notable advantage of WiMAX comes from combining SOFDMA with smart
antenna technologies. This multiplies the effective spectral efficiency through multiple reuse and smart network deployment
topologies. The direct use of frequency domain organization simplifies designs using MIMOAAS compared to
CDMA/WCDMA methods, resulting in more effective systems.
Another advantages of WiMAX, is a relatively new technology that enables communication over a maximum distance of 30
miles – compared to 300 feet for WiFi. Of course, the longer the distance, the slower the speed, but it is still faster and has a
longer range than WiFi. Ideally, speeds of around 10 MBps could be achieved with a range of 1 – 6 miles (1.6 – 9.7 km).
The reason why some telecommunication providers are quite excited about the prospects for WiMAX is that mobile users
could use it as a faster and longer range alternative to WiFi and corporate or home users could use it in a fixed environment as
a replacement or backup to DSL.
Companies will begin to use WiMAX to communicate from office to office, relatively near to each other and provide campus
wide wireless connectivity to employees. Employee’s computers will need to use new WiMAX cards to connect to these new
networks. Next, or at the same time, public places such as airports, parks and coffee shops will be outfitted with WiMAX
access points. WiMAX has been very successful as it is easy to use, low cost, and relatively fast.
While WiMAX has its benefits, as people download more and larger files, upload more data (such as voice calls, images and
videos) and have longer distance needs – the limits of WiFi are apparent.
Inherent limitations
WiMAX cannot deliver 70 Mbit/s over 50 km (31 mi). Like all wireless technologies, WiMAX can operate at higher bitrates
or over longer distances but not both. Operating at the maximum range of 50 km (31 mi) increases bit error rate and thus
results in a much lower bitrate. Conversely, reducing the range (to under 1 km) allows a device to operate at higher bitrates.
A citywide deployment of WiMAX in Perth, Australia demonstrated that customers at the celledge with an indoor Customer
premises equipment (CPE) typically obtain speeds of around 1–4 Mbit/s, with users closer to the cell site obtaining speeds of
up to 30 Mbit/s.
Like all wireless systems, available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector, so performance could
deteriorate in the case of many active users in a single sector. However, with adequate capacity planning and the use of
WiMAX's Quality of Service, a minimum guaranteed throughput for each subscriber can be put in place. In practice, most
users will have a range of 4–8 Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the base station to increase the
number of users that may be served as required.
Silicon implementations
A number of specialized companies produced baseband ICs and integrated RFICs for
WiMAX Subscriber Stations in the 2.3, 2.5 and 3.5 GHz bands (refer to 'Spectrum
allocation' above). These companies include, but are not limited to, Beceem, Sequans,
and PicoChip.
Comparison
Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and WiFi are frequent, because both are
related to wireless connectivity and Internet access.[25]
Picture of a WiMAX MIMO board
WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres, that uses licensed or
unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the
Internet.
WiFi uses the 2.4 GHz, 3 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz radio frequency bands to provide access to a local network.
WiFi is more popular in enduser devices.
WiFi runs on the Media Access Control's CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and contention based, whereas
WiMAX runs a connectionoriented MAC.
WiMAX and WiFi have quite different quality of service (QoS) mechanisms:
WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user device. Each
connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms.
WiFi uses contention access — all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP)
are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations distant from
the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput.
Both IEEE 802.11, which includes WiFi, and IEEE 802.16, which includes WiMAX, define PeertoPeer (P2P) and
wireless ad hoc networks, where an end user communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN)
using its access point or base station. However, 802.11 supports also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between
end user devices without an access point while 802.16 end user devices must be in range of the base station.
Although WiFi and WiMAX are designed for different situations, they are complementary. WiMAX network operators
typically provide a WiMAX Subscriber Unit that connects to the metropolitan WiMAX network and provides WiFi
connectivity within the home or business for local devices, e.g., computers, WiFi handsets and smartphones. This enables the
user to place the WiMAX Subscriber Unit in the best reception area, such as a window, and still be able to use the WiMAX
network from any place within their residence.
The local area network inside one's house or business would operate as with any other wired or wireless network. If one were
to connect the WiMAX Subscriber Unit directly to a WiMAXenabled computer, that would limit access to a single device. As
an alternative for a LAN, one could purchase a WiMAX modem with a builtin wireless WiFi router, allowing one to connect
multiple devices to create a LAN.
