PRG - PT - GEN - 0001 - R00 - E - S - (Blending Manual) PDF

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Form code : MDT.GG.QUA.0508 Sh. 01/Rev. 1.94 File code: Normal.dot Data file:PRG_PT_GEN_0001_R00_E_F.DOC
CONFIDENTIAL document. Sole property of 6QDPSURJHWWL. Not to be shown to Third parties or used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998
Sheet 2 (47)
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1.1 Scope And Application Field 6
1.2 References 6
3523(57,(6(67,0$7,21
2.1 Characterization of Petroleum Fractions 6
2.1.1 Characterization Factor 6
2.2 Heat of Combustion Estimation 10
2.3 Flash Point Estimation 11
2.4 Viscosity Estimation 12
2.5 Aniline Point Estimation 13
2.6 Cetane Number Estimation 14
2.7 Pour Point Estimation 14
63(&,),&*5$9,7<$1''(16,7<$670'
3.1 Definitions 15
3.2 Summary 15
3.3 Details of the Method 15
3.4 Example 16
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4.1 Definitions 17
4.2 Summary 17
4.4 Example 18
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5.1 Definition 19
5.2 Summary 19
5.4 Example 20
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6.1 Definitions 21
6.2 Summary 21
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 3 (47)
6.4 Example 21
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7.1 Definition 22
7.2 Summary 22
7.4 Lead Alkyl Equivalent 23
7.5 Example 24
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8.1 Definition 25
8.2 Summary 25
8.4 Example 26
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9.1 Definition 27
9.2 Summary 27
9.4 Example 28
9.5 Viscosity Conversion 28
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10.1 Definition 31
10.2 Summary 31
10.4 Example 32
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11.1 Definition 33
11.2 Summary 33
11.4 Example 34
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12.1 Definition 35
12.2 Summary 35
12.4 Example 36
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 4 (47)
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13.1 Definition 37
13.2 Summary 37
13.4 Example 37
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14.1 Definition 38
14.2 Summary 38
14.4 Example 39
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15.1 Definition 40
15.2 Summary 40
15.4 Example 41
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16.1 Definition 42
16.2 Summary 42
16.4 Examples 44
16.4.1 Distillates Blending 44
16.4.2 Fuel Oil Blending 44
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17.1 Definition 46
17.2 Summary 46
17.4 Example 47
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 5 (47)
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Methods are described for predicting the main properties of blended petroleum products from
the knowledge of the properties of the blending components used.
There are methods for most of the bulk properties of gasolines, middle distillates and fuel oils.
The methods are primarily intended for use in linear programming matrices to produce refinery
production estimates. They are all, therefore, basically linear or can be adapted, by means of a
blending index, to be linear. This means that a component is assumed to blend in the same way
regardless of its proportion in the blend or of what other components are present.
In Section 2 estimation methods to calculate unknown blending’s component properties are
given when available.
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API Technical Data Book, Petroleum Refining, 5th Edition, May 1992, 11th Revision Package
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 6 (47)
3523(57,(6(67,0$7,21
When a property of a component of the blend is not known, we have to estimate it. There are
methods to estimate almost any property, but not all of them can provide accurate results.
A selection of available estimation methods is given hereinafter.
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A petroleum fraction is formed by a huge number of individual pure compounds. It is not

practical and often not even possible to have a detailed composition of the petroleum cut
expressed in terms of pure components.
When the process engineer needs to know the value of a particular property, the only
alternative to an analytical determination is the estimation of that property using empirical
correlations.
Methods described in the following paragraphs are mainly from the API Technical Data Book.
There are some properties that are the key parameters to estimate other characteristics of the
petroleum fractions. They are listed herebelow in order of importance:
I. Specific Gravity 15.6°C/15.6°C
II. Mean Average Boiling Point (MeABP)
III. Molecular Weight
IV. Watson characterization factor (simply K or K UOP)
V. Two pairs viscosity / temperature points.
Provided that at least two of them are known, the process engineer can estimate, by means of
nomograph and/or equations, the other properties. The API Technical Data Book Fig. 2B6.1
(which correlates: API Gravity, Mean Average Boiling Point, Molecular Weight, H/C Ratio,
Aniline Point and K) is attached.
Equations to be used to calculate the properties are also included in the following pages, when
available.
2.1.1 Characterization Factor
The Watson characterization factor represent a satisfactory and widely used index for
correlating the physical and thermal properties of straight-run petroleum fractions. It is an
approximate index of paraffinicity, with high values corresponding to high degrees of saturation.
It does not accurately characterize fractions containing appreciable quantity of olefinic or
aromatic compounds (Catalytical Cracker Recycle Oils, Catalytical Reformer Streams, streams
from synthesis processes).
The characterization factor is defined and calculated according to the following equation:
3 1.8 ⋅ (MeABP + 273.15)
K=
SpGr
where:
K = Watson characterization factor
SpGr = Specific Gravity 15.6°C/15.6°C.
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 7 (47)
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 8 (47)
MeABP = Mean Average Boiling Point in °C, defined as:
MABP + CABP
MeABP =
2
where:
MABP is the Molal Average Boiling Point,
CABP is the Cubic Average Boiling Point.
In case that only the VABP (Volume Average Boiling Point) is available, the MeABP can be
calculated using the following equation:
MeABP = VABP − exp( −0.94402 − 0.00865 ⋅ ( VABP − 32) 0.6667 + 2.99791 ⋅ 3 SL )
where VABP is the Volumetric Average Boiling Point in °F, defined as:
T10 + T30 + T50 + T7 0 + T90
VABP =
5
and SL is the 10-90 percent slope (ASTM D86) in °F, defined as:
T90 − T10
SL =
90 − 10
and the other terms are:

T10 = ASTM D86 temperature of the 10 vol.% distilled in °F
For pure components the MeABP is assumed equal to the Normal Boiling Point of the
component itself. When only 50% of the distillation curve is available the MeABP is assumed
equal to the Mid Boiling Point or 50% Boiling Point of the petroleum cut.
2.1.2 Molecular Weight of Petroleum Fractions
The Molecular Weight (MW) of petroleum fractions can be estimated with the following equation
(applicable in the following range of Molecular Weight: 70÷700 kg/kmol, MeABP: 90÷1050°F
and Specific Gravity: 0.63÷0.97):
MW = 20.486 ⋅ exp 1165


. (
⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ TB − 7.787125 ⋅ SpGr + 11582
. ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ TB ⋅ SpGr ) ⋅ T
B
.
126007
⋅ SpGr 4.98308
where:
TB = Mean Average Boiling Point of the petroleum fraction in °R
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 9 (47)
2.1.3 Molecular Weight of Heavy Petroleum Fractions
The Molecular Weight of heavy petroleum fractions (in the Molecular Weight range of 200 to
800) can be estimated with the following equation:
( −12435 +11228 ⋅SpGr ) 3.4758 − 3.038⋅SpGr )
MW = 223.56 ⋅ ν 100 . .
⋅ ν (210 ⋅ SpGr −0.6665
where:
ν100 = Kinematic Viscosity in cSt at 100°F
If the Specific Gravity is not available, the following equation could be used to estimate its value:
−0.1616
SpGr = 0.7717 ⋅ ν 100
0.1157
⋅ ν 210
where:
2.1.4 Specific Gravity / Density
Specific Gravity or Density at reference conditions (usually 15.6°C) is the main property when
characterizing a petroleum cut, and it is generally well known. If it has to be estimated, we
should know at least two of the following:
• Watson characterization factor,
• MeABP,
• Molecular Weight,
• Two pairs viscosity / temperature points.
Then simply utilize one of the above mentioned correlations/graphs to estimate the Specific
Gravity of the petroleum cut.
2.1.5 Flowing Density
Density of a petroleum fraction at flowing conditions of temperature, when Specific Gravity is

