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EXPERIMENT # 1
Title:
To determine the resultant of forces using law of
parallelogram of forces.
Objective:
 The basic object of this experiment is to understand the law of
parallelogram.
 To understand the equilibrium of forces.
 To calculate the magnitude and direction of an unknown force.
Apparatus:
Diagram board, threads, scotch tape, pulleys, hangers, set of
weights, ring with three cods
Apparatus diagram:

Figure1: Edibon Mechakit Apparatus

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Theory:
Force is any interaction which can change the direction of any
object. Force can make a static body in motion and it can also stop the
moving object to the rest. In simple words we can say that force can
change the direction, velocity and acceleration of an object . it can be
related by given formula,
F = ma
Where F is force, m is mass of any object and a is acceleration of the
object.
Other units: dyne, pound-force, pound, kip, kilopond.
SI unit: Newton.
In SI base units: kg·m/s2
Types of different forces:
 Contact force: (A contact force is any force that requires contact to
occur. Contact forces are ubiquitous and are responsible for most
visible interactions between macroscopic collections of matter)

 Frictional force :(Frictional force refers to the force generated by two

surfaces that contacts and slide against each other)

 Normal force :(A force which is at 90 degrees to the surface of the

object is called normal force)
 Concentrated force:( A force considered to act along a single line in
space. Concentrated forces are useful mathematical idealizations, but
cannot be found in the real world, where all forces are either
body forces acting over a volume or surface forces acting over an
area)

 Resultant force:( A resultant force is the single force and

associated torque obtained by combining a system of forces and
torques acting on a rigid body. The defining feature of a resultant
force, or resultant force-torque, is that it has the same effect on the
rigid body as the original system of forces)
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 Co-planer forces:( Coplanar forces means the forces in a plane.

When several forces act on a body, then they are called
a force system or a system of forces. In a system in which all
the forces lie in the same plane, it is known as a coplanar
force system)

 Concurrent force:( forces that pass through a common point. In

other words, a concurrent force system is a set of two or
more forces whose lines of action intersect at a point at the same
time)

 Gravitational force:( Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon

by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars,
galaxies, and even light—are brought toward one another)
Law of parallelogram:
The law of parallelogram of forces states that if two vectors acting on a
particle at the same time be represented in magnitude and direction by the
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point their resultant
vector is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram drawn from the same point.

Figure 2: parallelogram law of forces.

Procedure:
 First of all, adjusted the apparatus according to the given diagram.
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 The diagram board was positioned and secured with screws and
knurled nuts through holes on the mounting panel.
 The three pulleys were positioned in equilibrium and secured with
nuts.
 A sheet of paper was clipped to the drawing board with the help of
scotch tape.
 Two of the ring was pressed over the rim of the pulleys and weight
hooks were attached to the end of them.

 Another weight hook was attached vertically downward that was hung
freely.
 Different weights were added to the chord to achieve different
positions of the thread.
 The ring was released and weight was let settle free.
 The position of three cord were marked with the pencil.
 The paper was removed, the lines representing the three cords have
been drawn, and weight supported by each cord have been written.
 Magnitude of resultant vector and weight of body was calculated.
 Repeated the experiment by changing the place of weights.
Observation and Calculations:
Sr Force F3 F3 %
Description
No. Practical Error
F1 F2 Theoretical
1 0.296N 0.394N 0.42N 0.443N 5.47%

2 0.247N 0.541N 13.77N 11.7N 17.69%

3 0.296N 0.1981N 0.32N 0.345N 7.81%

4 0.296N 0.198N 0.345N 0.31N 10.1%

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Results and Comments:

In this above experiment we concluded the values of different forces and
drawn it. we draw these forces practically and also found their results
theoretically. error was existed in practically and theoretically values we
applied formula and written it in above table.