Using WiMAX could be an advantage, since it is typically faster than most cable modems with download speeds between 3
and 6 Mbit/s, and generally costs less than cable.
Conformance testing
TTCN3 test specification language is used for the purposes of specifying conformance tests for WiMAX implementations.
The WiMAX test suite is being developed by a Specialist Task Force at ETSI (STF 252).[26]
Associations
WiMAX Forum
The WiMAX Forum is a non profit organization formed to promote the adoption of WiMAX compatible products and
services.[27]
A major role for the organization is to certify the interoperability of WiMAX products.[28] Those that pass conformance and
interoperability testing achieve the "WiMAX Forum Certified" designation, and can display this mark on their products and
marketing materials. Some vendors claim that their equipment is "WiMAXready", "WiMAXcompliant", or "preWiMAX",
if they are not officially WiMAX Forum Certified.
Another role of the WiMAX Forum is to promote the spread of knowledge about WiMAX. In order to do so, it has a certified
training program that is currently offered in English and French. It also offers a series of member events and endorses some
industry events.
WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance
WiSOA was the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum
with plans to deploy WiMAX technology in those bands. WiSOA focused on the regulation,
commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2.3–2.5 GHz and the 3.4–3.5 GHz
WiSOA logo
ranges. WiSOA merged with the Wireless Broadband Alliance in April 2008. [29]
Telecommunications Industry Association
In 2011, the Telecommunications Industry Association released three technical standards (TIA1164, TIA1143, and TIA
1140) that cover the air interface and core networking aspects of WiMax HighRate Packet Data (HRPD) systems using a
Mobile Station/Access Terminal (MS/AT) with a single transmitter.[30]
Competing technologies
Within the marketplace, WiMAX's main competition came from existing, widely deployed wireless systems such as Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), CDMA2000, existing WiFi and mesh networking.
In the future, competition will be from the evolution of the major cellular standards to 4G, highbandwidth, lowlatency, allIP
networks with voice services built on top. The worldwide move to 4G for GSM/UMTS and AMPS/TIA (including
CDMA2000) is the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) effort.
The LTE Standard was finalized in December 2008, with the first commercial deployment of LTE carried out by TeliaSonera
in Oslo and Stockholm in December, 2009. Since then, LTE has seen increasing adoption by mobile carriers around the world.
In some areas of the world, the wide availability of UMTS and a general desire for standardization has meant spectrum has not
been allocated for WiMAX: in July 2005, the EUwide frequency allocation for WiMAX was blocked.
Harmonization
Early WirelessMAN standards, The European standard HiperMAN and Korean standard WiBro were harmonized as part of
WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. All networks now being deployed in South Korea, the
home of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX.
Comparison with other mobile Internet standards
The following table only shows peak rates which are potentially very
misleading. In addition, the comparisons listed are not normalized by
physical channel size (i.e., spectrum used to achieve the listed peak
rates); this obfuscates spectral efficiency and net throughput
capabilities of the different wireless technologies listed below.
Speed vs. mobility of wireless systems: WiFi, High
Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS), GSM
Comparison of mobile Internet access methods
Common Primary Downstream Upstream
Family Radio Tech Notes
Name Use (Mbit/s) (Mbit/s)
HSPA+ is widely
deployed.
Revision 11 of
21 5.8
the 3GPP states
CDMA/FDD 42 11.5
HSPA+ 3GPP 3G Data that HSPA+ is
MIMO 84 22
expected to have
672 168
a throughput
capacity of
672 Mbit/s.
LTEAdvanced
100 Cat3 update expected
50 Cat3/4 to offer peak
150 Cat4
OFDMA/MIMO/SC 300 Cat5 75 Cat5 rates up to
LTE 3GPP General 4G (in 20 MHz
FDMA (in 20 MHz 1 Gbit/s fixed
FDD)[31] speeds and 100
FDD) [31] Mb/s to mobile
users.