known, can be estimated using the following equation:
d = 0.999 ⋅ SpGr 2
−
(12655
. ⋅ SpGr − 0.5098 + 8.011 ⋅ 10 −5
)
⋅ MeABP ⋅ (T − 519.67 )
MeABP
where:
3
d = density in kg/dm at flowing temperature
MeABP = Mean Average Boiling Point of the petroleum fraction in °R
T = Flowing temperature in °R
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 10 (47)
+HDWRI&RPEXVWLRQ(VWLPDWLRQ
According to API Procedure 14A1.3, the Gross Heat of Combustion of liquid fuels (i.e.: Fuel Oil,
Heating Oil, etc.) can be calculated by the following equation:
− ∆H∗gross = 41105.1 + 154.9 ⋅ (A − 131.5) − 0.735 ⋅ (A − 131.5) − 0.00326 ⋅ (A − 131.5)

2 3
where:
1179.8874
A=
8.34516 ⋅ SpGr + 0.0101578
If water, sulphur or inerts are present, Heat of Combustion must be corrected according to the
following equation:
( )
− ∆Hgross = − ∆H∗gross − 0.01⋅ − ∆H∗gross ⋅ (%H2O + %Se + %Inerts e ) + 40.5 ⋅ (%Se )
where:
%H2O = wt.% of water in the fuel
%Se = wt.% of sulphur in the fuel minus the average wt.%
%Inertse = wt.% of Inerts in the fuel minus the average wt.%
The average wt.% values as a function of the density of the oil are reported in the following
table:
3
Density, kg/m Avg. Sulphur, wt.% Avg. Inerts, wt.% Avg. C/H Ratio
1.074 2.95 1.15 8.80

1.035 2.35 1.00 8.55
0.998 1.80 0.95 8.06
0.964 1.35 0.85 7.69
0.932 1.00 0.75 7.65
0.902 0.70 0.70 7.17
0.874 0.40 0.65 6.79
0.848 0.30 0.60 6.50
The Net Heat of Combustion can be calculated by the following equation:
− ∆H∗net = 39067.5 + 126.8 ⋅ (A − 1315

. ) − 0.505 ⋅ (A − 1315
. ) − 0.00442 ⋅ (A − 1315
. )
2 3
where:
1179.8874
A=
8.34516 ⋅ d + 0.0101578
If water, sulphur or inerts are present Heat of Combustion must be corrected according to the
following equation:
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 11 (47)
( )
− ∆Hnet = − ∆H∗net − 0.01⋅ − ∆H∗net ⋅ (%H2 O + %Se + %Inerts e ) + 40.5 ⋅ (%Se ) − 10.53 ⋅ (%H2 O)
Example
Find the Gross Heating value of an oil with the following characteristics:
3
Density = 0.981kg/m
S = 2.0 wt.%
H2O = 0.2 wt.%
Inerts = 0.8 wt.%
Procedure:
1. Calculate the Gross Heating value:
-∆Hgross = 41105.1 + 154.9 ⋅ B − 0.735 ⋅ B2 − 0.00326 ⋅ B3 = 42 913 kJ / kg
where:
1179.8874
B= − 1315
. = 12.4456
8.34516 ⋅ 0.981 + 0.0101578
2. From Table 1 and by interpolation we get:
Average Sulphur = 1.575

Average Inerts = 0.900
Then calculate:
%Se = 2.0 - 1.575 = 0.425
%Inertse = 0.8 - 0.900 = -0.100
3. Calculate the Gross Heating Value Corrected

− ∆Hgross = 42913 − 0.01 ⋅ (−42913) ⋅ (0.2 + 0.425 − 0.1) + 40.5 ⋅ (0.425)
− ∆Hgross = 42670 kJ / kg
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According to the API Procedure 2B7.1, the Flash Point (Pensky-Martens Closed Cup,
ASTM D93) of petroleum fractions can be estimated using the following equation:
1
TFP =
2.84947
− 0.014568 + + 1903
. ⋅ 10 − 3 ⋅ ln T10
T10
where:
TFP = Flash Point of Petroleum Fraction in °R
T10R= ASTM 10% temperature for petroleum fractions or normal boiling point for pure
components, in °R.
Flash Point can be predicted over the following range of Flash Points: -15÷325°F and ASTM
10% or normal boiling points: 150÷1150°F.
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 12 (47)
9LVFRVLW\(VWLPDWLRQ
According to the ASTM Procedure 11A4.1, the liquid viscosity of petroleum fractions can be
estimated when Specific Gravity and Watson characterization factor are known.
Two equations for kinematic viscosity at 100°F and 210°F have been developed and are
reported herebelow, by knowing the characterisation factor K and API gravity:
log(ν100 ) = 4.3971 − 194733

. ⋅ K + 0.12769 ⋅ K 2 + 3.2629 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ API2 − 118246
. ⋅ 10 −2 ⋅ K ⋅ API
0.171617 ⋅ K 2 + 10.9943 ⋅ API + 9.50663 ⋅ 10 − 2 ⋅ API2 − 0.860218 ⋅ K ⋅ API
+
API + 50.3642 − 4.78231 ⋅ K
log(ν 210 ) = −0.463634 − 0.166532 ⋅ API + 5.13447 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ API 2 − 8.48995 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ K ⋅ API

