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ADVERBIAL CLAUSE (Adv.

C)

1. Adv. C of Time
Conjunction-nya: when (= ketika), whenever (= kapan saja), while
(= sementara / ketika), as soon as (= segera setelah), since (=
sejak), before (= sebelum), after (= sesudah), until / till (= sampai).
Contoh:
▪ He came in when I was typing.
Keterangan:
He came in …: Main Clause / Independent Clause.
… when I was typing: Sub(ordinate) Clause / Dependent Clause.
▪ I have been busy since I last saw you.
▪ I left just as he entered.

2. Adv. C of Place
Conjunction-nya: where (= dimana), wherever (= dimana saja /
kemana saja), as far as (= sejauh).
Contoh:
▪ I put the flash disk where I found it.
▪ I shall go wherever you go.
▪ I shall come as far as I can.

3. Adv. C of Manner
Conjunction-nya: as (= seperti), as if / as though (= seolah-olah).
Contoh:
▪ Pronounce the word as I do.
▪ She talks as if she knew everything.
▪ He behaves as if he were a manager.
Catatan:
Like (= seperti) diikuti oleh kata atau phrase bukan clause /
kalimat.
Contoh:
Don’t talk like (= seperti) that. (Simple Sentence)
Jika ada like yang diikuti clause / kalimat, pemakaiannya tidak
baku dan terdapat dalam American English.
Contoh:
Pronounce the word like (= seperti) I do.
4. Adv. C of Cause / Reason
Conjunction-nya: because, as, since, now that, seeing that,
considering that, in that (= karena).
Contoh:
▪ As / since there was no one there, I went away.
▪ He was absent from work because he was sick. (Complex
Sentence)
Catatan:
Because dan syinonimnya di atas diikuti oleh clause / kalimat
bukan kata atau phrase tetapi because of dan syinonimnya,
yaitu on account of, owing to, by reason of, dan due to diikuti
oleh kata atau phrase bukan kalimat.
Contoh:
He was absent from work because of (= karena) his sickness.
(Simple Sentence)

5. Adv. C of Concession
Conjunction-nya: although, though, even though, in spite of the
fact that, for all that, notwithstanding (the fact that) (= meskipun).
Contoh:
▪ He went out in spite of the fact that the weather was bad.
Catatan:
In spite of the fact that dan syinonimnya di atas diikuti oleh
clause / kalimat bukan phrase tetapi in spite of dan synonimnya,
yaitu despite dan for all diikuti oleh phrase bukan clause /
kalimat.
Contoh:
He went out in spite of the bad weather.

6. Adv. C of Condition
Conjunction-nya: jika (= jika), unless (= jika tidak / kecuali kalau),
on condition that, / provided that / providing that / as long as /
so long as (= asalkan).
Contoh:
▪ Type I (untuk waktu yang akan datang)
If I find your pen, I shall give it to you.
Verb 1 (V 1) V1
▪ Type II (untuk waktu sekarang)
If I found your pen, I should give it to you.
V2 V1
▪ Type III (untuk waktu lampau)
If I had found your pen, I should have given it to you.
V3 V3
(= Had I found your pen, I should have given it to you)
V3 V3
Contoh yang lain:
▪ Type I (untuk waktu yang akan datang)
If I have much money, I shall buy a laptop for you.
V1 V1
▪ Type II (untuk waktu sekarang)
If I had much money, I should buy a laptop for you.
V2 V1
Keterangan:
… had … kata kerja penuh / V 2 yang berarti mempunyai.
▪ Type III (untuk waktu lampau)
If I had had much money, I should have bought a laptop for you.
V3 V3
(= Had I had much money, I should have bought a laptop for you)
V3 V3
Keterangan:
Had yang pertama kata kerja bantu, dan had yang kedua kata
kerja penuh / V 3 yang berarti mempunyai.
Catatan:
Jika ada kata kerja penghubung be yang digunakan dalam Adv.
C yang type II, kata kerja penghubung be-nya were.
Contoh:
If He were here, we should be happy. (Type II)
▪ Unless he does the work, he will not be paid.
▪ I will accept the job offer provided that I am provided with fringe
benefits.

