Presentation Report:

Topic Name:
Green’s Function and its Eigen value Functions.

Subject Name:
Mathematical Method of Physics.

Submitted To:
Dr, Amjad Sohail Shah Sahib.

Submitted By:
Syed M Raza Bukha (5842)

Muhammad Imran (5843)

Muhammad Rashid (5844)

Muhammad Ahmad Qamar (5845)

Naeem Mehmood (5849)

Samiullah (5850)

2nd Semester (Evening)

Department Of Physics
Government College University Faisalabad
 Green function
A Green function, G(x, s) of a linear differential operator L=L(x)
acting on distributers over a subset of the Euclidean space Rn , at a point s ,is any
solution of

L G(x,s)= 𝛿(s-x)

Where s is the Dirac delta function. This property of green’s function can be
exploited to solve differential equations of the form

L u (x) = f(x)

If L is a non-trivial then the Green’s function is not unique. However, in practice

some combinations of symmetry and boundary conditions will give a unique
Green’s function.

Green’s functions are also useful tools in solving wave equation and diffusion
equation.

In Quantum mechanics the Green’s function of a Hamiltonian is a key concept

with important links to the concept of the density of state.

As a side note Green’s function as used in physics usually defined with the
opposite signs instead that is

L G(x,s) = 𝛿 (x-s)

This definition does not significantly change any of the properties of the Green’s
function due evenness of Dirac delta function.

Eigen Value Function

Self adjoined operator’s posses a complete set of Eigen functions and we can
expand the Green’s function in term of these. Let
 L 𝜑 n = λn 𝜑 n

Let us further suppose that none of the λ n is zero. Then the Green function
Has the Eigen function expansion

That this is so follows from

Problem no 1:

Constructed Green’s function by Eigen value function Y” + λy = 0

Given boundary values: y (0) =0 y’ (𝜋) = 0

Solution:

Given function Y” + λy = 0

Here λ being Eigen value so, it can be happen

Case 1:
λ=0

Y” + λy = 0

Y”(x) =0

Y’(x) =a

Y’ ( 𝜋) =a

a=0 since by boundary vale y’ (𝜋) = 0

Y(x) =ax+b----------------------------- eq1

Y (0) =b Since x=0 ,

b=0 since by boundary value y(0)=0

By putting values of a and b in equation 1 then,

Y(x) =0 it is trivial solution of Green’s function.

Case 2:

λ<0

r2+λ =0
r2=-λ
r=±√−λ
y(x)=c1𝑒 √−λ 𝑡 +c2𝑒 −√−λ 𝑡
y(0)=c1𝑒 0 +c2𝑒 0
y(0)=c1+c2
c1+c2=0 since y(0)=0
c1=-c2
y(x)=c1𝑒 √−λ 𝑋 +c2𝑒 −√−λ 𝑋
y’(x)=c1√−λ 𝑒 √−λ 𝑋 -c2√−λ 𝑒 −√−λ 𝑋 --------------------------equation 2
 y’(𝜋)=c1√−λ 𝑒 √−λ 𝜋 -c2√−λ 𝑒 −√−λ 𝜋
y’(𝜋)=c1√−λ 𝑒 √−λ 𝜋 +c1√−λ 𝑒 −√−λ 𝜋
y’(𝜋)=c1√−λ (𝑒 √−λ 𝜋 + 𝑒 −√−λ 𝜋 )
0= c1√−λ (𝑒 √−λ 𝜋 + 𝑒 −√−λ 𝜋 )

since c1=0 , 𝑒 √−λ 𝜋 + 𝑒 −√−λ 𝜋 ≠0 ,√−λ ≠0

c1=0 it means c2=0

putting values of c1 and c2 in equation 2
y’(x)=0

again trivial solution of Green’s function.