8.03250 ⋅ 10 − 2 ⋅ K + 124899
. ⋅ API + 0.19768 ⋅ API 2
+
API + 26.786 − 2.6296 ⋅ K
Similar results are quickly obtained by means of the API Technical Data Book
Chart 11A4.1 - “Liquid Viscosity of Petroleum Fractions at Atmospheric Pressure”. Entering
the chart with KUOP and SpGr, the user can obtain the kinematic viscosity at 100°F and 210°F.
2.4.1 Viscosity at a different temperature
When blending viscosity all data to be blended must be referred to the same temperature.
Quite often, kinematic viscosity is defined at two different temperature but may be none of the
two is at the desired temperature. This is usually the case because the viscosity vary greatly
with temperature and viscosity figures at temperatures suitable for distillates may be unpractical
for residual oils.
For example:
Vacuum Residue Kerosene
ν100°C = 550 cSt ν100°C = 0.76 cSt
ν50°C = 33400 cSt ν50°C = 1.20 cSt
ν20°C = 2000000 cSt ν20°C = 1.80 cSt
To estimate the viscosity when two pairs of viscosity/temperature points are known, it can be
very helpful one of the Charts “ASTM Standard Viscosity / Temperature chart” or “Temperature
Variation of Liquid Viscosity” .
These chart have a scale that allows to draw the viscosity/temperature function as a straight line
for quick and easy interpolation or extrapolation.
Simply put on the charts two pairs viscosity/temperature points and draw a line between them,
then enter the chart with a temperature and read in correspondance of the line the viscosity at
that temperature.
To calculate viscosity at different temperature some approximate correlations (for more rigorous
methods refer to the ASTM D341) that can be applied are the followings:
[ ]
Y1 = ln ln(ν 1 + 0.7 )
Y2 = ln[ln(ν 2 + 0.7)]
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 13 (47)
X x = ln(TX + 460)
X 1 = ln(T1 + 460 )
X 2 = ln(T2 + 460)
[ ]
YX = (X X − X 1 ) ⋅ (Y2 − Y1 ) / (X 2 − X 1 ) + Y1
νx = exp(exp(Yx) - 0.7)
where:
ν1 = kinematic viscosity at T1, °F
ν2 = kinematic viscosity at T2, °F
νX = kinematic viscosity at the desired temperature
Somethimes, only one point of viscosity at a temperature is known, but we need viscosity at a
different temperature to be able to estimate the related properties.
a) If the component is a straight run petroleum cut and when the crude source is known or
when the viscosity at more than one temperature of another cut that come from the same
crude source are known, then we can use the method described below:
I. Select the cut nearest to the one of interest
II. Draw on the ASTM Viscosity chart the line between the points with known viscosities
III. Mark on the chart the point of Viscosity for the cut with only one point of viscosity
IV. Draw on the chart a line passing through that single point and parallel to the line
previously drawn
V. Then read on the chart viscosity at the desired temperature.
b) If the component is a heavy distillate (Gas Oil or heavier), the following equation permits
a rough but quick estimation of the the viscosity at 50°C, knowing the viscosity at 38°C:
ν 50 = 3.33 + 0.367 ⋅ ν 38
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Aniline Point is a property used to estimate other properties like Cetane Number and Diesel
Index by means of several correlations. The Aniline Point (in °F) is defined by the following
equation:
100 ⋅ DI
Aniline Point =
API
where:
DI = Diesel Index
API = API Gravity
As an alternative Aniline Point can be estimated by means of the API Technical Data Book
nomograph “Watson characterization factor of Petroleum Fraction”, included in para 2.2.1.
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 14 (47)
&HWDQH1XPEHU(VWLPDWLRQ
The Cetane Number can be estimated with the following equation developed by Houston
Refinery based on 118 tests of random streams samples:
. ⋅ API + 0.076 ⋅ (MeABP) + 0.2 ⋅ AnilinePo int
CN = −59.77 + 111
where:
MeABP = Mean Average Boiling Point or Mid Boiling Point, °F
3RXU3RLQW(VWLPDWLRQ
According to API Procedure 2B8.1 the Pour Point of a petroleum fraction can be estimated as
follows:
TPP = 234.85 ⋅ SpGr 2.970566 ⋅ MW (

0.61235 − 0.473575⋅SpGr ) ( 0.310311− 0.32834⋅SpGr )
⋅ ν100
where:
TPP = Pour Point of Petroleum Fraction in °R
ν100 = Kinematic viscosity in cSt at 100°F
MW = Molecular Weight of the Petroleum Fraction
SpGr = Specific Gravity 15.6/15.6°C.
The Pour Point can be predicted over the following range of Pour Points: -110÷140°F,
Molecular Weight: 140÷800, Kinematic Viscosity: 1÷3500 and API gravity 1÷50.
For heavy petroleum cuts, when specific Pour Point data are not available, the “viscous Pour
Point”, which is defined as the temperature at which the viscosity is 1,000,000 SUS, can be
used instead.
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 15 (47)
63(&,),&*5$9,7<$1''(16,7<$670'
'HILQLWLRQV
• The 6SHFLILF*UDYLW\ is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of material at
15.6°C to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at 15.6°C (60°F).
• The 'HQVLW\ or volumic mass is the mass of a substance per unit volume.
3 3
Its numerical expression varies with the units selected, most often in kg/m or in lb/ft .
There are some other methods to espress the density of a fluid that could be useful in the
Refinery process calculation. In particular we mention:
• $3, *UDYLW\ RU $3, 'HJUHH; widely used to classify Crude Oil, and still used in the
estimation of chemical and / or physical characteristics of petroleum products.
1415
.
API = − 1315
.
SpGr
API Gravity will be often addressed in the following paragraphs, in particular when we need
an estimate of a property.
6XPPDU\
a) Specific Gravity and Density blend linearly on a volume basis.

b) Volume changes on blending are small and negligible for middle distillate blends.
(When mixing light hydrocarbons with heavy hydrocarbons a contraction in the final volume
should be expected. For example when mixing naphtha with heavy distillates, a contraction
in the final volume as high as 0.1 per cent can be observed but it produces only a very
small error of the predicted figure).
c) Linear blending of the Specific Gravities or Densities on a volume basis is mathematically
exact.
d) It is essential that the components Densities which are to be blended should have been
determined at the same temperature.
If this is not the case then the Densities have to be converted to a common temperature,
usually 15.6°C (60°F).
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
The blend property is found by combining the property of the individual components in their
volume proportion in the blend using the equation:
∑ ( xi ⋅Pr opi )
Pr opB =
∑ xi
where:
PropB = Specific Gravity or Density of the blend
xi = Volume percent of component i
Propi = Specific Gravity or Density of component i
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 16 (47)
([DPSOH
To illustrate the method, the following example shows how to calculate the Specific Gravity of a
blend, when knowing the Specific Gravity of the individual components:
0DWHULDO 6S*U#&& 4XDQWLW\YRO [ ⋅6S*U

L L
Naphtha 0.775 7 5.43

Kerosene 0.800 15 12.00
LGO 0.835 78 65.13
Sum = 100 82.56
Blend Specific Gravity = 0.8256
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 17 (47)
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'HILQLWLRQV
4.1.1 The 6XOSKXU FRQWHQW is defined as the content of combined and/or free Sulphur of the
petroleum products expressed in terms of elemental Sulphur.
4.1.2 The 1LWURJHQ FRQWHQW is defined as the content of combined and/or free Nitrogen of the
petroleum products expressed in terms of elemental Nitrogen.
4.1.3 The 0HUFDSWDQVFRQWHQW is defined as the content in mercaptans of the petroleum products.
4.1.4 The &RQUDGVRQ&DUERQ5HVLGXH&&5content is the amount of carbon deposited after oil is
burned.
It indicates the relative carbon-forming tendency of petroleum products.
4.1.5 The 0HWDOFRQWHQW (i.e.: Nickel, Vanadium, Iron, others) is defined as the content in metals of
the petroleum products.
4.1.6 The +\GURFDUERQ7\SHFRQWHQW is defined as the content of a defined Hydrocarbon class type
(i.e.: Paraffines, Olefines, Naphthenes, Aromatics content, Benzene content, etc.) of the
petroleum products.
4.1.7 The +HDWRI&RPEXVWLRQ of a substance is the heat evolved when that substance is converted
(combustion) to its final oxidation products by means of molecular oxygen.
The 6WDQGDUG +HDW RI &RPEXVWLRQ is defined as the Enthalpy change resulting from the
combustion of a substance starting and ending from a temperature of 25°C at atmospheric
pressure.
The *URVV +HDW RI &RPEXVWLRQ is similar to the Standard one, except that the combustion
begins and ends at 15.6°C rather than 25°C.
The difference between 6WDQGDUG and *URVV is only due to sensible heat of reactants and
products between the two temperatures and it can be neglected in most cases.
The 1HW +HDW RI &RPEXVWLRQ is the heat involved in a combustion beginning and ending at
15.6°C with production of gaseous water and carbon dioxide
6XPPDU\
a) The above mentioned properties blend linearly on a weight basis.