7. Adv. C of Contingency
Conjunction-nya: in case (= kalau kalau)
Contoh:
▪ He wore two watches in case either of them stopped.
8. Adv. C of Purpose
Conjunction-nya: so that (= sehingga), in order that, (= agar /
supaya), dan lest (= agar tidak).
Dalam Adv. C of Purpose, setelah subyek digunakan might / may,
should / shall, would / will, dan could / can.
Contoh:
▪ I have written it very clearly so that they can read it very easily.
▪ He ran quickly in order that he might be late.
▪ She went to the theatre early in order that she might get a seat.
(Complex Sentence)
Keterangan:
In order that diikuti clause / kalimat bukan kata atau phrase
tetapi bila in order tidak diikuti oleh that, in order dapat diikuti
oleh to infinitive.
Contoh:
She went to the theatre early in order / so as (= agar) to get a
seat. (Simple Sentence)
He ran quickly in order (= agar) not to be late (= tidak terlambat).
(Simple Sentence)

9. Adv. C of Effect or Result


Conjunction-nya: so + adjective / adverb + that atau such + noun(s)
+ that (= begitu … sehingga).
Contoh:
▪ The weather was so warm that I did not wear a coat.
▪ We arrived so early that we had to wait for over an hour.
▪ She is such a shy person that she dislikes talking to strangers.

10. Adv. C of Comparison


Conjunction-nya: as + adjective / adverb + as (= se…) / (= sama …
dengan), than (= daripada) atau more than (= lebih dari).
Contoh:
▪ He is as tall as his father is.
▪ She does it as well as I do.
▪ He is taller than I am.
▪ She likes you more than I do.
11. Adv. C of Proportion
▪ The harder he worked, the happier he felt. (= Semakin …
semakin)

12. Adv. C of Reservation


Conjunction-nya: except that / except for the fact that.
Contoh:
▪ It is a good plan except that it misses out a visit to Yogyakarta.
(Complex Sentence)
Keterangan:
Except that diikuti oleh clause / kalimat bukan kata atau phrase
tetapi except diikuti oleh kata atau phrase bukan clause /
kalimat.
Contoh:
They went there except Jono and Joni. (Simple Sentence)
PARTICIPLE PHRASE AS ALTERNATIVES
FOR ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

1. I HAVE NO MONEY. I will not go. (2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama, yaitu I)
HAVING NO MONEY, I will not go.
(= Because I have no money, I will not go.)
2. I HAVE NO MONEY. I will go. (2 Simple Sentence dengan 2 subject yang sama, yaitu I)
HAVING NO MONEY, I will go.
( = Although I have no money, I will go.)
3. I HAVE NO MONEY. I cannot do much. (2 simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama,
yaitu I)
HAVING NO MONEY, I cannot do much.
(= IF I have no money, I cannot do much.)
4. I HAVE NO MONEY. I must buy this book. (2 simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama,
yaitu I)
HAVING NO MONEY, I must buy this book.)
(= While I have no money, I must buy this book.)
5. WE HAD NOTHING TO DO. We went home. (2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang
sama, yaitu WE)
HAVING NOTHING TO DO, We went home.
(= As we had nothing to do, we went home.)
6. HE WAS SICK. He didn’t go to school. (2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama, yaitu
HE)
BEING SICK, he didn’t go to school.
(= Because he was sick, he didin’t go to school.)
7. MY FATHER WAS SICK. I didn’t go to school. (2 Simple Sentence dengan subject yang tidak
sama. Subject kalimat pertama MY FATHER dan subject kalimat kedua I)
MY FATHER BEING SICK, I didn’t go to school.
(= because my father was sick, I didn’t go to school.)
8. THEY WERE IMPRESSED BY THE YOUNG MAN’S QUALIFICATIONS. They offered
him a good job. (2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama, yaitu THEY. Kalimat pertama
kalimat pasif dan kalimat kedua kalimat aktif.)
IMPRESSED BY THE YOUNG MAN’S QUALIFICATIONS, They offered him a good job.
(= Because they were impressed by the young man’s qualification, they offered him a job.)
9. SHE WAS TALKING IN THE PARK. She suddenly had a heart attack. (2 Simple Sentences
dengan subject yang sama, yaitu SHE.)
WALKING IN THE PARK, she suddenly hahd a heart attack.
(= While she was walking in the park, she suddenly had a heart attack.)
10. HE DID NOT KNOW THE ANSWER OF THE TEST ITEM. He asked his teacher a
question. (2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama, yaitu SHE. Kalimat pertama kalimat
negatif.)
NOT KNOWLING THE ANSWER OF THE TEST ITEM, he asked his teacher a question.
(= Because they did not know the answer of the test item, he asked his teacher a question.)