37 (10 MHz 17 (10 MHz With 2x2
WiMax rel 1 802.16 WirelessMAN MIMOSOFDMA
TDD) TDD) MIMO.[32]
46 (20 MHz With 2x2
83 (20 MHz MIMO.Enhanced
TDD)
TDD) with 20 MHz
WiMax rel 1.5 802.162009 WirelessMAN MIMOSOFDMA 138
141 (2x20 MHz
(2x20 MHz channels in
FDD)
FDD) 802.162009[32]
2x2 MIMO
70 (20 MHz
2x2 MIMO
TDD) Also, low
110 (20 MHz
188 mobility users
TDD)
(2x20 MHz can aggregate
183 (2x20 MHz
FDD) multiple channels
FDD)
WiMAX rel 2 802.16m WirelessMAN MIMOSOFDMA 4x4 MIMO to get a
4x4 MIMO
140 download
219 (20 MHz
(20 MHz throughput of up
TDD)
TDD)
365 (2x20 MHz
376 to 1 Gbit/s[32]
FDD)
(2x20 MHz
FDD)
Mobile Internet Mobile range
5.3 1.8
mobility up to 30 km (18 miles)
FlashOFDM FlashOFDM FlashOFDM 10.6 3.6
200 mph extended range
15.9 5.4
(350 km/h) 55 km (34 miles)
HIPERMAN HIPERMAN Mobile Internet OFDM 56.9
Antenna, RF
front end
enhancements
and minor
protocol timer
tweaks have
helped deploy
long range P2P
networks
compromising on
radial coverage,
throughput
and/or spectra
288.8 (using 4x4 configuration efficiency
802.11 in 20 MHz bandwidth) or 600 (310 km (http://w
WiFi Mobile Internet OFDM/MIMO
(11n) (using 4x4 configuration in ww.alvarion.co

40 MHz bandwidth) m/newscenter/gl
obalpressreleas
es/158worldslo
ngestwificonne
ctionmadebyth
eswedishspace
corporation) &
382 km (http://w
ww.eslared.org.v
e/articulos/Lon
g%20Distanc
e%20WiFi%20Tr
ial.pdf))
Cell Radius: 3–
12 km
Speed: 250 km/h
HC Spectral
iBurst 802.20 Mobile Internet 95 36
SDMA/TDD/MIMO Efficiency: 13
bits/s/Hz/cell
Spectrum Reuse
Factor: "1"
EDGE Evolution GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1.6 0.5 3GPP Release 7
HSDPA is
widely deployed.
Typical downlink
UMTS WCDMA CDMA/FDD rates today
0.384 0.384
HSPA UMTS/3GSM General 3G 2 Mbit/s,
14.4 5.76
(HSDPA+HSUPA) CDMA/FDD/MIMO ~200 kbit/s
uplink; HSPA+
downlink up to
56 Mbit/s.
Reported speeds
according to
IPWireless (htt
p://www.ipwirele
UMTSTDD UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 ss.com/technolog
y/) using 16QAM
modulation
similar to
HSDPA+HSUPA
Rev B note: N is
the number of
1.25 MHz
carriers used.
EVDO is not
EVDO Rel. 0 2.45 0.15 designed for
EVDO Rev.A CDMA2000 Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD 3.1 1.8 voice, and
EVDO Rev.B 4.9xN 1.8xN requires a
fallback to
1xRTT when a
voice call is
placed or
received.
Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas,
distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still).
Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of
constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. For
more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards.
For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency
comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.
Development
The IEEE 802.16m2011 standard[33] was the core technology for WiMAX 2. The IEEE 802.16m standard was submitted to
the ITU for IMTAdvanced standardization.[34] IEEE 802.16m is one of the major candidates for IMTAdvanced technologies
by ITU. Among many enhancements, IEEE 802.16m systems can provide four times faster data speed than the WiMAX
Release 1.