b) The method is theoretically justified, provided that the same test method to determine the
property is used.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
The blend property is found by combining the property of the individual components in
proportion to the weight of each component present in the blend using the equation:
∑ ( xi ⋅ Pr opi )
Pr opB =
∑ xi
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 18 (47)
where:
PropB = Property of the blend
xi = wt.% of component i
Propi = Property of component i
([DPSOH
To illustrate the method, the following example shows how to calculate the Sulphur of a blend,
knowing the Sulphur of the individual components:
0DWHULDO 6XOSKXUZW 4XDQWLW\ZW [ ⋅6

L L
Naphtha 0.01 6.6 0.066

Kerosene 0.26 14.5 3.770
LGO 1.40 78.9 110.460
Sum = 100.0 114.296
Blend Sulphur, wt% = 1.143
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 19 (47)
)/$6+32,17$670'
'HILQLWLRQ
The )ODVK3RLQW is the lowest temperature at which a petroleum product vaporizes enough to
form above its surface an air-vapour mixture which gives a flash or slight explosion when
ignited by a small flame.
The flash point of an oil is an indication of the risk of fire or explosion associated with its
usage, storage or handling.
6XPPDU\
a) Flash Point does not blend linearly but a satisfactory index has been devised by Wickey
and Chittenden (Petroleum Refinery, Vol. 42, No. 6, June ‘63, pp. 157-158).
b) The index blends linearly on a volume basis. Wickey and Chittenden reported that the
absolute deviation of experimental and calculated values for 162 blends was 6°F.
They noted that 71% of the deviations were within the reproducibility of the flash test at
each temperature level.
c) The blending index number may be used to blend flash temperatures determined in any
apparatus but, preferably, not to blend closed cup with open cup determinations.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Blending Index
The Flash Point Blending Index is given by the relationship:
 4345.2 
 − 6.1188 
 FPi + 383 
BIi = 10
where:
FPi = Flash Point of the componenti, °F
b) Calculations
The Flash Point of the blend is found by combining the Flash Point Blending Index of the
components in proportion to the volume of each component present in the blend using
the equation:
4345.2
FPB = − 383
Log10 (
∑ ( x i ⋅ BIi )
) + 6.1188
∑ xi
where:
FPB = Flash Point of the blend, °F
xi = volume percent of component i
BIi = Flash Point Blending Index of component i
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 20 (47)
([DPSOH
To illustrate the method, the following example shows how to calculate the Flash Point of a
blend, knowing the Flash Point of the individual components:
0DWHULDO )ODVK3RLQW& 4XDQWLW\YRO &RPS%, [ ⋅)3

L L
Naphtha 35 7 936.6 6556.5

Kerosene 65 15 111.9 1678.7
LGO 100 78 15.3 1191.7
Sum = 100 9426.8
Blend Flash Point, °C = 67.7
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 21 (47)
021027250(7+2'2&7$1(180%(5
'HILQLWLRQV
The 0RWRU 2FWDQH 1XPEHU of automotive gasolines is determined by a test method which
indicates the knock characteristics under mild conditions, i.e. high temperature, high speed
and/or high load. It is also known as the F-2 procedure.
6XPPDU\
The above mentioned property blends linearly on a volume basis.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
The blend property is found by combining the property of the individual components in their
volume proportion in the blend using the equation:
∑ ( xi ⋅ M O Ni )
M O NB =
∑ xi
where:
MONB = MON of the blend
MONi = MON of component i
([DPSOH
To illustrate the method, the following example shows how to calculate the MON of a blend,
when the Specific Gravity of the individual components is known.
0DWHULDO 021 4XDQWLW\YRO [ ⋅021

L L
S.R. Naphtha 60 15 900

Reformate 88 75 6600
HC Naphtha 62 10 620
Sum = 100 8120
Blend MON = 81.2
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 22 (47)
5215(6($5&+0(7+2'2&7$1(180%(5$670'
'HILQLWLRQ
The 5HVHDUFK0HWKRG2FWDQH1XPEHU521 of automotive gasolines is determined by a

test method which indicates the knock characteristics under mild conditions, i.e. temperature
and speed approximating ordinary driving conditions (also known as the F-1 procedure).
Octane Number is usually expressed as “RON Clear” (without lead addition). When lead is
added to the stream, the Octane Number becomes higher and it is called “RON Leaded”.
Lead is added to the gasoline as TML(Tetra-Methyl, Lead) or as TEL(Tetra-Ethyl, Lead).
6XPPDU\
a) The RON does not blend linearly, but a satisfactory blending index system has been
devised.
b) The index blends linearly on a volume basis.
c) The method is not suitable for blends with alkylate or polymer, and there will be some
loss in accuracy with blends with isomerates at intermediate lead levels.
d) The method is suitable for blends with TEL, TML and mixture of the two.
e) The only component data required are Clear Research ON's and the Sulphur contents of
any olefinic components if present.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Component Groups
The components are divided into three groups, described as follows:
1. Olefinic components, i.e. Catalytically Cracked Gasolines, Steam Cracked Gasolines
and Thermal Reformates (Polymer may be included in this group but result should
be viewed with caution).
2. Aromatic Components, i.e. Reformates, Aromatic Concentrates, Aromatic Discards
and Motor Benzoles.
3. Straight Run Components, i.e. Straight Run Gasoline and Benzine, Isopentane and
Butane (Isomerates may be included in this group).
b) Blending Indices
The blending indices for the various groups are given by the following equations:
• GROUP 1
BI1 = 95.42743 + 0.83725 ⋅ R + 4.189 ⋅ L − 0.6042 ⋅ L2 − 0.11308 ⋅ R ⋅ L − 2.301⋅ L ⋅ 3 S
where:
R = (RON - 95)
L = Weight of active lead added to blend (g/UKgal)
S = Wt.% of Sulphur in the component
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 23 (47)
• GROUP 2
BI2 = 95.42743 + 0.90183 ⋅ R − 0.002358 ⋅ R2 − 0.0003989 ⋅ R3 + 3.3614 ⋅ L −
0.54695 ⋅ L2 − 0.22196 ⋅ R ⋅ L + 0.03228 ⋅ R ⋅ L2 + 14679
. ⋅ L ⋅ F + 0.30521⋅ R ⋅ L ⋅ F −
0.06744 ⋅ R ⋅ L2 ⋅ F − 2.3729 ⋅ L ⋅ F 2 + 0.389 ⋅ L2 ⋅ F 2
where:
F = Weight fraction of active lead as TML
R = (RON - 95)
• GROUP 3
BI3 = 78.6858 + 0.72079 ⋅ R − 0.00010314 ⋅ R3 + 6.925 ⋅ L − 10027
. ⋅ L2 − 0.011183 ⋅ R ⋅ L2
where:
R = (RON - 75)
c) Calculations
The Research Octane No. of the blend is found by combining the RON Blending Index of
the components in proportion to the volume of each component present in the blend
using the equation:
∑ (xi ⋅ BIi )
RONB =
∑ xi
where:
RONB = Research Octane number of the blend
BIi = RON Blending Index of component i
/HDG$ON\O(TXLYDOHQW
1 ml of TEL = 1.057 grams Pb

1 ml of TML = 1.546 grams Pb
0.40 grams Pb/l = 1.817 g/UK gal
0.15 grams Pb/l = 0.681 g/UK gal
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 24 (47)
([DPSOH
To illustrate the method, the following example shows how to calculate the RON of a blend,
when the RON of the individual components is known.
0DWHULDO *URXS 521 4XDQWLW\YRO &RPS%, [ ⋅%,