Case 3:

λ>0

r2+λ =0
r2=-λ
r=±√λ i
y(x)=C1cos(√λ x)+C2sin(√λ 𝑥) ------------equation 3
y(0)=C1cos(0)+C2sin(0)
C1=0 since y(0)=0

putting value of C1 in equation 3

y(X0=C2sin(√λ 𝑥)
y’(x)=C2√λ 𝑐𝑜𝑠√λ 𝑥

y’(𝜋)=C2√λ 𝑐𝑜𝑠√λ 𝜋

Here C2≠0 because if C2=0 then y=0 and we have trivial solution again
what we do not need so,

𝑐𝑜𝑠√λ 𝜋=0
 √λ 𝜋=cos-1(0)
𝜋
√λ 𝜋=(2n-1) 2

𝜆 = (2𝑛 − 1)2/4

𝜆𝑛 = (2𝑛 − 1)2/4

𝑦 =C2sin √λ x

𝑦 =C2sin [√(2𝑛 − 1)2/4 ]x

Y=Cnsin[(2n-1)/2)x]

Constructed Green function by second order differential equation:

We know that the second order equation is ,

Px(y”(x))+qx(y(x))+r(x)=0

This is in the form:

L [y(x)]+𝜙(x)=0

Green function is constructed only when trivial solution yx=0 exist for the given
differential equation with the help of given boundary conditions and the Green
function is given by :

−𝑌1(𝑥)𝑌2(𝑠)
𝑥<𝑠
𝑐
G(x,s)= {−𝑌2(𝑥)𝑌1(𝑠)
𝑥>𝑠
𝑐

Where C=p (t)𝜔[𝑦1(X)y2(X)] by roscki method.

Here y1(x) and y2(x) are two independent solution of L[y(x)]=0 by using given
boundary condition.
Problem no,2

Constructed the green’s Function for BVP U”(x) + 𝜆𝑈(x) =X boundary conditions U
𝜋
(0) =U ( ) =0
2

Solution:

U”(x) + 𝜆𝑈(x)-X=0

For sake of simplicity we take associated BVP,

L [U(x)] + 𝜙(x) =0

L [U(x)] = U”(x) ;;; 𝜙(x) = 𝜆𝑈(x)-X

U”(x) =0 since L [U(x)] =0

U’(x) =a

U(x) =ax+b -------------------equation 4

At x=0

U (0)=b

b=0 since U (0)=0

𝜋
At x=
2
𝜋 𝜋
U ( ) = a ( ) +b
2 2
 𝜋
0=a ( ) +0
2

a=0

By putting values of a and b in equation no. 4

U(x) =0

Hence Green’s Function Exist.

For U(x) =0 we have the value of b is zero (b=0)

U(x) =ax+b

U(x) =ax

For a=1

U1(x) =x

𝜋
For U( )=0 we get the value of a is,
2
𝜋 𝜋
U ( )= a ( ) +b
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
0= a ( ) +b since U( )=0
2 2

−2𝑏
a=
𝜋

−2𝑏
U(x) = (𝑥) +b
𝜋

−2
U(x) = [ (𝑥) +1] b
𝜋

For b=1
 −2
U (2) = [ (𝑥) +1]
𝜋

Now,

C=p (t)𝜔[𝑦1(X)y2(X)]

C= 𝜔[𝑦1(X)y2(X)] since p(t)=1

−2
U1(x) U2(x) x (𝑥) +1
𝜋

C = =
−2
U’1(x) U’2(x) 1
𝜋

−2 −2
C= ( x) –( (𝑥) +1)
𝜋 𝜋

−2 2
C= ( x)+ ( x)-1
𝜋 𝜋

C=-1
 −𝑈1(𝑥)𝑈2(𝑠)
0<𝑥<𝑠
𝐶
G(x,t) ={−𝑈2(𝑥)𝑈1(𝑠) 𝜋
𝑠<𝑥<
𝐶 2

−2
−𝑥( (𝑠) +1)
𝜋
0<𝑥<𝑠
−1
G(x,t) ={ −2
−( (𝑥) +1)𝑠 𝜋
𝜋
𝑠<𝑥<
−1 2

−2
𝑥( (𝑠) + 1) 0<𝑥<𝑠
𝜋
G(x,t) ={ −2 𝜋
( (𝑥) + 1)𝑠 𝑠<𝑥<
𝜋 2

Required Green’s Function.