WiMAX Release 2 provided backward compatibility with Release 1. WiMAX operators could migrate from release 1 to
release 2 by upgrading channel cards or software. The WiMAX 2 Collaboration Initiative was formed to help this
transition.[35]
It was anticipated that using 4X2 MIMO in the urban microcell scenario with only a single 20 MHz TDD channel available
system wide, the 802.16m system can support both 120 Mbit/s downlink and 60 Mbit/s uplink per site simultaneously. It was
expected that the WiMAX Release 2 would be available commercially in the 2011–2012 timeframe.[36]
Interference
A field test conducted in 2007 by SUIRG (Satellite Users Interference Reduction Group) with support from the U.S. Navy, the
Global VSAT Forum, and several member organizations yielded results showing interference at 12 km when using the same
channels for both the WiMAX systems and satellites in Cband.[37]
Deployments
As of October 2010, the WiMAX Forum claimed over 592 WiMAX (fixed and mobile) networks deployed in over 148
countries, covering over 621 million subscribers.[38] By February 2011, the WiMAX Forum cited coverage of over 823
million people, and estimate over 1 billion subscribers by the end of the year.[39]
South Korea launched a WiMAX network in the 2nd quarter of 2006. By the end of 2008 there were 350,000 WiMAX
subscribers in Korea.[40]
Worldwide, by early 2010 WiMAX seemed to be ramping quickly relative to other available technologies, though access in
North America lagged.[41] Yota, the largest WiMAX network operator in the world in 4Q 2009,[42] announced in May 2010
that it will move new network deployments to LTE and, subsequently, change its existing networks as well.[43]
A study published September 2010 by Blycroft Publishing estimated 800 management contracts from 364 WiMAX operations
worldwide offering active services (launched or still trading as opposed to just licensed and still to launch).[44]
In some countries such as the United States, WiMAX usage declined in 2011.[45] In 2015 Sprint Corporation began closing its
WiMAX network.[46]
In 2015 a sharp decline in WiMAX usage was predicted in Africa, as users switch to LTE.[47]
See also
List of deployed WiMAX networks
WiBro (mobile WiMax in Korea)
Cognitive radio
Category 5 cable
Evolved HSPA
HighSpeed Packet Access
Mobile broadband
Mobile VoIP
Municipal broadband
Packet Burst Broadband
Super WiFi
Switched mesh
Yota Egg
Wireless bridge
Wireless local loop
Notes
1. Pinola, Jarno; Kostas Pentikousis (2008). "Mobile WiMAX". The Internet Protocol Journal (IPJ). Cisco.
2. "WiMax Forum – Technology". Archived from the original on July 22, 2008. Retrieved 20080722.
3. Carl Weinschenk (April 16, 2010). "Speeding Up WiMax". IT Business Edge. Retrieved August 31, 2011. "Today the initial WiMax
system is designed to provide 30 to 40 megabitpersecond data rates."
4. Roger Marks (June 29, 2006). "IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN Standard: Myths and Facts" (PDF). Presentation at 2006 Wireless
Communications Conference. Washington, DC: ieee802.org. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
5. Walton, Marsha (20060331). "Is 'WiFi on steroids' really the next big thing?". CNN.
6. Municipal Broadband: Challenges and Perspectives (http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedcom59&div=8&g_sen
t=1&collection=journals)
7. "Sprint Eyes WiMax Backhaul". lightreading.com. Retrieved 20080322.
8. "WiMax signals get stronger in India". eetimes.com. Retrieved 20080322.
9. "Overcoming the wireline bottleneck for 3G wireless services". supercommnews.com. Retrieved 20090103.
10. "High=speed Microwave". wimaxforum.org. Retrieved 20080312.
11. WiMAX Forum Member Companies (http://www.wimaxforum.org/about/membercompanies). Wimaxforum.org. Retrieved on 2013
0918.
12. "Scartel And Htc Launch World'S First Integrated Gsm/Wimax Handset". News release. HTC Corporation. November 12, 2008.
Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
13. http://www.reuters.com/article/yotalteidUSLDE64K1V920100521
14. "Sprint Newsroom | News Releases". Newsreleases.sprint.com. Retrieved 20101013.
15. "IEEE 802.16e Task Group (Mobile WirelessMAN)". ieee802.org. Retrieved 20080312.
16. "IEEE 802.16 Task Group d". ieee802.org. Retrieved 20080312.
17. Orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM has
developed into a popular scheme for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or over copper wires, used in applications
such as digital television and audio broadcasting.
18. "IEEE Xplore – Comparison of power consumption of mobile WiMAX, HSPA and LTE access networks". Ieeexplore.ieee.org.
doi:10.1109/CTTE.2010.5557715. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
19. "Asia takes the lead in the 4G market". Telegeography.com. August 5, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
20. "The Access Service Network in WiMAX: The Role of ASNGW" (PDF). mustafaergen.com. Retrieved 20080312.
21. "U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart" (PDF). Department of Commerce. Retrieved 20080312.
22. "Auctions Schedule". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 20080108.
23. "European Commission proposes TV spectrum for WiMax". zdnetasia.com. Retrieved 20080108.