L L
S.R. Naphtha 3 67.0 15 72.972 1095

Reformate 2 101.0 75 100.67 7550
HC Naphtha 3 69.0 10 74.383 744
Sum = 100 9389
Blend RON = 93.9
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 25 (47)
5(,'9$328535(6685($670'
'HILQLWLRQ
The Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) is defined as the vapour pressure of volatile material under
controlled conditions (100°F).
6XPPDU\
Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) should theoretically be blended on a molal basis. However it is
very difficult to estimate molecular weights of blend components accurately. In addition a
purely molal blending method is inconvenient for use in linear programming.
A convenient method has been developed on a simple volumetric basis.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Blending Index
The RVP Blending Index is given by the following equation:
BIi = (RVP)
125
.
where:
RVP = Reid Vapour Pressure, psia
b) Calculations
The RVP of the blend is found by combining the RVP Blending Index of the components in
proportion to the volume of each component present in the blend using the equation:
 ∑ (xi ⋅ BIi ) 
0.8
RVPB =  
 ∑ xi 
 
where:
RVPB = RVP of the blend, psia
Bii = RVP Blending Index of component i
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 26 (47)
([DPSOH
0DWHULDO 593 4XDQWLW\ 593 [ ⋅%,

L L
SVLD YRO %OHQGLQJ,QGH[

Stab. Light Naphtha 10 20 17.78 355.6
HC Naphtha 8 10 13.45 134.5
Reformate 3 70 3.95 276.5
Sum = 100 766.6
Blend RVP 5.1
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 27 (47)
9,6&26,7<$//0(7+2'6
'HILQLWLRQ
The 9LVFRVLW\is the measure of the internal friction or resistance to flow of a fluid.
Viscosity is usually defined as '\QDPLF or .LQHPDWLF.
The relation between Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity is the following:
µ
ν=
ρ
2
In SI units kinematic viscosity is expressed in mm/s (same as centiStokes - cSt), whilst
absolute viscosity in mPa⋅s (same as centiPoise - cP).
Viscosity, unlike other product properties is measured at various temperatures, 100°F, 122°F,
140°F, and 210°F being particularly common.
If viscosity data are known at two different temperatures, the viscosity can be found at any
other temperature by interpolation or extrapolation. The methods is described at paragraph
2.4.1.
It is most important that component viscosities are all brought back to the same temperature
before an attempt is made to calculate the blend viscosity.
6XPPDU\
a) Kinematic viscosity measured in the usual units does not blend linearly but a satisfactory
blending index, known as the Refutas function, has been devised.
b) The index should be blended on a weight basis.
c) Care should be taken to ensure that all component viscosities are available at the same
temperature.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Blending Index
The blending index or Refutas function is given by the relationship:
BI = 23.097 + 33.468 ⋅ log⋅ log⋅ ( ν + 0.8)
where:
υ = Viscosity in centistokes
b) Calculations
The Viscosity of the blend is found by combining the Viscosity Blending Index of the
components in proportion to the weight of each component present in the blend using
the equation:
 
 ∑  x i ⋅ B i  

 − 23.097 


∑ xi 

 
33.468
ν = 10 10 − 0.8
where:
ViscB = Viscosity of the blend, cSt
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 28 (47)
xi = Wt.% of component i
BIi = Viscosity Blending Index of component i
c) Visbreaker Tar Blending Index

When blending Visbreaker Tar with any diluents, practice showed that the above
correlations were not applicable. The following equation, obtained from plant data,
should be applied:
BITF = 4.3055 + 0.0124 ⋅ BIF ⋅ WF + 0.0087576 ⋅ [23.097 + 33.468 ⋅ log⋅ log( υ T + 0.8)] ⋅ WT
where:
BITF = Blending Index of the mix VB-Tar/Diluent at 50 or 100°C
BIF = Blending Index of the Diluent at 50 or 100°C
WF = Weight % of Diluent in the Mix
υT = Viscosity of VB-Tar in cSt at 50 or 100°C
WT = Weight % of VB-Tar in the Mix
Then calculate the Viscosity of the mix using the following:

BI − 23.097
10 33.468
ν TF = 10 − 0.8
where:
νTF = Viscosity of the mix VB-Tar/Diluent in cSt at 50 or 100°C
([DPSOH
0DWHULDO 9LVFRVLW\ 4XDQWLW\ 9LVFRVLW\ [ ⋅%,

L L
#& YRO %,

Atm. Residue 380 60 36.877 2212.6
Vac. Residue 52000 25 45.640 1141.0
HAGO 4.6 15 18.570 278.6
Sum = 100 3632.2
Blend Viscosity 304
9LVFRVLW\&RQYHUVLRQ
9.5.1 Viscosity data available in different units
The more used are:

• Engler degrees, °E
• Saybolt Universal Seconds, SUS
• Saybolt Furol Seconds, SFS
• Redwood No.1 (Standard), RW1
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 29 (47)
• Redwood No.2 (Admiralty), RW2

Some methods useful for a quick but approximate conversion are reported hereinafter.
9.5.2 Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to SUS
The Saybolt Universal viscosities at 100°F may be calculated by equation
SUS eq = 4.6324 υ1 +
(10. + 0.03264 ) υ1
[(3930.2 + 262.7 ⋅ υ 1 + 23.97 ⋅ υ 12 + 1646

. )
⋅ υ 13 ⋅ 10 − 5 ]
and those at a temperature W by equation
SUS t = [1 + 0.000061⋅ (t − 100)] ⋅ SUSeq
Alternatively, the conversion from Saybolt Universal Seconds can be made using the following
equation:
For SUS ≤ 49.01
20.941
ν = −9.383303 + 0.327878 ⋅ SUS +
SUS
For 49.01 < SUS ≤ 70.00
180
ν = 0.22 ⋅ SUS −
SUS
For SUS > 70.00
SUS
ν=
4.635
9.5.3 Conversion of kinematic viscosity to Saybolt Furol Seconds
For computer use, the conversion of kinematic viscosity to Saybolt Furol viscosity may be made
using the following equations, which are valid above 1300 cSt as well as below 1300 cSt
13.924
SFS122°F = 0.4717 υ122°F +
υ122
2
°F − 72.59122°F + 6816
5610
SFS210°F = 0.4792 υ210 °F +
υ 2210°F + 2130
Alternatively the conversion from SFS can be made using the following equation
For SFS ≤ 188.8

147.689
ν = −0.15436 + 2.1238016 ⋅ SFS −
SFS
For SFS > 188.8
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 30 (47)
SFS
ν=
0.4717
9.5.4 Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to RW1, RW2 and °E
The conversion of kinematic viscosity to Redwood No. 1 viscosity at 140 F to Redwood No. 2
viscosity, and to Engler viscosity can be made using the equation:
1
T = A⋅ν−
B + C ⋅ ν + D ⋅ ν2 + E ⋅ ν2
Alternatively, the conversion of Redwood No. 1 viscosity at 140°F, Redwood No. 2 viscosity,
and Engler viscosity to kinematic viscosity can be made using the equation:
GT
ν = FT −
T3 + H
where:
T = Flow time, in seconds or Engler degrees
υ = kinematic viscosity, in cSt
A÷H = constants given in the following Table:
)URPF6W )URPF67 )URPF6W

&RQVWDQW
WR5:DW) WR5: WR(
A 4.0984 0.40984 0.13158
B 0.038014 0.38014 1.1326
C 0.001919 0.01919 0.01040
D 0.0000278 0.000278 0.00656
E 0.00000521 0.0000521 0.0
Range of υ >4.0 >73 >1.0
)URP5:DW) )URP5: )URP(

&RQVWDQW
WRF6W WRF67 WRF6W
F 0.244 2.44 7.60
G 8000 3410 18
H 12500 9550 1.7273
Range of T >35 >31 >1.000
This procedure, however, is not recommended in as much as the conversion of empirical

viscosities to kinematic may be subject to large errors. The accuracy of the Redwood and the
Engler instruments does not usually justify such a procedure.
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 31 (47)
&2/285$670'
'HILQLWLRQ
&RORXU is measured for undyed commercial petroleum products, Colour ranging from
colourless to opaque.
It is determined by matching the transmitted light from an oil sample with specified standards.
6XPPDU\
a) Colour does not blend linearly but a satisfactory index system has been devised.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Blending Index
The blending index is tabulated and shown in the following table at 0.1 intervals of the
colour scale.