THE WORD “IT”

A. IT Mengacu pada Kata Sebelumnya


- We saw film last Saturday. IT was very interesting. I enjoy IT very much.
- When he had metal. IT expands. IT grows bigger than was before.
B. IT sebagai subjecy kosong
1. Waktu
- What time is IT now’ IT is six o’clock.
- What day is IT today? IT is Sunday.
2. Cuaca
- IT is fine today.
- IT is raining.
3. Suhu
- IT is 37 degrees celcius.
4. Jarak
- How far is IT to … from …?
5. Lingkungan
- IT is smoky
- IT is dirty.
6. Situasi Sekarang
- IT is a shame
- IT is awful
7. Pasang / Surut Air
- IT is high tide.
- IT is low tide.
C. Preparatory IT sebagai Subject
1. Impotance
- IT is essential TO BOOK IN ADVANCE.
- IT is important THAT HE COMES STRAIGHT TO ME WHEN SHE ARRIVES.
2. Difficulty
- IT is not easy TO GET HER TO CHANGE HER MIND.
- IT must be hard TO LIVE ON SALARY.
3. Possibility
- IT is possible TO GO BY LAND
- IT is probable THAT WE’LL BE A LITTLE LATE.
4. Usefulness
- IT is not very useful TO READ THE WHOLE BOOK.
- IT is pointless TO GO THERE ON MONDAY – there is a public holiday.
5. Normality
- IT is unusual TO SEE JOHN WITH A GIRL.
6. Time taken
- IT took me two hours TO GO HOME LAST NIGHT.
7. Emotional reaction
- IT is interesting TO SEE DIFFERENT CULTURES AND WAY OF LIFE.
- IT is really astonishing THAT SHE REFUSED TO TALK TO YOU.
- IT shocked me THAT JOHN DIDN’T TELL WHERE HE WAS.
8. Truth
- Is IT true THAT SHE IS ILL?
9. Convenience
- Will IT suit you TO COME TOMORROW EVENING ?
10. Ideas coming into one’s head
- IT occurred to me THAT SHE MIGHT HAVE FORGOTTON THE DATE.
11. Appearance
- IT appears THAT JOHN MIGHT CHANGE HIS MIND.
- IT seems obvious THAT WE CAN’T GO ON LIKE THIS.
12. IT dengan “ for + object + infinitive “
- IT is pointless for + all of us + TO GO THERE. One will be enough.
- IT is essential for + the papers + TO BE READY BEFORE FRIDAY.
- IT is a must for + us + TO PERFORM OUR DUTY.
13. IT dengan ing-forms
- IT is no good PRETENDING TO BE INTELEGENT.
- IT is (there is) no use CRYING OVER SPILT MILK. Let by gone be gone.
- Is IT (is there) any use INFORMING THEM ABOUT YOUR PLANS.
- IT is no use ASKING HER – he doesn’t know anything.
- IT is useless MAKING SUCH A PLAN WITHOUT BEING SUPPORTED BY
ADEQUATE PLAN.
14. IT dengan adjectives of urgency
- IT is important THAT EVERYBODY SHOULD BE TOLD THE FACTS. (British)
IT is important THAT EVERYBODY BE TOLD THE FACTS. (American)
15. Di samping IT dengan THAT-CLAUSES diatas, ada juga IT dengan clauses lainnya
yang ditandai dengan WHO, WHICH, WHETHER, WHEN, WHAT, AS IF / AS
THOUGH. HOW MANYB / HOW MUCH dan sebagainya.
- IT was John WHO / THAT CAME ON SATURDAY. (Penekanan pada John.
- IT was on Saturday THAT JOHN CAME. (Penekanan pada on Saturday)
- IT was Joh’n dog THAT / WHICH BIT ME.
- IT doesn’t interest me WHETHER YOU SUCCEED OR NOT.
- IT doesn’t matter WHEN YOU ARRIVE – just come when you can.
- IT wasn’t very clear THAT SHE MEANT.

D. Preparatory sebagai Object


- I think IT important THAT WE SHOULD KEEP CALM.
- I find IT difficult TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT ANYTHING SERIOUS.

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