24. "ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G standards". itu.int. Retrieved 20080312.
25. WiMAX vs. WiFi (http://www.circleid.com/posts/92208_wimax_vs_wifi/). Circleid.com (20080220). Retrieved on 20130918.
26. "HiperMAN / WiMAX Testing". ETSI. Retrieved 20080328.
27. "WiMAX Forum Overview". Retrieved 20080801.
28. "WiMAX Forum — Frequently Asked Questions". wimaxforum.org. Retrieved 20080312.
29. "WBA and WiSOA join efforts on WiMAX global roaming". Retrieved 20081210.
30. Technical standards (http://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?currency_code=USD&customer_id=2125442B2E0A&oshid=2125442B2B
0A&shopping_cart_id=292558332D4B50304F5A3D3F2C0A&country_code=US&lang_code=ENGL&item_s_key=00576092&ite
m_key_date=900731&input_doc_number=TIA1164&input_doc_title=)
31. "LTE". 3GPP web site. 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
32. "WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16m Air Interface Standard" (PDF). WiMax Forum. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 20120207.
33. " 'WiMAX 2' coming in 2011?". Networkworld.com. Retrieved 20101013.
34. "802.16m submitted to ITU for IMTAdvanced standardization". Retrieved 20091018.
35. "WiMAX 2 Collaboration Initiative (WCI) Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). WiMAX Forum. April 12, 2010.
36. "Global WiMAX network deployments surpass 500". News release. WiMAX Forum. October 6, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
37. "SUIRG full interference test report" (PDF). suirg.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20090304. Retrieved 20120822.
38. "WiMAX Forum". WiMAX Forum. Retrieved 20101013.
39. Wimax Forum Industry Research Report
http://www.wimaxforum.org/sites/wimaxforum.org/files/page/2011/03/Monthly_Industry_Report_March2011.pdf
40. The rise and rise of HSPA | telecoms.com – telecoms industry news, analysis and opinion http://www.telecoms.com/12573/therise
andriseofhspa/
41. Larry Dignan (February 15, 2010). "WiMax deployments ramp globally, but U.S. lags". Between the lines blog. ZDNet. Retrieved
September 11, 2011.
42. Maravedis, 4Q 2009, http://www.unova.ru/article/2631, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1310343
43. Russia Today, May 21, 2010 – Scartel dropping WiMAX, aiming for LTE – RT – [rt.com/Business/20100521/scarteldropping
wimaxlte.html]
44. "WiMAX Directory". Blycroft Ltd. 20100901. Retrieved 20110228.
45. "Broadcom acknowledges WiMAX's U.S. decline | FierceWireless". www.fiercewireless.com. Retrieved 20160914.
46. "Sprint Community: Announcements: FAQs about the WiMax network shutdown". Sprint Community. Retrieved 20161024.
47. "LTE is displacing WiMAX in Africa – Ovum". 20151202. Retrieved 20160918.
References
K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, MultiCarrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MCCDMA to LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 9780470998212
M. Ergen, Mobile Broadband – Including WiMAX and LTE, Springer, NY, 2009 ISBN 9780387681894
Ramon Ray(2009) WiMax – Your Fast and Longer Distance WiFi has arrived. Personal Technology.
External links
Official page of the WiMAX Forum (http://www.wimaxforum.org/home)
How WiMAX Works (http://www.howstuffworks.com/wimax.htm) at Wikimedia Commons has
media related to WiMAX.
HowStuffWorks
Internet Protocol Journal Overview of Mobile WiMAX (https://www.cisco.co
m/c/en/us/about/press/internetprotocoljournal/backissues/tablecontents40/11 Wikibooks has a book on
2wimax.html) the topic of: Nets, Webs
Patent alliance formed for WiMAX 4G technology (http://www.eetimes.eu/2084 and the Information
Infrastructure
03034)
WiMAX vs. LTE (http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/060710techargu
mentltewimax.html)
Mobile WiMAX Throughput Measurements (http://www.rohdeschwarz.com/appnote/1SP10.pdf)
Prashant Sharma (2009). "Facts About WiMAX And Why Is It "The Future of Wireless Broadband" ". TechPluto blog.
Retrieved August 26, 2011.
WiMAX Technical Seminar Report (http://www.pediain.com/seminar/WiMaxseminarreportpdfppt.html)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WiMAX&oldid=761267598"
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