0.00 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.52 0.65 0.75 0.84 0.94 1.04
1.13 1.25 1.37 1.49 1.61 1.74 1.91 2.08 2.25 2.42
2.59 2.78 2.98 3.17 3.37 3.56 3.86 4.17 4.47 4.78
5.08 5.38 5.68 5.97 6.27 6.57 6.89 7.21 7.53 7.85
8.17 8.46 8.75 9.04 9.33 9.62 9.88 10.13 10.39 10.65
10.91 11.20 11.49 11.78 12.07 12.36 12.70 13.04 13.39 13.73
14.07 14.43 14.78 15.13 15.49 15.84 16.26 16.69 17.11 17.53
17.95 18.54 19.13 19.72 20.31 20.90 21.93 22.95 23.97 24.99
26.02 27.04 28.06 29.08 30.11 31.13 32.15 33.17 34.20 35.22
b) Calculations
The ASTM Colour index of the blend is found by combining the Colour Blending Index of
the components in proportion to the volume of each component present in the blend using
the equation:
∑ (xi ⋅ BIi )
BIBlend =
∑ xi
where:
BIBlend = Blend Colour Blending Index
BIi = Colour Blending Index of component i
c) ASTM Colour of the Blend

The estimated ASTM Colour of the blend is then obtained by entering the table inversely
with the calculated Blend Colour Blending Index.
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 32 (47)
([DPSOH
0DWHULDO &RORXU 4XDQWLW\ &RORXU%, [ ⋅%,

L L
YRO
S.R. LAGO 3.5 70 6.57 459.9
S.R. Kerosene 1.0 15 1.13 17.0
S.R. LVGO 7.0 15 17.95 269.2
Sum = 100 746.1
Blend Colour 3.8
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 33 (47)
602.(32,17$670'$1'/80,120(7(5180%(5
'HILQLWLRQ
The 6PRNH3RLQW is defined as the highest smoke-free flame which can be obtained with a
kerosene under specified conditions in a standard lamp.
It is, therefore, a performance test which gives an indication of the maximum light emission or
maximum heat generation that can be obtained from a kerosene, when burnt without smoking
in appliances.
The /XPLQRPHWHU1XPEHU is a measure of flame temperature at a fixed flame radiation and
it is related to the characteristics of Jet fuels used in aviation turbine engines.
6XPPDU\
a) When blending components with different Smoke Points, the Smoke Point of the blend
cannot be predicted by linear calculation.
b) A method is being proposed to calculate the Smoke Point of a blend from the volume
concentrations and Smoke Points of the components.
c) The two properties are strictly related and, based on empirical observations, a
relationship between the two values was developed.
The equation is the following:
LN = 172 ⋅ (log SP − 105
. )
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Blending Index
The Smoke Point Blending Index is given by the following equation:
100
BIi =
SPi
where:
SPi is the Smoke Point of component i.
b) Calculations
The Smoke Point of the blend is found by combining the Smoke Point Blending Index of
the components in proportion to the volume of each component present in the blend
using the equation:
∑ (xi ⋅ BIi )
SPB = 100 ⋅
∑ xi
where:
SPB = Smoke Point of the blend
BIi = Smoke Point Blending Index of component i
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 34 (47)
([DPSOH
0DWHULDO 6PRNH 4XDQWLW\ 6PRNH3RLQW [ ⋅%,

L L
3RLQW YRO %OHQGLQJ,QGH[

SR Kerosene 24.0 55 4.167 229.18
HC Kerosene 26.0 30 3.846 115.38
HDS Kerosene 25.0 15 4.000 60.00
Sum = 100 404.60
Blend Smoke Point 24.70
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 35 (47)
$1,/,1(32,17$670'
'HILQLWLRQ
The $QLOLQH3RLQW is the minimum temperature at which equal volumes of dry, freshly distilled
Aniline and the petroleum products are completely miscible.
The Aniline Point is a measure of the degree of molecular condensation of the oil.
It is a simple and precise test and a good indicator of the hydrocarbon type of the oil.
It is also useful to estimate the Cetane Number and Diesel index.
6XPPDU\
a) For straight run materials Aniline Point blends linearly on a weight basis.
b) For blends of straight run and catalytically cracked materials an "Aniline blending number"
should be used for the catalytically cracked materials only, if their Aniline Point is lower
than 40°C.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Blending Index
Catalytically cracked materials when mixed with straight run products blend with a "higher
than determined" Aniline Point if the Aniline Point is lower than 40°C. This higher value is
termed here the Aniline Blending Number.
Aniline Blending Number. is calculated as follows:
ABNi = 211
. + 0.4125 ⋅ API
where:
API = API Gravity
b) Calculations
The Aniline Point of the blend is found by combining the Aniline Point or Aniline Blending
Number of the components in proportion to the weight of each component present in the
blend using the equation:
∑ (xi ⋅ ABNi )
APB =
∑ xi
where:
APB = Aniline Point of the blend
xi = Weight fraction of component i
ABNi = Aniline Point or Aniline Blending Number of component i
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 36 (47)
([DPSOH
0DWHULDO $QLOLQH 4XDQWLW\ $QLOLQH%OHQGLQJ [ ⋅%L

L L
3RLQW YRO 1XPEHU

S.R. LAGO 67.8 30 67.8 20.34
S.R. HAGO 76.0 55 76.0 41.80
S.R. LVGO 71.0 15 71.0 10.65
Sum = 100 72.79
Blend Aniline Point 72.80
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 37 (47)
',(6(/,1'(;,3
'HILQLWLRQ
The Diesel Index of a gas oil is a measure of its ignition quality.

The Diesel Index is the product of Aniline Point in °F and the API gravity divided by 100.
API ⋅ AnilinePo int
DI =
100
6XPPDU\
a) Diesel Index blends linearly on a weight basis.

b) Diesel Index can be calculated from Specific Gravity 15.6°C/15.6°C and Aniline Point.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
The Diesel Index of a blend is found by combining the Diesel Indices of the components in
proportion to the weight of each component present in the blend using the equation:
∑ (xi ⋅ BIi )
DIB =
∑ xi
where:
DIB = Diesel Index of the blend
xi = Wt.% of component i
BIi = Diesel Index of component i
([DPSOH
0DWHULDO 4XDQWLW\YRO 'LHVHO,QGH[ [ ⋅%,

L L
S.R. LAGO 30 58 1740

S.R. HAGO 55 49 2695
S.R. LVGO 15 45 675
Sum = 100 5110
Blend Diesel Index 51
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 38 (47)
&(7$1(180%(5$670'$1'&(7$1(,1'(;$670',3
'HILQLWLRQ
The &HWDQH1XPEHUexpresses the ignition quality of a diesel fuel by the delay in combustion
after injection of the fuel and it is evaluated in a test engine (ASTM D613).
Since this method requires special equipment and determination is costly and time
consuming, some methods for prediction of Cetane have been developed.
When Cetane is not evaluated but predicted according to the ASTM Method D976/IP218 it is
defined as “Cetane Index”.
Cetane Index according to the ASTM is defined by the following equation:
⋅ d + 774.74 ⋅ d 2 − 0.554 ⋅ MBC + 97.803 ⋅ log(MBC) [ ]

2
CI = 454.74 − 1641416
.
where:
CI = Cetane Index
MBC= Mean Average Boiling Point or Mid Boiling Point in °C
d = Density at 15°C
Alternatively the Cetane Index can be obtained by means of a chart available in the ASTM
Method itself.
6XPPDU\
a) The Cetane Number does not blend linearly but a satisfactory index has been devised.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Blending Index
The Cetane Number Blending Index is given by the relationship:
BIi = 5.28 + 0.371⋅ CNi + 0.0112 ⋅ CNi 2

where:
CNi = Cetane Number of component i
b) Calculations
The Cetane Number of the blend is found by combining the Cetane Number Blending Index
of the components in proportion to the volume of each component present in the blend
using the following equations:
∑ (xi ⋅ BIi )
BIB =
∑ xi
CNB = 4.3 + 107657

. ⋅ BIB − 0.00374 ⋅ BIB 2
where:
BIB = volume average Blending Index of the blend
xi = volume percent of component i
CNB = Cetane Number of the blend
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 39 (47)
([DPSOH
0DWHULDO &HWDQH 4XDQWLW\ &HWDQH1XPEHU [ ⋅%,

L L
1XPEHU YRO %OHQGLQJ,QGH[

HDS Light Gas Oil 51 45 53.3 24.0
HDS Heavy Gas Oil 53 30 56.4 16.9
HC Gas Oil 54 25 58.0 14.5
Sum = 100 55.4
Blend Cetane Number 52.5
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 40 (47)
)5((=,1*32,17
'HILQLWLRQ
The )UHH]LQJ 3RLQW is defined as the lowest temperature at which a fluid will freeze when
chilled without disturbance under specified conditions.
6XPPDU\
a) Freezing Point does not blend linearly but a satisfactory index system has been devised.
b) The index blends linearly on a weight basis.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Blending Index
The blending index is given by the relationship:
if Freezing Point ≤ 0°C:
BIi = 10 ( )
0.010332⋅FRPi +15506
.
if Freezing Point > 0°C:
BIi = 10 (
0.016644⋅FRPi +1.5554 )
where:
FRPi = Freezing point of component i, °C
b) Calculations
The Freezing Point of a blend is found by first combining the Blending Indices of the
components in proportion to the weight of each component present in the blend using the
equation:
∑ (xi ⋅ BIi )
BIB =
∑ xi
where:
BIB = Freezing point of the blend, °C
Then, if FRPB ≤ 35.78:

log(BIB ) − 15506
.
FRPB =
0.010332
otherwise:
log(BIB ) − 15554
.
FRPB =
0.016644
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 41 (47)
([DPSOH
0DWHULDO )UHH]LQJ 4XDQWLW\ )UHH]LQJ3RLQW [ ⋅%,

L L
3RLQW ZW %OHQGLQJ,QGH[

HDS Kerosene -51 50 10.73 5.36
HC Kerosene -55 35 9.77 3.42
SR Kerosene -45 15 12.35 1.85
Sum = 100 10.63
Blend Freezing Point -51.00
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 42 (47)
328532,17$670'
'HILQLWLRQ
The 3RXU3RLQW is defined as the lowest temperature at which a fluid will pour when chilled
without disturbance under specified conditions.
6XPPDU\
a) Pour Point does not blend linearly but an index system has been devised for middle
distillates and fuel oils.
b) The index blends linearly on a weight basis.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
Two different methods are to be used when blending atmospheric distillates and fuel oil.
a) Atmospheric Distillates
The blending index is given by the following equation:
log BIi = 0.0105 ⋅ (PPi + 100)
where:
PPi = Pour Point in °F of the component i
For hydrocracked Gas Oils add 4.2 to the index obtained from the above equation.
b) Fuel Oils
Different blending indexes shall be used according to the kind of component.
I) Group 1 - Diluents
The blending index for Kerosene, Atmospheric Gas Oil and Cracked Gas Oils is
calculated using the following equation:
log(log BIi ) = 0.0021⋅ (PPi + 100)
where:
II) Group 2 - Atmospheric Residues
The blending index is:
BIi = 10 ( −157
. + 0.034⋅PPi )
+ 120 + 0.81 ⋅ PPi
where:
III) Group 3 - Vacuum Distillates
When necessary to estimate a Blending Index of a Vacuum Distillate, it should be
calculated by weighted deblending the Vacuum Residue from the corresponding
Atmospheric Residue.
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 43 (47)
IV) Group 4 - Vacuum Residues

A rough estimate of the Blending Index for a Vacuum Residue can be calculated with
the following equation:
BIi = 278 − 72 ⋅ (Si + 0.93) 0.4

where:
Si = Sulphur wt.% of the component i
Better results can be obtained using empirical Blending Index. A selection of Indices
is reported in the following table:
&UXGH7\SH &XW3RLQW ,QGH[
Gach Saran 525 165

Gach Saran 550 143
Umm Shaif 525 155
Umm Shaif 550 133
Kuwait 525 130
Kuwait 550 125
Kirkuk 525 150
Kirkuk 550 138
Kirkuk 575 126
Agha Jari 515 149
Agha Jari 530 130
Qatar 543 132
Tia Juana 525 154
Murban 525 184
Murban 540 198
Zeiten 525 227
Zarzaitine 525 170
Hassi Messaoud 510 158
Jambur/Bai Hassan 525 133
Libyan (Sarir) 500 270
Nigerian (Light) 525 200
Nigerian (Medium) 525 200
Nigerian (Bonny) 525 200
Nigerian (Light) 550 180
Nigerian (Medium) 550 180
Nigerian (Bonny) 550 180
Zakum 525 175
Zakum 550 165
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 44 (47)
b) Calculations
The Pour Point Blending Index of the blend is found by combining the Pour Point
Blending Index of the components in proportion to the weight of each component present
in the blend using the equation:
∑ ( xi ⋅ BIi )
BIB =
∑ xi
where:
BIB = Blending Index of the blend
xi = Weight percent of component i
BIi = Pour Point Blending Index of componenti
Then Pour Point of the blend can be calculated by substitution of the Blending index in
the equation given for the Atmospheric Residue.
([DPSOHV
16.4.1 Distillates Blending
The following example shows how to calculate the Pour Point of a blend, when the Pour Point of
the individual components is known.
0DWHULDO 3RXU3RLQW& 4XDQWLW\ZW 3RXU3RLQW%, [ ⋅%,

L L
LAGO -12 35 50.75 17.76

HDS Gas Oil 1 25 81.24 20.31
Atm Residue 30 40 287.1 114.8
Sum = 100 152.9
Blend Pour Point, °C = 16.4
16.4.2 Fuel Oil Blending
To illustrate the method, the following example shows how to calculate the Pour Point of a
blend, when the Pour Point of the individual component is known.
For Light Atmospheric Gas Oil and HDS Gas Oil equation for group 1 will be used.
For the Vacuum residue, the Blending Index value was taken from the table relevant to the
Vacuum Residues.
The Blending Index for the Vacuum Gas Oil was calculated as follows:
Input Data:
• PPAtmRes ; Pour Point of the 350+ Sarir Atmospheric Residue = 46°C (114.8°F)
• PPVacRes ; Pour Point of the 550+ Sarir Vacuum Residue = 48°C (118.4°F)
• YVacRes ; Yield on Crude of the 550+ Sarir Vacuum Residue = 22.80 wt.%
• YVacGas Oil ; Yield on Crude of the 350-550 Sarir Vacuum Gas Oil = 27.45 wt.%
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 45 (47)
Step-by-step procedure:
I. Calculate the weight fractions of Vacuum Gas Oil and Vacuum Residue as follows:
YVacGasoil
X VacGasoil =
YVacGasoil + YVac Re sidue
X Vac Re sidue = 1 − X VacGasoil
27.45
X VacGasoil = = 0.546
27.45 + 22.80
X Vac Re sidue = 1 − 0.546 = 0.454
II. Calculate the Blending Index of Atmospheric Residue using the equation for group 2:
BI AtmRe sidue = 10 ( −157
. + 0.034⋅114.8 )
+ 120 + 0.81⋅ 114.8 = 428.4
III. Obtain the Blending Index of the 550+ Vacuum Residue from table for group 3:
BI Vac Re sidue = 240
IV. Then considering the Atmospheric Residue as the blend formed by all the Vacuum Gas Oil
plus the Vacuum Residue and by Substitution in the Blending Equation (point B of the
preceeding paragraph), we obtain:
X ⋅ BI VacGasoil + X Vac Re sidue ⋅ BI Vac Re sidue
BI Atm Re s = VacGasoil
X VacGasoil + X Vac Re sidue
BI Atm Re s ⋅ ( X VacGasoil + X Vac Re sidue ) − X Vac Re sidue ⋅ BI Vac Re sidue
BI VacGasoil =
X VacGasoil
428.4 ⋅ 1 − 0.454 ⋅ 240
BIVacGasoil = = 585.1
0.546
3RXU 4XDQWLW\ 3RXU3RLQW

0DWHULDO *URXS [ ⋅%,
3RLQW& ZW %, L L
Light Atmospheric Gas Oil 1 -12 35 50.75 1776

HDS Gas Oil 1 +1 25 81.24 2031
Sarir 350-550 Vacuum Gas 3 +45 25 585.1 14627
Oil
Sarir 550+ Vacuum Residue 4 +48 15 240.0 3600
Sum = 100 22032
Blend Pour Point, °C = 31.6
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 46 (47)
&/28'32,17$670'
'HILQLWLRQ
The &ORXG 3RLQW is defined as the temperature at which paraffines, waxes or other
components begin to crystallize out or separate from solution when the oil-stream is chilled
under specified conditions.
6XPPDU\
a) Cloud Point does not blend linearly but a satisfactory index system has been devised.
'HWDLOVRIWKH0HWKRG
a) Blending Index
The blending index is given by the following equation:
BII = 10
(0.03366⋅( CP +73.3 ))
where:
CP = Cloud Point in °C
b) Calculations
The Cloud Point of the blend is found by combining the Cloud Point Blending Index of the
components in proportion to the volume of each component present in the blend using
the equation:
∑ (xi ⋅ BIi )
Log10
∑ xi
CPB = − 73.3
0.03366
where:
CPB = Cloud Point of the blend, °C
BIi = Cloud Point Blending Index of component i
PRG.PT.GEN.0001
Sheet 47 (47)
([DPSOH
0DWHULDO &ORXG 4XDQWLW\ &RPS%, [ ⋅%,

L L
3RLQW YRO
HAGO 8.0 60 545.2 37210.0
LVGO 10.0 25 636.6 15920.0
HC Gas Oil -20.0 15 62.2 930.0
Sum = 100 54060.0
Blend Cloud Point 7.9

PRG - PT - GEN - 0001 - R00 - E - S - (Blending Manual) PDF

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'(6,*135$&7,&(

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

 68/3+85 1,752*(1 0(5&$37$16 &215$'621 &$5%21

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

 602.(32,17 $670' $1'/80,120(7(5180%(5 

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

 &(7$1( 180%(5 $670 ' $1' &(7$1( ,1'(;

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

A petroleum fraction is formed by a huge number of individual pure compounds. It is not

2.1.1 Characterization Factor

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

MeABP = Mean Average Boiling Point in °C, defined as:

MeABP = VABP − exp( −0.94402 − 0.00865 ⋅ ( VABP − 32) 0.6667 + 2.99791 ⋅ 3 SL )

and the other terms are:

2.1.2 Molecular Weight of Petroleum Fractions

MW = 20.486 ⋅ exp 1165

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

2.1.3 Molecular Weight of Heavy Petroleum Fractions

2.1.4 Specific Gravity / Density

2.1.5 Flowing Density

Density of a petroleum fraction at flowing conditions of temperature, when Specific Gravity is

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

− ∆H∗gross = 41105.1 + 154.9 ⋅ (A − 131.5) − 0.735 ⋅ (A − 131.5) − 0.00326 ⋅ (A − 131.5)

1.074 2.95 1.15 8.80

The Net Heat of Combustion can be calculated by the following equation:

− ∆H∗net = 39067.5 + 126.8 ⋅ (A − 1315

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

-∆Hgross = 41105.1 + 154.9 ⋅ B − 0.735 ⋅ B2 − 0.00326 ⋅ B3 = 42 913 kJ / kg

2. From Table 1 and by interpolation we get:

Average Sulphur = 1.575

3. Calculate the Gross Heating Value Corrected

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

log(ν100 ) = 4.3971 − 194733

log(ν 210 ) = −0.463634 − 0.166532 ⋅ API + 5.13447 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ API 2 − 8.48995 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ K ⋅ API

2.4.1 Viscosity at a different temperature

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

TPP = 234.85 ⋅ SpGr 2.970566 ⋅ MW (

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

a) Specific Gravity and Density blend linearly on a volume basis.

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

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Naphtha 0.775 7 5.43

Blend Specific Gravity = 0.8256

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

 68/3+85 1,752*(1 0(5&$37$16 &215$'621 &$5%21 5(6,'8( 0(7$/

a) The above mentioned properties blend linearly on a weight basis.

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

0DWHULDO 6XOSKXUZW 4XDQWLW\ZW [ ⋅6

Naphtha 0.01 6.6 0.066

Blend Sulphur, wt% = 1.143

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

0DWHULDO )ODVK3RLQW& 4XDQWLW\YRO &RPS%, [ ⋅)3

Naphtha 35 7 936.6 6556.5

Blend Flash Point, °C = 67.7

Rev. 0 Date Nov. 1998

The above mentioned property blends linearly on a volume basis.

0DWHULDO 021 4XDQWLW\YRO [ ⋅021

S.R. Naphtha 60 15 900

Blend MON = 81.2

68/3+85 1,752*(1 0(5&$37$16 &215$'621 &$5%21

602.(32,17$670'$1'/80,120(7(5180%(5

&(7$1( 180%(5 $670 ' $1' &(7$1( ,1'(;

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The 5HVHDUFK0HWKRG2FWDQH1XPEHU521 of automotive gasolines is determined by a

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